'^, 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


i;i|21    12.5 

itt  Uii   12.2 

•?  lift    ■" 
St   |i£    12.0 

u 


L25  myu  llA 


-    6" 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


39  WIST  MAIN  ITMIT 

WIUTH.N.V.  14SM 

(7U)I73-4S03 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Inttituta  for  Historical  IMicroraproductions  /  inatitut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquos 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notas  tachniquas  at  bibliographiquaa 


Tha  Instltuta  hat  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  avallabia  for  filming.  Faaturas  of  this 
copy  which  may  ba  bibiiographically  uniqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagas  in  tha 
raproduction.  or  which  may  algnlficaptl/  changa 
tha  usual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chackad  balow. 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


Colourad  covars/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


n~|   Covars  damagad/ 


Couvartura  andommagAa 

Covars  rastorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  rastaurAa  at/ou  palliculia 


□   Covar  titia  missing/ 
La 


titra  da  couvartura  manqua 


r~^   Colourad  maps/ 


Cartas  gAographiquas  an  coulaur 


□   Colourad  ink  (i.a.  t.thar  than  blua  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  blaua  ou  noira) 

I     I   Colourad  platas  and/or  Illustrations/ 


n 


Planchas  at/ou  illustrations  •n  coulaur 

Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
RailA  avac  d'autras  documents 

Tight  binding  may  causa  shadows  or  distortion 
along  Intarior  margin/ 

La  raliura  sarria  paut  causar  da  I'ombra  ou  da  la 
distortion  la  long  da  la  marga  IntAriaura 

Blank  laavas  addad  during  rastoration  may 
appaar  within  tha  taxt.  Whanavar  possibla.  thaaa 
hava  baan  omittad  from  filming/ 
II  sa  paut  qua  cartainas  pagas  blanchas  aJoutAas 
lors  d'una  rastauration  apparalssant  dans  la  taxta, 
mais,  lorsqua  oala  Atait  possibla,  cas  f>agas  n'ont 
pas  4t«  fllmAas. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commantairas  supplAmantairas: 


Thi 
tot 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  la  maillaur  axamplaira 
qu'il  lul  a  iti  poaaibia  da  aa  procurer.  Las  details 
da  cat  axemplaira  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographiqua,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mAthoda  normala  de  filmaga 
sont  indiquis  ci-dessous. 


[~~|  Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagiaa 

Pagas  restored  and/oi 

Psges  restaurias  at/ou  peiliculAes 

Pagas  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe( 
Pages  dAcolorAes,  tachetAes  ou  piquAes 

Pagas  detached/ 
Pages  dAtachAas 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

QualltA  in4gala  de  I'lmpression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  material  suppl4mantaira 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mitlon  disponible 


I — I  Pages  damaged/ 

|~n  Pagas  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

r~TK  Pagas  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

|~~|  Pagas  detached/ 

r~1  Showthrough/ 

I     I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I     I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I — I  Only  edition  available/ 


Thi 
pos 
of 
fWni 


Ori( 
beg 
the 
sior 
oth 
firs 
sior 
or 


The 
shal 
TIN 

whi 

MaJ 
diffJ 
enti( 
begl 
righi 
requ 
metl 


r~>  Pagas  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
l^  slips,  tissues,  etc..  have  been  refllmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Lee  pagas  totalament  ou  partlellement 
obscurcies  par  un  fauillet  d'errata.  una  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  At  A  filmAes  A  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
outanir  la  mailleure  image  possible. 


This  Item  is  filmed  at  tha  reduction  ratio  ohaoked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  fllmA  au  taux  de  rAduotion  indiquA  ol-dessoust 


10X 

lAX 

1IX 

22X 

MX 

lOX 

c 

/ ,, 

± 

3 

12X 


IfX 


»X 


a4x 


lax 


Th«  copy  filmad  h«r«  has  b««n  raproducad  thank* 
to  tha  ganaroaity  off: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 


L'axamplaira  ffilm*  ffut  raproduit  grica  k  la 
gAnArositA  da: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 


Tha  imagas  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  apaciffications. 


Las  imagas  suivantas  ont  4tA  raproduitas  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattatA  da  l'axamplaira  ffilmA.  at  mn 
confformitA  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
ffilmaga. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  f  ilmad 
baginning  with  tha  ffront  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
sion.  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copias  ara  ffilmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
sion.  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illustratad  imprassion. 


Las  axamplairas  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papiar  ast  ImprimAa  sont  ffilmAs  an  commandant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
darniAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'imprassion  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  la  sacond 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  las  autras  axamplairas 
originaux  sont  jiimAs  an  commandant  par  la 
pramiAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'imprassion  ou  d'illustration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darniira  paga  qui  comporta  una  talla 
amprainta. 


Tha  last  racordad  fframa  on  aach  microfficha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  — ^  (moaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  ▼  (moaning  "END  "I, 
whichavar  applias. 


Un  das  symbolas  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
darnlAra  imago  da  chaqua  microfficha,  solon  la 
cas:  la  symbols  — »-  signiffia  "A  8UIVRE".  la 
symbols  ▼  signiffia  "FIN". 


Maps,  platas,  charts,  ate.  may  ba  ffilmad  at 
difffarant  raduction  ratios.  Thosa  too  larga  to  ba 
antiraly  includad  in  ona  axposura  ara  ffilmad 
baginning  in  tha  uppar  lafft  hand  cornar,  lafft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  fframas  as 
raquirad.  Tha  ffollowing  diagrams  illustrata  tha 
mathod: 


Las  cartas,  planchas,  tablaaux,  ate.  pauvant  Atra 
ffilmAs  A  das  taux  da  rAduction  diffffArants. 
Lorsqua  la  documant  ast  trop  grand  pour  Atra 
raproduit  mn  un  saul  clichA.  11  ast  filmA  A  partir 
da  I'angla  supAriaur  gaucha.  da  gaucha  A  droita. 
at  da  haut  an  bas.  mn  pranant  la  nombra 
d'imagas  nAcassaira.  Las  diagrammas  suivants 
illustrant  la  mAthoda. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

"i  ..*.:..  j^ 


^ 


THE 


Commerce  m  Industries 


OF  THE 


PACIFIC  COAST 


0* 


North  America, 


cohpiiisixg: 

The  Rise,  Progress,  Products,  Present  Condition,  and  Prospects  of  the  Useful 

Arts  on  the  Western  Side  of  Our  Continent,  and  Some 

Account  of  its  Resources, 

WITH 

■LABORATI  TR»ATM«NT  OF  MANUFACTURES,  BRIEFRR  CON«intR*»ION  Of  COMMUCB, 

TRANSPORTATION,   AORICUUTURR  AND  MININQ,  AND  MENTION  OF  LBADINQ 

MTAOLHHMENTS,  AND   PROMINENT  MEN  IN   VARIOUS 

DBPARTMRNTE  OP  BtlSINRSS. 


■Y 


JOHN  S.  HITTELL, 

Mlm  0/  "r««  Hmmu  of  Oallfanlii,-  -Tht  Mltlwt  cf  (an  fnncl—,"  "A  ^Hf  NMoff  »/  ftl/lw*''  slfc 


■lOOND  lOITION. 


SAN  FRANCISCO. 

A.  L.  BANCROFT  &  COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS, 
i88f. 


L 


Entered  according  to  Act  ol  Congress,  in  the  year  1882. 

nv  A.  U  BANCROFT  AND  COMPANY, 

Id  the  OfTice  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


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PREFACE. 


The  Pacific  side  of  the  North  American  continent  was,  in  1845,  almost 
beyond  the  range  of  the  thought  and  traffic  of  the  refined  and  wealthy 
Caucasian  communities  on  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic.  Difficult  of  access, 
obscure  in  its  civilization,  poor,  sparsely  populated  as  to  much  of  its  area, 
unproductive,  without  machinery  which  is  the  accompaniment  if  not  the 
main  basis  of  recent  progress,  our  coast  seemed  destined  to  remain  without 
much  improvement  until  some  distant  time  in  a  vague  future.  No  steam- 
ship plowed  our  harbors;  no  locomotive  rattled  through  our  valleys;  no 
well-graded  wagon  road  crossed  our  mountains;  no  telegraph  wire  was 
ready  to  carry  hasty  messages;  and  north  of  Mazatlan  there  was  neither 
regular  postal  service  nor  newspaper. 

Suddenly  a  wonderful  change  occurred.  Enlightenment  took  the  place 
of  savagism  over  a  wide  region.  Commerce  and  industry,  the  school  and 
the  church,  the  newspaper  aind  the  factory,  literature  and  art,  wealth  and 
luxury,  rose  as  if  by  magic ;  and  their  influence  has  since  continued  to  grow 
with  marvelous  speed.  San  Francisco  liccame  a  metropolis,  and  is  now  one 
of  the  world-famous  centers  of  intelligence  and  trade.  Lines  of  ocean 
steamships  run  from  the  Golden  Gate  to  China  and  Australia,  and  to  a  score 
of  seaports  on  our  coast  between  Sitka  and  Panama.  Every  day,  trains 
of  cars  start  by  two  routes,  with  passengers  and  fricght,  for  the  seaports  of 
the  Atlantic.  West  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  there  are  S.SOO  miles  of  iron 
track — more  in  proportion  to  population  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  globe. 
The  most  productive  mines,  the  most  beautiful  orchards  and  vineyards,  and 
the  most  elegant  homes,  are  now  to  be  found  in  places  which  less  than  half 
a  century  since  had  no  occupants  save  the  wild  beast  or  the  almost  equally 
wild  red  man.  The  chief  topographical  division  of  our  continent  is  that 
made  by  the  summit  of  the  great  mountain  chain  extending  from  the 
vicinity  of  the  equator  to  that  of  the  Arctic  Ocean.  Westward  from  this 
line  lies  the  Pacific  realm,  the  business  of  which  is  our  subject.  This  im- 
mense domain  is  evidently  destined  to  be  the  seat  of  a  great  industrial 
empire.  Notwithstanding  the  intersection  of  national  boundaries,  which 
may  last  to  remote  times,  it  has  numerous  bonds  of  common  sympathy  and 
interest,  and  a  definite  geographical  unity. 

The  situation  suggests  many  interesting  queries.  Has  the  population 
of  this  vast  region  assumed  a  distinctive  industrial  and  intellectual  character, 


'1 


.i  \ 


4  PREFACE. 

homogeneous  enough,  p.nd  strong  enough  to  perpetuate  itself,  to  develop 
itself  with  a  vigorous  internal  growth  in  harmony  with  the  progress  of  the 
age,  and  to  impress  itself  upon  all  the  external  additions  by  alien  immigra- 
tion? Is  there  a  peculiar  and  permanent  Pacific  American  civilization 
worthy  of  the  grand  Pacific  An.crican  domain?  And  if  so,  what  are  the 
business  aspects  of  this  new  civilization?  What  has  this  vast  region 
achieved  in  matters  of  material  progress?  What  are  the  main  features  of 
its  commerce  and  industry?  Are  the  Pacific  manufacturers  and  mechanics 
mere  copyists  ?  Are  th  y  degenerate  borrowers  from  more  enlightened  and 
energetic  inhabitants  of  other  lands?  Or  have  they  manifested  inventive 
genius?  Have  they  contributed  anything  to  the  useful  arts  of  our  time? 
How  do  the  farmers,  miners,  and  craftsmen  in  various  mechanical  occupa- 
tions compare  with  those  of  other  countries?  What  is  the  success  of  the 
laborers  in  working  iron,  steel,  copper,  brass,  lead,  type  metal,  silver,  and 
gold?  Has  the  Pacific  coast  skillful  shipwrights,  millwrights,  wheelwrights, 
carpenters,  and  cabinet-makers  ?  Docs  it  tan  good  leather  and  make  good 
saddles,  harness,  shoes,  and  gloves?  What  are  the  products  of  its  fisheries, 
potteries,  glass  works,  sugar  refineries,  and  printing  offices  ?  What  are  the 
quantities  and  qualities  of  its  textile  fabrics?  Are  the  people  well  supplied 
with  the  best  machinery  and  tools,  and  do  they  know  how  to  manage  them? 
Are  the  industrial  skill  and  production  of  the  Picific  coast  advancing  or 
retrograding?  And  the  Pacific  capitalists?  Are  they  men  of  original 
thought,  comprckcnsive  ideas,  and  bold  enterprises?  Have  they  achieved 
success  by  superior  capacity,  prudence,  and  knowledge  of  business?  Or  are 
they  dull,  narrow-minded,  miserly,  destitute  of  public  spirit;  and  did  they 
acquire  their  wealth  by  blind  luck,  stumbling  on  places  where  an  abundance 
of  gold  and  silver  was  within  reach  of  everybody? 

What  are  the  chances  for  labor  and  capital  on  the  Pacific  Coast?  What 
is  the  present  condition  of  its  manufacturing  industry?  In  what  branches 
has  it  driven  all  competition  from  the  local  field?  In  what  is  it  still  strug- 
gling against  importations?  In  what  has  it  not  yet  ventured  to  make  any 
experiment?  What  are  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  our  coast  for 
the  production  of  articles  manufactured  by  the  aid  of  complex  and  costly 
machinery?  What  are  the  prospects  of  producing  manufactures  for  supply- 
ing other  countries?  Who  are  the  leading  business  men?  Where  are  they 
to  be  found?     What  have  they  done,  and  what  are  they  doing? 

It  is  the  purpose  of  this  book  to  elucidate  all  these  questions.  Our 
subject  is  extensive  and  important ;  indeed,  deserving  much  more  study  than 
it  has  hitherto  received.  In  the  hope  that  the  result  of  our  investigations 
will  be  recognized  as  a  valuable  contribution  to  the  general  knowledge  of 
the  commerce  and  industry  of  our  coast,  we  submit  our  work  to  the  public 
judgment 


'•^msuffki^' 


'''!':''■^■&^S^Wt^^^^X 


LIST  OF  CHAPTERS. 


A  list  of  topics  will  be  found  on  the  next  leaf;  and  a  full  index  of  subjects  and  names 
at  the  end  of  the  book. 


Division  I. 

Ch.  I.        The  FieM. 

Ch.  II.      GeneT:U  i<'eatures  of  Buiiiness. 

Ch.  III.     Climate. 


Introduction. 

Ch.  IV.     Land  for  Settlefs. 
Ch.  V.      The  Labor  Supply. 


Ch.  VI.  Banking. 

Ch.  VII.  Insurance. 

Ch.  VIII.  Railroads. 

Ch.  IX.  Expressing. 


Ch.  XIII. 
Ch.  XIV. 


Division  II.    Commerce,  etc. 

Ch.  X.        Telegraph,  etc. 
Ch.  XI.       Shipping,  etc. 
Ch.  XII.     Merchandising. 


Division  III. 


Horticulture. 
Domestic  Animals. 


Agriculture. 
Ch.  XV.     Farming. 


Ch.  XVI. 
Ch.  XVII. 


Gold  Mining. 
Silver  Mining. 


Division  IV.    Minino. 

I    Ch.  XVIII.    Mining  for  other  Minerals. 


Ch.  XIX.     The  Fish  Supply. 
Ch.  XX.      Furs  and  Game. 
Ch.  XXI.     Cod  Fishery. 


Division  V.    Fisheries,  etc. 

Ch.  XXII.      Whale  Fishery. 


Ch.  XXIII. 
Ch.  XXIV. 


Other  Marine  Fisheries. 
River  Fisheries. 


Division  VI.    Enginberinc,  etc 
Ch.  XXV.       Harbor  and  River  Improvement.     I    Ch.  XXVIL     Inventions. 
Ch.  XXVI.     Water  Works,  etc.  | 


Division  VII.    Manufactures. 


Ch.  XXVIII.     Textile  Manufactures. 


Ch.  XXIX. 
Ch.  XXX. 
Ch.  XXXI. 
Ch.  XXXI i. 


Leather. 

Glass,  Earthenware,  etc 

Provisions. 

Wood, 


Ch.  XXXIII.  Paper,  Printing,  etc 

Ch.  XXXIV.  Iron. 

Ch.  XXXV.  Other  Metals. 

Ch.  XXXVI.  Miscellaneous  Manufactures. 


Appendix. 


Index. 


';  '^'V*''^  "WJ",'Wj(^''^P- 


1 


t 


n 


! 


i: 


I  » 


LIST  OF  TOPICS. 


A  full  index  of  subjects  and  names  is  given  at  the  end  of  the  boolc. 


Preface. 


Division  I. — Introduction,  (pp.  17-120.) 


Pages 


Chapter  I. — The  Field,    (pp.  17-47.) 

Our  Slope 17 

Possessions 19 

California 30 

San  Francisco 31 

Sacramento  Valley 36 

San  Joaquin  Valley 37 

Southern  California 38 

Monterey  District 30 

Humboldt  Bay 30 

Sierra  Nevada. 30 

Oregon 31 

Washington 34 

Nevada 37 

Arizona 38 

Utah 39 

Idaho.. 40 

Western  Montana,  etc 41 

British  Columbia 41 

Alaska 43 

Mexico 45 

Chapter  II.— General  Features  of  Busi- 
ness,   (pp.  48-61.) 

Califomian  Enterprise 48 

Great  Enterprises 50 

Pecuniary  Wrecks 53 

Imported  Goods 54 

Great  Fortunes 55 

A  Gold-intoxicated  City ...    .   58 

Romance  of  the  Present 59 

Chapter  III.— Climate,    (pp.  Ci-Sj,) 

Comparative  Moteoiology 6» 

Standards  of  Temperature 63 


Meteorological  Regions 63 

San  Francisco  Summers 64 

Hot  Days 65 

CoolNights 66 

Warm  Winters 66 

The  Early  Spring 68 

San  Francisco  Rains 69 

Irregular  Rainfall 70 

Relative  Humidity ; 71 

Fog 


73 

Warm  Belt 74 

Sacramento  Climate 76 

Los  Angeles  Climate 80 

Oregon  Climate 81 

Utah  and  Arizona 83 

Alaska's  Climate 83 

Chapter  IV.— Land  for  Settlers. 

(pp.  84-98.) 

Public  Land 84 

Career  for  Energy 85 

No  Land  Monopoly 86 

Chances  for  Settlers 87 

Cost  to  Settlers 89 

Timber  Claims 90 

Examine  before  Buying 90 

Central  Pacific  Lands 93 

Southern  Pacific  Lands 93 

Northern  Pacific  Lands 93 

Oregon  Improvement  Lands 94 

Oregon  Rail loail  Lands 94 

Washington  Lands 95 

Colonies 95 

British  Columbian  Lands 97 


IMHIli 


LIST  OF  TOPICS. 


Chapter  V. — The  Labor  Supply.  rAOK 

(pp.  99-120.) 

High  Wages 99 

Wages  by  the  Week 100 

Wages  by  the  Day 100 

Wages  by  the  Month 102 

Laborers'  Associations 105 

Wages  and  Comfort 108 

Labor  and  Material 108 

Seamstresses 109 


Shirt-making 1 1 1 

Chinese  Competition 113 

Deal  Labor 113 

World-wide  Competftion 115 

Imported  Meclianics 116 

Competition  with  the  East 117 

Factories  as  Schools 118 

White  Labor  Gaining 118 

Opposition  to  Chinese 1 19 


Division  II.— Commerce,  etc.  (pp.  121-230.) 


.1 


Chapit.  VI. — Banking,    (pp.  121-141.) 

Extent  of  Business 121 

Californian  Uanks 121 

Measure  of  Prosperity K23 

Amount  of  Coin 123 

First  Banks 124 

Inexperience 126 

Adams  &  Co 126 

Page,  Bacon  &  Co 127 

W.  T.  Sherman 127 

Ralston 127 

Palmer,  Cook  &  Co 129 

Savings  and  Loan 129 

Other  Savings  Banks 130 

Bank  Commission 130 

Mining  .Stocks 130 

Currency 131 

Panic  of  1877 131 

New  Constitution 132 

Reduction  of  Debt 133 

Banking  Prospects 134 

Banking  Institutions 134 

Notable  Il.inkers 135 

P.  It.  Burnett 136 

John  Parrolt 137 

D.  O.  Mills 137 

William  Alvord 138 

Lloyd  Tevi 138 

F.  F.  Low 139 

Louis  McLnne 140 

The  Dalles  Bank 140 

William  Rcid 140 

Chapter  VII.— Insurance,  (pp.  142-161,) 

Fires 142 

First  Californlan  Company 142 

Rush  into  Insurance 145 

Rates 146 


Losses 146 

Business  in  1881 147 

Fire  Departments 148 

File  Patrol 149 

Board  of  Underwriters 149 

Fireman's  Fund 150 

D.  J.  Staples 152 

The  Home  Mutual 152 

J.  F.  H(  ughton 153 

C.  R.  Story 154 

State  Investment  Company 154 

A.J.Bryant 154 

Commercial  Company 155 

Union  Company 155 

Pacific  Mutual  Life 155 

Hutchinson  &  Mann 1 56 

Lion  Insurance  Company 157 

Macdonald  &  Hawes 158 

Dickson's  Agency 1 58 

A.  D.  Smith 159 

Louis  Jacoby 159 

William  G.  Elliott 159 

C.  T.  Hopkins 159 

Jacobs  &  Eoston 161 

Chapter  VIII. — Railroads. 

(pp.  162-183,) 

Early  Railroad  Projects. 162 

Pacific  Railroad  Agitation 162 

Subsidy  Granted 164 

The  Last  vSpike 1O5 

Railroad  Building. 166 

Various  Railroads 167 

Private  Properly 168 

Political  Denunciation 170 

Difference  in  Clmrces 171 

I^nd-Grant  Policy 17a 

Profits 17a 


f 


Try  ^ 


LIST  OF  TOPICS. 


9 


PACI 

Leland  Stanford 173 

Charles  Crocker 174 

E.  B.  Crocker 175 

Mark  Hopkins 176 

C.  P.  Huntington 178 

Northern  Pacific 179 

Oregon  R.  &  N.  Co 180 

Oregon  and  California  R.  R 180 

Oregon  and  Transcontinental  R.  R. . . .  180 

Henry  Villard 181 

Atlantic  and  Pacific 181 

Canadian  Pacific 181 

Spanish- American  Railroads 183 

Street  Railroads 183 

Wagon  Roads 183 

Chapter  IX.— Expressing,  (pp.  184-188.) 

Extent  of  Business 184 

Origin  of  the  Express 185 

Wells,  Fargo  &  Co 186 

Pony  Express 187 

John  J.  Valentine 187 

Chapter  X.— Telegraph,  etc. 

(pp.  189-194.) 

FirstWires 189 

Transcontinental  Wires 189 

Telephone 190 

District  Telegraph 193 

Gold  and  Stock  Telegraph 194 

Chapter  XI.— SHIPPING,  ETC. 

(pp.  I9S-306.) 

Lively  Traffic 95 

Steam  Navigation 195 

High  Port  Charges 196 

River  Navigation ^ 197 

Froser  River  Steamers 198 

Mara  &  Wilson 198 

Railway  and  Navigation  Boats 199 

Ocean  Steamers 199 

Pacific  Mail 300 

Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  Co. , .  soi 

Pacific  Coast  Stcainsliip  Company ....  301 

Oilier  Lines 20a 

U,  C.  I'dkiiiH 302 

Charles  Goodall 303 

Sailing  Vessels 303 

G.  W.  McNear..' 304 

John  Rosenfeld ao5 

a 


PAOt 

Williams,  Dimond  &  Co 30$ 

Sibson,  Church  &  Co 206 

Welch,  Rithet  &  Co 206 

Chapter  XII.— Merchandising. 

(pp.  507-330.) 

Importations 207 

Importers 209 

General  Exports 211 

Wheat  and  Flour  Exports 212 

Treasure 213 

Business  Failures 214 

Southern  California 214 

Trade  with  Australia 214 

Oregon's  Trade 215 

Washington  and  British  Columbia ... .  215 

Utah's  Trade 216 

W.  T.  Coleman 216 

W.  F.  Babcock 217 

J.  S.  Taber 218 

Wcllman,  Peck  &  Co 218 

F.  Daneri  &  Co 218 

Welch  &  Co  218 

D.  N.  and  E.  Walter  &  Co 219 

Baker  &  Hamilton 220 

Gordon  Hardware  Co 220 

Dunham,  Carrigan  &  Co 331 

George  H.  Tay  &  Co 33i 

J.  Dc  La  Montanya 322 

Linforth,  Rice  &  Co 223 

Richards  &  Snow 334 

A.  t.  liall&Son 334 

Fairbanks  &  Hutchinson 225 

Japanese  Art  Exhibition 226 

H.  Brickwedel 226 

A.  P.  Hotaling  &  Co 337 

Livingston  &  Co 337 

Lilienthal  &  Co 337 

A.  Vignicr 338 

Corbitt  &  Maclcay 338 

Charman  &  Son 338 

J.  K.  Gill  &  Co 339 

FIcckenstein  &  Mayer 339 

K.  Scellg  &  Co 339 

S.  W.  Pi'rcivnl 229 

Schw.ib.iclicr  llrullicrs  &  Co 230 

M.  V.  B.  Stacy ajo 

Henry  Saunders 230 

Thomas  Sholbolt ajo 

Turner,  Beelon  &  Co IJO 


S9H 


I 


lO 


LIST  OF  TOPICS. 


Division  III.— Agriculture,  (pp.  231-288.) 


Chapter  XIII.— Horticulture.  ""'•^ 

(pp.  231-253.) 

Fruit-trees 23' 

Fruit-drying 233 

Frcsli  Fruit  Sliipment 234 

Nut-trees 23s 

Oranges 235 

Olive,  etc 236 

Kilclien  Vegetables 236 

Orcliardisls 237 

Subtropical  Imports 238 

Fruit-canning 238 

Amount  Canned 239 

Gmpes 241 

Varieties 244 

Large  Yin.     uds 244 

Agoston  1 1.iiaszthy 245 

Wine  rroducl 247 

C.  Kohlcr 248 

Sparliling  California 249 

Arpad  Ilaraszlhy  &  Co 250 

Raisins 252 

Brandy 253 

Chapter  XIV.— Domestic  Animals. 

(pp.  254-275.) 

Abundant  Herds 254 

Sliccp 254 

W.  W.  Hollister 255 

Shropshires 257 

Strol)ridge's  Merinos 257 

Neat  Cattle 258 

Jesse  D.  Carr 259 

Dairy 260 

Jersey  Farm 2O1 

R.  G.  Sneath 262 

Butter 2C4 


Joseph  Russ 264 

Point  Reyes 265 

Cheese 267 

Beef 267 

William  Dunphy 270 

Goodacre  &  Dooley 270 

Van  Volkenburg  &  Co 271 

Horses 271 

Palo  Alto 272 

Swine  and  Goats 274 

Poultry 274 

Bees 274 

Silkworms 27$ 

Chapter  XV.— Farming,  (pp.  276-288.) 

Agricultural  Production 276 

Agricultural  Progress 278 

Californian  Wheat 279 

Wheat  Profits 280 

Volunteer  Wheat 281 

H.J.  Glenn 281 

John  Bidwell 281 

Oregon  Wheat 282 

Barley,  etc 282 

Cotton 283 

Flax 284 

Hops 284 

Tobacco 284 

Forage 2S5 

Alfalfa 285 

Sugar 285 

Tea 286 

Seeds 286 

E.  J.  Bowcn 287 

Various  Plants 287 

Timber  Cultivation 288 


Division  IV.— Mining,  (pp.  289-320.) 


Chapter  XVI.— GOLD  Mining. 

(pp.  289-294.) 

Mineral  Wealth 289 

Gold  Vlelil 290 

Hydraulic  Pipe 291 

Gold  Quarli 292 

Gold  Quarlr.  Mines 293 

,     British  Columbian  Placers 294 

Mexican  Placers 294 


Chapter  XVII.— Silver  Mining. 

(pp.  295-306.) 

Silver  Production 295 

Silver  Mines 295 

Comstock  Lode . ; 296 

Ilonanios 296 

Mine  Management 298 

Assessments 399 

Underground  Works 299 


LIST  OF  TOPICS. 


II 


PAGE 

Mine  Improvements. ...   300 

J.  W.  Mackay 300 

J.  G.  Fair 3°' 

George  Hearst 301 

Discovery  of  the  Comstock 301 

Washoe  Process 3°* 

Silver  Smelting 3°3 

Leaching 304 

Eureka  District 3°4 

Arizona  Silver 3°5 

Californian  Silver 305 

Utah  Silver 305 

Mexican  Silver 3°^ 

Chapter  XVIII.— Mining  for  other  Min- 
erals,   (pp.  307-320.) 

Coal 307 

Carbon  HiU 308 


PACK 

Seattle  Coal 308 

Dunsmuir,  Diggle  &  Co 309 

Iron  Smelting 3'° 

Oregon  Iron 311 

Californian  Iron 31 1 

Washington  Iron 3I3 

Chrome  Iron 3'4 

Quicksilver 3'4 

Copper 31S 

Antimony 316 

Lead 3«6 

Petroleum 316 

Pacific  Coast  Oil  Company 317 

Asphaltum 318 

Sulphur 3'9 

Various  Minerals 319 


Division  v.— Fisheries,  etc.  (pp.  321-386.) 


Chapter  XIX.— The  Fish  Supply. 

(pp.  3a'-3*9) 

Fish  Abundant 3*i 

Fish  Statistics 3^2 

Cod-banks 3*4 

Pisciculture 3*5 

Chapter  XX.— Furs  and  Game. 

(pp.  330-341  •) 

National  Influence 33° 

Fur  Crop 33« 

Alaska  Commercial  Company 333 

Warren's  Fur-seal  Fleet 33^ 

Otters,  etc 33*5 

Furrien 337 

The  North-west  Trading  Company —  337 

Land  Furs 338 

J.  F.  Miller 339 

Game 340 

Chapter  XXI.— Cod  Fishery. 

(pp.  34a-34S-) 

Cod-banki 34* 

Cod-fishermen 343 

Catch 345 

Chapter  XXII,— Whale  Fishery. 

(pp.  346-3SI-) 

American  Whaling 346 

North  Pacific  Fle«t 347 

Shore  Whaling 349 


Chapter  XXIII.— Other  Marine  Fish- 
eries,   (pp.  352-367.) 

Kinds  of  Fish 35» 

Salmon  Family 355 

The  Herring  Family 35^ 

Halibut 358 

Sturgeon 359 

Shark 359 

Skidegate  Oil  Company 360 

Fishing-boats 3<^l 

Oysters  and  Clams 362 

Shrimps 366 

Chapter  XXIV.— River  Fisheries. 

(pp.  368-386.) 

Catch 368 

Salmon  Habits 3^ 

Fishing  Implements 370 

Columbia  Fishery 37* 

Californian  Fishery 373 

Alaska  Salmon 375 

Puget  Sound  Salmon 376 

Aboriginal  Fishing 37^ 

Canning 377 

The  Columbi.-i  Pack 379 

S.  D.  Ailiiir  &  Co 380 

J.  O.  lUnlhorn  &  Co 381 

William  Hume 38a 

The  Kinney  Cannery 38' 

Warren  Pocking  Company. 38' 

John  West 383 


m 


mm 


13 


LIST  OF  TOPICS. 


Tl 


British  Columbian  Pack 383 

John  Adair,  Jr 383 

Alert  Bay  Cannery 384 

Delta  Cannery 3^4 

Douglass  Packing  Company 384 


Lairllaw  &  Co 384 

Windsor  Canning  Company 385 

Sacramento  Salmon 385 

Salt  Salmon 385 

Other  Catch 385 


Division  VI.— Engineering,  etc.  (pp.  387-433.) 


Chapter  XXV.— Harbor  and  River  Im- 
provement. 

(pp.  387-402.) 

General  Remarks 387 

San  Francisco  Harbor 388 

Entrance  to  San  Francisco 389 

Oakland  Harbor 390 

Improvement  of  Petalmna  Creek 39' 

Tlic  Sacramento  River 392 

The  San  Joaquin  River 393 

San  Diego  Bay 394 

Wilmington  Harbor 395 

Humboldt  Bay 396 

Roadsteads 397 

Harbor  of  Refuge 397 

Columbia  River 398 

Access  to  Portland 399 

Columbia  Bar 400 

Vaquina  Bay 400 

Coquillc 401 

Coos  Bay 401 

Various  Rivers 401 

Chapter  XXVI.— Water-works. 

(pp.  403-4'4-) 

Hydraulic  Engineering 403 

Irrigation 403 

San  Joaquin  Canal 404 

Kern  Canals 405 

J.  B.  Haggin 407 

Other  Irrigation  Canals , .  407 

Artesian  Wells 407 

Steam  Irrigation 408 

Mining  Ditches 408 


Water-power  Canals 408 

San  Francisco  Water-works 409 

Oakland  Water 410 

Sacramento  Water 411 

Stockton  Water 411 

Los  Angeles  Water 411 

Other  Towns 412 

The  Sutro  Tunnel 413 

Chapter  XXVII. — INVENTIONS. 

(pp.  415-433-) 

Industrial  Art 415 

Notable  Inventions 416 

Sluice  and  Hydraulic  Pipe 417 

Great  Water-pipes 418 

V-Flume 419 

Chollar-Norcross  Pump 421 

Dickie's  other  Inventions 423 

Spaulding's  Saw-teeth 424 

Dolbeer's  Logging  Machine 425 

Triple  Circular 425 

Ilallidie's  Wire  Ropeway 425 

Cable  Railroad 426 

Robb's  Sawmill  Inventions 427 

Pneumatic  Clock 427 

Telegraphic  Inventions 428 

Washoe  Pan,  etc 429 

Deetken's  Chlorination 429 

Loading  Chutes 430 

Photographs  of  Motion 430 

Von  Schmidt's  Blasting 431 

Gates'  Steering  Apparatus 431 

Deidesheimer's  Timbering 43a 

Agricultural  Implements 43a 

Other  Inventions ,3a 


DIVISION  VII.— Manufactures,  (pp.  434-734.) 


Chapter  XXVIII.— Textile  Manufac- 

Tt;Ri;s.  (pp.  434-484.) 

Textile  Production 434 

Woolen  Milb    436 

Inipiirtalion  of  Woolens 437 

Eaily  Woolen  Manufacture 438 


Pioneer  Mill 

Mission  Mill 

Golden  Gate  Mill 

San  JosiS  Mill 

Sacramento  Mill 443 

Other  Callfornian  Mills 414 


440 
44t 
44« 

44a 


I' 

4 


LIST  OF  TOPICS. 


13 


PACI 

Oregon  Mills 445 

Utah  Mills 447 

Hosiery  and  Knit  Goods 448 

Wool  Scouring 450 

Clothing 450 

Clothing  Operatives 452 

Various  Factories 454 

Furnishing  Goods 455 

B.  &  O.  Greencbaum 456 

Cotton  Underwear 457 

Shirts 457 

Regalia 459 

Flags  and  Bunting 459 

B.  Pasquale 460 

Neckties 460 

Suspenders 461 

Hats  and  Caps 462 

Trimmings 463 

Straw  Hats 464 

Parasols,  etc 465 

Oil  Clothing 466 

Bedding 467 

Comforters 469 

Pillows 469 

Soap-root 470 

Excelsior 47 1 

Spring  Mattresses. 471 

F'" 473 

Upholstery 473 

Upholstery  with  Furniture 475 

Carpels 477 

Carpet  Lining 477 

Carpet  Beating 478 

Silk 478 

Cotton 479 

Jute  Bags  and  Burlaps 479 

Cordage 481 

Cordage  Factories 482 

Sallmaking 484 

Chapter  XXIX.— Leather,  (pp.  485-522.) 

Leather  Products 485 

Tannage  Production .   486 

Hides 48S 

Tanning  Matcri.1l 490 

Sumac 49 1 

San  I'rancisco  Tanneries 453 

Bcnicia  Tanneries 493 

Other  Californlan  Taimeries 494 

Oregon  Tanneries 495 


rAQK 

British  Columbia  Tanning 495 

Belmont  Tannery 496 

Rock  Bay  Tannery .  496 

Wool-pidling 496 

B.  F.  Sawyer  &  Co 497 

Harness  &  Saddlery 499 

Thomas  Quinn 500 

Harness  Production 500 

Harness  Manufactures 501 

Whips 502 

Trunks,  etc 503 

Glue 504 

Boots.and  Shoes 505 

Material  for  Shoes 507 

Machines  and  Processes 508 

Shoe  Operatives 509 

San  Francisco  Shoe  Factories 511 

Porter,  Slessinger  &  Co 511 

George  L.  Hibbard  &  Co 512 

B.  Leinenweber  &  Co 513 

Victoria  Shoe  Factory 513 

Belmont  Shoe  Factory. 513 

Lyman  Smith's  Sons 513 

Gloves 514 

Glove  Production 515 

Lippitt,  Leak  &  Co 516 

P.  &  F.  G.  Conklin 517 

F.  H.  Busby 517 

Other  Glove  Factories 518 

Shoe-stock 518 

Bellows 519 

Hose  and  Belting 520 

Rubber  Goods 522 

Chapter  XXX. — Glass,  Earthenware, 
ETC.    (pp.  523-536.) 

Scope  of  Chapter 523 

Glass 523 

Mirrors ,  525 

Pottery 526 

Buena  Vista  Pottery 527 

Bricks 528 

Hydraulic  Cement 529 

Cement  Pipe 529 

Artificial  Stone 530 

Plaster  of  Paris 531 

I'l.islcr  Decoralinns,  etc   532 

Plaster  Slaluary 532 

Marble  and  Granite 532 

Lime 534 

Pavement 535 


14 


LIST  OF  TOPICS. 


Chapter  XXXI.— Provisions.  "■*<=* 

(pp.  537-578.) 

Subjects  Included 537 

Meat  Packing • 537 

Artificial  Cooling 53^ 

Meat  for  Packing 539 

Sugar  and  Syrup 540 

Sugar-beet 54' 

Sugar  Mills 542 

Sugar  Consumption 543 

Hawaiian  Production 544 

Shipments  of  Sugar 545 

San  Francisco  Refineries 54^ 

Claus  Spreckels 547 

Fbur S50 

Milling  System  55^ 

Flour  Market 553 

Flour-mills 554 

Oregon  Mills 555 

Washington  Mills 55*' 

British  Columbia 55<» 

Flour  Mills 556 

Starr  &  Co 557 

The  Salem  Flouring  Mills 557 

JclTcrson  City  Mills 55^ 

Crackers 55^ 

California  Cracker  Company 559 

Macaroni 559 

Vinegar  and  Pickles 5^ 

Vinegar  Factories S°^ 

Cofi'cc  and  Spice  Grinding 5''3 

Confectionery •  •  •  •   Sf'S 

Portland  Candy  Factory S^ 

Chocolate 5^6 

Ice 567 

S.alt 569 

Yeast  Powder 57' 

Soda  Water 57' 

Malt  Liquors 57* 

Mailing 574 

Distillation 575 

The  Pacific  Distillery 576 

Bay  View  Distillery 577 

Cordials 578 

Chapter  XXXII. —Wood.     (pp.  579-634-) 

Wood-working  Industry 579 

Lumbering 579 

Timber 5^0 

Lumber  Production 5^2 

Flume  Transportation 5^4 


rACS 

Sawmills S^S 

E.  B.  Dean  &  Co 5^7 

Charles  L.  Dingley 587 

Dolbeer  &  Carson 588 

Hanson  &  Co 588 

I.  H.  Harmon 589 

Hastings'  Sawmill 590 

George  B.  Knowles  &  Son 59° 

Moodyville  Sawmill 59' 

Nickerson  &  Co 59' 

Occidental  Sawmill 59' 

Pope  &  Talbot 592 

Port  Discovery  Mills 592 

Renton,  Holmes  &  Co 593 

Redwood  Lumber  Mills 594 

Rock  Bay  Sawmill 594 

A.  M.  Simpson  &  Brother 594 

Starbird  &  Goldstone 595 

H.  B.  Tichcnor  &  Co 595 

Watsonville  Mill 59^ 

John  Wigmore 59^ 

Willamette  Sawmill 597 

John  Vance 597 

Planing-mills 598 

Royal  City  Planing-mills 59* 

Door  and  Sash  Factories 599 

Box  Factories 599 

Cigar-boxes "°° 

Jcwelry-boxcs "°' 

Furniture °°' 

Material  for  Furnilure 602 

Furniture  Factories 605 

California  Furnilure  Manufacturing  Co.  606 

Friedrichs  &  Gcrcke 607 

Indianapolis  Chair  Manufacturing  Co. .  607 
California  Spring  Manufacturing  Co. . .  607 

Andrew  Frei 608 

Herman  Granz 608 

A.  F.  Knorp 6°* 

Picture-frames,  etc °°9 

Billiard-tables 610 

Pianos C'* 

Knabe  Pianos 613 

Organs,  etc 613 

Cofiins 6'4 

Carriages 616 

Espey  Carriage  Factory 618 

Holt  Brothers 618 

Waleriiouse  &  Lcslcr 6l9 

0.  F.  Willey&Co 6ao 

Cooperage 620 


^i> 


LIST  OF  TOPICS. 


»S 


Coopers' Materials 621 

Cooperage  Production 622 

Woodenware 624 

Mattullath  Mills '. 624 

Faucets  and  Bungs 625 

Willowware 626 

Lasts 626 

Ship-building 627 

Competition  of  Iron 628 

Other  Obstacles 629 

Ship  Timber 631 

Ship  Yards C32 

Dickie  Brothers 632 

Simpson  Brothers 633 

Dry-docks,  etc 633 

House  Building 634 

Chapter  XXXIII. — Paper,  Printing,  etc. 
(pp.  635-651.) 

Paper 635 

Lick  Paper-mill 636 

The  Pioneer  Paper-mill 637 

The  Gjaham  Paper  Company 637 

The  Owen  Paper  Company 638 

Bags,  Boxes,  and  Collars 638 

Type  Foundries 639 

Painter  &  Co 641 

Electrotype  and  Stereotype 641 

Palmer  &  Rey 642 

Printing  Inks 643 

Newspaper  Printing 643 

Book  and  Job  Printing 646 

A.  L.  Bancroft  &  Co •.  646 

Fernow's  Drying  Machine 648 

Buok-binding  and  Blank-books 649 

Process  of  Binding 650 

Book-binderies 651 

Chapter  XXXI v.— Iron.    (pp.  652-684.) 

Iron  Manufactures 652 

Iron  Work 653 

Advantages 654 

Mining  Machinery 656 

Pumps 657 

Iron  Beginnings 658 

Foumlrics  and  Machine  Sliopa O59 

Risdon  Iron-works 660 

Union  Iron-works 661 

Peter  Donahue 661 

JElnA  Iron-works 66a 

Fulton  Iron-worka 662 


PACK 

Pacific  Iron-works. 663 

Empire  Foundry 663 

Salem  Iron-works 663 

Albion  Foundry 664 

David  Lister  &  Co 664 

Railroad  Workihops 665 

Boiler-making 666 

Stoves 666 

Wire-works 667 

Saws 668 

Cutlery 669 

FUes 670 

Miscellaneous  Tools 670 

Abner  Doble 670 

Fire-arms 67 1 

N.  Curry  &  Brother 671 

A.  J.  Plate  &  Co 671 

Safes 672 

Locks 673 

Pacific  Chain-works 673 

Springs 673 

Agricultural  Implements 674 

The  Judson  Horse-nail  Company 675 

Benicia  Agricultural  Works 676 

Jackson  &  Truman 676 

H.  W.  Rice 678 

Windmills 679 

Elevators 679 

George  H.  Sanborn's  Sons 681 

Rolling-mills 682 

Rolling-mill  Products 683 

Chapter  XXXV.— Other  Metals. 

(pp.  685-698.) 

Various  Metals 685 

Brass  Foundries 685 

Garratt's  Brass  Foundry 686 

William  T.  Garratt 687 

Lead-works 688 

Plumbing 688 

Tinware 689 

Coppersmithing 690 

Galvanized  Iron 690 

J.ipanning 691 

Metallic  Signs 692 

Malliematical  Instruments 692 

Telegraphic  Instruments 693 

Clocks,  etc 693 

Gilding 694 

Gold-beating. 695 

Jewelry 695 


i6 


LIST  OF  TOPICS. 


George  C.  Shreve  &  Co 697 

Nast,  Greenzweig  &  Co 697 

Schulz  &  Fischer 698 

Clmpter  XXX VI.— Miscellaneous  Manu- 
factures. 

(pp.  699-734-) 

Tobacco 699 

Cigars 700 

Cost  of  Manufacture 701 

Increase  in  Consumption 701 

Cigar  Factories 702 

Cigar  Operatives 703 

Pipes 705 

Acids 703 

Explosives 707 

The  California  Powder-works 709 

Blasting  Fuse 710 

Fireworks ' 7" 

Matches 711 

Linseed  Oil 713 

Paint3 713 

Varnish 715 

Turpentine,  etc 715 


Perfumery 716 

Cocoanut  Oil 717 

Whale  Oil  Refining 717 

Soap. 


7J7 

Oregon  Standard  Soap 719 

Pendray  &  Co 719 

Candles 720 

Starch 721 

Soda 722 

Cream  of  Tartar 723 

Borax 724 

Cigarettes 724 

Charcoal 725 

Bone  Charcoal,  etc J26 

Inks,  Blacking,  and  Mucilage 727 

Carbon  Bisulphide 727 

Axle  Grease 728 

Brooms 7^8 

Brushes 730 

Artificial  Limbs,  Trusses,  etc 73' 

Oakum 731 

Fishing-tackle 732 

Felting 732 

Gasworks, 733 


Appendix,  (pp.  735-791-) 


Acknowledgments 735 

H.  F.  Page 735 

Sources  of  Information 735 

Relative  Space 737 

Supplementary  Material 737 

Comstock  Mines 737 

Mining  Tables 738 

Notes 742 

Commercial  Policy 743 

Hawaiian  Traffic 744 

An  Australian  Complaint 746 

Flour  by  Rail 746 


Increase  of  Manufiictnres 746 

Oregon's  Traffic 747 

Dry  Wines 748 

Sweet  Wines 748 

Photography 750 

I.  W.  Taber 750 

J.  R.  Hodson 750 

A.  H.  LIghthall 750  , 

Thomas  Hildrcth 751 

Buss  House 751 

Hotels  in  the  North 752 

Leading  Business  Houses 752 


Index ^ p.  793. 


DIVISION  I.-INTRODUCTION. 


CHAPTER  I.— THE  FIELD. 

Our  Slope. — Our  continent  lies  between  the  two  great  oceans,  and,  con- 
sidered topographically,  most  of  its  valuable  territory  consists  of  two  main 
divisions;  one  sending  its  streams  to  the  Atlantic,  and  the  other  to  the 
Pacific.  The  mountain  line  of  separation,  however,  between  the  two  oceans 
does  not  extend  to  the  northern  limit  of  the  continent,  for  a  considerable 
region  belongs  to  the  drainage  basin  of  the  Arctic.  Wc  accept  the  main 
summit  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  chain  as  the  eastern  limit  of  the  Pacific 
coast  from  Panama  to  latitude  57°,  and  from  that  parallel  northward 
we  follow  the  boundaries  of  British  Columbia  and  Alaska,  including  the 
Utah  inclosed  basin  (covering  portions  of  Utah,  Nevada,  Oregon,  Idaho, 
and  California),  sending  none  of  its  waters  to  any  ocean.  This  region  is 
unmistakably  west  of  the  main  divide  of  the  continent,  and  is  surrounded 
by  territory  drained  by  st  ns  flowing  to  the  Pacific.  We  exclude  the 
Chihuahua  inclosed  basin  of  about  16,000  square  miles,  and  the  San  Luis 
Potosi  inclosed  basin  of  25,000  square  miles  in  Mexico,  both  of  them  being 
east  of  the  main  ridge  of  the  great  continental  mountain  chain.  In  the 
subjoined  table  the  main  political  divisions  arc  mentioned,  with  their  areas 
within  the  limits  of  what  we  consider  (for  the  purposes  of  this  work)  the 
Pacific  coast;  the  greatest  length  of  each  on  the  meridian ;  the  length  of  the 
coast  of  each ;  the  full  length  of  its  shore  line  following  the  contour  of  its 
capes,  bays,  and  islands ;  the  population,  and  the  number  of  inhabitants  to 
a  square  mile.  The  areas  of  California,  Oregon,  Nevada,  Washington,  Idaho, 
Utah,  Arizona,  and  Alaska  are  copied  from  a  report  of  the  census  of  1 880. 
The  areas  of  British  Columbia,  and  of  the  Pacific  portions  of  Mexico,  Cen- 
tral America,  Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  New  Mexico  are  estimates. 
The  full  shore  lines  of  California,  Oregon,  and  Washingtoh  are  from  the 
United  States  Coast  Survey,  and  arc  in  geographical  miles,  60  to  a  degree, 
whereas  the  other  miles  are  statutory,  69  to  a  degree.  The  full  coast  lines 
of  Alaska,  Mexico,  and  Central  America  having  never  been  accurately 
measured,  so  far  as  we  know,  are  given  by  estimate.     To  obtain  an  ade- 


i8 


INTRODUCTION. 


? 


quale  idea  of  the  vastness  of  our  natural  resources,  and  of  the  backward 
condition  of  their  development,  we  must  look  at  figures  showing  the  vast 
area  of  unoccupied  fertile  land,  the  relative  paucity  of  inhabitants,  and  the 
length  of  the  ocean  frontage  of  this  Pacific  realm.  A  brief  e.\amination, 
and  a  comparison  of  them  with  the  corresponding  statistics  of  the  most 
populous  countries  of  Christendom,  leave  no  room  for  reasonable  doubt 
that  the  western  slope  of  our  continent  has  a  grand  career  before  it  in  the 
near  future.     Here  is  the  table : 


Political  Divisions. 

Area 

in  Square 
Mites. 

Population. 

Inhabitants 

to 
.Sq.  Mile. 

Length 

on 

.Meridian. 

Miles. 

Coast 

Length. 

Miles. 

Full 

Shore  Line. 

Miles. 

California.      . . 

158,360 
96,030 

110,700 
69,180 
84,800 

84,970 
113,020 

22,000 

22,000 

40,000 

24,000 

577,390 

310,000 

550,000 

50,000 

864,686 

174,767 
62,265 
75,120 
32,611 

143,906 
40,441 

8,000 

4.000 

10,000 

20.000 

30,000 

20,000 

3,500,000 

6oo,ooci 

5 
2 

i 
I 

2 

I 

7 
11 

655 
288 
440 

245 

480 

345 

4S0 
310 
275 
275 
345 
1190 

396 

1260 

560 

735 

300 

1,097 
285 

OrcLjon 

N'cvatli 

Washington 

245 

1-738 

Idaho 

Utah 

Pacific  Montana. 

Pacilic  Wyoming 

Pacific  ColoraJo 

1 

1 

Alaska 

1,470 

560 

1,950 

910 

20,000 

Briiisli  Columbia 

Pacific  Mexico 

Pacific  Cemral  America. 

8,181 
4,000 
1,450 

Total      ...     '    . 

2.^1  2.4EsO  1  C   cS::  70 f» 

2 

6. 1  TO 

3^75' 

After  making  allowances  for  large  areas,  of  no  present  and  little  pros- 
pective value,  on  account  of  intense  cold,  dry  sand,^r  bare  rock,  our  slope 
still  has  500,cxx)  square  miles  of  tillable  soil',  300,000  of  magnificent  forest, 
and  1,000,000  of  good  pasture,  with  room  for  100,000,000  people  before 
the)'  will  be  so  much  crowded  with  relation  to  the  natural  resources  of  the 
land  as  they  are  in  Europe. 

The  inhabitants  of  California,  Oregon,  Nevada,  Washington,  Idaho,  Utah, 
and  Arizona  numbered  829,050  in  1870,  and  1,369,857  in  1880,  showing  a 
gain  of  65  per  cent,  in  ten  years,  a  ratio  which  will  probably  be  maintained 
for  a  century  to  come.  Indeed,  the  probabilities,  on  account  of  the  rapid 
development  of  railroad  and  steamship  lines,  is  that  the  ratio  will  increase 
rather  than  diminish.  Hut  if  the  gain  were  only  50  per  cent,  in  ten  years,  it 
would  give  these  .States  and  Territories  2,000,000  inhabitants  in  1890; 
3,000,000  in  1900;  4,500,000  in  1910;  6,750,000  in  1920;  and  10,125,000  in 
1930.     If  we  add  British  Columbia,  Alaska,  and  the  Pacific  portions  of 


rwmmmm 


THE  FIELD. 


19 


Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  New  Mexico,  we  shall  see  that  it  is  not 
extravagant  to  expect  that  our  slope  north  of  Mexico  in  1930  will  have 
12,000,000  inhabitants;  and  even  then  there  will  be  only  6  to  the  square 
mile;  and  now  Italy  has  more  than  20  times  as  many.  Rapidity  of 
growth  is  one  of  the  best  standards  of  the  activity  and  profit  of  business  and 
of  the  chances  for  the  immigrant  to  make  a  fortune. 

Our  Pacific  coast  extends  through  the  temperate  and  reaches  far  into  the 
torrid  and  frigid  zones.  Every  variety  of  climate  is  represented  within  itJ 
limits,  unless  it  be  the  very  stormy,  for  the  furious  hurricanes  of  the  West 
Indies  <ind  the  typhoons  common  in  the  Chinese  seas  arc  unknown  to 
considerable  portions  cif  our  ocean.  The  high  elevation  of  our  mountain 
border,  and  the  warmth  of  winter  and  coolness  of  .summer,  brought  to  our 
immediate  coast  north  of  latitude  34°  by  trade  winds  and  the  Kurosiwo, 
the  ocean  current  of  the  North  Pacific,  give  great  ranges  of  temperatt'rii  in 
the  same  latitude,  so  that  the  traveler  can  pass  in  a  few  hours  from  a  cool 
to  a  warm  climate.  North  of  latitude  34°  and  west  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, the  isothermal  lines  run,  not  east  and  west,  as  on  the  other  side  of  the 
continent,  but  usually  north-west  and  south-east.  The  mean  temperature 
of  Januaty  is  in  most  places  10°,  and  in  many  20°,  higher  than  on  the 
Atlantic  side  in  the  same  latitudes;  and  this  greater  warmth  of  the  winters 
is  of  immense  importance  to  the  comfort  of  the  people,  as  well  as  to  the 
productiveness  of  many  branches  of  industry. 

Our  coast,  considered  as  a  whole,  has  many  peculiar  features.  South 
of  49°  it  is  extremely  poor,  and  north  of  that  latitude,  wonderfully  rich 
in  harbors,  inlets,  bays,  and  islands.  In  the  precious  metals  it  is  the 
richest  part  of  the  globe ;  in  the  best  qualities  of  coal  it  is  inferior  to  Europe, 
to  China,  and  to  the  Atlantic  side  of  our  continent. 


Possessions  and  Increase. — Our  slope  north  of  Mexico  has  8,000,000 
acres  of  tilled  land,  8,000,000  sheep,  1,200,000  neat  cattle,  600,000  horses, 
and  5,500  miles  of  railroad.  Our  industrial  products  in  their  primary  forms, 
as  first  prepared  for  sale,  cor.iiung  ihe  hide  and  excluding  the  leather,  in- 
cluding woo!  but  not  cloth,  aniotnt.  in  value  to  more  than  $220,000,000 
annually.  Among  the  leadin;.;  items  are  $100,000,000  for  cereals ;  $20,000,000 
for  the  meat,  hide,  wool,  milk,  butter,  and  cheese  of  our  herds;  $15,000,000 
for  the  yield  of  our  orchards,  gardens,  and  vineyards;  $10,000,000  for  our 
rough  lumber;  $52,000,000  for  our  precious  metals;  $6,000,000  for  our  base 
metals;  and  $12,000,000  fornoii-mL-tallic  mineral  articles,  including  coal,  salt, 
borax,  asphaltum,  petroleum,  building  stone,  paving  stone,  bricks  and  glass. 
The  additional  value  given  to  the  primary  products  by  secondary  industry, 
such  as  buildir  g  houses  and  fences,  dressing  lumber,  spinning  and  weaving 


n' 


20 


INTRODUCTION. 


wool,  tanning  leather,  making  boots  and  shoes,  grinding,  grain,  canning  fniit, 
casting  iron,  making  coin  and  table-ware  from  gold  and  silver  bricks, 
amounts  to  at  least  $80,000,000,  making  an  annual  aggregate  for  the  com- 
bined products  of  primary  and  secondary  industries  of  $300,000,000,  or  more 
than  $600  for  each  adult  white  male  inhabitant.  To  this  may  be  added  at 
least  $20,000,000  for  additional  value  given  to  land  held  in  private  owner- 
ship by  increase  of  population,  improved  facililies  of  transportation,  proof 
of  the  productiveness  of  the  soil  by  successful  tillage,  and  the  growth  of 
fruit  trees.  The  annual  addition  to  the  market  value  of  all  the  property 
held  in  private  ownership  is  not  less  than  $80,000,000,  or  $160  for  each  adult 
white  male  on  the  average,  and  this  notwithstanding  a  mode  of  life  which 
to  the  people  of  New  York,  and  much  more  to  those  of  France,  seems  very 
wasteful.  Astonishing  as  the  figures  may  appear,  they  are  not  more  aston- 
ishing than  the  rapid  increase  in  our  railrcad.s,  wagon  roads,  new  buildings, 
fences,  lumber  flumes,  irrigation  and  mining  ditches,  artesian  wells,  orchards, 
vineyards,  and  herds.  A  vast  amount  of  the  best  machinery,  a  great  num- 
ber of  the  best  farm  animals,  an  area  of  fertile  soil  and  a  mileage  of  rail- 
roads relatively  immense,  under  the  control  of  industrious  and  intelligent 
men,  are  the  main  factors  in  our  wonderful  production. 


•(   '■ 


California. — By  the  variety,  multitude,  and  wealth  of  iicr  resources  for 
agricultural,  mining,  fishing,  and  manufacturing  production,  by  the  geniality 
of  her  climate,  the  advantages  of  her  commercial  position,  and  her  large 
area,  California  is  well  fitted  to  play  an  imperial  part  in  history;  such  as, 
notwithstanding  the  relative  scantiness  of  her  population,  she  has  played  for 
the  last  thirty  years.  The  abundance  of  her  goid  was  one  of  the  wonders 
of  the  \vorld,  and  her  placers  had  scarcely  reached  the  climax  of  their 
productixcncss,  when  her  orchards,  vineyards,  and  gardens  challenged  com- 
parison with  anything  to  be  seen  in  France  or  Italy.  The  climate  near  the 
ocean  is  uncqualcd  for  the  small  range  of  mean  temperature  between  mid- 
summer and  midwinter;  equally  free  from  the  cold  that  benumbs,  and  from 
the  heat  that  debilitates.  A  strong  trade  wind,  with  a  temperature  that 
does  not  vary  much  from  55°,  blows  from  the  ocean  nearly  every  summer 
day,  its  chilliness  stimulating  the  worker  to  activity,  and  driving  the 
idler  to  wear  heavy  woolen  clothing.  Heforc  it  has  gone  far  inland,  the 
breeze  is  warmed  by  the  r.uli.-ition  of  the  earth;  and  an  hour's  journey  is 
sufficient  to  obtain  a  change  of  10°  in  the  mean  temperature  of  July,  with- 
out difference  in  elevation. 

The  State  luis  an  excellent  commercial  situ.ation.  Her  northern  limit 
is  near  the  latitude  of  Boston;  her  southern  near  that  of  Savannah. 
Mexico  has  few  bays,  inlets,  or  islands,  and  no  navigjiblc  rivers;  and  her 


mm 


THE  FIELD. 


21 


coast  bends  to  the  eastward  so  much  that  Tehuantepec  and  Guaymas  are 
about  as  far  from  Australia,  and  from  most  of  the  Microncsian  islands  in  the 
South  Pacific,  as  is  San  Francisco ;  and  on  account  of  the  winds  and  currents 
arc  less  conveniently  accessible  by  either  sail  or  steam.  The  poverty  of  the 
western  coast  of  our  sister  republic  in  maritime  advantages  gives  a  greater 
value  to  the  Californian  harbors,  which,  though  not  numerous,  are  excellent. 
If  we  wish  to  get  a  correct  idea  of  the  probable  development  of  Cali- 
fornia, we  must  compare  her  with  Italy,  to  which,  in  productions,  area, 
form,  and  situation,  she  bears  so  much  resemblance  that  she  has  been  called 
"the  Italy  of  the  new  world."  With  a  smaller  territory,  and  natural 
resources  that,  considered  as  a  whole,  are  perhaps  inferior,  the  Italic 
kingdom  has  thirty  times  as  many  people.  The  tendency  to  equalize  popu- 
lation in  proportion  to  area,  and  the  continuous  growth  of  the  older 
American  States,  for  two  centuries,  leave  no  room  to  doubt  that  California 
is  destined  to  be  within  a  few  generations  the  home  of  many  millions  of 
inhabitants.  It  is  also  certain,  from  the  intelligence  and  enterprise  of  her 
present  population,  from  the  abundance  and  excellence  of  her  schools 
and  railroads,  and  from  the  selecting  influence  of  expensive  migration,  that 
the  Californians  of  the  future  will  not  be  an  ignorant  or  unambitious  class 
of  people. 


San  Franolaoo  and  Snrroimdings. — The  site  of  San  Francisco  was,  in 
1848,  one  of  the  most  unprepossessing  places  ever  selected  for  a  great  city, 
and  never  did  industrial  art  and  commercial  enterprise  achieve  in  a  brief 
period  a  more  wonderful  triumph  over  the  obstacles  of  nature.  The  only 
level  land  near  the  anchorage  was  a  tract  of  about  forty  acres;  all  else  for 
several  miles  on  the  landward  sides  was  mud(lat,  steep  hill,  or  ravine  covered 
with  chaparral,  or  swamp.  A  little  further  away  were  high  rocky  hills,  and 
sand  dunes.  For  twelve  miles  the  peninsula  was  treeless  and  desolate. 
The  only  wagon  road,  leading  from  the  village,  passed  through  .several  miles 
of  loose  sand  before  it  reached  solid  ground.  Fresh  water  was  so  scarce 
that  for  several  years  the  city  obtained  a  large  part  of  her  supply  in  boats 
from  Saucelito,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Golden  Gate. 

In  1880,  San  Francisco  had  233,000  inhabitants,  or  a  sixth  of  all  the 
people  within  a  radius  of  600  miles,  a  larger  proportion  to  the  tributary 
population  than  is  to  be  found  in  any  other  metropolis.  Counting  Oakland, 
Alameda,  and  ncrkclcy  as  .suburbs,  the  metropolitan  poiiuiatiou  numbered 
270,ocx:)  in  iSSo.  The  aggicLjate  value  of  the  i)ropert)-  owned  by  the  resi- 
dents and  business  men  of  the  city  and  its  suburbs  is  at  least  $500,000,000. 
The  hills  have  been  cut  down,  and  coves  and  swamps  filled  up,  until  there 
arc  6,000  acres  of  level  land,     A  number  of  the  most   splendid  public 


«!J«WJ.W,Wi 


22 


INTRODUCTION. 


buildings  and  private  dwellings  in  the  United  States  have  been  erected. 
The  causes  that  led  to  these  marvelous  results  must  be  worthy  of  mention. 
The  bay  of  San  Francisco  is  spacious  and  grand.  It  has  the  only  deep 
and  secure  anchorage,  easy  of  entrance  from  the  ocean,  and  accessible 
from  the  land  side  by  navigable  water,  and  level  roads  from  an  extensive 
agricultural  district  in  the  interior,  between  the  25th  and  48th  parallels 
of  latitude  on  this  coast.  The  topography  of  California  converges  towards 
the  Golden  Gate,  and  makes  it  the  chief  commercial  focus  of  the  State. 
Rival  towns  on  the  tide  waters  of  San  Francisco  bay  had  greater  natural 
advantages,  but  failed  to  attract  capital,  and  dropped  out  of  the  race. 

San  Francisco  has  nearly  as  large  a  proportion  of  the  manufacturing  in- 
dustr)'  as  of  the  commerce  of  the  coast.  Her  convenience  of  access  from 
all  directions  gives  her  great  ad/antnges.  She  has  the  most  abundant  sup- 
plies of  labor,  raw  material,  capital,  and  skill.  Her  schools,  libraries, 
amusements,  and  excitements  are  preponderant  attractions  for  proprietors, 
managers,  and  laborers;  and  induce  them  to  be  content  here  with  smaller 
profits  than  at  other  places  on  the  coast.  The  coolness  of  the  summers 
enables  men  to  do  more  work  for  four  months  in  the  year  than  in  the 
interior  valleys.  The  cheapness  of  water-power  and  pro.ximity  to  coal  mines, 
which,  in  the  Atlantic  States,  control  tlie  location  of  many  factories,  have 
little  influence  hero,  because  our  mill  streams  are  difficult  of  access,  and  our 
coal  is  not  well  adapted  for  making  steam. 

The  discoNcry  of  gold  laid  the  foundation  of  San  I'rancisco's  greatness. 
TI1C  richest  mines  of  the  coast,  and  the  districts  which  have  produced  three 
fourtiis  of  the  precious  metals  of  the  United  States,  are  within  200  miles 
of  the  Golden  Gate.  The  total  American  bullion  yield  from  the  region 
west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  has  been  nearly  $2,000,000,000;  an  immense 
sum  to  pay  trii)ute  to  one  small  city  within  30  years.  Not  only  was  it 
handled,  and  nnich  of  it  refined  and  coined  in  San  I'rancisco,  but  a  large 
part  I  if  it  came  from  mines  owned  here,  and  here  its  profits  were  invested. 
Here,  too,  were  recei\cd  ami  shipped  nearly  all  the  exports  of  the  coast, 
averaging  (exclusive  of  treasure),  for  some  )'Lars  past,  $30,000,000  amuiall)-; 
and  hither  came  nearly  a'l  the  immigrants  and  travelers  coming  to  or  going 
from  the  coast,  their  number  averaging  100,000  annually  for  the  ten  years 
from  1870  to  i.SSo.  All  these  paid  large  tributes  to  the  metropolis  of  the 
Pacific  coast, 

(Oakland,  the  second  city  of  our  coast,  containing  3^1,500  inhabitants, 
is  as  )-et  a  mere  residence  suburb  of  the  metropolis,  from  which  she  is 
separated  b)'  the  bay,  here  4  miles  wide.  The  time  required  for  crossing 
is  thirty  minutes,  ,ind  about  50  ferrj-  trips  are  made  from  e.icii  side  every 
day,  tliree  iliffcrcnt  routes  being  offered  for  the  choice  of  the  traveler.     The 


'•4... 


3mm 


THE  FIFXD. 


23 


southern  boundary  of  the  city  is  the  estuary  of  San  Antonio,  which  was 
naturally  inaccessible,  at  low  tide,  to  boats  drawing  more  tha.'  2  feet,  but 
an  artificial  harbor  to  be  3  miles  long  and  20  feet  deep  at  low  water,  is  now 
under  construction  there  by  the  national  government;  and  the  depth  has 
already  reached  10  feet,  though  not  one  fifth  of  the  proposed  expenditure 
has  yet  been  incurred.  It  has  been  estimated  that  the  accommodation  al- 
ready furnished  makes  a  saving  of  $300,cxx)  in  the  cost  of  supplies  to  the 
Oakland  people,  who  highly  appreciate  the  present  and  prospective  benefits 
of  the  work. 

Besides  the  "training  walls,"  to  confine  the  channel  leading  from  the  San 
Antonio  estuary  out  to  deep  water  in  the  bay,  a  stone  mole  has  been  built 
by  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad,  running  out  6,550  feet  in  the  harbor.  This 
mole  reaches  to  a  height  of  10  feet  above  high  tide,  with  a  width  sufficient 
for  a  double-track  railroad  and  a  passenger  depot,  200  feet  wide  and  900 
long.  The  material  for  the  mole,  i,cxdo,ooo  cubic  yards  of  rock,  was  trans- 
ported in  cars,  a  distance  of  nearly  30  miles.  No  city  on  the  coast  has 
gained  more  relatively  within  the  last  10  years  than  Oakland.  The  wide 
extent  and  high  cultivation  of  her  ornamental  gardens,  and  the  elegance 
of  her  dwelling.s,  contribute  to  make  her  one  of  the  most  beautiful  cities  in 
the  United  States.  She  has  a  paid  fire  department ;  an  electric-telegraphic 
network  used  exclusively  for  fire-alarm  purposes;  a  district  messenger 
system;  a  telephone  exchange;  a  system  of  pipes  to  supply  water  from 
an  elevated  reservoir  to  every  house;  and  62  miles  of  streets  well  macad- 
amized. 

Alameda,  contiguous  to  Oakland  on  the  south,  with  5,709  inhabitants,  and 
Berkeley,  the  .scat  of  the  State  University,  with  2,300,  on  the  north,  both 
connected  with  it  by  steam  and  horse  railroad,  despite  the  lines  of  political 
separation,  raise  the  aggregate  population  to  42,500. 

The  Coast  Range  of  California,  between  the  36th  and  39th  dcgrees'of 
latitude,  consists  of  several  ridges  varying  from  1,500  to  3,000  feet  in  gen- 
eral height,  parallel  with  the  shore,  with  fertile  intervening  valleys.  The 
outer  ridge,  near  San  Trancisco,  may  be  called  from  its  most  notable  peak 
the  Tamalpais  Ridge,  and  the  break  in  it,  connecting  the  ocean  with  San 
Francisco  Bay,  is  worthy  of  its  grand  name,  the  Golden  Gate.  The  main 
divide  between  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys  on  one  side  and 
the  Coast  valleys  on  the  other,  styled  from  its  most  notable  ])e.ik  the 
Diablo  Riiigc,  is  iiitcrsccled  h)'  Car<|uiiU'/.  .Slniil,  which  gives  an  outlet  to 
the  ocean  for  the  sur[)ius  waters  Houing  down  from  the  western  slope  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  This  strait,  three  quarters  of  a  mile  wide,  and  accessible 
from  the  ocean  by  a  channel  30  miles  long,  2  miles  or  morj  wide  nearly  all 
the  way,  and  20  feet  deep  at  low  tide,  has  been  styled  the  Silver  Gate.     It 


mi 


iMi 


24 


INTRODUCTION. 


offers  the  oniy  water  communication  between  the  ocean  and  the  great  in- 
terior valley  of  the  State,  and  on  account  of  having  the  only  pass  near  the 
sea  level  through  the  Diablo  Ridge,  is  a  place  at  which  railroads  have  con- 
centrated from  the  north-west,  north-east,  south-west,  and  south-east.  The 
passenger  from  New  York  by  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, first  reaches  the  deep  tide  waters  of  the  Pacific  at  Benicia,  on  the 
northern  bank  of  the  Silver  Gate;  the  traveler  from  New  Orleans  by  the 
Southern  Pacific  first  reaches  the  same  waters  at  Martinez  or.  its  southern 
bank.  Every  steamboat  or  sailing  vessel,  bound  to  the  interior  of  the  State, 
and  every  train  bound  to  the  interior  or  other  side  of  the  continent  from 
the  Golden  Gate,  goes  by  way  of  the  Silver  Gate.  Martinez,  Port  Costa, 
and  Iknicia  arc  on  the  bank  of  this  strait;  Vallejo  is  near  it,  and  the  four 
arc  the  points  farthest  inland  in  California  conveniently  accessible  by  large 
ships.  Their  advantages  for  the  meeting  of  cars  with  ships  have  given  to 
them,  c:r  at  least  to  the  three  last  mentioned,  an  important  business  in  the 
loading  of  ships  with  grain  for  foreign  ports.  Of  357  wheat  cargoes  ex- 
ported frcni  California  in  the  twelvemonth  ending  June  30,  1881,  212  ob- 
tained full  loads  at  the  Silver  Gate  ports,  including  97  at  Vallejo,  84  at  Port 
Costa,  and  31  at  Henicia,  while  San  Francisco  shipped  103  cargoes  and 
Oakland  33.  Port  Costa  and  Benicia  were  not  ready  with  their  wharves 
until  after  that  shipping  season  had  opened,  and  it  is  expected  that  they  will 
do  more  in  the  future.  Though  inferior  to  the  neighboring  ports  for  .shipping 
purposes,  Martinez  is  better  protected  against  wind  and  fog,  and  has  a 
warmer  temperature  and  drier  atmosphere  in  summer.  Besides,  it  has  the 
proximity  of  Mount  Diablo,  which  is  destined  to  become  a  place  of  great 
re.sort,  its  summit  commanding  a  view  that  in  some  important  respects  has 
no  ecjual  anj-nhere.  On  the  western  side  of  the  harbor  of  Vallejo  is  Marc 
Island,  the  site  of  the  only  navy  yard  of  the  United  States  on  the  Pacific. 
Another  }-ard  will  doubtless  be  established  at  Puget  Sound,  but  Marc 
Island  must  be  pnnided  with  extensive  works,  and  the  construction  and  re- 
pairs of  naval  vessels  will  make  sufficient  work  to  maintain  a  considerable 
population  there,  so  soon  as  the  Government  abandons  its  policy  of  build- 
ing anil  repairing  its  ships  for  Pacific  cruises  at  Atlantic  navy  yard.s. 
Benicia  has  an  active  manufacturing  industry,  and  is  rapidly  increasing  in 
population  and  business. 

San  Rafael,  1 5  miles  north  from  the  metropolis,  and  accessible  by  steam, 
is  a  favorite  summer  residence  of  wealthy  men  engaged  in  the  business  of 
tlie  city.  Situated  near  the  north-eastern  base  of  Tamalpais,  and  sheltered 
by  the  mountain  against  the  winds  and  fogs  of  the  Pacific,  the  summer  sky 
is  clear,  and  the  temperature  genial.  The  town  with  its  surroundings  is 
one  of  the  prominent  pleasure  resorts  of  the  State  and  is  admired  by  all 
visitors.     The  population  numbers  2,300. 


THF,   FIELD. 


25 


West  of  Napa  Valley  and  parallel  with  it  arc  Sonoma  and  Pctaluma 
valleys,  each  with  a  town  of  its  own  name.  Each  has  a  navigable  stream 
opening  into  San  Pablo  Bay;  each  has  its  railroad  and  much  fertile  soil. 
Petaluma,  in  the  midst  of  grain  fields  and  dairies,  has  3,306  inhabitants; 
Sonoma,  surrounded  by  orchards  and  vineyards,  has  1,500. 

Northward  from  San  Francisco  and  57  miles  distant  by  steamboat  route 
and  railroad,  in  the  fertile  basin  of  Russian  River,  is  the  busy  town  of  Santa 
Rosa,  which  has  3,700  inhabitants.  The  scenery  and  drives  in  the  vicinity 
are  charming.  Healdsburg,  15  miles  beyond  Santa  Rosa  on  the  bank  of 
Russian  River,  has  1,200  inhabitants.  Both  are  connected  by  rail  with  San 
Rafael. 

Napa  Valley,  drained  by  the  river  of  the  same  name  which  empties  into 
San  Pablo  Bay  at  Vallejo,  one  of  the  most  fertile  portions  of  the  State,  re- 
markably beautiful  by  nature,  and  much  enriched  by  art,  has  numerous 
valuable  medicinal  springs  and  attractive  health  and  pleasure  resorts. 
Near  the  lower  end  of  the  valley  is  Napa  City,  a  thrifty  town  of  3,800  in- 
habitants in  the  midst  of  wheat  fields,  while  18  miles  to  the  northward,  near 
the  upper  end  of  the  valley,  in  the  midst  of  vineyards,  is  St.  Helena,  with 
1,400  inhabitants.  The  latter  town  is  accessible  by  rail;  the  former  by  rail 
and  also  by  a  navigable  stream. 

San  Jose,  50  miles  south  of  San  Franci.sco  and  7  from  the  navigable 
water  of  the  bay,  has  12,615  inhabitants,  and  3  miles  distant  has  the  sister 
town  or  suburb  of  Santa  Clara,  with  2,416,  making  a  total  of  15,000.  The 
two  places  are  coimected  by  .steam  and  horse  railroads,  and  by  continuous 
intervening  settlement  along  the  extended  streets,  so  that  in  some  respects 
they  arc  one  city,  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  beautiful,  fertile,  and  highly 
cultivated  valley,  abounding  in  extensive  orchards,  vineyard.s,  gardens, 
and  grain  fields.  San  Jose  has  2,000  acres  of  orchard  in  the  vicinity,  and 
having  taken  the  lead  in  setting  out  fruit  trees  in  large  numbers,  acquired 
the  title  of  "  the  Garden  City."  Irrigation  is  supplied  by  300  artesian  wells. 
Only  14  miles  in  a  direct  line,  but  26  miles  by  the  wagon  road,  is  Mt.  Ham- 
ilton, the  sunimit  of  which,  4,400  feet  high,  is  to  have  the  astronomical  ob- 
servatory for  which  James  Lick  gave  $700,000.  The  drive  is  pleasant  and 
the  mountain  attracts  many  visitors. 

The  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  runs  near  the  bay  shore,  lengthwise  through 
San  Mateo  County,  which  occupies  all  of  the  San  1'ranci.sco  peninsula,  save 
the  six  miles  square  of  the  metropolis.  This  bay  shore  has  the  only  ex- 
tensive and  level  tracts  of  fi-rtiio  soil  accessible  by  land  williii\  2  hmirs  from 
the  cuuntiii(^-n)oms  ,uul  oflkcs  of  the  city,  'rhcri'  niillionaiies  have  taken 
up  a  great  part  of  the  plain  for  their  country  residences,  living  in  magnifi- 
cent mansions  in  the  midst  of  wide-spreading,  ornamental  grounds,  which, 


26  INTKODUCTIOX. 

laid  out  and  cultivated  wiih  high  skill,  charm  the  eye  in  cvcrj'  direction, 
and  add  much  to  the  attractiveness  of  the  towns  of  San  Mateo,  Belmont, 
Redwood  City,  and  Mcnlo  Park. 

The  Sacramento  Valley. — The  great  interior  valley  drained  by  the  Sac- 
ramento River  from  the  north  and  by  the  San  Joaquin  from  the  .south,  has 
a  length  of  350  and  a  width  of  40  miles,  nearly  all  of  it  fertile  .soil,  but  some 
of  it  needing  irrigation  and  some  of  it  reclamation  by  dikes  and  draining 
to  fit  it  for  profitable  cultivation.  It  has  great  agricultural  capabilities  and 
will  support  many  millions  of  people.  Its  chief  city,  Sacramento,  the 
political  capital  of  the  State,  with  22,000  inhabitants,  situated  on  the  bank 
of  the  Sacramento  River,  at  the  head  of  navigation  for  those  boats  which 
ascend  that  stream  from  San  vrancisco  (though  smaller  boats  ascend  as 
far  as  Red  Bluff),  is  the  main  center  of  railroads  and  trade  in  the  great  val- 
ley between  the  Coast  Range  and  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Soon  after  the  gold 
discover)-,  Sacramento  rose  into  prominence  as  a  source  of  supply  for  the 
mines,  and  still  does  a  considerable  wholesale  and  jobbing  trade,  maintain- 
ing its  position,  next  to  San  Francisco,  in  the  commercial  business  of 
California.  According  to  the  statistics  gathered  by  the  local  Board  of 
Trade,  the  commercial  transactions  anil  industrial  products  of  Sacramento 
City  in  18S1  amounted  to  ^35,393,000,  including  these  items:  Boilers, 
iron-work,  foundries,  car-building,  etc.,  $6,180,000;  groceries,  $4,639,000; 
mill  products,  $2,91 5,000;  agricultural  implements  and  hardware,  $2,543,000; 
meats,  hides,  tanning,  $2,681,000;  lumber,  coal,  wood,  wooden  ware, 
$2,125,000;  dry  goods,  $1,536,000;  fruits  and  produce,  $1,583,000;  clothing 
and  woolens,  $1,219,000;  beer,  $143,000;  California  wine,  brandy,and  other 
liquors,  $1,618,000;  book.s,  stationery,  etc.,  $929,000;  paints,  oils,  jjaper- 
liangings,  etc.,  $898,000;  wool,  $508,000;  insurance  (local  companj-),  $400,000; 
stoves,  tinware,  sheet  metal.s,  etc.,  $387,000;  carriages  and  wagons,  $438,000; 
boots  and  shoes,  $359,000;  drug.s,  medicines,  dental  good.s,  etc.,  $325,000; 
cigars  and  tobacco,  $352,000;  crockery,  glass-ware,  etc.,  388,000;  saddlery, 
harness,  etc.,  $359,000;  lime,  pottery,  stone-ware,  etc.,  $275,000;  furniture 
and  cabinet  work,  $450,000;  markets,  $270,000;  confectionery,  $236,000; 
jewelry,  $213,000;  bread,  crackers,  etc.,  $152,000;  hops,  $175,000;  and 
milliners-,  $1 12,000. 

These  figures  do  not  include  the  sales  of  real  estate,  the  transactions  of 
the  banks,  or  the  business  of  insurance  companies  incorporateil  elsewhere. 
The  Board  of  Trade  claim  that,  as  a  source  of  supply  for  tlie  Sacramento- 
San  Joaquin  basin,  and  the  region  east  of  tjilifornia,  Sacramento  has  de- 
cided advantages  over  San  I'Vancisco  in  cheaper  storage,  rents,  freights,  in- 
surance, and  cartage,  and  in  exemption  from  wharfage;  and  as  a  site  for 


\H 


-v\ 


THE    IIKI.D. 


27 


manufactures  of  wood,  they  claim  superiority,  on  account  of  th9  greater 
dryness  of  the  cHmatc.  The  Central  Pacific  Railroad  Company  has  its 
rolling-mill  and  chief  shops  for  construction  and  repair  at  Sacramento.  The 
city  has  a  paid  fire  department,  a  district  messenger  system,  a  telephone  ex- 
change, a  system  of  water-supply  pipes  connected  with  a  Holly  engine,  and 
four  and  one  third  miles  of  street  railway.  The  State  Capitol  is  an  imposing 
brick  building  (with  a  dome  rising  to  a  height  of  two  hundred  and  twenty 
feet  above  the  street),  that  cost  $3,ooo,cxx).  At  Folsom,  twenty  miles  from 
Sacramento,  the  American  River  falls  eighty  feet  in  two  miles,  and  a  canal 
is  now  being  constructed  to  make  this  large  water-power  conveniently 
available  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

Second  among  the  towns  of  the  Sacramento  Valley  is  Marysville,  which 
has  4,500  inhabitants,  besides  800  in  its  suburb,  Yuba  City,  on  the  opposite 
bank  of  the  Feather  River.  Other  notable  Sacramento  Valley  towns,  some 
of  them  probably  destined  to  tx;comc  important  cities,  are  Chico  with  3,300 
inhabitants,  Woodland  with  2,300,  Red  BlulT  \yith  2,100,  and  Oroville  with 
1,700. 


San  Joaquin  Valley. — The  San  Joaquin  Valley,  with  8,000  square  miles 
of  fertile  soil,  and  a  great  supply  of  snow  in  the  Californian  Alps,  available 
for  summer  irrigation,  will  be  the  Lombardy  of  our  coast,  though  many 
years  may  elapse  before  the  canals  and  reservoirs  needed  to  supply  a  large 
part  of  its  area  with  water  will  be  completed.  Much  has  been  done  recently 
to  develop  the  resources  of  the  valley,  and  a  rapid  increase  of  its  wealth  may 
be  expected. 

Stockton,  the  head  of  navigation  for  the  larger  class  of  boats  plying  on 
the  San  Joaquin  river,  will  probably  retain  her  position  as  the  chief  city  of 
the  valley,  and  share  the  great  growth  of  that  vast  and  fertile  region.  As 
an  inland  center  of  the  wheat  traffic,  she  now  holds  the  first  place  in  the 
State,  and  has  for  several  years  enjoyed  an  exceptional  prosperity.  She 
has  a  considerable  manufacturing  industry,  and  has  ranked  next  to  San 
Francisco  a§  a  ship-building  center  in  California.  The  annual  value  of  her 
manufactures  is  $3,000,000.  She  has  a  paid  fire  department  with  three 
steam  fire  engines,  a  fire-alarm  telegraph,  a  gas  company,  a  street  railroad, 
with  four  miles  of  track,  fifteen  miles  of  macadamized  street.s,  and  a  water 
company  with  an  available  supply  of  900,000  gallons  from  artesian  wells, 
one  of  which  is  1,003  f'-'i-'t  di'cp.  The  channel  of  the  San  Joa(|uin  to  Stock- 
ton is  to  be  improved  so  that  boats  tlrawing  seven  feet  of  water  can  always 
reach  her  wharves. 

The  towns  next  in  si/c  to  Stockton  arc  Modesto  with  1,700  inhabitants, 
Merced  with  1,500,  Visalia  with  1,400,  Fresno  with  1,000,  and  Hakcrsfield 


!  i 


28 


INTRODUCTION. 


with  800.  Fresno  has  more  orchard  and  vineyard  than  any  other  town  in 
the  valley,  and  promises  to  become  one  of  the  leading  horticultural  centers 
in  the  State. 


Southern  Callfbmia. — Southern  California — not  to  be  confounded  with 
Lower  California,  in  Mexico — is  a  general  term  given  to  the  counties  of 
Santa  Barbara,  Ventura,  Los  Angeles,  San  Bernardino,  and  San  Diego, 
each  possessing  its  peculiajkgtractions,  and  together  forming  a  subtropical 
region  that  charms  and  capSvates  all  visitors.  Vasi:  areas  are  planted  with 
the  orange,  lemon,  lime,  and  vine,  in  near  proximity  to  high  mountains 
which  wear  caps  of  snow  until  late  in  the  spring,  or  even  until  the  close  of 
summer.  Southern  California  more  than  doubled  its  population  and  trebled 
its  wealth  between  1870  and  18S0. 

Los  Angeles,  the  leading  city,  is  situated  in  latitude  34°,  in  the  valley 
of  the  Los  Angeles  river,  fourteen  miles  from  the  ocean.  Several  thou- 
sand acres  of  irrigated  land  in  the  immediate  vicinity  are  planted  with 
orange  and  lemon  trees,  vines,  and  ornamental  gardens  of  luxuriant  sub- 
tropical plants,  which  give  to  the  city  a  most  attractive  appearance,  and 
justly  entitle  her  to  pre-eminence  in  the  United  States  for  the  beauty, 
variety,  and  extent  of  her  horticultural  wealth.  She  is  surrounded  by 
numerous  other  towns  and  valleys,  some  of  them  possessing  greater  areas  in 
orchards  and  vines,  but  inferior  in  population  and  wealth.  She  has  a  sys- 
tem of  pipes  supplying  i,cx)0,000  gallons  daily  from  the  Crystal  Springs  to 
the  houses,  of  which  about  one  third  arc  of  brick  or  adobe,  and  two  thirds 
wood.  The  streets  are  macadamized  for  a  length  of  12  miles.  A  paid 
fire  department,  with  2  steam  fire-engines  of  tlic  first  class,  gives  protection 
against  fires.  Her  present  population  is  about  15,000,  and  her  average  an- 
nual increase  is  perhaps  1,000.  She  has  already  gained  a  metropolitan  posi- 
tion in  Southern  California,  is  in  the  midst  of  an  extensive  region  now 
enjoying  a  very  active  and  increasing  business,  and  will  probably  within  a 
few  )'ears  reach  greater  prominence  than  she  has  now.  She  aspires  to  be- 
come the  capital  of  a  new  State,  to  be  made  by  dividing  California,  and  will 
probably  .succeed;  since  after  the  population  shall  become  dense,  it  would 
be  unfair  that  our  coast  should  have  only  one  State,  and  2  representatives 
in  the  national  Senate  for  the  ocean  frontage  tx;tween  latitudes  32°  and 
42^^,  while  on  the  other  side  of  the  continent,  between  the  same  latitudes, 
1 1  seaport  States  have  22  representatives  in  the  senate.  In  consequence  of 
the  completion  of  rail  connection  from  ocean  to  ocean  by  the  Southern 
Pacific  route,  the  rapid  development  of  the  mineral  wealth  of  Arizona, 
and  the  advances  of  the  iron  track  in  Mexico,  contribute  to  give  import- 
ance to  Los  Angeles  as  a  source  of  commercial  supply  for  an  extensive 
region. 


mmm 


iMi 


Tin;  FIELD. 


29 


Los  Angeles  is  so  situated  that  she  has  two  seaports — one  at  Santa 
Monica,  14  miles  off  to  the  south-west,  and  the  other  at  Wilmington,  20  miles 
southward.  Steam  railroads  run  to  both  places.  Santa  Monica  has  a 
wharf  accessible  for  large  vessels,  with  abundant  room  and  deep  water;  but 
the  anchorage  is  not  secure  in  stormy  weather.  All  the  steamers  and  nearly- 
all  the  sailing  vessels  go  to  Wilmington,  where  Congress  has  undertaken  to 
provide  an  artificial  harbor.  A  breakwater  a  mje  and  a  quarter  long  has 
been  made,  and  vessels  drawing  10  feet  of  watgr  can  now  sail  in  at  low  tide. 
One  of  the  chief  drawbacks  to  the  shipping  business  of  the  port  has  been 
the  high  charge  for  lighterage,  amounting  to  about  $120,000  a  year.  A  wharf 
now  in  course  of  construction  by  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  will  put  an 
end  to  this  exaction.  The  freight  received  and  shipped  at  and  near  Wil- 
mington was  6,000  tons  in  1855,  and  110,000  in  1880;  and  greater  relative 
increase  in  the  next  25  years  may  be  expected.  Other  notable  towns  of 
Los  Angeles  county  are  Anaheim,  Santa  Ana,  Downey,  Pasadena,  Orange, 
Florence,  Westminster,  Compton,  San  Gabriel,  San  Fernando,  and  Pomona, 
all  prosperous  or  possessing  the  resources  for  future  prosperity. 

San  Diego  has  one  of  the  finest  bays  in  the  world,  deep,  commodious, 
secure,  easy  of  entrance,  without  dangerous  locks  or  currents,  and  almost 
without  fogs.  The  excellence  of  her  harbor  and  her  position  on  the  line 
where  thf"  distance  from  ocean  to  ocean  in  the  United  States  is  least,  and  where 
the  Rocky  Mountains  present  no  high  elevation  to  obstruct  railroad  con- 
struction, early  designated  San  Diego  as  the  terminus  for  a  southern  trans- 
continental railroad.  She  is  now  connected  with  the  Southern  Pacific  at 
Colton  by  the  California  Southern  Railroad,  and  expects  to  become  the  pre- 
ferred terminus  of  at  least  one  direct  route  from  the  Mississippi  or  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  There  is  a  large  area  of  land  valuable  for  fruit  and  grain  in  the 
county,  and  the  mild  winters,  beautiful  gardens,  and  business  prospects  of 
the  chief  town  have  attracted  many  invalids  and  plcasurc-seekcrs. 

Santa  Barbara  has  a  delightful  situation  in  the  midst  of  a  plain  80  miles 
long  and  8  wide,  between  the  ocean  and  the  Santa  Inez  Mountain,  which 
shelters  it  against  the  cold  winds  that  strike  the  coast  further  north.  It 
has  a  charming  climate,  and  beautiful  gardens,  and  is  a  favorite  resort  f6r 
invalids. 

The  valleys  of  the  Santa  Clara  and  the  Ojai  arc  the  chief  attractions  of 
Ventura. 

The  settled  portion  of  San  Bernardino  county  is  the  upper  part  of  the 
valley  of  the  Santa  Ana  river,  and  the  adjacent  mountain  slopes  to  an  ele- 
vation of  2,000  feet  above  the  sea.  San  Bernardino,  the  county  seat,  has  an 
active  business  and  is  growing  rapidly.  Riverside  is  remarkable  for  the  in- 
telligence and  enterprise  of  its  inhabitants,  the  large  progress  which  they 


iMi 


% 


ii 


30 


INTRODUCTION. 


have  made  with  orchards,  vineyards,  ar.  1  other  improvements,  since  the 
town  was  laid  of.  1 1  years  ago. 

Monterey  District. — ]\Iontcrcy  Ray,  wliich  may  be  described  in  general 
terms  as  a  semicircle  drawn  with  a  radius  of  10  miles,  projecting  into  the 
land  between  the  36th  and  37th  parallels  of  latitude,  is  bordered  by  a  dis- 
trict rich  in  agricultural  and  manufac'uring  resources,  and  abounding  with 
strong  and  varied  attractions  for  pleasurc-scckcrs.  The  bay  is  the  best 
marine  fishing-ground  on  the  coast.  Santa  Cruz,  the  chief  town,  has  4,000 
inhabitants,  and  is  noted  for  its  tanneries,  its  lumber,  its  bathing,  and  its  in- 
teresting drives.  :\Iontcrey  has  sea  bathing,  a  camp  ground,  magnificent 
drives,  the  finest  pleasurc-rcsort  hotel  on  the  slope,  and  1,400  inhabitants. 
Watsonville,  Salinas,  Hollistcr,  and  Castrovillc  arc  other  towns  in  the  valleys 
tributary  to  Monterey  I?ay.  San  Luis  Obispo  County  south  of  Monterey, 
and  one  of  the  few  coast  counties  not  connected  with  the  general  railroad 
system  of  the  State,  is  rich  in  natural  resources,  which  will  attract  a  large 
population  after  the  lapse  of  a  few  years. 

Humboldt  Bay. — Humboldt  Bay,  in  latitude  40°  44',  with  a  mouth  18  feet 
deep,  but  difficult  of  entrance,  is  the  outlet  of  a  considerable  district,  rich  in 
fertile  soil,  moist  climate,  fine  timber,  and  abundant  pasturage.  The  annual 
exports  include  4,000  tons  of  potatoes,  2,000  of  oats,  450  of  wool,  250  of 
wheat,  1 00  of  fish,  70  each  of  butter  and  peas,  and  50,000,000  feet  of  lumber. 
Humboldt  Ray,  on  account  of  its  excellent  and  cheap  lumber,  comes  next 
to  San  I'Vanci.sco  in  the  maritime  commerce  of  California.  Its  chief  town. 
Eureka,  has  2,700  inhabitants ;  the  second  one,  y\rcata,  has  700.  Crescent 
City,  Trinidad,  and  Navarro  are  lumber  port.s,  north  and  south  of  Hum- 
boldt Ray. 

The  Sierra  Nevada. — The  auriferous  foothills,  or  lower  slopes  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  at  its  western  base  to  an  elevation  of  2,500  feet  above  the 
sea,  include  much  fertile  land,  with  abundant  supplies  of  water,  in  a  climate 
peculiar!)-  favorable  to  develop  the  size  and  flavor  of  the  temperate  fruits. 
Tiw.  apples  and  peaches  from  the  Sierra  command  the  highest  prices  in  the 
San  I'ranciseo  market,  and  the  orange  ripens  at  Newcastle  a  month  earlier 
than  at  Los  Angeles,  which  is  5  degrees  further  south.  This  fruit  belt  of 
the  Sierra  is  20  miles  wide  and  300  long.  The  largest  of  the  mountain 
towns  is  Nevada  City,  which  has  4,000  inhabitants,  and  Grass  Valley,  only 
6  miles  distant,  has  nearly  as  many.  Placen-ille  has  2,000;  Sonora  1,500; 
Sutter  Creek  1,300;  Auburn  1,200,  and  Jackson  1,000.  All  these  places 
were  first  settled  by  gold  miners,  but  arc  now  surrounded  by  thrifty  orchards 
and  vineyards. 


m 


I' I ' 


m 


iMiiiiiiifl 


•:«?' 


*   i 


0 


mm 


THE  FIELD. 


31 


Other  notable  mountain  towns  not  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  arc 
Bodic  with  2,700  inhabitants,  Yrcka  with  1,000,  and  Truckcc,  the  Icadini^ 
lumber  town  of  California  not  in  the  redwood  region. 

Oregon. — Though  until  recently  much  slower  than  California  in  the  de- 
velopment of  her  resources,  Oregon  is  unmistakably  destined  to  be  one  of 
the  richest  and  most  steadily  prosperous  portions  of  our  continent.  In  the 
influ.x  of  .settlers  and  the  development  of  her  business,  she  is  a  marvel. 
Her  population  gained  92  per  cent,  from  1870  to  1880,  and  she  can  keep  up 
that  ratio  for  half  a  century  to  come,  and  still  have  a  considerable  area  of 
unoccupied  land.  The  multitude  of  her  railroad  lines  now  under  construc- 
tion, the  magnitude  of  the  fertile  area  to  be  made  accessible  and  tributary 
to  her,  the  accumulation  of  capital  and  of  capable  business  men  in  her 
metropolis,  the  thousand  miles  of  river  navigation  in  the  basin  of  the  Colum- 
bia, and  the  large  production  and  high  prices  of  her  wheat,  wool,  fruit,  and 
salmon,  combine  to  indicate  that  Oregon  is  just  at  the  threshold  of  the  most 
brilliant  part  of  her  career.  Her  western  division,  with  10  degrees  less  of 
cold  in  January,  and  10  degrees  less  of  heat  in  July,  than  New  York,  is  in 
climate  and  soil  the  American  counterpart  of  England,  which,  however,  has 
400  inhabitants  on  the  average  square  mile,  while  Western  Oregon  has 
only  5. 

Immense  deposits  of  coal  and  iron  arc  found  in  many  places  easy  of  ac- 
cess. Timber  of  forty  different  varieties  is  found  in  her  forests.  The  rivers 
and  sloughs  afford  the  means  of  cheap  transportation.  Numerous  stream.s, 
which  never  fail  and  never  freeze,  afford  abunc'  .nt  water  power.  With  all 
these  ailvantagcs  Oregon  is  surely  destined  to  become  in  the  future  a  great 
manufacturing  center.  At  present  she  does  noi  produce  more  than  6  per 
cent,  of  the  manufactures  consumed  by  her  own  population,  but  the  day  is 
not  far  distant  when  she  will  export  largely  of  her  own  manufactured  gooils. 
Already  she  sends  much  flour  to  iMigland,  where  none  but  tlic  best  finds  a 
remunerative  market.  Ilor  woolen  fabrics  are  of  .such  excellent  quality  that 
in  some  lines  of  goods  the  supply  falls  short  of  the  demand. 

A  general  idea  of  the  industrial  prosperity  of  Oregon  may  he  formed 
from  the  fact  that  in  1881,  with  a  population  of  190,000,  her  total  exports 
excccdetl  $20,000,000,  including  wheat  and  flour  valued  at  over  $6,000,000, 
and  salmon  at  $^,000,000.  During  the  same  year,  145  vessels  cleared  from 
the  ports  of  the  Columbia  River,  most  of  tiicm  laden  with  wheat,  and  the 
wheal  surplus  l"iii- the  _\e,ir  was  estiniiitcil  at  Jfkj.ooo  tuns,  I'lu'  iViii^lit  li.ilVic 
of  Tliic  tJl^Kco.N  R.MLW.W  AND  Navujation  CdMPANV  was  estimated,  for 
the  year  (881,  at  not  less  than  150,000  tons,  and  that  of  TlIE  OREtJON  AND 
Cai.ifokma  Railroad  Company,  at  about  145,000  toiw. 


!.*•«"* 


,:): 


32 


INTRODUCTION. 


Portland,  on  the  bank  of  the  Willamette,  120  miles  fro:n  the  ocean,  and 
12  from  the  Columbia,  the  present  and  prospective  metropolis  of  Oregon, 
accessible  by  ships  drawing  2 1  feet  of  water,  has,  with  her  suburb  of  East 
Portland,  21,000  inhabitants,  but  her  amount  of  business  might  do  credit  to 
a  city  of  Co.OOO.  She  has  $6,000,000  of  bank  deposits,  pays  $400,0T0  of 
premiums  for  fire  insurance  annually,  and  the  .iggregate  value  of  her  manu- 
facturcd  products  and  of  her  wholesale  commercial  transaction  in  iJiSo 
amounted  to  $31,000,000.  They  included  sales  of  wheat  and  i\oM,  !  '00,- 
000;  wool,  $2,000,000 ;  groceries,  $4,200,000;  hardware,  $i,/ou<':  ; 
tural  implements,  $1,600,000;  dry  goods,  $1,500,000;  clothin;T  ^:,d  W(«3icr,s, 
$1,200,000;  liquor-s  $950,000;  lumber,  woodcn-warc,  etc.,  $/ 50,000;  pairts, 
oils,  paper-hangings,  etc,  $750,000;  furniture,  $100,000;  cigars  and  tobacco, 
$600,000;  boots  and  shoes,  $650,000;  stoves,  tin-ware,  etc ,  $500,000 ;  sad- 
dlery and  harness,  $400,000;  crockery,  glas-^,  etc.,  $400,000,  hides,  fur.-,,  etc., 
$350,000;  sash,  doons,  blinds,  etc.,  $350,000;  machinery,  castings,  etc., 
$350,000;  drugs  and  medicines,  $350,000;  books  and  .stationery-,  $350,000; 
confectionery,  $350,000;  carpets,  oilcloths,  etc.,  $200,000;  and  jewelry, 
$200,000.  Portland  employs  1,100  operatives  in  48  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments, of  which  13  produce  rough  and  dres.scd  lumber,  moldings,  doors, 
sashes,  antl  furniture ;  7  make  castings  of  iron  and  brass,  boilers,  and  heavy 
iron  machine  I)-;  2  are  occupied  with  boots  and  shoes;  2  with  gkncs ;  6 
with  wagon.s,  and  6  with  harnes.s.  A  large  paper-mill,  owned  by  local  capi- 
talists, is  situated  not  far  from  the  city;  ■ind  arrangements  have  been  made 
for  llu-'  ciitablishment,  within  a  j'ciu',  of  a  fruit  caimer\',  a  factory  of  agricul- 
tural implements,  and  a  tanncrj',  all  on  a  large  scale.  Portland  has  a  13oarJ 
of  Traile,  or  Merchants'  r.xchangc,  gas  works,  a  water  company  supplyinij 
water  to  the  houses  from  the  Willametti;  River,  a  fire  company  with  6  steam 
enp-iiies,  and  cSo  miles  of  improsed  streets.  About  200  buildings  arc  erected 
annu.'.ll}' at  an  aggregate  cost  of  $1,000,000;  the  annual  gain  in  |)on"l.iiion 
is  more  than  5  per  cent.,  and  the  average  increa.sc,  in  the  value  of  the  prop- 
ert\'  within  the  city  limit.s,  has  been  20  per  cent,  annually  for  several  years 
past.  The  increase  in  1 880  was  estimated  at  40  per  cent,  and  was  abun- 
dantly justified,  in  the  opinion  of  prudent  business  i:icn,  by  the  multitude  of 
immigrants  settling  in  the  territory  tributary  to  I'orlland,  and  the  rapid  con- 
struction of  railroads.  The  proportion  of  wholesale  to  retail  houses  is 
remarkably  large;  and  it  is  claimetl  tl...t  Portland  has  more  wealth  to  the 
inhabitant  th.in  ;iny  other  city  in  the  Union,  ller  pivdominance  as  the 
leading  seajjorl  anil  main  i.iilway  terminus,  as  the  center  of  foreign  an., 
domestic  commerce,  as  the  seat  of  wealth,  manufacturing  and  corporate 
enterprise  in  Oregon,  is  siinil.ir  to  lii.it  of  .San  I'rancisco  in  California. 

Astoria,  a  town  of  4,000  inhabitants,  at  the  nmuth  of  the  '/oluinbiu,  aspires 


s:^.*^!f^Ti:^^mi:iSm:eemik- 


-ijii^C'- 


THE   FIELD. 


33 


to  supersede  Portland  as  the  chief  seaport  of  Oregon,  but  has  not  made 
much  progress  yet  towards  the  satisfaction  of  her  ambition.  She  possesses, 
however,  decided  advantages  of  situation,  and  has  grown  rapidly  for  the 
last  five  years,  owing  mainly  to  the  development  of  her  manufactures  and 
fisheries.  She  is  the  chief  center  of  the  business  connected  with  the  canning 
of  salmon,  which  employs  2,400  fishermen  and  1,200  boats.  Most  of  the 
boxes  are  made  and  cases  shipped  at  Astoria.  The  town  will  doubtless 
derive  much  benefit  from  the  completion  of  the  railroad  to  the  Willamette 
Valley.  Ten  steamboats  leave  Astoria  for  various  points  on  the  river ;  and 
5  tugboats  used  to  take  sailing  vessels  in  and  out  of  the  harbor,  h  ".ve  their 
station  there.  During  1881,  the  total  exports  from  Astoria  amounted  in 
value  to  $2,725,000. 

Oregon  City,  12  miles  above  Portland  at  the  fall  of  the  Willamette,  had 
only  1,263  inhabitants  in  1880,  but  will  undoubtedly  grow  to  be  a  large  town. 
The  river  by  its  fall  of  40  feet  furnishes  a  grand  manufacturing  power,  and 
the  topography  of  the  adjacent  land  permits  the  construction  of  canals  and 
mills  at  moderate  expense.  The  supply  of  water  being  abundant  and  rela- 
tively regular,  the  power  is  one  of  the  best  on  our  coast,  and  it  is  unequaled 
in  being  accessible  by  large  steamboats,  from  both  sides,  making  transpor- 
tation cheap.  A  canal  with  locks  large  enough  to  accommodate  steamboats 
260  feet  long,  enables  vessels  to  pass  the  fall.  The  Oregon  and  California 
Railroad  passes  through  the  town.  It  has  a  bank,  two  flouring  mills,  and  a 
woolen  mill. 

Salem,  the  capital  of  Oregon,  53  miles  by  rail  south  of  Portland,  contain- 
ing with  its  suburbs  4,000  inhabitants,  well  situated  in  a  very  fertile  district, 
is  sure  of  steady  prosperity.  It  has  a  gas  company,  a  water  company,  and 
several  factories  and  a  bank. 

Albany,  81  miles  south  of  Portland  by  lail,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
Willamette,  and  near  its  midst,  is  the  most  populous  town  of  Oregon  south 
of  Salem,  having  1,867  inhabitants  in  1 880.  The  figures  are  small  at  present, 
but  many  places  now  insignificant  have  a  great  growth  before  them. 

The  Dalles,  at  a  fall  of  the  Columbia,  1 1 5  miles  by  the  river  above  Port- 
land, is  the  largest  town  in  I'^astern  Oregon,  having  2,500  inhabitants.  The 
situation  is  excellent,  the  business  active,  and  the  steady  growth  of  the 
place  indubitable.  Umatilla,  225  miles  by  the  river  above  Portland,  had 
only  149  inhabitants  in  1880,  but  having  been  .selected  as  the  point  at  which 
the  railroad  from  the  Union  Pacific  shall  strike  the  t'oluinbia,  ii  can  scared)- 
l';iil  til  j^ruw  I'linsicicnib!)-.  Jlakci-  (,'ily,  .ihoiil  1  ju  miles  in  a  straight  line 
south-east  from  Umatilla,  had  a  population  of  1,258  in  1880,  and  will  pre- 
sumably l)ecome  one  of  the  leading  cities  of  lia.stern  Oregon.  It  is  on  the 
line  of  the  railroad  to  connect  Umatilla  with  Granger.  Corvallis,  on  the 
3 


^^./^/•^••MatRH^'i^- 


34 


INTRODUCTIOX. 


western  side  of  the  Willamette  Valley,  has  1,200  inhabitants,  and  expects, 
with  reason,  to  obtain  a  large  business  as  the  valley  terminus  of  the  railroad 
to  Yaquina  Bay,  now  under  construe!  ion.  The  value  of  Yaquina  Bay. 
Coos  Bay,  and  the  harbors  at  the  mouths  of  the  Umpqua  and  the  Rogue 
>\i\-(  rs.  will  depend  mainly  on  the  work  to  be  done  by  the  national  govern- 
r  .   protecting  them  by  breakwaters  or  otherwise  improving  their 


cm 


c9. 


Washington. — Washington  has  an  area  of  69,994  square  miles  (44,796,- 
160  acres),  including  30,000  square  miles  of  timber,  15,000  of  prairies  and 
plains,  nearly  as  much  of  valueless  mountain  and  inland  water,  and  7,000  of 
rich  bottom  lands.     The  Territory,  like  Oregon,  is  divided  by  the  summit 
of  the  Cascade  Range  into  two  main  divisions,  entirely  different  from  each 
other  in  climate,  topography,  vegetation,  and  present  and  prospective  in- 
dustries.    Western  Washington  has  the  same  humid  atmosphere,  the  same 
abundant  rains  frequent  through  the  year,  the  same  cool  summer  and  mild 
winter,  and  the  same  dense  forest  of  magnificent  fir  timber,  as  Western 
Oregon,  from  which,  however,  it  differs  notably  in  having  a  much  smaller 
area  of  fertile  soil,  and  greatly  superior  facilities  for  inland  navigation.     Its 
net-work  of  deep  tide-water  channels  is  unsurpassed  on  the  globe.     Its 
shore  line  on  the  Strait  of  Fuca  and  tributary  water  is  1,594  miles;  and  on 
its  western  ocean  frontage  it  has  besides  the  three  harbors  of  Gray's,  Shoal- 
water,  and  the  Columbia  bays.     The  Columbia  River  is  navigable  for  725 
miles,  the  Skagit  for  50;  the  Snoqualmie  and  its  arms,  60;  the  Stilaqua- 
mish,  25;  the   Skokomish,  30;  the   Dwamish,  30;  the   Puyallup,  25;  the 
Wiskat,   15;  the  Willopa,  20;  and  Lake  Chelan,  40;  making  in  all  more 
than    1,000  miles  of  fresh-uater  navigable  channel.     The  main  salt-water 
chamiel  is  Pugut  Sound,  which  extends  inland  100  miles  southward  from 
Fuca  Strait,  varying  from  .'•  to  5  miles  in  width  for  70  miles,  and  for  the 
other  30  from  a  mile  to  2  miles.     The  depth,  except  in  the  coves  and  very 
near  the  shore,  is  nowhere  less  than  10  fathoms,  and  often  10  times  as  much. 
Nearly  parallel  with  it  is  Hood's  Canal,  about  2  miles  wide  and  Co  miles 
long.     In  the  official  report  of  his  exploring  expedition.  Commodore  Wilkes 
says:  "Nothing  can  exceed   the  beauty  of  these  waters  and  their  safety. 
Not  a  shoal  exists  within  the  Straits  of  Juan  de  I'uca,  Admiralty  Inlet,  or 
IIooil's  Canal,  that  can  in  any  way  interrupt  their  navigation  by  a  seventy- 
four  gun  ship.     I  venture  nothing  in  saying  there  is  no  country  in  the  world 
that  possesses  waters  e(|ual   to  the.se.     They  cover  an  area  of  about  2,000 
square  miles.     The  shores  of  all  these  inlets  and  bays  are  remarkably  bold ; 
so  much  so  that  in  many  places  a  ship's  sides  would  strike  tjjc  shore  before 
the  keel  would  touch  the  ground.     The  country  by  which  these  waters  are 


THE  FIELD. 


35 


surrounded  is  remarkably  salubrious,  and  offers  every  advantage  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  a  vast  commercial  and  military  marine,  with  convenience 
for  docks,  and  a  great  many  sites  for  towns  and  cities ;  at  all  times  well 
supplied  with  water,  and  capable  of  being  provided  with  everything  by  the 
surrounding  country  which  is  adapted  to  agriculture." 

The  population  of  Washington  was  4,000  in  1853,  11,000  in  i860,  23,000 
in  1870,  and  7S,000  in  18S0.  The  increase  in  the  la.st  decennial  period  was 
2 1 3  per  cent.,  with  every  reason  to  presume  that  the  annual  average  of  20 
per  cent,  will  not  diminish  for  many  years  to  come.  In  October,  1881, 
there  were  440  miles  of  railroad,  or  a  mile  for  each  200  inhabitants;  and 
preparation  has  been  made  for  the  construction  of  many  additional  miles  in 
1882  and  1883.  The  surplus  products  for  exportation  in  1881  included 
170,000,000  feet  of  lumber  worth  $1,700,000;  100,000  tons  of  wheat  worth 
$3,500,000;  200,000  tons  of  coal  worth  $800,000;  salmon  worth  $300,000; 
S,000  bales  of  hops  worth  $250,000;  and  other  materials  worth  $1,000,000, 
making  a  total  of  $5,550,000.  The  navigation  of  Pugct  Sound  gives  regular 
employment  to  42  steam  vessels;  and  19  vessels  were  built  in  1881,  by  the 
ship-yards  of  the  sound. 

The  facility  of  reaching  the  channels  connected  with  Puget  Sound  from 
the  ocean,  the  convenience  of  their  navigation,  and  the  multitude  of  secure 
anchorages  in  their  coves,  give  to  Western  Washington  a  peculiar  fitness  for 
maritime  commerce.  It  is  the  natural  center  of  the  shipping  that  will  fur- 
nish the  principal  means  of  communication  and  traffic  between  the  numerous 
seaports  of  the  coast  north  of  the  47th  parallel  of  latitude.  The  fir  and 
cedar  forests  of  Washington,  British  Columbia,  and  Alaska  are  the  largest 
and  most  valuable  bodies  of  timber  for  shipbuilding  and  spars  on  the  globe; 
and  as  .sources  of  lumber  for  exportation  they  are  uncqualed.  In  the  fish- 
eries of  our  coa.st,  Washington  will  take  a  prominent  if  not  a  leading  place, 
for  its  proximity  to  the  whaling  grounds  and  cod  banks  gives  it  great  ad- 
vantages over  California  and  Oregon.  The  density  of  its  fir  forests,  the 
scarcity  of  fertile  soil  not  covered  by  timber,  and  the  lack  of  direct  rail  com- 
munication with  the  Atlantic  Slope,  obstruct  the  speedy  set'.iement  of  West- 
ern Washington,  but  throw  no  doubt  upon  a  splendid  development  of  its 
vast  resources  at  some  time  not  far  distant.  If  wooden  vessels  of  any  size 
are  to  maintain  a  place  on  the  ocean,  our  coast  from  Washington  to  Alaska 
will  take  an  active  part  in  their  construction. 

ICastcrn  Washiiiijlon  is  far  InftMMorto  the  western  ilivision  in  resources  for 
lumbcriiij^,  I'lshiiig,  sliip-huikiin^f,  iiKiiuiracturing,  ami  maritime  commerce, 
but  far  superior  in  the  extent  of  its  fertile  .soil  and  good  indigenous  pastur- 
age. It  lias  extensive  areas  ready  to  produce  large  crops  of  grain  with  little 
expense  in  the  first  year  of  occupation.     Us  chief  products  will  be  wheat, 


1^ 


36 


INTRODUCTION 


beef,  mutton,  wool,  and  fruit.  The  recent  rapid  construction  of  the  railroads 
of  the  Northern  Pacific,  and  Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  companies, 
in  the  basin  of  the  Columbia,  has  given  a  great  stimulus  to  settlement  and 
cultivation,  and  Eastern  Washington  will  probably,  for  some  years  to  come, 
make  very  rapid  progress.  The  climate  is  warmer  in  summer,  colder  in 
winter,  and  drier  at  all  seasons  than  we.st  of  the  Cascades. 

Seattle,  on  I'uget  Sound,  45  miles  from  its  mouth,  occupying  a  position 
nearly  central  in  the  basin  of  the  sound,  has  an  excellent  situation  for  com- 
merce, manufactures,  and  fisheries.  The  average  width  of  the  channel  out 
to  the  Strait  of  Fuca  is  5  miles  and  the  narrowest  place  3,  with  good  oppor- 
tunities for  navigation  by  sailing  vessels.  The  harbor  is  well  protected,  and 
has  an  area  of  4  .square  miles,  with  deep  water  and  .secure  anchorage.  Lake 
Washington,  only  3  miles  inland,  20  miles  long  and  2  wide,  with  depth 
sufficient  for  navigation  by  steamboats  carrying  large  freights,  might  be 
made  accessible  by  a  canal,  which  besides  cheapening  freight  \vould  furnish 
a  considerable  water  power.  Valuable  coal  beds  on  the  eastern  and  southern 
shores  of  the  lake  produce  about  160,000  tons  of  coal  annually,  most  of  it 
for  exportation.  The  country  adjacent  to  Seattle  contains  much  fertile  soil. 
This  combination  of  advantages  has  made  Seattle  the  largest  town  in 
Western  Washington,  and  leaves  little  doubt  in  the  minds  of  intelligent  ob- 
servers generally  that  it  will  maintain  its  precedence  and  become  one  of  the 
leading  seaports  of  our  coast.  It  has  gas  works,  water  works,  a  steam  fire- 
engine,  sash,  furniture,  and  water-pipe  factories,  and  various  other  manu- 
farturing  establishments.  It  had  4,200  inhabitants  in  1880,  and  gains  15 
per  cent,  annually. 

Taconia,  25  miles  south  of  Seattle,  and  so  much  farther  from  the  ocean, 
is  situated  at  the  head  of  convenient  navigation  for  large  sailing  \essels  on 
the  sound.  The  channel  of  the  sound,  to  the  northward  straight  and  at  the 
narrowest  places  2  miles  wide,  south  of  Tacoma  is  crooked  and  only  one 
mile  wide.  The  town  is  the  present  terminus  of  the  Northern  Pacific 
Railroad  on  the  sound,  A  railroad  runs  from  this  place  to  Carbon  II ill, 
which  claims  the  possession  of  coal  veins  aggregating  1 18  feet  in  thickness, 
the  coal  being  f)f  iiuality  unsurpassed  in  some  important  respects  by  any 
regularly  worked  on  our  coast.  The  people  of  Tacoma  had  the  satisfaction 
in  1881  of  seeing  an  American  s.ailiiig  vessel  of  1,800  tons  load  at  their 
wharf  with  wheat  brought  by  rail  from  the  Columbia  River. 

01>'mpia,  at  the  head  of  I'uget  Sound,  about  25  miles  from  Tacoma  in  a 
direct  line,  and  45  by  the  navigable  channel,  ;it  the  head  of  the  southern- 
most arm  of  I'uget  Sound,  and  the  head  of  its  navigation,  is  the  capital  of 
the  Territory.  It  has  a  branch  railro.id  connecting  at  Teninn  with  the 
Northern  Pacific;  and  is  a  point  where  the  wagon  roads  from  the  region 


1 1 »  ' ' 


THE  FIELD. 


37 


west  of  the  sound  will  naturally  meet  those  from  the  east.  One  of  its  ad- 
vantages is  the  possession  of  a  large  water  power  three  miles  distant  at 
Tumwatcr,  where  the  Dcs  Chutes  River  falls  80  feet  in  half  a  mile,  making 
the  best  water  power  near  a  deep  harbor  on  the  coast,  excepting  that  at 
Oregon  City. 

Walla  Walla,  the  largest  town  in  the  basin  of  the  Columbia,  east  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains,  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  the  valley  of  the  same  name, 
famous  for  the  abundance  and  fine  quality  of  its  wheat  and  fruits.  It  is 
the  center  of  the  active  trade  of  Eastern  Washington  and  Oregon,  and  does 
a  considerable  wholesale  business,  coming,  in  that  respect,  next  to  Portland 
among  all  the  towns  in  that  part  of  our  slope  north  of  the  41st  parallel. 
The  value  of  the  merchandise  sold  annually  is  probably  not  far  fr^'  n 
$3,000,000;  and  of  the  three  banks,  one  drew  exchange  on  San  Francisi.^ 
in  1880  to  the  amount  of  $1,500,000.  It  has  2  planing  mills,  a  sash  ami 
door  factory,  a  foundry,  3  grist  mills,  and  a  cracker  factory.  The  lail- 
road  of  the  Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  Company  runs  through  the 
town,  and  a  branch  road  runs  southward  to  Weston.  Water  and  gas  are 
supplied  through  pipes  by  incorporated  companies. 

Spokan  Falls  or  Spokan  will  probably  be  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  Eastern 
Washington.  It  is  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  agricultural  region,  and  has  a 
magnificent  water  power.  The  river  falls  150  feet  in  half  a  mile,  has  a  large 
and  constanf  supply  of  water  which  never  freezes,  and  has  banks  well 
adapted  for  mill  purposes. 


Nevada. — Nearly  all  of  Nevada  is  within  the  Utah  Inclosed  Basin,  and 
is  cither  desert  or  barren  mountain.  The  average  rainfall  does  not  exceed 
5  inches  in  a  year,  while  the  evaporation  amounts  to  as  many  feet.  The 
streams  are  few  and  small.  All  the  lakes  and  many  of  the  springs  are  saline 
or  alkaline.  Most  of  the  artesian  borings  have  been  unsuccessful.  The  soil 
and  atmosphere  are  extremely  arid.  Though  the  state  has  produced  more 
than  $50,000,000  of  precious  metal  in  a  year,  it  has  only  67,000  inhabitants, 
and  most  of  those  are  established  near  the  eastern  base  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 
The  soil  when  well  supplictl  with  moisture  is  fertile,  and  the  climate  is  not 
unfavorable  to  the  production  of  good  crops  of  many  cereals  and  fruits.  The 
white  sage  offers  an  abundant  .and  nutritious  pasturage  for  neat  cattle  and 
sheep,  the  breeding  of  which  has  become  the  predominant  branch  of  agricul- 
ture. .Silver,  gi)ld,  borax,  and  sail  are  the  chief  mineral  products,  and  lum- 
ber is  the  chief  inanufacUiring  product.  The  mines  of  the  Comstock  have 
consumed  vast  quantities  of  timber;  and  the  lumbering  enterprise  which 
they  awakened  led  to  the  V  flume,  one  of  the  important  inventions  of  re- 
cent years.     The  state  is  intersected  from  east  to  west  by  the  Central  Pacific 


npaHPt 


38 


INTRODUCTION. 


Railroad,  branches  of  which  run  southward  from  Reno,  Battle  Mountain,  and 
Palisade,  giving  communication  with  Austin,  Eureka,  Virginia  City,  and 
Candclaria.  There  is  more  than  a  mile  of  iron  track  for  every  lOO  inhab- 
itants on  an  average. 

Under  the  stimulus  of  the  great  bonanzas  of  the  Comstock  Lode,  which 
poured  out  immense  sums  of  precious  metal  almost  continuously  for  20 
years,  Virginia  City  grew  to  be  a  center  of  wealth  and  luxury.  From  i860 
to  1880,  the  average  wages  of  labor,  and  of  skill  in  the  superintendence  of 
workmen,  were  larger  than  in  any  othOr  part  of  the  world.  The  decrease  in 
the  production  of  silver  has  brought  with  it  a  period  of  depression,  which 
will  give  way  to  prosperity  so  soon  as  another  large  ore  body  shall  be  found. 
Carson,  the  capital  of  the  State,  Eurcka,.the  center  of  a  district  rich  in  ar- 
gentiferous galena,  Reno,  where  the  Virginia  City  road  connects  with  the 
Central  Pacific,  are  the  towns  next  to  Virginia  in  importance. 

Arizona. — Arizona  had  9,658  inhabitants  in  1870  and  41,580  in  1880,  an 
increase  of  350  percent,  in  10  years.     The  value  of  its  mineral  products  was 
perhaps  $1,000,000  in  1S70,  and  its  shipments  were  $8,198,000  in  1881.     The 
Territory,  only  recently  been  made  accessible  by  railroad,  has  not  )-et  been 
fully  protected  against  the  ravages  of  the  Apaches,  but  all  dangers  from  that 
source  will  soon  be  at  an  end.     The  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  reached  Yuma 
on  the  western  border  of  Arizona  in  1878,  advanced  180  miles  up  the  valley 
of  the  Gila  in  1879,  in  1880  crossed  to  New  Mexico,  and  in  1882  is  to  run 
its  cars  to  Galveston.    The  .security  which  this  great  work  promised,  attracted 
prospectors  and  laborers  and  led  to  a  rapid  development  of  the  resources  of 
the  Territory.     The  Atlantic  and  Pacific  is  now  crossing  from  New  Mexico 
to  the  Colorado  River  near  the  35th  parallel;  and  a  railroad  is  advancing 
northward  from  Guaymas,  so  that  Arizona  ivill  soon  be  on  the  main   iron 
highway  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  Hritish  Columbia  to  Southern 
Mexico.     Of  the  1 13,000  square  miles  in  Arizona,  only  700  are  as  yet  culti- 
vated.    Though  it  has  much  fertile  soil,  the  greater  part  of  the  area  is  too 
dry  or  barren  for  tillage.     With  the  help  of  irrigation  the  valleys  produce 
large  crops  of  wheat,  barley,  maize,  alfalfa,  apricots,  figs,  grapes,  oringcs, 
lemons,  peaches,  apples,  sugar-cane,  etc.     A  considerable  part  of  the  Terri- 
tory is  near  the  level  of  the  sea  and  another  large  portion  5,000  feet  higher, 
so  that  there  are  opportunities  for  a   wide    range   of  vegetable   products. 
Placers  of  gold,  veins  of  silver  and  copper,  and  beds  of  coal  are  numerous 
and  large;  and  if  the  recent  increase  of  mineral  production  should  be  main- 
tained for  a  few  years,  Arizona  will  soon  be  at  the  head  of  the  list.     It  will 
presumably  be  a  State  before  1890.     The  Territory  manufactures  nothing 
save  lumber  and  flour.     It  lias  few  herds  of  cattle  and  sheep,  but  will  .soon 


^mm 


HP 


THE  FIELD. 


39 


have  great  numbers,  for  it  has  large  districts  well  adapted  for  pasturage. 
There  are  extensive  forests  in  the  mountains,  and  in  the  valleys  of  the  Sierra 
Blanca,  near  the  middle  of  the  Territory,  there  are  rich  farming  lands;  of 
these  Dr.  RoTHROCK,  one  of  the  scientists  of  the  National  Fxploring  Expedi- 
tion, under  charge  of  Lieutenant  WHEELER,  says:  "The  district  would  in  any 
portion  of  our  dominion  be  regarded  as  one  of  unusual  promise.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  inviting  portions  of  our  country." 

Tucson,  the  chief  city,  250  miles  from  Yuma  and  300  from  Guaymas,  has 
about  7,000  inhabitants.  It  is  in  a  fertile  valley,  1,000  feet  above  the  sea, 
near  districts  rich  in  minerals,  and  is  well  situated  to  be  the  main  point  for 
the  junction  of  the  Mexican  and  American  railroad  systems  on  our  slope. 

Tombstone. — Tombstone,  78  miles  southeast  from  Tucson  and  23  miles 
south  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  is  a  mining  town  in  which  the  first 
house  was  built  in  April,  1879.  It  has  two  banks,  a  theater,  silver  mills  with 
140  stamp.s,  and  a  monthly  yield  of  $500,000  in  precious  metal,  entitling  it 
to  take  rank  among  the  most  productive  silver  districts.  The  present  esti- 
mated population  is  6,000. 

Prescott,  the  capital,  in  a  beautiful  mountain  valley  5,500  feet  above  the  sea, 
is  a  beautiful  town,  but  has  the  misfortune  of  having  no  railroad  to  make  it 
convenient  of  access.  It  lies  nearly  half  way  between  the  routes  of  the 
Southern  Pacific  and  Atlantic  and  Pacific,  and  may  be  on  a  line  built  to 
connect  the  two. 

Utah. — Utah  is  by  nature  a  desert,  but  its  high  mountains,  covered  dur- 
ing most. of  the  year  with  snow,  and  its  numerous  streams,  give  facilities  for 
irrigation  whicli  the  Mormons  have  used  with  much  skill.  There  are  perhaps 
no  better  recent  examples  of  what  can  be  accomplished  by  judicious  manage- 
ment and  courageous  toil,  notwithstanding  great  poverty  at  the  beginning, 
than  are  to  be  found  in  their  settlements.  That  part  of  western  Utah,  where 
the  rainfall  docs  not  exceed  4  inches  in  average  years,  and  where  there  arc 
neither  streams  nor,  so  far  as  known,  accessible  strata  of  artesian  water,  will 
presumably  remain  unoccupied  for  many  years;  but  other  parts  have  facili- 
ties for  irrigation,  and  good  natural  pasturage.  The  temperatures  of  winter 
and  summer  are  about  the  same  as  in  New  York,  but  the  average  annual 
rainfall  is  not  one  fourth  so  much,  varying  in  the  valleys  from  4  to  15  inches. 
Desolate  as  the  country  is  by  nature,  some  of  it  has  been  made  beautiful  by 
art.  The  .small  size  of  the  farms,  less  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  United 
States,  indicates  the  toil  that  the  Mormons  have  given  to  their  promised 
land.  Whatever  view  may  be  taken  of  their  creed  and  matrimonial  system, 
no  impartial  person  can  deny  that  in  industry,  economy,  abstinence  from 
gross  dissipation,  settlement  of  their  disputes  by  arbitration  without  expense, 


40 


INTRODUCTION. 


I 


mutual  helpfulness  in  public  enterprises  and  private  disasters,  they  will  not 
suffer  by  comparison  with  any  other  community.  Their  varied  nationalities, 
the  ignorance  of  many  among  them,  and  the  severity  of  their  toil,  have  not 
prevented  them  from  establishing  a  general  system  of  co-operative  trading 
houses,  unequaled  relatively  in  their  business,  in  any  other  part  of  the  world. 
The  productions  of  the  Territory  in  1880  include  woolen  goods  worth  $1,- 
coo,ocxD,  other  manufactures  $3,000,000,  60,000  tons  of  grain,  2,500  tons  of 
dried  fruit,  1,700  tons  of  wool,  lead  worth  $1,200,000,  and  precious  metal 
$6,150,000.  A  rolling-mill  has  been  commenced  at  Ojden  to  start  in  18S2, 
and  a  railroad  is  to  be  extended  to  the  Utah  Iron  A'.ount,  300  miles  south 
of  Salt  Lake  City,  where  50,000,000  tons  of  hematite  and  magnititc  ore  con- 
taining 60  per  cent,  of  iron,  no  phosphorus,  and  oidy  one  tenth  of  one  per 
cent,  of  sulphur,  arc  found  near  a  valuable  and  extensive  bed  of  coal.  The 
Territory  has  S97  miles  of  railroad  completed,  335  graded  ready  for  the  track, 
and  much  more  laid  out  for  completion  in  18S2.  The  topographical  situa- 
tion as  well  as  superiority  in  the  combination  of  mineral  and  agricultural 
resources,  and  the  priority  in  the  construction  of  railroads  and  accumulation 
of  wealth,  indicate  that  Utah  is  to  be  one  of  the  main  centers  where  iron 
tracks  from  cast  to  west  are  to  cross  those  from  north  to  south,  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  The  population  of  the  Territory  was  86,786  in  1 870  and 
143,906  in  1880,  showing  a  gain  of  66  per  cent,  in  10  years.  The  freight 
carried  northward  on  the  Utah  Central  Railroad  was  80,000  tons  in  1881, 
75  per  cent,  more  than  in  any  previous  year. 

Salt  Lake  City,  the  commercial,  social,  and  religious  center  and  political 
capital  of  Utah,  is  considered  by  travelers  one  of  the  most  handsome,  well- 
planned,  orderly,  cleanly,  and  interesting  of  towns.  It  had  20,000  inhab- 
itants in  1880.  The  streets  arc  130  feet  wide,  and  lined  with  trees.  The 
gardens  arc  spacious  and  beautiful.  Its  Mormon  Temple  is  to  cost  $15,- 
000,000;  its  tabernacle  is  unequaled  in  acoustic  qualities  for  the  accom- 
modation of  large  assemblages.  Gas  works  and  a  telephone  are  among  the 
local  institutions. 

Idaho.— Of  the  55,000,000  acres  in  Idaho,  it  is  estimated  that  a  little  more 
than  a  fifth  is  suitable  for  tillage,  a  little  less  than  a  fifth  has  valuable  timber, 
nearly  a  half  is  adapted  to  pasturage,  and  one  seventh  consists  of  barren 
mountains  and  lava  plains.  The  most  fertile  portions  have  been  until 
recently  the  farthest  from  the  markets,  and  are  now  just  beginning  to  at- 
tract settlers.  The  leading  industries  have  been  placer  mining  and  the 
breeding  of  beef  cattle,  but  vein  mining  and  the  cultivation  of  the  .soil  will 
soon  surpass  them.  The  production  of  precious  metal  reached  the  highest 
point,  $6,000,000,  in  1865,  after  which  tlierc  was  a  decrease  for  15  years,  but 


i|t 


■■ 


THE  FIELD. 


41 


now  it  is  again  increasing,  and  the  amount  for  1881  as  reported  by  Wells, 
Fargo  &  Co.,  was  $2,834,000.  The  Custer  Gold  Quartz  Mine  at  Yankee 
Fork,  according  to  newspaper  statement,  is  turning  out  $80,000  a  month, 
and  the  argentiferous  galena  of  Wood  River  Basin  is  credited  by  the  same 
authority  with  an  equal  yield.  Idaho  has  not  one  family  for  10  square 
miles,  and  gained  117  per  cent,  in  population  from  1870  to  1880.  Its  ad- 
vance for  the  next  20  years  will  undoubtedly  be  very  rapid. 

Western  Montana,  etc. — The  Pacific  divisions  of  Montana,  Wyoming, 
Colorado,  and  New  Mexico  were  much  slower  in  their  development  than 
their  eastern  slopes,  but  recently  have  made  important  advances,  under  the 
influence  of  railroad  construction  and  mining  developments.  The  mineral 
production  of  Western  Montana  amounted  in  1881  to  $6,000,000,  showing 
a  large  increase  over  previous  figures,  under  circumstances  justifying  the 
expectation  that  there  will  be  no  sudden  decline.  Promises  are  made  that 
the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  will  be  completed  across  Montana  before 
the  end  of  1883.  Western  Colorado  is  being  opened  up  by  a  railroad  from 
Denver  to  Salt  Lake,  and  Western  New  Mexico  is  crossed  by  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  as  well  as  by  the  Southern  Pacific. 

British  Columbia  — British  Columbia  has  an  ocean  frontage  560  miles 
long  on  the  Pacific,  abounding  in  harbors,  sounds,  navigable  inlets,  and 
islands,  and  very  valuable  for  commercial,  fishing,  and  lumbering  purposes. 
Separating  Washington  from  Alaska  as  it  does,  it  will  ever  be  an  object  of  > 
desire  to  the  American  government  and  people,  as  indispensable  to  give 
geographical  completeness  to  their  domain;  but  national  policy,  as  v.-ell  as 
international  justice,  forbids  that  this  desire  should  ever  seek  for  gratifica- 
tion by  any  save  amicable  means.  Whether  they  obtain  it  or  not,  it  will 
certainly  rapidly  increase  in  population  and  wealth  under  the  stimulus  of 
the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad,  r^d  hold  a  prominent  place  in  the  business 
■of  our  slope,3  The  total  shr  ■:  'i-,?  of  British  Columbia,  as  computed  by 
Alexander  C.  Anderson,  Inspector  of  Fisheries,  and  stated  in  his  report 
for  1879,  is  7,181  statute  miles,  including  1,723  for  Vancouver  Island,  with  its 
inlets  and  principal  outlying  islands,  684  for  the  islands  of  the  Queen 
Charlotte  group,  and  4,764  for  the  continental  shore  with  its  islands.  In 
his  list  of  measurements,  he  mentions  52  islands  (including  Graham  island, 
334  miles,  and  Moresby  island,  250  in  circuit),  and  17  inlets,  sounds,  and 
channels.  Thi«  great  proportionate  length  of  .shore  line,  with  its  numerous 
inlets  and  islands,  is  of  immense  value  to  future  commerce  and  fisiierics. 

That  portion  of  the  province  south  of  latitude  55°,  valuable  in  the  present 

or  near  future,  consists  of  three  main  topographical  divisions.     First  of  these 

is  the  insular,  comprising  Vancouver  with  an  area  of  1 2,000  square  miles, 
6 


43 


INTRODUCTION. 


/ 


Graham  with  perhaps  1,500,  Moresby  with  about  1,000,  and  man}-  smaller 
ones.  Most  of  these  islands  rise  steeply  from  the  water's  edge,  and  only  a 
small  portion  of  their  surface  is  available  for  tillage.  Where  the  soil  is  suffi- 
cient to  sustain  trees,  there  is  usually  a  dense  forest,  in  which  the  magnifi- 
cent and  valuable  red  fir  is  prominent,  and  in  many  places  almost  the  only 
tree.  Vancouver  island  has  all  the  foreign  commerce,  and  more  than  half 
ihc  population  and  wealth  of  British  Columbia.  It  has  also  the  most  pro- 
ductive coal-mines  of  the  coast,  and  has  extensive  quarries  of  a  beautiful 
building  stone,  which  was  used  in  the  San  Francisco  Mint. 

The  second  division  is  that  portion  of  the  mainland  west  of  the  summit  of 
the  Cascade  Mountains.  This,  with  the  exception  of  a  strip  twenty  miles 
wide  and  sixty  long  near  the  mouth  of  Frascr  River,  consists  of  "p  and 
rugged  mountains,  coming  down  abruptly  from  high  elevation  c  sea, 

and  contains  a  vast  area  of  fine  timber  (red  fir  and  yellow  ccdr  h  is 

to  be  one  of  the  main  sources  of  the  wealth  of  the  province,.ir  rfXalifornia^ 
should  sink  2,ooo  feet,  so  that  the  ocean  should  cover  the  greater  portion  of 
the  auriferous  district,  tXc  topography  and  hydrography  of  the  western  base 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada  would  be  similar  to  those  of  the  Cascade  Range  in 
British  Columbia,  with  its  precipitous  shore  and  numerous  islands,  and 
deep,  narrow,  and  crooked  inlets.  The  chief  river  is  the  Frascr,  which,  ac- 
Gording  to  the  Vancouver  Island  Pilot,  "  in  point  of  magnitude  and  present 
commercial  importance  is  second  only  to  the  Columbia  on  the  north-west 
coast  of  America.  In  its  entire  freedom  from  risk  of  life  and  shipwreck,  it 
possesses  infinite  advantages  over  any  other  river  on  the  coast,  and  the 
cause  of  this  immunity  from  the  danger.s  and  inconveniences  to  which  all 
great  rivers,  emptying  themselves  on  an  exposed  coast,  arc  subject,  is  suffi- 
ciently obvious.  A  sheltered  strait,  scarcely  15  miles  across,  receives  its 
waters;  and  the  neighboring  island  of  Vancouver  serves  as  a  natural  break- 
water, preventing  the  possibility  of  any  sea  arising  which  would  prove  dan- 
gerous to  vessels  even  of  the  smallest  class,  unless  they  ground.  «  »  » 
Vessels  of  1 8  feet  draught  may  enter  the  Fraser  near  high  water,  and  pro- 
ceed as  high  as  Langlcy  [30  miles  from  its  mouth],  with  ease,  provided 
they  have  or  arc  assisted  by  steam  power."  Stern-wheel  boats  can  ascend 
to  Yale,  80  miles  above  Langlcy,  part  of  the  year.  Of  New  Westminster, 
the  capital  of  British  Columbia  when  Vancouver  Island  was  a  separate 
colony,  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Fraser,  15  miles  from  its  mouth, 
ihc  Pilot  says  its  position  is  commanding  and  well  chosen,  and  it  has  great 
facilities  for  wharfage,  with  a  good  depth  of  water  and  excellent  anchorage. 
It  .seems  probable,  however,  that  the  leading  seaport  of  the  mainland  will 
be  on  Burrard  Inlet,  which  lies  about  10  miles  north  of  Fraser  River,  parallel 
with  it,  and  is  about  20  miles  long,  with  a  width  of  5  miles  at  its  mouth,  de- 


III* 


wmmmm 


I 


THE  FIELD. 


43 


creasing  to  half  a  mile  at  its  head.  There  is  a  depth  of  6  fathoms ;  the  en- 
trance is  easy ;  the  navigation  is  n.jt  beset  by  any  dangers ;  and  the  anchor- 
age is  unsurpassed.  Port  Moody,  at  the  head  of  this  inlet,  has  been 
selected  for  the  mainland  teriiinus  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad.  The 
other  inlets  and  rivers  of  this  division  have  little  present  value  save  for  their 
fisheries. 

The  East  Cascade  region,  between  the  summits  of  the  Ca:icade  and  Rocky 
Mountains,  is  mainly  pastoral,  though  it  includes  the  Cariboo  and  other 
alluvial  gold  mines  in  the  basins  of  the  Fraser  and  Columbia  rivers.  Near 
the  American  line,  the  annual  rainfall  in  places  does  not  exceed  12 
inches,  and  tl  ic  arc  wide,  open  stretches  covered  with  excellent  bunch 
grass.  Farther  to  the  northward  there  is  more  rain,  more  timber,  greater 
elevation,  and  more  mountain,  until  a  latitude  is  reached,  where  the  winters 
are  too  long  and  too  severe  for  cither  tillage  or  pasturage. 

The  climate  of  the  insular  and  West  Cascade  divisions  of  British  Colum- 
bia is  very  similar  to  that  of  Great  Britain,  in  its  winter  and  summer  tem- 
peratures, as  well  as  in  rainfall,  and  is  well  adapted  to  the  health,  comfort, 
and  continuous  employment  of  its  people. 
--  VJGtpria,  the  chief  seaport  of  the  province,  lias  7,060  inhabitants,  and  a 
small  but^secure  anchorage,  accessible  through  a  narrow  and  crooked  chan- 
nel at  high  tide  to  vessels  drawing  1 5  feet.  The  harbor  is  far  inferior  in 
depth,  size,  and  facility  of  entrance  to  that  of  Esquimalt,  only  two  miles  dis- 
tant. This  bay,  itv  the  opinion  of  the  Vancouver  Island  Pi/oi,  is  "a  safe  and 
excellent  anchorage  for  ships  of  any  size."  The  business  has  grown  up  on 
the  shores  of  Victoria  bay,  but  will  move  to  the  other  more  commodious 
place.  Esquimalt  has  been  selected  as  the  site  for  the  chief  naval  station 
of  the  British  Empire  on  the  North  Pacific,  and  the  excavation  of  a  dry- 
dock,  with  a  capacity  to  accommodate  the  largest  war-ships,  has  been  com- 
menced. The  imports  of  Victoria,  which  represent  the  commerce  of  British 
Columbia,  amounted  to  $2,457,000  in  value  in  the  fiscal  year  ending  June 
30,  1 881;  and  the  exports  for  the  .same  period,  as  shown  in  the  custom- 
house statistics,  were  $2,255,000,  including  $576,918  in  gold,  $739,35 1  in 
coal,  $400,984  products  of  the  fisheries,  $162,747  lumber,  and  $350,000  wool 
and  other  products  of  the  herds.  The  exports  of  canned  salmon,  in  the 
calendar  year  of  1881,  were  148,316  cases,  and  the  pack  of  salted  salmon 
was  3,600  barrels.  * 

Alaska. — Although  a  large  part  of  its  vast  area  is  not  desirable  for  occu- 
pation by  civilized  men,  Alaska  promises  to  take  an  important  place -in  the 
business  of  the  North  Pacific.  Every  intelligent  person,  who  has  studied  its 
resources,  expects  much  from  their  development.     In  geographical  situation, 


ii 


m 


44 


INTRODUCTION. 


in  the  abundance  of  islands  and  deep  naviL,^abIe  inlets,  in  climate,  in  its  for- 
ests, and  in  its  soil,  it  bears  a  close  resemblance  to  Norway,  which  has  1,700,- 
coo  inhabitants,  and  ranks  high  among  nations  for  fisheries,  shipping,  and 
ship-building.  ^Vlaska's  southern  shore,  from  the  British  Columbian  line,  in 
latitude  54-'  40',  extends  2,000  miles  in  a  curved  line  through  40 '  of  longi- 
tude, to  the  outer  end  of  the  Aleutian  Islands  in  latitude  52°,  the  most 
northern  part  of  the  curve  being  in  latitude  60°.  The  coast  of  Alaska  south 
of  latitude  (>i^  is  3,000  miles  long  in  its  general  course,  while  that  of  Nor- 
way, south  of  the  same  line,  is  not  500  miles  long.  The  most  soutliern  point 
of  Alaska  is  5°  further  from  the  north  pole  than  the  south  point  of  Norway. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  climate  of  the  latter  country  is  warmer,  specially 
in  the  summer,  in  the  same  latitudes. 

The  chief  value  of  Alaska  lies  in  its  fisheries  and  its  facilities  for  access  to 
the  fishing-banks  in  its  vicinity.  The  waters,  north  and  south  of  the  Aleu- 
tian islands,  abound  with  cod,  halibut,  herring,  oolikon,  and  whale.  The 
herring  are  much  superior  in  flavor  to  those  caught  further  south.  The  mul- 
let is  found  in  the  Arctic  waters  of  Alaska.  The  rivers  contain  salmon,  white 
fish,  turbot,  and  pike.  The  salmon  are  especially  abundant  in  the  Yukon, 
which  may  rival  the  Columbia  in  its  canneries.  The  islands  of  .St.  (ieorge 
and  St.  Paul  furnish  most  of  the  skins  of  the  fur  seal  sold  in  the  world's 
markets.  The  sea  otter,  the  walrus,  and  sea  elephant  are  other  tenants  of  the 
Alaskan  waters. 

The  mainland  and  its  adjacent  islands,  from  Kadiak  Island  to  the  Hritish 
Columbia  line,  is  so  rugged  and  so  den.sely  covered  with  timber,  that  it  has 
no  attractions  for  men  who  wish  to  cultivate  the  soil.  The  farms  and  mead- 
ows of  Alaska  will  be  in  the  Alaskan  Peninsula  ami  the  Aleutian  Islands, 
which,  in  D.Ai.I.'s  opiiu'on,  ,ire  as  well  adapted  to  agriculture  as  the  Scottish 
llighland.s,  and  these  furnish,  as  he  sa)s,  a  "very  complete  parallel"  in  their 
climate  to  the  Aleutian  portion  of  Alaska.  Dr.  Kkm.ock;,  botanist  of  a 
national  siu'vc)-  expedition,  expressed  the  opinion,  that  oats,  barley,  root 
crops,  and  kitchen  vegetables  would  thrive.  Turnips  arc  excellent  in 
(]uality;  carrots,  parsnips,  and  cabbage,  are  good.  Potatoes  are  cultivated, 
but  .ire  not  gf)od.  Sheep  and  neat  cattle,  if  we  can  judge  by  the  experience 
of  Iceland,  will  do  well.  Wikl  {jooseberries,  currants,  raspberries,  and  cran- 
berries are  imligenous.  W.  II.  Dall,  m  his  book  entitled  Alaska  and  its 
Risoiinrs,  obser\es  that:  "While  Massachu.setts,  since  her  .settlement,  has 
never  exported  any  products  of  her  soil,  except  granite  and  ice,  we  may 
look  in  Kss  than  250  years  to  recover  from  Alaska  .supplies  of  ship  timben 
inittcr,  cheese,  wool,  mutton,  and  beef;  and  perhaps  more  palatable  fruits 
may  take  the  i)lace  of  the  well-lhuoretl  cranberries,  which  have  already 
found  their  way  to  San  Francisco  markets."    The  Sitkan  district  is  valuable 


THE   FIELD. 


45 


chiefly  for  its  forests  of  the  ychow  cedar  {Ciiprcssiis  N'litkatejists),  tlie  Sitka 
spruce  {Allies  Silkcnsis),  and  hemlock  {Abies  Merteiisiana)  trees.  D.\LI,  sa>'s : 
"No  better  kimbering  district  can  be  imagined,  with  water  transportation 
everywhere,  and-  mountain  sides  so  steep  that  a  slide— <:asily  made  of  the 
least  valuable  timber — will  conduct  the  logs  directly  to  the  water  side." 
The  yellow  cedar  is  found  as  far  north  as  OCP.  The  basin  of  the  Yukon 
has  valuable  timber  in  the  white  spruce  {^llncs  alba),  and  the  birch  {Betnla 
glandulosa),  one  of  the  few  trees  on  our  coast  furnishing  a  hard,  clastic 
wood.  Coal  is  found  in  many  places  in  Alaska,  which  also  has  white  mar- 
ble, sulphur,  gypsum,  kaolin,  niter,  and  black  oxide  of  manganese  among 
its  minerals. 

Mexico. — The  Pacific  coast  of  Mexico,  through  much  of  its  length,  is  a 
narrow  strip  of  territory  in  the  torrid  zone,  rich  in  many  elements  of  natmal 
v.calth,  but  lacking  in  commercial  enterprise,  industrial  skill,  and  accumu- 
lated capital.  Nature  has  given  no  navigable  rivers,  and  art  has  supplied 
few  railroads  or  wagon  roads.  The  pack  animal  is  the  chief  resource  for 
transportation,  and  the  most  common  pattern  of  plow  is  copied,  without 
matcri.ll  change,  from  that  used  in  the  valley  of  the  Nile  3,000  years  ago. 
The  soil  is  rich  in  considerable  districts,  but  there  is  no  noteworthy  expor- 
tation of  agricultural  products.  The  population  is  dense,  without  securing 
progress.  The  summers  are  hot  m  all  the  lowlands,  and  sickly  in  those 
wiiliin  the  tropics. 

I'ortunately,  the  foolish  longing  for  annexation,  and  the  brutal  tendency 
to  filibusterism,  have  lost  their  credit  with  the  people,  and  their  influence  in 
the  government  of  the  United  States.  Our  sister  republic  can  now  safely 
welcome  American  immigrants,  and  aid  American  railroad  companies,  with- 
out fear  of  giving  a  Ibothold  to  secret  enemies.  Commerce  and  industry 
ilemand  the  maintenance,  not  only  of  peace,  but  of  those  friendly  sentiments 
which  are  nt  sary  to  the  security  and  confidence  of  business.  We  hope 
that  the  tinif"  is  not  far  ilistant,  when  the  President  or  Congress  of  the  Uniteil 
States  will  cohsider  it  a  duty  to  .say,  publicly  and  solemnly,  that  no  weak 
neighbor  need  ever  spend  a  ilollar,  to  prepare  for  defense  against  the  aggres- 
sion of  the  great  republic. 

Lower  California,  which  belongs  geographically  to  California  rather 
than  to  Mexico,  has  an  area  of  59,187  scjuare  miles,  21,000  inhabitants,  and 
in  1874  all  its  real  estate  was  valued  ofTicially  at  $7,S98,0(x-).  The  climale 
and  soil  are  ariil;  the  iniunit.iiiis  and  hills  aw.  b.ild;  the  soil,  over  much  of 
the  area,  a  stunyor  sandy  waste;  and  there  is  no  stream  tleserving  the  name 
of  river,  With  all  these  drawbacks,  Lower  California  has  beautiful  valleys, 
with  rich  areas  of  moist  land,  valuable  mineral  deposits,  bays  and  lagoons 


46 


INTRODUCTION. 


!; 


i 


abounding  in  fish,  shell-fish,  and  pearls,  and  an  abundant  growth  of  orchilia, 
a  plant  that  finds  a  ready  sale  among  dyers.  Magdalena  Hay,  in  latitude 
24"  38',  is  an  e.\cellent  harbor,  abounding  with  fish,  and  with  fertile  soil  in 
its  vicinity,  but  until  a  water  supply  can  be  provided  for  irrigation,  there 
will  be  few  people. 

Sonora,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  California,  has  an  area  of  81,- 
n22  square  miles,  147,000  inhabitants,  and  in  1874  its  real  property  was  offi- 
ciall)-  estimated  to  be  worth  $10,347,000.  It  is  pre-eminently  a  mining 
State,  and  possesses  pincers  of  gold  as  well  as  veins  of  silver.  The  climate 
is  especially  dry  in  the  north-western  part  of  the  State,  but  several  streams 
furnish  good  supplies  of  water  for  irrigation,  and  the  .soil  is  capable  of  large 
agricultural  production.  Guaymas,  in  latitude  27°,  55',  about  350  miles 
north  from  the  mouth  of  the  gulf,  has  4,000  inhabitants,  and  an  excellent 
hailxir.  'I'hc  heat  is  oppressive,  anci  the  situation  sickly  in  the  summer. 
The  excellence  of  the  anchorage,  the  large  area  of  rich  country,  which  finds 
its  nearest  good  port  here,  and  its  advantages,  as  a  point  where  the  railroad 
and  ships  will  meet,  may  give  it  much  commercial  importance.  It  is  the 
terminus  of  a  railroad  which  has  been  conipletcd  to  Ilermosillo,  and  is  to 
connect  soon  in  Arizona  with  the  railroad  system  of  the  United  States. 
Ilermosillo,  ^4  miles  north  of  Guaymas,  has  15,000  inhabitants,  and  is  in 
the  midst  of  a  fertile  agricultural  region. 

Sinaloa  has  an  area  of  2:;,927  squaru  miles,  161,000  inhabitants,  and  in 
1874  had  real  cr.tate  valued  at  $8,337,000.  It  has  much  fertile  soil  and 
summer  rains,  which  are  abundant  in  the  souiiicrn  part  of  the  .State. 
Mazatlan,  at  the  mouth  of  tJie  Gulf  of  California,  in  latitude  23*^  1 1',  has  an 
open  harbor,  exposed,  from  June  tu  October,  to  dangerous  winds,  but  the 
adjacent  country  is  fertile,  and  the  city  is  the  largest  .seaport  on  the  Pacific 
siile  of  Mexico.  1  he  present  i)opulation  is  eslimateil  at  14,000.  The  sail- 
ing vessels  entering  the  harbor  from  foreign  ports  in  1S80,  lunnbcrcd  twen- 
t\-thr(c,  and  averaged  370  tons  each.  Much  of  the  siK'er  iinnluced  in 
Chihuahua,  Durango,  and  Sonora  has  been  shipped  from  Mazatl.m.  Tiie 
nnnual  exports  amount  to  about  $2,500,000,  and  the  imports  to  $1,500,000. 
The  city  is  lighted  by  gas,  has  a  street  railroad,  and  for  its  water  supply,  de- 
pends on  cisterns,  filled  by  the  rain  from  the  roofs. 

The  harbor  of  San  IMas,  in  latitude  21°  32',  is  as  un.safc,  from  June  to 
September,  as  that  of  Ma/allan,  and  the  town  is  so  sickl)'  during  the  .same 
season,  that  many  families  move  away  to  the  higher  land.  The  commercial 
situation  is  a  good  one.  Dm-ing  the  winter  there  are  2,000  inhabitants. 
ManzanilK),  in  latitude  \'f7,\  is  the  .seaport  of  the  State  of  Colima,  the  most 
enterprising  and,  in  proportion  to  its  area,  the  most  productive  part  of  VVe.st- 
crn  Mexico,     The  fields  of  coffee,  sugar-cane,  and  indigo  are  numerous,  and 


THE  FIELD. 


47 


if  transportation  were  cheap  there  might  be  a  large  quantity  of  surplus  maize. 
The  harbor  of  Manzanillo  is  secure,  though  small,  but  the  town-site  is  sickly. 
The  n;crcantilc  business  is  in  the  hands  of  old  German  houses,  which  know 
the  country  thoroughly,  and  control  the  imports  and  exports.  They  receive 
goods  from  Europe  to  the  value  of  about  $1,000,000  annually,  including 
small  shipments  by  nearly  every  steamer,  and  one  or  two  cargoes  annually 
by  sailing  vessel  from  Hamburg.  The  harbor  of  Acapulco,  in  latitude  16° 
50',  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  world.  It  has  a  depth  varying  from  30  to  100 
feet,  over  an  area  a  mile  square.  The  adjacent  country  is  mountainous  and 
poor,  and  though  it  is  the  nearest  port  to  the  City  of  Mexico,  there  is  no  line 
of  stages,  nor  even  a  good  wagon-road.  The  ordinary  conveyance  to  the 
capital  is  by  mule  to  Cuernavaca,  and  thence  by  stage,  requiring  ten  days 
for  the  journey.  The  barren  and  rugged  character  of  the  mountains,  in  the 
vicinity,  will  probably  more  than  counterbalance  the  advantages  of  its  mag- 
nificent bay  and  of  its  proximity  to  the  City  of  Mexico. 

The  greater  part  of  Central  America  belongs  to  the  Atlantic  slope,  leav- 
ing only  a  narrow  trip  to  the  Pacific,  and  that  divided  between  5  inde- 
pendent republics.  This  political  division,  the  ignorance  and  want  of  indus- 
trial skill  'iig  the  people,  the  sickliness  of  some  of  the  seaports,  and  the 
general  1  ;rarcity  of  railroads,  wagon-roads,  telegraphs,  steam  machin- 

ery, and  e.\U  1  l.iisines';  'enterprises,  are  sad  drawbacks  to  a  region  that 
has  many  natural  .:■  Kant  cs.  Sc\cral  railroad  '  avi  been  commenced,  but 
the  only  one  in  runninf,  order  on  the  Pacific  side,  extends  out  a  feu-  miles 
from  Puntas  Arenas  in  Cost,  "ica,  Itseci  >  probable  that  Central  America 
will  begin  to  advance  rapidly  within  a  few  >  cars. 


48 


INTRODUCTION. 


CHAPTER  II.— GENERAL  FEATURES  OF  BUSINESS. 

Califoinlan  Enterprise. — The  American  conquest  of  California  made  an 
indu-strial  revolution  on  the  Pacific  coast,  unparalleled  in  its  completeness,  its 
suddenness,  and  its  wide-reaching  influences.  The  number  of  American, 
English,  German,  and  French  residents  rapidly  increased,  the  Europeans 
becoming  speedily  Americans  in  their  sympathies  and  modes  of  working, 
if  not  in  their  political  allegiance.  Before  tlic  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  at 
Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  the  wonderful  placers  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  were  dis- 
covered, as  if  ihcy  were  the  product  of  American  energy,  and  the  symbol 
of  American  power;  and  in  one  year  3  times  as  many  men  as  the  entire  pre- 
vious white  population  of  the  Territory  rushed  to  it  by  land  and  sea  from 
the  shores  of  the  Atlantic.  Year  after  year  the  throng  of  adventurers  con- 
tinued to  pour  in;  and  year  after  year  the  mines  gave  a  generous  welcome 
and  liberal  reward  to  the  gold-hunters.  The  world  had  never  seen  s,.ch  a 
migration  or  such  a  yield  of  golel.  For  5  years  the  average  washing  of  the 
industrious  miner  amounted  to  perhaps  $12  a  day,  and  frequently  rose  to 
$40,  without  any  apprenticeshij)  or  special  skill.  This  high  pay  left  little 
chance  for  profit  on  local  agricultural  products  or  manufactures.  Such  arti- 
cles could  be  obtained  in  abundance  dt  less  expense  from  other  countrii^s. 
There  were  few  farms  and  no  lactories.  All  the  clothing  and  tools,  most  of 
the  provisions  and  lumber,  and  even  ready-made  houses  were  im|)orted. 
The  two  almost  exclusive  occupations  of  tlio  pc'o|)lo,  north  of  the  latitude  of 
Monterc)',  were  mining  and  trading.  No  community  could  depend  to  a 
(greater  extent  on  foreign  supplies ;  ncjne  ever  had  a  more  active  maritime 
commerce;  none  ever  paid  higlier  prices  for  its  imports. 

Complaint  has  frequently  been  made,  that  the  Californian  capitalists  have 
no  enterprise;  that  they  are  mer::  usurers,  or  gamblers  in  mining  slocks,  antl 
that  liiey  are  especially  to  bl.inii  lor  not  doing  more  of  late  years  than  Ihcy 
have  done  to  establish  manufactures.  These  points  deserve  attention ;  let 
\is  consider  ihein. 

It  is  true  that  the  .San  Francisco  b;v  kers  hiave  lent  money  at  high  rates 
of  interest,  but  it  is  the  occupation  of  the  banker  everywhere  to  make  loans 
at  the  hijjhcst  interest  obtainable  willi  good  security.  He  accommodates 
conunerce  and  industrj-,  and  the  activity  of  his  business  is  one  of  the  best 
measures  of  eiUerprise  , and  prosperity.     He  cm  not  make  the  demand  for 


wmimm 


GENERAL   FEATURES  OF   BUSINESS. 


49 


money,  or  regulate  the  rate  of  interest.  He  is  the  effect,  and  not  the  cause 
of  the  pecuniary  conditions  of  the  country.  The  millionaires  of  San  Fran- 
cisco as  a  class  have  speculated  far  more  extensively  than  those  of  any  other 
city  in  mining  stocks,  but  it  is  impossible  to  condemn  them  by  making  any 
comparison,  because  no  other  city  has  ever  had  such  opportunities  and  temp- 
tations in  that  direction. 

Many  kinds  of  factories  are  lacking  in  California,  and  this  lack  is  one  of 
the  great  drawbacks  of  the  coast,  which  having  no  home  market  for  much 
of  its  raw  material,  must  export  it,  and  send  to  the  North  Atlantic  for  the 
costly  articles  manufactured  from  it.  More  than  once  we  have  imported 
flour  from  New  York  within  a  year  after  shipping  wheat  to  the  same  port, 
so  that  we  sent  our  grain  19,000  miles,  by  way  of  Cape  Horn,  to  the  mill. 
VVc  now  send  our  raw  material  19,000  miles  to  the  starch  factor)-,  the  candle 
factory,  the  woolen  mill,  the  paint  shop,  the  glue  factory,  the  fur  tannery, 
the  brewery,  and  many  other  industrial  establishments.  This  dependence 
on  remote  factories  can  not  be  permanent ;  our  coast  must  import  relatively 
less  of  manufactured  goods,  and  export  less  of  raw  material. 

The  admission,  however,  that  we  have  not  enough  factories,  does  not 
necessarily  imply  that  our  local  capitalists  arc  stupid  or  mean.  Other  causes 
of  the  evil  arc  in  plain  view.  The  high  wages,  the  independent  spirit  and 
condition  of  the  poorest  people,  taxes  and  the  high  prices  of  fresh  water  in 
the  towns,  and  of  coal,  and  the  necessity  of  importing  supplies  of  many  kinds, 
all  discriminate  against  the  manufacturing  industries  of  our  coast.  Recent 
changes  in  the  con.stitution  of  California  have  not  only  left  the  law  uncertain 
in  many  respects,  thus  subjecting  business  to  the  dangers  of  long  and  costly 
litigation,  but  have  levied  on  capital  burdens  unexampled  in  any  other  civil- 
ized community.  A  deluded  multitude,  hoping  to  protect  themselves  against 
the  advantages  of  capital,  have  adopted  measures  which  arc  driving  money 
from  the  State.  Demagogues  responsible  for  the  blunders  in  the  new  con- 
stitution, .say  that  the  millionaires  are  governed  in  their  conduct  by  spite ;  but 
it  is  vain  to  assert  that  the  money  market  is  controlled  by  sentiment.  Dol- 
lars flow  towards  the  strongest  demand  .as  naturally  as  the  magnetic  needle 
turns  to  the  North  Pole. 

Besides  these  causes  for  the  relative  scarcity  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments on  the  Pacific  Coast,  we  can  find  others,  without  accepting  the  theory 
that  our  local  capitalists  are  lacking  in  enterprise.  We  know,  as  a  matter 
of  hi.story,  that  many  of  the  Californian  factories  have  been  unprofitable,  and 
this  is  cv;pi'(i,ill)-  title  as  to  ilu-  rarlior  vcnluros  in  xarimis  hninclics  of  indus- 
try. The  peculiar  circumstances  of  our  coast,  the  cjuality  of  our  raw  mate- 
rial, the  conditions  of  our  climate,  and  the  exactions  of  our  local  demand, 
were  so  different  from  those  elsewhere,  that  experience  gained  on  the  shores 
7 


50 


INTRODUCTION. 


of  the  Atlantic  had  to  go  to  school  again  here,  and  pay  dear  for  tuition. 
Many  of  our  manufacturing  enterprises  were  premature,  and  for  years  after 
their  establishment  were  kept  in  operation,  not  because  they  yielded  a  good 
return  on  the  investment,  but  because  the  buildings  and  machinery  could 
not  be  used  for  any  other  purpose  without  greater  loss.  Not  a  few  factories 
and  mills  have  been  abandoned. 

Great  Enterprises. — California's  history,  instead  of  being  characterized 
by  lack  of  enterprise,  is  remarkable  for  boldness  in  making  investments. 
Scarcely  a  branch  of  occupation  pursued  in  our  State  has  been  without 
some  undertaking,  remarkable  for  the  comprehensiveness  of  its  plan  and 
the  amount  of  its  capital.  California  lacking  in  enterprise?  On  the 
contrar)-,  it  is  impossible  to  know  the  best  and  highest  that  the  intelli- 
gence and  energy  of  a  single  generation  can  accomplish  in  some  depart- 
ments of  labor  without  studying  our  State.  The  world  has,  in  many  re- 
spects, nothing  to  equal  it.  If  we  fall  behind  England  and  France,  Massa- 
chusetts and  Penn.sylvania,  in  the  thoroughness  of  cultivation  and  the 
minuteness  of  manufactures,  our  inferiority  is  chargeable  apparently  rather 
to  the  scantiness  of  our  population  than  to  the  brevity  of  our  existence  as  a 
highly  civilized  community.  What  we  have  already  tlone,  proves  that  we 
could  and  would  have  done  everything  if  wc  had  had  hands  enough  to  ac- 
complish the  work,  and  consumers  enough  to  dispose  of  the  product. 

Me  who  wishes  to  find  the  most  notable  achievements  in  various  depart- 
ments of  industry,  should  not  overlook  our  .Stite.  Let  us  imagine  such  a 
person  propounding  a  series  of  questions,  relati>ig  to  branches  of  business 
which  Californians  had  an  opportunity  to  undertaicc  ..i  heir  State  or  under 
their  control.  Did  he  inquire  for  that  mine  of  frcc-milltng  silver  ore,  which, 
by  the  application  of  the  most  Cf)stly  machinery  ■itul  the  best  mechanical 
and  engineering  talent,  was  made  to  turn  out  its  mineral  treasures  in  an 
abundance  and  with  a  speed  unexampled  ?  \Vo  point,  in  reply,  to  the  Con- 
solidated Virginia,  which  produced  $6^,000,000  gross,  anil  $42,000,000  in 
dividends  within  7  years.  The  most  notable  silver  mine  of  smelting  ore? 
It  is  the  luirekrx  Consolidated,  which  has  produced  $18,000,000,  and  paid  $5,- 
000,000  dividends  in  1 1  years.  I  f  Sjianish  America  ever  had  mines  more  pro- 
ductive,in  their  respectiveela.sses.than  theConsolidated  Virginiaorthe  luneka 
Consolidated,  v.'e  do  not  know  where  to  find  the  reconl  of  the  facts.  The  most 
notable  hydr.uilic  mine?  California  has  a  score,  the  smallest  of  which  has 
never  been  approached  elsewhere.  The  largest  at  present  is,  perhaps,  the 
Cherokee  Hlue  Gravel  Mine.  The  most  notable  mining  ditch?  California 
has  a  dozen,  the  smallest  of  which  has  never  i)een  equaled  elsewhere.  The 
most  costly  drain  tunnel  for  mining  purposes?    The  Sutro,  the  cost  of 


GENERAL  FEATURES  OF   BUSINESS. 


SI 


which,  with  accumulated  interest,  amounts  to  $6,500,000.  The  most  profit- 
able auriferous  quartz  mine  of  our  day  .■"  The  Standard,  of  Bodie,  which 
paid  $975,000  of  dividends  in  1881.  The  most  remarkable  of  mining- 
pUmps .'  It  is  that  of  the  Chollar  combination-shaft,  lifting  a  column  of 
water  800  feet  high  at  one  lift.  The  highest  aqueduct  to  carry  water  over 
deep  ravines  ?  None  elsewhere  has  ever  equaled  any  one  of  several  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada.  The  Golden  Rock  flume,  in  Tuolumne  county,  was  256 
feet  high  above  the  bed  of  the  ravine.  The  deepest  depression  over  which 
water  has  ever  been  carried  by  iron  pipes  resting  on  the  ground?  The 
pipe  to  supply  water  for  Virginia  City,  sustaining  the  weight  of  a  column 
of  water  a  quarter  of  a  mile  high.  The  largest  lumber  Hume?  It  is  Cali- 
fornian.  The  largest  saw-milling  corporation  ?  It  was  THE  SlERRA 
Flume  and  Lumber  Company,  which  owned  3  lumber  flumes,  with  an 
aggregate  length  of  150  miles,  10  sawmills,  4  planing  and  sash  mills,  and 
timber-lands  covering  40  square  miles.  The  largest  woodenware  factory  ? 
That  of  The  Mattull.'vth  Manufacturing  Company.  The  most 
productive  wheat  farm  ?  That  of  H.  J.  GLENN,  who  harvested  45,000 
acres  of  his  own  land,  shipped  27,000  tons  of  wheat  to  Europe  on  his  own 
account,  and  received  about  $800,000  for  his  crop  in  1880.  The  largest 
vineyards,'  Those  of  Leland  STANFORD,  1,000  acres,  at  Villa;  and  of 
R.  Nadeau,  about  the  same  size,  near  Florence.  The  largest  orange 
orchard?  That  of  E.  J.  Baldwin,  who  has  200  acres  at  San  Gabriel. 
The  largest  almond  orchard  ?  That  of  VV.  VV.  HoLLlSTER,  covering  250 
acres  at  Santa  Barbara.  The  largest  milk  dairy .'  That  of  R.  G.  Sneath, 
who  milks  600  cows  every  day,  at  San  Bruno,  and  obtains  $100,000  a  year 
from  the  sale  of  his  milk.  The  largest  butter  dairies  ?  Those  of  ClIARLES 
Webb  Howard,  who  has  18,500  acres  of  dairy  land  and  1,875  cows  at 
Point  Reyes;  and  of  JOSEPH  RUSS,  who  has  13,000  acres  and  2,167  cows 
at  Ferndale.  The  largest  cheese  ranch .'  Probably  that  of  the  STEELE 
Brothers,  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County.  The  largest  farm  for  breed- 
ing and  training  fast  horses.?  That  of  Leland  Stankord,  at  Mcnlo 
Park,  with  500  thoroughbreds  and  trotters  of  the  best  blood.  The  corpo- 
ration that  has  built  more  miles  of  railroad  than  any  other  on  the  globe  ? 
The  Central  Pacific  of  California,  which  has  completed  about  3,000  miles, 
and  expects  to  build  1,000  more.  The  largest  ferry-boat?  The  Solano, 
424  feet  long  and  1 16  wide,  built  to  carry  a  train  of  cars  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  lung  al  a  load.  The  laigcsl  and  most  co-itiy  hiilel .'  The  Palace,  of 
San  l'"rancisco,  can  make  al  least  a  plausible  claim  to  that  distinction.  The 
most  costly  residences,  erected  without  the  help  of  inherited  wealth .'  San 
Francisii)  and  its  vicinity  have  iialf  a  do/.cn.  The  most  comprehensive  sys- 
tem of  codified  law?     That  of  California, 


HB 


52 


INTRODUCTION. 


ill 


ii : 


Pecuniary  Wrecks. — It  is  wonderful  that  a  community  of  i.ooo.ocxD  souls 
should  have  achieved  so  much,  but  it  would  be  a  srreat  mistake  to  suppose 
that  they  have  succeeded  in  all  their  attempts.  Hundreds  of  undertakings 
that  have  contributed  to  enrich  the  State  have  caused  large  pecuniary  loss 
to  their  owners  or  shareholders.  California  is  noted  for  the  multitude  and 
magnitude  of  her  pecuniary  wrecks,  resulting  from  the  efforts  of  her  capital- 
ists to  build  up  industries  suddenly  instead  of  letting  them  grow  only  .so  fast 
as  a  profitable  market  demanded  their  enlargement.  Silver  mines  that  were 
so  ungrateful  as  never  to  pay  a  dividend,  have  taken  from  the  pockets  of  the 
Californians  $70,000,000;  and  the  greater  part  of  that  sum  was  expended  in 
shafts,  tunnel.s,  and  drifts  to  find  mineral  wealth  where  the  veins  proved 
barren.  Their  loss  on  mining  ditches  has  been  $12,000,000  and  on  un- 
profitable gold-quartz  mills  at  least  $10,000,000.  Nor  were  the  unsuccessful 
attempts  to  develop  the  resources  of  our  coast  confined  to  mining  and  met- 
allurgy. A  company  which  had  the  largest  tobacco  plantation  on  the  globe, 
and  undertook  to  prepare  the  weed  for  the  market  by  a  novel  and  ingenious 
process,  paid  $1,000,000  for  the  fun  of  their  experiment;  and  two  gentlemen 
each  contributed  $180,000  to  that  sum.  In  1870,  California  had  50  cocoon- 
eries, in  which  12,000,000  silk  worms  spun  cocoons;  and  in  1S80  all  the  silk 
worms  hatched  in  California  did  not  number  more  than  100,000.  The  silk 
fever  cost  the  people  of  the  State  at  least  $500,000.  .Although  vineyards 
generally  are  profitable,  yet  at  one  time  vine-planting  had  far  outrun  the  de- 
mand for  grapes  or  Californian  wine;  and  hundreds  of  acres  of  vines  were 
dug  up  or  neglected,  after  $1,000,000  had  been  lost  in  them.  TlIE  Bui;n.\ 
ViST.V  ViNICULTUUAL  COMT.XNV,  which  at  one  time  owned  4,000  acres  of 
laud  at  Sonoma,  and  cultivated  400  ;icrcs  of  \ineyard,  had  to  surrender  its 
property  to  its  creditors,  after  causing  much  loss  to  its  shareholders.  The 
vineyard  town  of  Anaheim  is  a  credit  to  the  state ;  but  many  of  the  members 
of  the  company  which  founded  it  had  to  pay  ilcarly  for  their  effort  to  de- 
velop the  natural  wealth  of  Los  Angeles  county.  The  loss  in  unprofitable 
almond  orchards  has  been  at  least  $2ai,ooo;  and  California  might  have 
saved  $300,000  of  her  cai)it;d  h>-  refusing  to  listen  to  the  people  who  said 
fortunes  could  be  made  here  by  extracting  sugar  from  the  sugar-beet.  Wc 
have  not  waited  for  Europe  and  the  Atlantic  States  to  .semi  to  us  for  wheat, 
wines,  oranges,  and  canned  fruits,  but  have  planted  immc.i.se  areas,  and  arc 
trying  to  take  sudden  possession  of  distant  markets  by  forcing  proccs.scs. 

While  we  have  a  number  of  profitable  factories,  the  majority  of  the  ven- 
tures in  manufacturing  business  have  been  sources  of  loss  to  their  owners, 
The  novel  circumstances  of  the  country,  ,ind- the  lack  of  local  experience 
combined  with  high  wages  and  interest,  defeated  confident  experiments  of 
pioneer  enterprise.     A  long  list  could  be  given  of  unsuccessful  factories 


ill 


GENERAL  FEATURES  OF  BUSINESS. 


53 


working  in  wood,  iron,  leather,  wool,  cotton,  paper,  and  glass.  There  is  not 
now  one  manufacturing  corporation  on  our  coast  with  shares  which  are  con- 
sidered good  security  for  bank  loans ;  while  Massachusetts  has  probably  a 
thousand.  Our  largest  carriage  factory  is  doing  nothing,  because  it  is  un- 
able to  compete  with  Eastern  manufacturers ;  our  watch  fi^ctory  that  was,  is 
closed  and  its  building  is  occupied  for  making  soap;  and  our  woolen  mills 
generally  have  at  some  time  in  their  careers  had  hard  struggles  to  live. 

The  important  results  achieved  in  California  should  be  credited  mainly  to 
the  exceptional  intelligence  and  enterprise  of  her  inhabitants.  They  have 
shaken  the  world's  center  of  financial  gravity  by  their  unexampled  produc- 
tion of  gold  and  silver.  They  have  changed  the  conditions  of  labor,  and 
given  a  new  stimulus  to  commerce  and  manufactures.  They  have  filled  the' 
basin  of  the  North  Pacific  with  the  light  of  high  civilization.  They  have 
ransacked  the  habitable  globe  for  the  best  workmen,  the  most  skillful  en- 
gineers, the  best  tools,  the  strongest  and  fastest  horses,  the  cows  that  give 
the  most  milk,  and  the  most  prolific  vines  and  trees.  They  have  sent  their 
men  to  Rheims  and  Bordeaux,  Malaga  and  Smyrna,  to  study  how  sparkling 
wines,  raisins,  dried  pruneu,  and  dried  figs  are  prepared  for  the  market.  They 
have  brought  camels  from  Siberia,  and  Angora  goats  from  Asia  Minor. 
They  have  tried  2,000  temperate,  and  500  subtropical  varieties  of  fruit-trees, 
*:o  find  those  best  adapted  to  our  conditions.  Whatever  is  considered  most 
desirable  in  other  countries  has,  if  there  was  any  hope  of  its  success,  been 
tried  in  our  State.  No  other  community  has  shown  so  much  zeal  in  study- 
ing the  lessons  of  experience  and  science,  and  in  applying  them  to  local  in- 
dustries. Never  elsewhere  hi's  so  much  been  done  in  a  brief  period  by  so 
few  men.  Nowhere  else  has  more  progress  been  made  in  new  directions. 
Nowhere  cl.se  have  the  novel  adaptations  of  labor,  .skill,  and  intelligence  to 
agriculture  and  mining  been  more  numerous  or  eflficient.  No  other  Ameri- 
can State  has  so  much  local  pride  among  residents  not  born  on  its  soil ;  and 
nowhere  else  has  local  pride  a  stronger  influence  on  public  spirit.  The  enter- 
prise of  poor  as  well  as  of  rich  Californians,  instead  of  being  sluggish  has 
been  extremely  active. 

But  if  our  statements  and  inferences  be  correct,  why  should  Californian 
capitalists  be  accused  of  lack  of  enterprise?  Let  us  see  whether  a  solution 
of  that  problem  is  not  near  at  hand.  Our  State  abounds  with  men  who 
want  to  live  by  their  wits,  .schemers  averse  o  plodding  toil,  and  anxious  to 
be  placed  at  the  head  of  cxtciisi\c  establishments.  Millionaires,  because  they 
rejected  the  offers  of  such  adventurers,  have  been  denounced  for  preferring 
gambling  speculations  to  sound  investi.^ents.  The  lack  in  the  San  Fran- 
cisco money  market  of  stock  of  manufactUi  "ng  corporation.s,  held  at  a  steady 
premium  for  years,  is  a  strong  evidence  tha'  the  capitalists  are  not  to  blame. 


54 


INTRODUCTION. 


But  it  has  been  assumed  that  a  culpabih'ty  must  rest  cither  on  the  capitalist 
or  the  laborer;  that  the  latter  demanded  too  much  for  his  toil,  or  the  former 
for  his  money ;  and  that  to  denounce  the  one  was  to  defend  the  other.  The 
few  rich  men  were  without  political  organization,  and  were  not  disposed  to 
re\\ard  flattery  of.  their  class.  The  numerous  workingmen  were  organized 
politically,  and  were  able  by  their  votes  to  reward  office-seekers,  and  by  their 
subscribing  and  advertising  patronage  to  enrich  newspapers.  It  was  not 
strange,  under  such  circumstances,  that  some  newspapers  and  office-seekers 
distinguished  themselves  by  advocating  the  cause  of  the  laborers  and  de- 
nouncing the  capitalists;  but  their  zeal  was  a  better  proof  of  the  profits  of 
their  course  than  of  the  soundness  of  their  opinions. 

The  lack  of  manufactures  in  a  new  community  docs  not  necessarily  im- 
ply discredit  to  either  the  laborers  or  the  capitalists.  If  labor  can  earn 
higher  wages  in  producing  raw  material,  and  if  capital  can  obtain  a  higher 
rate  of  interest  from  mines  or  farms,  then  it  is  not  the  duty  of  either  capital 
or  labor  to  establish  factories.  It  is  customaiy,  and  in  a  commercial  sense 
right,  to  sell  commodities,  including  toil  and  the  use  of  capital,  for  the  cur- 
rent market  rates;  and  when  the  community  can  derive  a  larger  income 
from  its  ores  than  it  could  from  silk  manufactures,  it  is  better  that  the  latter 
should  be  imported  and  paid  for  with  the  former. 

California  has  here  been  put  forward  as  remarkable  for  enterprise,  not  to 
distinguish  her  as  the  superior  of  other  Pacific  States  and  Territories  north 
of  Mexico,  but  to  hold  her  up  as  their  type  and  representative.  She  has 
done  more  than  Oregon,  Nevada,  Washington,  Arizona,  or  British  Colum- 
bia, mainly  because  she  is  older  and  her  resources  were  better  adapted  for 
speedy  development.  Ilcr  inhabitants  do  not  differ  materially  in  quality 
from  theirs,  except  in  so  far  as  the  great  centers  of  wealth  and  population 
naturally  attract  the  most  capable  men  disposed  to  engage  in  commercial 
and  manufacturing  business,  or  those  who  have  been  most  successful  in  ac- 
cumulating capital.  The  same  general  tone  of  thought  and  enterprise  per- 
vades all  these  communities.  They  are  made  up  of  the  same  class  of  immi- 
grants, many  of  whom  spent  years  in  California  before  setding  themselves 
in  their  present  homes. 

Imported  Goods  Preferred. — In  a  rapidly  growing  country,  which  be- 
gins without  manufactures  and  must  introduce  them  gradually,  complaint 
will  always  be  made  that  the  people  would  rather  buy  goods  from  abroad 
than  those  made  at  home;  and  California  is  no  exception  to  the  rule.  The 
manufacturer  has  to  contend  with  many  dilTiculties  at  the  start,  and  will 
often  seek  to  throw  the  blame  for  his  embarra.ssment  or  failure  on  the  prej- 
udices and  folly  of  the  consumci's  as  a  class,  rather  than  to  confess  that  he 


GENERAL  FEATURES  OF  BUSINESS. 


55 


did  not  thoroughly  understand  his  business,  and  the  conditions  to  which 
any  new  enterprise  in  it  must  be  subject.  If  it  were  tme  that  the  poor 
men  of  Cahfornia  will  not  patronize  home  productions,  the  fact  would  go 
far  to  excuse  rich  men  for  their  alleged  offense  of  refusing  to  invest  in  profit- 
able branches  of  home  manufactures.  But  it  is  not  true.  Enterprise  is  not 
lacking  in  the  rich,  nor  public  spirit  in  the  poor,  Californians. 

Great  Fortunes. — The  American  portion  of  the  Pacific  coast  is  remarka- 
ble for  the  multitude  of  its  great  fortunes.  Probably  no  other  city  of  similar 
size  has  so  many  millionaires  as  San  Francisco.  What  influence  has  this 
fact  exercised  and  what  influence  does  it  still  exercise  on  the  general  condi- 
tion of  commerce  and  industry?  Docs  it  indicate  that  the  multitude  are  or 
will  be  impoverished  and  degraded  ?  Docs  it  mean  that  a  few  monopolists 
have  taken  possession  of  all  the  sources  of  wealth  for  the  exclusive  benefit 
of  themselves  and  their  descendants,  leaving  nothing  save  toil  and  misery 
for  others  ?  Is  the  wealth  of  the  few  more  than  counterbalanced  by  the 
destitution  of  the  many  ?  Such  questions,  suggested  by  communistic  com- 
plaint, deserve  careful  and  impartial  consideration,  not  only  by  men  else- 
where looking  for  homes  in  a  new  country,  but  also  by  intelligent  men  here 
who  have  an  influence  on  public  opinion  and  legislation.  It  is  the  custom 
and  the  duty  of  emigrants,  to  seek  homes  in  places  where  their  children,  and 
their  children's  children,  can  have  a  fair  show  in  the  struggle  of  life;  where 
industry,  economy,  and  business  capacity  will  secure,  if  not  wealth,  at  least 
moderate  comfort;  and  where  honesty  and  toil,  whether  associated  with 
poverty  or  not,  will  be  respected. 

Men  with  such  feelings  can  come  to  the  Pacific  coast  vvitli  confidence.  In 
no  other  part  of  the  globe  will  they  find  so  much  wealth  in  the  hands  of 
men  who  were  generally  poor  in  their  early  years.  Nowhere  cls(i  will  they 
see  a  society  with  so  little  .social  stratification  based  on  occupation,  or  with 
so  little  of  the  pecuniary  influence  in  the  social  relations.  No  other  land 
has  relatively  so  many  rich  men  who  began  life  in  poverty,  or  so  many  men 
reared  in  comparative  comfort  and  now  poor;  or  so  many  people  who  have 
gained  or  lost  riches  more  than  once.  The  high  education  and  refined 
manners  of  a  large  proportion  of  the  people  in  very  moderate  circumstances, 
the  inferior  education  of  some  of  the  wealthy  families,  the  numerous  and 
great  vicissitudes  of  fortune  among  notable  personages,  and  the  lack  of 
long-established  aristocratic  circles,  contribute  to  give  a  democratic  tone  to 
society.  Some  of  our  rich  men  arc  vulgar  and  ostentatious  snobs,  ashamed 
of  their  early  poverty;  but  they  are  the  objects  of  general  ridicule.  Most 
of  the  capitalists  who  handled  the  pick,  drove  team,  worked  as  butcher-boys, 
retailed  provisions  in  little  mining  camps,  served  as  clerks  in  banks,  or  sold 


56 


INTRODUCTION. 


beer  by  the  glass  when  they  were  young  men,  have  the  courage  or  good 
sense  to  speck  freely  of  their  early  life,  to  keep  up  friendly  relations  with 
their  old  associates,  and  to  show  a  kindly  feeling  for  young  men  now  com- 
mencing life  in  a  similar  manner.  Out  of  at  !ea.st  lOO  millionaires  in  the 
American  territory  on  the  Pacific,  not  more  than  5  brought  with  them  when 
they  migrated  to  this  coast  so  much  as  $100,000  each,  and  few  are  weak 
enough  to  exhibit  any  shame  of  their  early  career. 

It  would  be  a  serious  mistake  to  assume  that  the  vast  fortunes  of  San 
Francisco  have  been  obtained  by  subjecting  the  mass  of  the  Californians  to 
some  peculiar  oppression.  The  tricks  of  our  stock  market  are  not  worse 
in  method  or  motive  than  those  of  other  stock  markets.  Those  vast  accu- 
mulations are  the  natural  outgrowth  of  the  wonderful  production  of  the  pre- 
cious metals  in  the  territory  tributary  to  the  Golden  Gate.  The  amount  of 
business  done  by  a  few  persons  was  so  large  that  a  grand  career  was  opened 
to  business  talent.  Prudent  capacity,  stimulated  by  pecuniary  ambition, 
could  scarcely  fail  to  achieve  remarkable  results.  A  city  containing,  on  an 
average  of  the  years  from  1850  to  1880,  perhaps  25,000  white  men,  handled 
$2,000,000,000  of  precious  metal,  and  nearly  twice  as  much  of  other  products, 
within  thirty  years. 

The  property  of  that  portion  of  the  coast  north  of  Mexico,  now  containing 
300,000  white  men,  counting  only  the  adult  males,  has  advanced  in  value 
from  perhaps  $2,000,000  in  1845,  to  $2,000,000,000  in  188 1.  It  was  to  be 
expected  that  this  increase  would  be  unequally  divided,  and  that  the  great 
majority  would  cither  fail  to  earn  more  than  was  needed  for  their  support, 
or,  if  they  succeeded  in  earning  more,  would  squander  the  surplus,  or  lose  it 
in  injudicious  investments.  It  has  often  been  observed  that  when  a  multi- 
tude of  people  make  much  money  suddenly,  by  speculation  or  business  which 
does  not  offer  a  secure  field  for  investment,  most  of  them  soon  lose  it  again. 
The  main  cause  of  the  general  loss  among  the  Californians  was  not  that 
monopolists  took  advantage  of  them,  but  that  they  lacked  knowledge,  fore- 
sight, and  economy.  The  large  capitals  of  the  State  were  accumulated 
mainly  at  the  expense  of  the  people  in  other  lands,  if  at  the  expense  of  any- 
body. Even  the  poorest  of  the  Californians,  while  the  millions  of  the  few 
accumulated,  were  earning  twice  or  three  times  as  much  in  a  day  as  laborers 
of  their  respective  classes  in  Europe — an  amount  of  payment  inconsistent 
with  the  theory  of  serious  pecuniary  oppression.  That  which  the  miner  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada  received  for  his  day's  toil  bought  the  product  of  ten  days' 
toil  of  the  German,  French,  or  Italian  farmer.  The  Californian  laborers 
have  the  comforts  of  life  in  a  variety  and  abundance  unknown  to  the  unskilled 
toiler  in  Europe,  and  in  most  of  the  Atlantic  States. 

The  great  fortunes  of  California  are  not  permanent  in  families.    They 


m 


GENERAL  FEATURES  OF  BUSINESS. 


57 


will  not  pass  down  through  a  long  succession  of  generations.  We  have  no 
I.1W  of  primogeniture  or  perpetual  entail.  No  lease  of  a  farm  or  mine  for  a 
longer  term  than  ten  years  is  valid.  Public  opinion  demands  that  under  or- 
dinary circumstances,  a  rich  testator  shall  give  equal  shares  to  his  chil- 
dren. Nearly  all  the  land  is  held  by  fee-simple  titles.  The  law  provides 
easy  and  cheap  methods  for  the  conveyance  of  real  estate.  The  millionaires 
generally  have  none  of  the  English  ambition  to  found  families;  most  of 
them,  indeed,  have  no  sons  to  succeed  to  their  wealth.  They  expect  that 
their  descendants,  after  two  or  three  generations,  will  belong  to  the  multi- 
tude. Their  wealth,  in  a  majority  of  cases,  is  in  mines,  railroads,  banking, 
gas,  water,  or  insurance  corporations,  or  city  lots — forms  which  can  be  squan- 
dered more  easily  than  large  estates  of  fertile  soil,  held  in  a  community 
where  law,  custom,  and  public  opinion  obstruct  or  prevent  sales.  California 
has  many  large  ranchos,  but  with  few  exceptions  they  are  not  available  for 
tillage,  and  could  not  be  sold  in  small  tracts,  if  the  owner  wished  so  to  dis- 
pose of  them.  Generally  it  is  observed,  that  in  those  places  where  the  soil 
is  best  fitted  for  horticulture,  as  about  Los  Angeles,  San  Gabriel,  Anaheim, 
Riverside,  Pasadena,  Orange,  Westminster,  San  Jose,  Santa  Cruz,  Alameda, 
Napa  City,  Sonoma  City,  Santa  Rosa,  Petaluma,  Fresno  City,  and  Salt  Lake 
City,  there  the  land  is  held  in  the  smallest  tracts.  The  construction  of  an 
irrigation  ditch  on  a  large  tract  held  under  a  single  title,  is  considered  a  pre- 
liminary of  a  subdivision  and  sale.  A  common  opinion  prevails  among  rich 
and  poor  that  each  generation  should  make  its  own  fortunes,  and  that  the 
parent  who  educates  his  children  well,  trains  them  carefully  in  the  principles 
of  integrity  and  prudence,  and  gives  them  a  fair  start  in  life,  has  done  his 
duty  to  them.  So  far  as  money  can  purchase  enjoyment,  the  Pacific  coast 
people  want  the  full  benefit  of  it  for  themselves,  and  not  for  their  posterity. 
Their  affections  and  ambitions  attach  themselves  to  the  present  and  the 
near  future.  They  are  willing  that  the  later  generations  should  look  out 
for  themselves.  To  make  money  and  to  spend  it,  are  for  them  sources  of 
nearly  equal  delight.  As  a  class  they  have  nothing  of  the  hoarding  or 
miserly  tendency. 

It  is  impossible  that  wealth  should  be  evenly  distributed  in  our  time,  and 
it  is  useless  to  wish  for  such  a  distribution.  Since  capital  makes  a  demand 
for  labor  and  talent,  and  stimulates  enterprise,  it  is  better  that  a  State  should 
have  great  riches  in  the  hands  of  a  few  than  that  all  its  citizens  should  be 
poor.  The  country  without  accumulation  is  also  without  prominent  partici- 
pation in  progress.  The  fate  of  the  world  is  not  now  seriously  influenced 
by  men  who  live  on  black  broth,  and  prohibit  the  use  of  gold.  There  is  no 
room  in  the  future  for  another  Sparta.  The  arrival  of  capital  in  a  new  coun- 
try is  a  signal  for  activity,  and  is  always  welcomed  instinctively  by  the  pec- 

O 


58 


INTRODUCTION. 


plc.     Whether  in  the  possession  of  one  or  a  dozen,  they  recognize  it  as  their 
friend. 

A  Gold-intoxicated   City. — Ucforc  the  richest  bonanzas  of  the  Com- 
stticlc  Lode  IkkI  }'ct  been  discovered,  it  became  evident  that  the  subsidies 
granted  by  the  national  t^overnment  to  the  Central  and  Union  Pacific  Rail- 
roads would  be  sufficient  to  secure  the  completion  of  these  enterprises,  and 
speculation  anticipated  and  exac;cjcratcd  their  influence  on  business.     The 
directors  of  llio  Central  Pacific  Compan)'  moved  their  main  office,  and  most 
of  them  transferred  their  homes,  to  San  P'rancisco,  where  they  built  palatial 
residences,  and  spent  much  of  their  vast  revenues  in  improving  and  bcauti- 
f)ing  the  city.     The  remarkable  and  almost  unparalleled  ^n'owth  of  San 
Francisco  during  a  period  of  30  years,  and  the  intoxication  of  its  business 
b)'  various  stimulants,  continn.cd  so  long  that  the  warnings  of  prudence 
and  the  lessons  of  experience  from  other  communities  seemed  of  little  value 
here.     The  city  has  a  central  position,  and  a  monopoly  of  the  .seaport  busi- 
ness on  an  ocean  frontage  2,000  milfs  long:  within  200  miles  lie  mines  that 
have  produced  precious  metal  worth  more  than  $1,500,000,000  within  half  a 
life-time.     Soon  after  the  shallow  placers  passed  the  clima.x  of  their  pro- 
duction, the  hydraulic  mines  poured  out  their  treasures.     When  they  be- 
gan to  decline,  the  Gould  and  Currj'  bonanza  became  the  wonder  of  the 
world.     It  had  scared}-  been  exhausted  when  its  glories  grew  pale  belore 
those  of  the  Belcher  and  Crown  Point  bonanza.     And  after  that  had  passed 
into  history,  its  memory  was  eclip.scd  by  the  Consolidated  Virginia  bonanza. 
Not  only  were  all  the  richest  siKer  mines  owned  here,  but  the  people  of  the 
coast  generally  sent  their  money  hither  for  investment  in  the  crazy  stock 
market;  and   the  Pme-strcet  stockbrokers  drew  revenues  almost  as  large 
from  the  pockets  of  their  customers  as  the  shareholders  did  from  their  mines. 
The  current  of  excitement  caused  b}-  the  ilevelopnunt  of  mining  wealth 
was  accompanied  by  an  active  speculation  in  land  and  in  many  kinds  of  per- 
sonal property.     The  occup.ition  of  the  merchant  was  surroundeil  by  risks 
unknown  to  cities  in  lunope  or  the  United  States,  and  if  he  remained  in  the 
business,  he  was  compelled  to  take  chances  that  would  be  rejected  every- 
where else.     Tile  barwascnricheil  by  the  jiolicyof  the  national  government 
in  compelling  all  the  owners  of  Mexican  ranchos  to  maintain  expensive  suits 
for  their  lands.     The  civil  war  greatly  enhanced  the  cost  of  importation  from 
New  York,  and  built  up  munerous  manufacturing  establishments  in  San 
Franci-sco,  thus  givmg  a  great  stimulus  id  the  city,  simultaneous  with  which 
came  the  development  nf  the  wonderful   mineral  wealth  of  the  Comstock 
Lode.     Potosi  in  Wniivia,  Cerro   Pasco  ni   Pern,  Guanajuato  and  Zacatccas 
in  Mexico,  may  home  had  richer  deposits  than  Virginia  City,  but  they  were 


1 


s,ssxa 


GENERAL  FEATURES  OF  BUSINESS. 


59 


not  worked  with  one  tenth  of  the  speed  or  the  profit.  In  those  districts, 
5,000  men  toiling  for  2  centuries  did  not  accomplish  so  much  as  an  equal  or 
smaller  number  did  in  Nevada  in  20  yeans.  Neither  did  the  mining  enter- 
prises of  thvi  former  fall  into  the  hands  of  a  luxurious  commercial  metropolis. 
No  Spanisa-Amcrican  city  drew  $300,000,000  from  silver  mines  within  a 
single  generation.  One  Comstock  bonanza  trod  on  the  heels  of  another  in 
rapid  succession  for  1 5  years.  The  reality  of  the  present  was  so  extravagant 
that  heads,  cooled  by  long  prudence  in  careful  banking  business,  thought 
they  could  no  longer  judge  of  the  probability  of  the  future  by  the  scanty 
measure  of  the  past.  Millions  poured  down  the  canyons  of  Mount  David- 
son like  the  waters  in  gullies  after  a  cloud-burst.  It  is  calculated,  in  1876, 
that  San  Francisco  had  100  millionaires,  10  of  them  worth  each  more  than 
$10,000,000,  and  20  others  worth  more  than  $5,000,000  each.  The  market 
value  of  the  Nevada  mines  at  one  time  amounted  to  $320,000,000,  and  that 
after  they  had  already  yielded  about  $200,000,000.  For  nearly  30  years 
San  Francisco  was  intoxicated  by  the  abundance  of  her  gold,  the  throng  of 
her  traffic,  the  variety,  wealth,  and  singular  .sources  of  her  revenues,  the  case 
with  which  they  were  obtained,  and  the  prodigality  with  which  most  of  them 
were  spent. 


Romance  of  the  Present. — The  American  portion  of  our  coast  is,  his- 
torically, one  of  the  newest  i)arts  of  the  globe.  Its  most  important  events 
have  happened  within  the  recollection  of  the  present  generation.  We  have 
no  ancient  monuments  or  records,  no  buried  cities,  no  ruined  castles,  no 
local  traditions  running  back  through  many  centuries.  The  F.gyptians, 
Assyrians,  Persians,  Carthaginians,  Saracen.s,  Goths,  or  Huns,  never  con- 
quered our  territory,  nor  enslaved  our  people ;  neither  Greeks  nor  Romans 
planted  colonies  on  our  shores,  or  gave  names  to  our  mountains  and  rivers. 
We  have  no  I\Iarathon,  no  Runnymedc,  no  Hastile  column,  no  lUiiikor  Mill. 
We  have  had  no  religious  martyrdoms  or  persecutions.  No  TllEMISTOCLES, 
Pericles,  Coliony,  William   the  .Silent,  Henry   IV,   Raknevkldt, 

HURLEir.II,  ADA.VfS,  or  Jefferson,  maintained  the  cause  of  freedom  in  the 
early  councils  or  on  the  battlefields  of  our  coast.  We  have  inherited  no  in- 
spiring local  traditions,  no  sacred  institutions,  no  precious  accumulations 
from  former  times,  Our  country  is  as  we  have  maile  it,  not  as  we  re- 
ceived it  from  a  remote  ancestry.  Whatever  has  been  done  here  is  our  own 
work,  or  at  least  the  work  of  our  generation.  _  When  Sciiora  Hernal  as  a 
bride  of  fifteen,  in  1S19,  first  made  her  home  at  the  Mission  of  San  iMan- 
ci-sco,  near  where  .she  now  resides,  California  was  .still  subject  to  Spain.  No 
white  man  then  had  his  homo  in  the  Sacramento  or  San  Joaquin  valley ;  no 
town  of  civilized  people  existed  anywhere  on  our  coast  north  of  San  Fran- 


INTRODUCTION. 

Cisco  Bay.  Don  Pio  PiCO,  the  last  Governor  of  California,  under  the 
authority  of  Mexico,  is  still  an  active  old  gentleman.  One  of  his  predeces- 
sors in  office,  Don  }VAV  B.  Alvar.VDO,  also  survives.  Don  M.vniANO  G. 
VALLnjO,  who,  in  1835,  by  order  of  the  Mexican  government,  laid  off  the 
town  of  Sonoma,  to  save  the  northern  half  of  California  from  falling  into 
the  possession  of  the  Russians,  continues  to  share  our  councils.  JoilX  BlD- 
WKLL  and  JosiAll  Belden,  menibcrs  of  the  first  party  of  eir.igrant.s,  organ- 
ized forty  years  ago  in  Missouri,  to  cross  the  coritinent  directly  to  California, 
are  among  the  prominent  business  men  of  the  State.  Col.  J.  D.  STEVEN- 
SON, who  headed  the  regiment  of  New  York  volunteers  (selected,  in  1846, 
as  suitable  persons  to  become  [)crmanctU  residents  of  California,  and  thus 
strengthen  American  influence  in  what  was  feared  would  long  be  a  predomi- 
nantly Spanish  community),  now  holds  a  responsible  office  in  San  Francisco 
and  attends  in  person  to  its  duties.  Al.rKICD  llOItlNSON,  the  first  American 
to  write  a  book  on  Californi.i,  is  our  fellow-citizen.  The  first  American 
Governor  of  the  State,  PETER  II.  Burnett,  and  the  first  pair  of  Senators 
chosen  to  represent  California  in  the  National  Congress — W.  M.  GwiN  and 
J.  C.  FrE.MON T — are  yet  with  us. 

Although  many  of  the  pioneers  of  1849  have  gone  down  to  their  rest, 
and  although  many  of  the  ()resent  generation  of  Californians  arc  )'oung 
nuMi,  while  otliers  recenlls'  came  from  the  Atlantic  States  or  Eurojie  to 
make  their  homes  here,  still  there  is  no  exaggeration  in  saying  that  nearly 
everything  that  iias  been  done  by  art  to  enrich  r)r  beaulif)'  the  State,  to  de- 
velo[)  its  resources,  or  build  up  its  industries,  is  our  work.  We,  as  a  com- 
munity, liave  organized  its  government,  framed  its  laws,  founded  its  cities 
and  towns,  erected  every  house  of  brick  or  wood,  opened  every  mine,  ever\' 
farm,  and  ever)'  manufacturing  establishmeiU,  constructed  ever)-  railroail 
and  wagon-road,  and  planted  every  large  vineyard  and  orciiard. 

For  him  who  can  turn  away  occasionally  from  the  narrow  surnnuulings 
of  his  personality  and  localit)-,  and  climl)  to  the  towering  pinnacles  of  his- 
torical observation,  for  a  comprehcn."ivc  view  of  the  past  career  and  present 
activity  of  our  race — for  him,  we  live  in  an  age  and  a  land  of  romance 
abounding  in  events  thrilling  as  any  in  the  gk)rious  period  of  the  Athenian 
annals,  and  more  marvelous  th.in  the  triumphs  of  genii  in  Arabian  liction. 
Our  coast,  in  tliis  very  )ear  of  18S2,  is  accom[)lishing  wonders  be\-ond  the 
wildest  dreams  of  antiquity.  Never,  until  recently,  did  llic  globe  witncs.s 
such  swift  .'md  grand  cli.inges  as  ;uv  now  occurring  about  us.  Never  did 
mankiml  I'lsewhere  ad\ance  with  gre.iter  s|)eed.  Never  did  progress  acliicvc 
triumplis  more  glorious,  Never  did  the  learning,  experience,  and  wealth 
accumulated  el  .ewlure  for  centuries,  rush  with  a  stronger  current,  to  fill  with 
the  treasures  of  a  \\\^\\  enlighteiunent,  a  sast  region,  previously  unoccupied, 


GENERAL  FEATUKES  OF  BUSINESS. 


6t 


save  by  savages.  Never  was  an  invasion  more  peaceful,  or  more  beneficent. 
Never  was  a  conquest  more  complete,  or  more  permanent.  What  other 
lands  have  spent  a  thou.^.ancl  years  in  accomplishing;  is  here  done  in  a  rrcn- 
cration.  We  have  appropriated  all  the  arts  of  other  lands  and  added  many 
of  our  own.  No  scheme  is  too  difficult  for  us  to  undertake.  The  forces  of 
nature  submit  at  our  first  effort.  We  scarcely  build  a  shanty  in  the  .Sierra 
Nevada,  before  the  placers  offer  us  their  treasures.  Our  horticulturists 
scarcely  plant  a  vine  or  a  tree  before  they  are  rewarded  with.m  unexampled 
wealth  of  orchard  and  vineyard.  The  first  American  attempt  to  mine  for 
silver  leads  to  the  revelation  of  the  Comstock  lode.  The  land  and  sea,  the 
mountains  and  valleys,  the  forests  and  rivers,  compete  with  one  another  in 
demanding  our  acceptance  of  their  prizes.  Cities  and  .'^tates  ri.se  before  us 
as  if  by  enchantment.  After  a  few  weeks  of  observation  and  thought,  by 
pioneer  .settlers  and  engineers,  in  the  midst  of  a  solitude,  the  channels  of  traile 
and  the  centers  of  wealth  arc  fi.xed,  for  centuries  to  come.  Half  a  dozen 
railroads  march  across  a  continent  at  once.  The  Canadian  Pacific,  the 
Northern  Pacific,  the  Central  Pacific,  the  Denver  Pacific,  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific,  tlie  Atcliison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe,  the  Southern  Pacific,  and  the 
Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  Company,  are  engaged  in  a  race  such  as 
the  world  never  saw  in  the  past,  and  will  perhaps  ne\'er  sec  in  the  future. 
We  aic  in  the  midst  of  their  great  works.  They  fill  the  earth  and  air  with 
their  marvels.  These  corporations  are  struggling  for  the  trade  of  empires; 
and  the  climax  of  the  conflict  is  rapidly  ai)proaching.  He  who  can  sec  no 
romance  in  such  a  contest,  he  who  can  not  sec  romance  in  anythi^ig  .s.ivc 
courts  anil  camps,  blood  and  steel,  is  an  alien  to  the  spirit  of  the  age,  and  is 
unable  to  understand  cither  the  jiast  or  the  present.  Whether  he  can  sec  it 
or  not,  the  fact  remains  the  same,  thai  civilization  having  taken  possession 
of  our  shores  in  perpetuity,  is  rapidly  developing  here  an  imperial  power, 
which,  without  aspiring  to  a  .sci^aralc  nationality,  will  inevitably  exett  a 
grand  inlhience  on  the  commerce  and  industty  of  remote  tigcs.  We  live  in 
the  present  and  in  anticipation  of  the  future;  the  past  is  of  little  \alue, 
save  as  it  prepares  us  for  what  is  to  c<ime.  The  main  element  in  life  is  toil, 
and  .success  in  it  is  one  of  the  highest  .satisfactions  and  benefaction.s.  As  a 
basis  of  self-reliance  and  self-rcsjiect,  the  vanity,  based  on  the  famous 
exploits  of  our  ancestors,  is  far  inferior  to  the  consciousness  that  we  our- 
.selves  have  accomplished  great  results,  No  other  jnide  is  so  honorable  nr 
.so  iiispirin;;  as  that  throwing  otit  nf  personal  ^;||c■tess  in  planning,  managing, 
and  completing  i:\lensi\r  ,nul  (lillKult  enterprises,  reiiuiring  acciu'ale  scien- 
tific education,  comprehensive  knowledge  of  business  relation.*  nnd  human 
nature,  study,  and  long-continued  toil,  prudence,  economy,  judicious  plans, 
nnd  strict  adherence  to  purpose.  .Such  pride  is  not  rare  on  the  Pacific  coast, 
and  will  not  be  for  n  long  time  to  come. 


if 


S 

I: 
P 


i-;  ! 


'Hi'- 


I  n 


l.   'f 


i 


62 


INTRODUCTION. 


CHAPTER  III.— CLIMATE. 

Comparative  Meteorology. — One  of  the  most  potent  aids  to  individual 
comfort  and  national  progress,  is  an  equable  and  genial  climate.  Within 
liistorical  times  no  nation  lias  risen  to  greatness,  no  man  to  eminence  in 
literature  or  industrial  art,  in  a  torrid  or  frigid  region.  The  leadership  of 
progress,  the  cur.tody  of  the  highest  culture,  predominance  in  political  and 
military  power  belong  to  the  temperate  zone.  Tropical  heat  and  arctic  coUl 
depress  the  mental  and  physical  energies,  diminish  ambitions,  reduce  the 
field  of  activity,  and  cut  off  many  sources  of  enjoyment.  To  a  less  extent 
these  unfavorable  influences  arc  exercised  also  by  meteorological  extremes, 
within  the  temperate  zone.  C.  L.  ]^R.\Ci:,  who  had  traveled  extensively  in 
different  parts  of  the  world,  and  wliose  attention  had  been  called  to  this  sub- 
ject by  his  sta)'  in  California,  wrote  that  "(jf  all  human  conditions  next  to 
ci\iiization  and  its  advantages,  the  most  important  is  climate;  perhaps  for 
personal  h.appiness,  it  is  more  than  all  otlier  material  circumstances."  Yet 
our  geographies,  cyclopedias,  and  books  of  travel  gcnerail)'  gi\e  no  adequate 
idea  of  the  climatic  advantages  and  di.sadvantages  of  tlic  main  meteorologi- 
cal divisions,  and  of  the  differences  of  temperature,  rainfall,  and  iiumidity 
between  New  York,  London,  San  l'"rancisco,  and  Los  Angeles.  Tile  thcr- 
mometrical  means  of  January  in  those  4  cities  arc  respective!)':  31'^,  37°, 
49",  and  52°;  and  of  Julj-,  75°,  0-'",  60°,  and  75°.  These  figures  indicate 
vast  differences,  in  liie  suitability  of  temperature,  to  the  liealth}'  de- 
velopment of  our  bodies,  and  the  active  use  of  our  mental  and  i)hysic;il 
powers.  As  superiority  of  climate  is  to  a  nation  one  of  the  niur.t  valuable 
of  all  possessions,  so  an  understanding  of  climatic  differences  is  to  an  indi- 
vidual one  of  the  most  der.irable  of  all  kinds  of  knowledge.  The  clearnesa 
of  the  sk>'  and  the  height  of  the  mercury  determine  whether  the  weather 
is  to  be  pleasant  or  uni)U'ajanl,  and  often  whether  the  day  shall  pass  agrcc- 
nl)l)'  or  div.,igrec,ibly.  ( )ur  coast,  as  a  whok',  and  ei.peci.ill)'  llu"  (,';i!iforniaii 
part  of  it,  has  nuith  to  gain,  and  nothing  to  lose,  by  the  diffusion  of  knowl- 
edge al)out  comparative  meteorology, 

Stundatda  of  Tomportituro.— Annu.vl  tlurmonKtrical  means  have  very 
little  value,  in  conveying  correct  ideas  of  temperature.  According  to  the 
national  signal  service  report,  the   annual  mean  for  1877-78  was  54"  for 


H 


^M. 


CLIMATE. 


63 


New  York,  and  57°  for  San  Francisco,  but  January  was  21°  warmer,  and 
July  14°  cooler  in  the  latter,  than  in  the  former  city.  The  difference  be- 
tween the  means  of  the  months  was  42°  at  Hell  Gate,  and  7°  at  the  Golden 
Gate;  and  between  the  respective  extremes  Si°  and  ^y°.  These  figures 
show  that  the  annual  means  have  very  little  value,  except  to  conceal  the 
disadvantages  of  climates,  which  run  from  extreme  cold  in  midwinter  to 
extreme  heat  in  midsummer.  A  similar  objection  can  be  made,  with  good 
reason,  to  the  means  showing  the  average  temperature  of  the  four  seasons; 
they  ser\'c  to  hide  the  pivotal  figures  which  arc  the  thermometrical  means 
of  January  and  July,  and  these  arc,  in  most  places,  the  coldest  and  hottest 
months,  or  the  extremes  connected  by  gradual  changes;  so  that  he  who 
knows  those  two,  knows  the  whole  year.  The  mean  of  July  in  any  one 
place  varies  very  little  from  year  to  year,  and  so  of  January;  but  it  is  bet- 
ter to  have  the  mean  of  many  years,  so  as  to  avoid  mistake  from  the  ex- 
ceptional character  of  any  one  season.  Such  means  arc  the  pivotal  figures 
and  best  standards  of  temperature. 


Meteorologioal  Regions. — In  its  meteorology,  as  in  its  botany,  that  part 
of  our  slope  which  lies  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Range — including  its 
continuation  far  into  Alaska — bears  much  more  resemblance  to  Western 
Europe  than  to  the  Atlantic  side  of  our  continent  in  the  same  latitudes. 
Alaska  is  the  counterpart  of  Norway  in  clim.nte.  British  Columbia,  Wash- 
ington, and  Oregon,  in  general  character,  are  like  England  and  .Scoiland ; 
and  California  is  like  Spain  or  Italy.  France,  as  a  whole,  has  no  equivalent 
on  our  coast.  Nevada  and  Utah  must  seek  for  their  parallels  in  Turkistaii 
and  the  high  lands  of  Persia.  Idaho,  Eastern  Oregon,  and  Washington  arc 
much  like  New  York  in  temperature,  though  they  have  less  rainfall.  Wc 
have  no  complete  meteorological  statistics  for  the  two  slopes  of  Mexico,  atid 
therefore  we  can  not  compare  them  in  that  respect,  but  it  is  well  known  that 
the  Pacific  shores  of  our  continent  ire  free  from  yellow  and  black  fevers, 
frequent  and  swiftly  fatal  at  many  jwints  near  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Our  slope  has  a  number  of  distinct  meteorological  regions,  the  principal 
of  which  are  those  of  Alaska,  Western  Oregon,  San  I'rancisco,  Sacramento, 
Utah,  Los  Angeles,  Ariztina,  and  Western  Mexico.  These  regions  will  be 
considereil  separately,  beginning  'vith  that  of  San  Francisco,  including  the 
country  west  of  the  main  ridgr,  of  the  Coast  Mountains,  from  the  35th  to 
the  40th  p.iralk'l,  with  a  lcnf,tli  of  },'i,o  and  a  width  of  30  miles;  tlu>  me- 
tropolis (HCLipying  a  position  on  its  wcslcra  cil}.;e,  nearly  niiilwa)-  between 
the  northern  and  southern  bordcr.s.  This  region  has,  within  10  miles  of  the 
ocean,  the  most  equably  rool  climate  on  the  glf)bc,  and  makes  the  nearest 
approach  to  the  temperature  in  which  active  physical  labor  can  be  perfnnntd 


64 


INTRODUCTION. 


with  the  least  discomfort  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.     Nowhere  is  the  sky 
more  favorable  to  the  toiler  than  between  these  limits. 

San  Francisco  Summers. — The  thcrmometrical  mean  of  July,  60° 
5^  or  10^  below  the  degree  of  warmth  that  is  comfortable  to  the  idler,  de- 
mands lica\y  woolen  clothing  and  active  movement  from  those  who  spend 
much  time  in  the  open  air.  It  is  the  best  of  all  temperatures  for  the  man 
engaged  in  productive  industry,  spurring  him  to  continuous  exertion.  It 
is  a  tonic,  that  becomes  part  of  his  system;  a  perpetual  stimulant,  that  has 
no  intervals  of  depression.  All  book-writing  travelcr-s,  who  have  visited 
San  Francisco  and  commented  ably  on  the  climate,  have  spoken  in  its  praise. 
C.  L.  Br.\CE  said:  "  Here,  it  seems  to  me,  you  have  it  as  near  perfection  as 
man  can  attain  without  encr\'ation."  In  another  place  he  tells  his  readers 
that  "the  climate  is  the  great  charm  of  this  city.  It  is  the  most  exhilarat- 
ing atmosphere  in  the  world.  In  it  a  man  can  do  more  work  than  anywhere 
else,  and  under  it  he  feels  under  a  constant  pressure  of  excitement."  FlTZ- 
IIUGII  Ll'DLOW  speaks  of  the  "divine  days"  and  " heaverly  climate"  of  the 
Golden  Gate.  S.VMUr.L  BOWLES  says:  "The  evenness  of  the  climate,  *  ♦ 
*  and  the  indescribable  ihspiration  of  the  air,  are  the  great  features  of  life." 
Sir  Cll.\kLK.S  DiLKK  remarks,  that  "the  peculiarity  of  climate  carries  with 
it  great  advantages.  It  is  never  too  hot,  never  too  cold,  to  work — a  fact 
which,  of  itself,  secures  a  grand  future  for  San  Francisco.  The  effect  upon 
national  tj'pe  is  marked.  At  a  San  Francisco  ball  you  see  English  faces, 
not  American."     B.  F.  TAYLOR  sings  of  it  as  the  city 

"  Where  Winter  Uceps  w.itdi  and  ward, 
Willi  .Summer  asleep  at  Iiis  feet; 
Slamis  guaril  wiili  a  silver  sword, 

Wlierc  the  Junes  and  Decembers  meet." 

In  July  San  Francisco  is  cooler  than  London  by  2"^,  than  Olympia  by  3°, 
than  Portland  by  7'^,  than  San  Diego  by  9°,  than  Paris  by  10",  and  than 
Genoa,  Naples,  Jerusalem,  Cincinnati,  or  New  York  by  17°.  This  peculiar 
coolness,  unexampled  at  the  level  of  the  sea,  in  the  same  latitude,  is  attrib- 
utable mainly  to  the  pre\alence  of  the  trade  wind,  blowing  nearly  every  day 
from  April  to  October  over  the  Kurosiwo,  which,  after  swecjjing  round  under 
the  islands  of  Alaska,  reaches  our  shores  with  a  tem]K'rature  never  varjing, 
near  the  Golden  Gate,  more  than  3°  from  55°.  This  vast  ocean  stream, 
bringing  subfrigid  waters  into  a  subtropical  latitude,  is  a  great  factor  in  the 
life  of  California,  inniiencing  its  pleasures  and  its  business  in  many  ways. 
The  Atlantic  in  the  .|oth  parallel  is  warm  enough  on  Ijoth  !iides  in  sunnner 
for  pleasant  lialhing,  but  not  su  the  Pacific  near  its  eastern  shore  in  the  .same 
hititude.     San  Francisco,  within  her  city  limits  lias  a  magnificent  beach,  but 


■i'm 


CLIMATE. 


65 


the  air  and  water  there,  on  the  average  July  day,  are  more  than  cool ;  they 
arc  chilling. 

The  intense  heal  in  the  interior  of  the  continent  is  the  main  cause  of  the 
trade  wind,  prevailing  along  the  coast,  in  the  warm  season.  Throughout  a 
region  1,000  miles  long  by  500  wide,  the  dry  soil,  under  a  burning  sun,  causes 
a  vast  extent  of  rarefied  atmosphere  into  which  the  breezes  rush  from  the 
west  and  north-west.  If  the  plains  and  mountains  of  central  California, 
Nevada,  Utah,  Arizona,  and  northern  Mexico  were  covered  with  forests,  the 
rainfall  would  be  greater,  the  sun  would  not  strike  the  earth  in  the  same 
manner,  evaporation  would  keep  down  the  temperature,  the  quantities  of 
air  warmed  to  a  high  degree  would  be  much  smaller,  and  the  breezes  from 
the  ocean  much  weaker.  We  have  no  meteorological  statistics  to  prove  the 
direction  or  strength  of 'the  main  air  currents,  that  supply  the  region  cast  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada;  but  we  know,  from  the  heat  of  the  soil  there  in  the 
summer  days,  that  a  large  supply  of  air  must  be  needed  to  replace  that 
which  rises.  There  is  a  better  opportunity  and  there  are  more  stations  to 
observe  the  currents,  blowing  into  the  great  interior  valley,  or  Sacramento- 
San  Joaquin  basin  of  California.  Every  average  summer  day  these  currents 
pass  eastward  from  the  Pacific,  over  the  Coast  Range,  sometimes  canying 
flecks  of  cloud  or  fog  20  or  30  miles  inland,  to  mark  their  track.  The  cur- 
rent is  especially  strong  at  the  Golden  and  Silver  gates,  where  it  finds  the 
only  opportunity  to  travel  near  the  level  of  the  .sea,  and  its  influence  is 
clearly  discernible  along  its  route,  as  we  shall  have  occasion  to  remark  in 
other  paragraphs. 

Hot  Days. — The  highest  temperature  recorded  by  the  signal  service  in 
San  Francisco  for  July,  1877,  was  76°,  not  high  enough  to  be  uncomfortably 
warm.  The  average  of  the  maximum  observations  for  each  day  in  the 
month  was  66°;  while  the  similar  average  for  New  York  city  was  83°.  In 
25  out  of  the  31  d.iys,  the  mercury  on  Manhattan  Island  rose  to  80°;  at 
which  figure  oppressive  heat  begins.  An  examination  of  the  meteorological 
tables,  kept  in  San  Francisco  by  TlIOMAS  Tennent,  for  32  years  ending 
October  i,  :  881,  shows  that  the  thermometer  reached  80°  on  209  days  in 
that  period,  or  less  than  7  days  in  a  year,  on  the  average;  in  .some  years  not 
once.  In  1855,  an  exceptional  season,  there  were  20  hot  days.  In  1861, 
1862,  1863,  1873,  and  1 88 1,  there  was  not  one. 

Not  only  are  the  hot  days  few,  but  they  arc  .scattered.  It  is  a  veiy  rare 
occurrence  for  more  than  3  to  come  together;  but  as  tlie  San  I'ranciscans, 
accustomed  to  their  chill  climate,  dress  in  heavy  woolen  suits  through  the 
summer,  a  day  which  tiicy  call  hot  would  not  receive  such  a  title  in  Sacra- 
mento or  New  York.  Summer  heat,  at  the  Golden  Gate,  is  always  associ- 
9 


INTRODUCTION. 


atcd  with  an  arrest  of  the  trade  wind;  so  long  as  that  blows  briskly,  with 
its  temperature  of  55^  or  60*^  at  the  beach,  the  thermometer  can  not  rise 
to  75°  in  the  city.  Let  it  stop  however  for  6  hours  in  daylight  and  the 
sun's  rays  will  soon  become  oppressive.  The  trade  wind  blowing  from  the 
west  supplies  cool  air  to  the  heated  surface  of  the  Sacramento  basin.  How- 
e\'cr,  there  are  occasions  when,  for  a  few  days,  a  strong  wind  blows  from  the 
north  through  that  basin.  At  such  times,  the  trade  wind  has  little  to  do 
at  the  Golden  Gate,  and  a  period  of  heat  follows.  Whenever  a  strong  north 
wind  prevails  in  the  Sacramento  Valley,  for  several  days,  then  a  lull  in  the 
trade  wind  and  a  warm  day  may  be  expected..  In  the  climate  of  San 
Francisco  the  phrase  "dog-days"  is  not  applicable  to  any  portion  of  the 
summer,  as  it  is  in  the  cities  on  the  Atlantic  slope.  One  result  of  the  cool 
temperature  and  constant  trade  wind  at  San  Francisco  is,  that  a  person  with 
weak  lungs  can  not  drive  out  comfortably,  in  an  open  carriage,  to  the  ocean 
beach  in  July,  unless  the  day  is  exceptionally  still  and  warm. 

It  is  a  singular  feature  of  the  shore  climate  of  the  San  Francisco  region, 
that  July  is  not  the  hottest  month,  nor  is  August;  but  September.  Thus, 
according  to  the  signal  service  records,  the  mean  of  July  in  1S77  was  59  \ 
and  of  Scptcmoer-6i'^.  TJie  means  of  a  nambcr  of  years  give  58-"  to  July, 
August,  and  October,  and  59'^  to  September.  In  St.  Louis,  of  July,  August, 
and  September,  the  respective  means  are  yS\  yO^,  and  70°,  and  in  New  York 
City,  74'^,  74°,  and  66\  The  greater  heat  of  September,  as  compared  with 
Jul)',  in  San  Francisco,  is  presumably  caused  by  the  cooling  of  the  Sacra- 
mento basin,  so  that  there  is  not  such  a  draft  of  cold  air,  pouring  through  the 
Golden  Gate  in  the  autumn,  as  in  the  summer.  At  Sacramento  city  the  tem- 
perature of  September  is  /'-'  less  than  that  of  July ;  at  Red  Bluff,  G"^  less;  and  at 
Visalia,  (f  less.  These  figures  indicate  a  considerable  decrease  in  the  demand 
of  the  great  interior  valley  for  cooling  breezes.  As  the  mean  temperature  of 
July  is  less  than  that  of  September,  so  is  the  average  number  of  hot  days. 
Thus  in  the  33  years  ending  October  1,  iSSi,  June  had  36  hot  days  (of  80"); 
July,  17;  August,  19;  September,  57;  and  October,  41.  September  had  3 
times,  and  June  and  October  each  twice  as  many  .is  July. 

Cool  Nights.— The  nights  are  always  cool  at  the  Golden  Gate.  On  rare 
occasions,  the  early  part  of  the  night  has  been  warm,  but  the  latter  part, 
never.  The  lowest  observation  taken  in  July,  1.S77,  was  53'^,  The  mean  of 
the  minimuins  was  55^.  All  the  signal  service  figures  are,  however,  a  little 
higher  than  those  taken  by  unofficial  observations.     The  mean  temperature 

of  the  July  sunrise  in  San  Francisco  i.s,  according  to  Dr.  GiniJONS,  52° cool 

enough  to  make  a  fire  desirable, 

Warm  Winters.— The  Kurosi wo,  which  moderates  the  summer's  heat,  also 


CLIMATE. 


67 


tempers  the  winter's  cold,  on  our  coast,  carrying  such  a  mass  of  water,  and 
spending  so  much  time  in  its  grand  circuit,  that  the  change  of  the  seasons 
has  httlc  perceptible  effect  on  its  temperature,  when  it  reaches  California.  It 
is  almost  as  warm  in  January  as  in  July,  and  almost  as  cold  in  the  latter  as 
in  the  former  month.  Not  so  swift  in  its  current  nor  so  narrow  along  the 
Asiatic  coast  as  is  the  gulf  stream  near  Florida,  it  has  greater  width,  prob- 
ably greater  depth,  and  a  longer  course.  Off  San  Francisco,  it  seems  to  be 
500  miles  wide,  and  is  perhaps  a  mile  deep.  The  temperature  of  the  water 
at  the  Golden  Gate  is  in  July  about  53'', 7*^  less  than  that  of  the  air;  200 
miles  out  it  is  58°,  10°  less  than  that  of  the  air;  and  Coo  miles  out  it  is  6^°, 
3°  less  than  that  of  the  air.  This  change  in  the  temperature  of  the  water, 
in  the  same  latitude,  can  not  be  explained  satisfactorily  upon  any  theory 
save  that  the  ocean  current  has  a  width  of  500  miles  or  more.  The  normal 
mean  temperature  of  July,  in  the  38th  parallel  of  latitude,  is  about  75°  on 
land  and  70°  in  the  water. 

The  mean  temperature  of  January  in  San  Francisco  is  in  average  years 
about  49°.  According  to  the  United  States  signal  service  records,  the  mean 
of  the  month  in  1S78  was  53"^,  and  the  lowest  observation,  39°.  The  mean  for 
the  same  month  at  2  P.  M.,  was  57°;  and  at  sunrise,  49°.  According  to  the  self- 
registering  thermometer  of  TlIOMAS  TennenT,  in  the  32  years  ending 
October  i,  1881,  the  mercury  fell  to  the  freezing  point  on  155  nights, or  not 
5  nights  in  a  year,  on  the  average.  The  greatest  number  in  a  year  was  21, 
in  1862;  but  there  was  not  one  in  1852,  1853,  i860,  1866,  1871,  or  1877. 
Of  these  155  freezing  nights,  December  had  58,  January,  50;  February,  19; 
November,  16;  March,  7;  April,  4;  and  May,  one.  The  mercury  has  not 
been  so  low  as  32°  between  sunrise  and  sunset  on  more  than  10  days  in  33 
years. 

Snow  is  sometimes  seen  to  fall  in  San  Francisco,  but  almost  invariably 
melts  within  5  seconds  after  touching  the  ground,  which  has  never  been 
white  with  it,  or  at  least  not  within  25  years.  On  several  occasions  the 
streets  have  been  white  or  whitish  with  sleet  or  fine  hail.  Ice  has  formed 
to  the  thickness  of  an  inch;  but  usually  disappears  before  noon.  The  cold- 
est temperature  ever  observed  in  San  Francisco  was  25°,  or  7°  below  the 
freezing  point.  Although  in  the  average  winter,  there  are  not  more  than  5 
nights  in  which  the  thermometer,  as  usually  placed,  4  feet  from  the  grounfl, 
records  a  figure  so  low  as  32°,  yet  there  are  probably  20  mornings  in  which 
a  white  frost  may  be  .seen  on  the  ground,  especially  in  places  where  it  is 
covered  by  griss,  straw,  or  woody  fiber.  The  frosts,  however,  are  never 
severe;  and  delicate  siiljtropical  ornamental  plants,  incluiling  the  heliotrope, 
fuchsia,  floripondio,  geranium,  and  French  roses,  live  and  often  bloom 
through  the  winter  in  the  open  air. 


68 


INTRODUCTION. 


Associated  with  the  small  range  of  temperature  between  the  means  of 
January  and  July,  and  between  the  means  of  the  maximums  and  minimums 
of  cither  month,  is  also  a  small  range  in  the  temperature  of  the  days  con- 
sidered separately.  Thus  the  greatest  difference  between  the  maximum 
and  minimum  of  any  one  day  was  20°  in  July  and  17°  in  January,  whereas 
in  New  York,  the  difference  was  23°  in  July  and  28°  in  January;  in  St. 
Louis  it  was  26°  in  July  and  22°  in  January.  It  must  be  remembered  that 
these  oscillations  in  San  Francisco  are  on  both  sides  of  the  temperature  of 
comfort,  while  in  New  York  and  St.  Louis  they  belong,  for  July,  to  the  do- 
main of  oppressive  heat,  and  for  Januaiy  to  that  of  intense  cold. 

The  remarks  about  the  climate  of  San  Francisco  applj',  with  slight  mod- 
ification, to  Santa  Cruz,  Monterey,  and  all  places  on  or  very  near  the  ocean 
beach,  between  the  35th  and  40th  parallels.  San  Francisco  is  a  little  cooler,  in 
summer,  than  other  points,  because  of  the  draft  cf  cool  air  from  the  ocean 
passing  through  the  Golden  and  Silver  gates  to  the  Sacramento  Valley. 
Santa  Cruz  is  a  little  warmer  than  Monterey,  in  summer,  because  it  is  pro- 
tected by  a  hill  from  the  trade  winds.  There  is  less  frost  on  the  beach  than 
there  is  a  mile  away  ;  less  within  a  mile,  than  4  miles  away.  The  heat  of 
summer  and  the  cold  of  winter  increase,  as  we  leave  the  ocean,  and  as  wc 
get  beyond  into  the  shelter  of  any  range  of  hills,  that  Ijrcaks  the  force  of 
the  ocean  breezes.  Thus  Vallcjo,  at  the  Silver  Gate,  only  25  miles  from 
.San  Francisco,  has  a  July  8°  warmer,  and  a  January  1°  colder  ;  St.  Helena, 
about  as  far  from  the  ocean  as  Vallcjo,  but  shut  in  by  a  mountain  ridge 
2000  feet  high,  is  19°  warmer  in  July  and  7°  colder  in  Januaiy.  The  valley 
towns,  in  the  San  Francisco  region,  though  nuich  warmer  in  the  summer 
than  the  metropolis,  can  not  grow  the  same  tender  plants  in  their  gardens. 
As  a  general  rule,  it  may  be  said,  January  is  about  2^  colder,  and  July  10° 
warmer,  30  miles  from  the  ocean  than  on  the  beach.  Among  the  valley 
towns,  in  the  San  Francisco  region,  arc  San  Jose,  Santa  Clara,  Gilroy, 
Watsonville,  Salinas,  .Solcdad,  IloUister,  Ilaywards,  San  Rafael,  Santa 
Rosa,  Ilcaldsburg,  Cloverdalc,  Ukiah,  Calistoga,  St.  Helena,  Napa,  Sonoma, 
Clapton,  Livermore,  and  Pleasanton,  and  the  summer  and  winter  tempera- 
tures of  each  are  much  influenced  by  the  amount  of  sea  breeze  reaching 
them. 

The  Early  Spring. — The  pleasantcst  season  of  the  average  year  in 
California  is  the  early  spring,  a  period  of  about  6  weeks,  commencing  some- 
times in  the  middle  of  February,  when  the  heaviest  rains  and  the  cold  of 
winter  have  passed  ;  when  the  summer  heats  have  not  commenced  in  the 
interior,  nor  the  winds  and  fogs  on  the  coast ;  when  the  breezes  are  balmy 
and  the  temperature  genial ;   when  the  sky   is  free  from  clouds,  and  the 


If 


CLIMATE. 


69 


atmosphere  from  haze  ;  w  i.cn  the  hills  and  valleys  are  gorgeous  in  varied 
tints  of  green,  the  wild  (lowers  abundant,  and  the  colors  and  shapes  of  the 
far  distant  mountains  distinctly  discernible.  In  this  region,  all  seasons  of 
the  year  are  pleasant,  but  this  is  pre-eminently  beautiful.  In  June,  if  not 
in  May,  the  surface  of  the  soil  becomes  dry,  the  landscape  turns  brown, 
the  flowers  die,  the  roads  and  the  lower  strata  of  the  air  become  dusty,  and 
the  mountains  dim.  The  Indian  summer,  on  the  Atlantic  slope,  is  beai.ii- 
ful ;  but  it  is  far  inferior  in  brilliancy  and  attractiveness  to  the  early  spring  of 
California,  and  especially  of  Southern  California,  where,  in  addition  to  the 
charms  of  the  season  in  other  portions  of  the  state,  we  then  sec  the  orange 
orchards  loaded  with  the  ripe  fruit  of  one  crop,  and  with  the  fragrant  blos- 
soms .iC  the  next  one,  at  the  base  of  grand  mountain.s,  and  within  10  or  20 
miles  of  their  snow-crowned  summits. 


Saa  Francisco  Rains. —  .ic  average  amount  of  rain  in  San  Francisco  is 
23  inches  in  a  year,  about  half  as  much  a  falls  at  New  York  or  London. 
The  Californian  rainfall,  however,  is  confined  to  the  winter  half  of  the  year, 
and  is  called  the  rainy  season,  although  thcr  are  not  more  rainy  day.s,  nor 
is  there  more  rainfall,  than  during  the  same  months  in  New  York.  We 
speak  of  the  rainy  season,  because  it  is  the  onl\'  period  when  we  have  rain, 
not  a  season  of  continuous  rain.  The  a\'erage  rainfall,  in  the  6  months  from 
May  to  October,  inclusive,  is  an  inch  and  a  half;  in  the  other  6  months  it  is 
2i}i  inches.  In  the  4  months  from  June  to  September,  inclusive,  the  aver- 
age is  less  than  a  third  of  an  inch,  and  less  than  a  twentieth  of  an  inch  for 
each  of  the  months  of  June,  July,  and  Augu.st.  Though  the  amount  of  the 
rainfall  varies  greatly  in  different  parts  of  the  State,  there  is  much  resem- 
blance in  the  relative  proportions  of  the  different  seasons,  everywhere  save 
in  the  Colorado  basin,  which  belongs  to  the  iVrizona  meteorological  region, 
having  its  rain  in  the  summer,  while  the  remainder  of  the  year  is  usually  dry. 

The  scarcity  of  summer  rain  in  California  and  Nevada,  is  doubtless  due 
mainly  to  two  causes:  First,  the  Californian  trade  winds  are  so  cold,  that 
they  will  not  take  up  much  moisture  from  the  ocean;  that  is,  they  take  up 
much  less  than  hot  winds  would;  and,  second,  so  soon  as  they  reach  the 
land,  they  encounter  a  much  higher  temperature,  so  that  their  moisture,  in- 
stead of  being  condensed,  is  absorbed  by  hot  currents,  which  rise  and  pass 
in  a  clear  sky  to  the  eastward  and  northward,  until  in  Oregon,  Idaho,  or 
Montana,  they  encounter  currents  cool  enough  to  cause  precipitation.  Prof. 
John  Le  Conti;  says:  "This  remarkable  feature  of  the  climate  of  this 
coast  is  clearly  due  to  the  e.xcess  of  temperature  of  the  adjacent  land,  dur- 
ing the  summer,  above  that  of  the  cool  ocean  on  the  west.  This  condition 
of  things,  while  it  augments  the  force  of  the  west  winds,  renders  the  pre- 


i\ 


70 


INTRODUCTION. 


cipitation  of  the  aqueous  vapors  of  small  tension,  which  they  sweep  from 
the  cool  ocean  to  the  hot  interior,  a  physical  impossibility,  since  they  are 
being  carried  to  a  region  of  higher  temperature.  Further  north,  along  the 
coasts  of  Oregon,  Washington  Territory,  and  Alaska,  the  presence  of  a  com- 
paratively warm  ocean  renders  the  conditions  more  favorable  for  summer 
rains." 

No  hurricane  has  ever  visited  California,  or  the  ocean  near  its  shore,  and 
thunder  storms  are  very  rare,  year  after  year  passing  in  the  valleys  without 
one  brilliant  flash  of  lightning.  The  deaths  by  lightning  in  the  State  have 
been  2  in  30  years,  whereas,  in  England,  25,  and  in  the  American  states 
east  of  the  Rocky  Mountain.s,  145  are  killed  by  it  annually.  In  a  region 
where  there  are  no  hurricanes,  where  summer  rains  are  almost  unknown,  and 
where  the  winter  rains  are  announced  usually  24  hours  in  advance  by  a 
change  in  the  direction  of  the  wind  (it  blows  from  the  north,  north-west,  or 
west  for  clear  weather,  and  from  south-west,  south,  or  south-east  for  rain), 
there  is  comparatively  little  use  for  the  barometer. 


Irregular  Rainfall. — There  is  more  irregularity  in  rainfall  than  in  tem- 
perature. The  mean  of  the  thermometer  for  any  one  month  is  about  the 
.same  in  one  year  as  in  another,  a  variation  of  5  per  cent,  being  rare :  and 
year  after  year  will  pass  without  a  difference  of  2  per  cent;  whereas  a  varia- 
tion of  50  per  cent,  in  the  rain-gauge  is  not  unfrcquent.  If  wd  count  years 
of  flood,  as  those  with  more  than  30  inches  of  rain,  we  have  had  7  in  the 
32  years  from  1849  to  1881 ;  and  estimating  17  inches  or  less  as  a  drought, 
we  have  had  6  in  the  same  period;  making  13  years  of  extremes  out  of  the 
32,  or  more  than  one  in  3.  It  is  estimated  that  12  inches  of  water  is  suffi- 
cient, with  skillful  management,  to  secure  a  good  crop  of  wheat,  but  the 
rain  often  comes  at  such  times,  that  a  large  part  of  it  is  lost  to  the  farmer; 
and  the  fall  is  less  in  the  wheat-growing  valleys  than  in  .San  Francisco. 

As  a  general  rule  the  rainfall  in  California  is  2  inches  greater  for  each 
degree  of  latitude,  as  we  go  northward  from  the  southern  boundary  of  the 
State.  It  is  greater  near  the  ocean  shore  than  inland;  greater  in  the  moun- 
tains than  in  the  valleys;  an-l  greater  on  the  western,  than  on  the  eastern 
slopes  of  the  mountains.  All  studies  so  far  undertaken  to  discover  a  regu- 
lar periodicity  in  the  variations  of  the  Californian  rainfall,  or  an  increase  and 
decrease  concurrent  with  the  progress  of  the  sunspots  or  with  some  astro- 
nomical cycle,  have  been  unsuccessful.  A  comparison  of  the  rainfall  at  San 
Francisco  as  compared  with  that  at  Niles,  15  miles  to  the  eastward,  and  at 
Livermorc,  10  miles  east  of  Niles,  will  show  the  decrease  in  proportion  to 
distance  from  the  ocean.  According  to  the  figures  recorded  at  the  stations 
of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  the  amounts  at  the  3  places 


CLIMATE. 


71 


were,  in  1871-72,  28,  23  and  19  inches  respectively;  in  1872-73,  16,  14  and 
11;  in  1873-74,  23,  14  and  12;  in  1874-75,  18,  12  and  12;  in  1875-76,  26, 
26  and  20;  in  1876-77,  9,  9  and  6;  in  1877-78,  32,  25  and  17;  in  1878-79, 
23,  15  and  10;  and  in  1879-80,  25,  18  and  16.  The  average  at  San  Fran- 
cisco is  69,  and  at  Niles  38  per  cent,  more  than  at  Livermore. 

There  arc  66  days  with  rain  in  a  year  at  San  Francisco,  including  12 
in  December,  10  in  January,  9  in  February,  9  in  March,  7  in  November,  5  in 
April,and  2  in  October.  In  London  there  arc  140  such  days  in  a  year;  in  New 
York  there  are  90.  Many  portions  of  the  San  Francisco  region,  beyond  the 
range  of  the  ocean  fogs,  have  220  clear  days,  without  a  cloud  to  obscure  the 
sunlight.     New  York  has  not  half,  and  London  not  a  third  so  many. 

Relative  Humidity. — These  summer  fogs  give  a  dampness  to  the 
atmosphere,  along  the  shore  of  the  San  Francisco  region.  The  amount  of 
moisture  in  the  air  is  measured  by  placing  2  thermometers  side  by  side,  one 
of  them  having  its  bulb  covered  with  a  wet  cloth.  When  the  air  is  saturated 
with  moisture,  there  is  no  evaporation  from  the  wet  cloth,  and  the  2  ther- 
mometers register  the  same  temperature.  When,  on  the  other  hand,  the  air 
is  very  dry,  the  evaporation  is  rapid,  and  as  evaporation  causes  cold,  the  wet 
bulb  thermometer  marks  a  lower  temperature  than  the  other.  The  differ- 
ence between  the  two  figures  furnishes  a  basis  for  calculating  the  relative 
humidity;  that  is,  the  amount  of  moisture,  in  proportion  to  the  capacity  of 
the  air  at  that  temperature,  to  carry  moisture,  visible  or  invisible.  The 
best  method  of  stating  the  relative  humidity  is  to  divide  the  year  into  two 
semesters,  or  periods  of  6  months ;  the  warm  semester  from  May  to  Octo- 
ber inclusive,  and  the  cold  semester  from  November  to  April  inclusive.  This 
relative  humidity  is  a  matter  of  little  moment  to  a  healthy  person  in  a  tem- 
perature of  pleasant  warmth,  but,  even  in  such  a  temperature,  it  is  important 
to  the  invalid  suffering  with  pulmonary  disease ;  and  when  the  weather  is 
either  hot  or  cold,  mayhave  a  great  influence  on  the  comfort  of  the  most 
robust.  The  preponderance  of  recent  medical  authority  has  condemned 
the  custom  of  sending  consumptives  to  moist  tropical  places,  like  Havana, 
St.  Augustine,  Uahia,  and  Honolulu,  and  now  recommends,  in  preference, 
mountain  health  resorts  in  the  temperate  /.ow,  with  an  elevation  not  less 
than  1,500,  nor  more  than  3,000  feet,  above  the  sea,  with  a  mean  tempera- 
ture not  lower  than  40''  in  Januaiy,  nor  warmer  than  75°  in  July,  and  a 
relative  humidity,  not  exceeding  60  in  the  warm,  nor  70  in  the  cold  semes- 
ter. Such  places  arc  rare,  and  the  nearest  possible  approach  is  made  to  the 
right  conditions,  by  requiring  the  patient  to  spend  half  his  year  at  one  place, 
and  half  at  another.  An  examination  of  all  the  accessible  meteorological 
statistics  justifies  the  assertion  that  nowhere  on  the  globe,  is  there  a  better 


i'lf-i 


I 


1^ 


72 


INTRODUCTION. 


combination  of  low  humidity  with  pleasant  warmth,  and  desirable  elevation 
jibinc  ihc  .';ca,  tlirin  can  be  found  at  various  places  in  ihu  Coast  I\Iountains 
of  California.  New  Mexico,  Nevada,  and  Arizona  have  lower  relative  hu- 
midity, over  considerable  districts  at  least,  but  their  summers  arc  too  hot. 
or  their  winters  too  cold.  The  following  tabic  gives  the  statistics  of  the  best 
climates  in  the  United  States,  Europe,  and  Africa,  for  persons  suffering  with 
(li.sea.ses  of  the  respiramry  organs,  the  figures  having  been  obtained  1)\'  ex- 
tensive research,  not  only  through  books,  but  also  by  correspondence  witii 
llic  meteorological  bureaus  of  various  governments: 


I'LACES. 


Relative  Humidity. 


en 


if 
3  n 

•5  ' 


/\llas  I'cak,  Cal 

Blake's,  Cal 

iimta  I'c,  New  Mexico. . 

Kgnerol,  Italy 

CiltanisoU.i,  Italy 

llczierb,  I'rancc 

BMOua,  Italy 

Kiacia,  Sjiain 

Hoggta,  Jtuly 

Denver,  ( .'uiorado 

Kirolvrh-,  South  Africa... 

UuaulUil,-    ( IrcRon 

St.  Pits;     Minnesota. 

]     ■  r,  I'lorida 

'Mill  Carolinftt 


L 


Ml 


s,Cal.... 
biLuia  Ujiuara,  Cal. . . 

Sail  DicLT.  Cal 

San  Fraai^isco,  Cal , . . 

San  Raiiii::.  Cal 

Red  IJluin;  Cal 

Sacrameitt),  Cal 

Salt  Laki;  Ciiv,  Utah , 


.V) 
44 

iS 
58 
4'8 
6b 

53 
57 
53 
+1 
69 

44 
66 

70 

79 
4i 
66 

7' 
75 
74 

65 
70 
68 
3' 


70 
46 
68 
74 
64 
71 
63 
73 
50 
71 
71 
70 
69 
65 
72 
64 
67 
69 
7» 
83 
74 
78 
58 


45 
57 
41 

63 
61 

63 
62 
60 
^3 
45 
70 

58 
68 
70 
72 
57 

65 
69 

72 

73 
74 
72 

73 
45 


Mean  Tcmp'ture. 


50" 

45 

32 

38 

45 

43 

36 

50 

43 

24 

74 

35 

10 

56 
32 
45 
52 
53 
51 
49 
48 

47 
45 
30 


74^ 

73 

69 

76 

78 

75 

71 

80 

80 

76 

49    I 

75 

69 

83 

75 

88 

75 
68 

72 
58 
07 

83 
73 
78 


Elevation. 


1500(1. 

2100 

6851 

950 
187I 

300 
2756 

141 

286 
5269 
4400 

460 

795 
23 

"348 

3'8 

60 

65 
120 

60 
337 

75 
4362 


Latitude. 


38°  35' 

38  35 
35  41 

44  50 
37  27 
42  38 

40  39 
37  59 

41  27 

39  45 
28  55 

45  55 
44  53 

30  24 

35  35 

36  20 

34  3 

34  25 

32  44 

37  47 
.37  58 

40  10 

38  35 

41  10 


This  table  includes  only  a  few  of  the  stations  from  which  statistics  of  rel- 
ative humidity  and  temperature  arc  obtainable,  the  large  majority  being 
cxcludeil,  because  their  climatic  conditions  arc  not  favorable  for  consumptive 
invalid'..  For  this  reason,  all  the  stations  in  Germany,  Russia,  New  Zetland, 
New  South  Wales,  and  Canada,  and  most  of  those  on  the  Atlantic  slope  of 
the  United  States,  arc  omitted.  Of  all  the  stations  in  France,  Ikv.icrs  has 
the  driest  climate;  of  all  in  Italy,  Caltanisctta;  of  all  in  the  Spanish  peninsula. 


CLIMATE. 


73 


Miircia;  of  all  in  South  Africa,  Kiinbcily;  of  all  in  Colorado,  Denver;  of  all 
in  Min:vj.->ta,  St.  Paul;  and  of  all  in  Florida,  Jacksonville.  The  table  wa.s 
drawn  up  for  the  purpose  of  enabling;  students  to  make  a  fair  r-,.niparison 
of  the  climatic  advantages  of  the  best  health  resorts  for  consum[)livcs,  .so 
far  as  obtainable  meteorological  statistics  .supply  the  material.  The  figures 
here  given  show  that  Atlas  Peak  and  IMakcs,  in  the  Coast  Mountains  of 
California,  respectively  20  and  30  miles  north  of  Silver  Gate,  arc  unc(iuak(l 
in  their  combination  of  dry  atmosphere,  with  a  ir>>.iri  tcmnci-.iture  in  winter 
and  summer,  and  a  desirable  elevation.  No  observations  for  relative  humid- 
ity have  been  kept  at  any  other  jxirt  in  the  Coast  I\Io  nitains,  but  there  arc, 
doubtless,  many  places  in  that  range,  south  of  the  SiKer  Gate,  with  condi- 
tions equally  favorable,  as  will  probably  appear  within  a  few  years.  The 
relative  humidity  in  winter  is  62  at  Cannes,  68  at  ISfertor.c,  71  at  Nice,  ar>'l 
So  at  Pan,  and  those  arc  the  only  figures  within  'each  forth  isc  towns.  Hiiy 
arc  considered  among  the  best  winter  resorts  for  consum|itives  in  Muro[)e; 
but,  in  their  combination  of  dry  atmosphere  with  elevation,  they  are  far  infe- 
rior to  various  Californian  stations.  Visalia,  Camp  Apache,  and  Camp  Verde 
arc  dry,  but  too  hot  in  the  summer;  Salt  Lake,  Santa  Fc,  Denver,  Piochc, 
Boise  City,  and  V'irginia  City  in  Montana,  arc  dry,  but  too  :ol(l  in  winter. 

In  1877,  Dr.  F.  W.  Hatch,  permanent  .secretary  of  Tin,  CALIFORNIAN 
State  Hoard  OI'  HkaI.TII,  addres.sed  a  circular  letter  tc  physicians,  re- 
questing a  report  of  their  experience  and  opinions,  as  to  the  suitability  of 
the  various  climates  near  them,  to  the  needs  of  consiimptivi.s.  The  result 
was  a  strong  preponderance  of  testimony  in  favor  of  the  e  istcrn  jwrtion  of 
the  coast  mountains,  at  elevations  ranging  from  i,2cxi  to  1,800  feet  above  the 
sea;  and  especially  for  that  portion  of  the  Coast  Range  north  of  the  .Silver 
Gate.  In  his  official  report  of  that  year.  Dr.  M.ak  II  said;  "  The  fact,  how- 
ever, has  been  abundantly  verified,  that  for  the  large  majority  of  consump- 
tives -those  in  a  condition  to  endure  the  inconvenience  of  camp  life — this 
mountain  region  is  better  suited  than  are  the  Sierra  Nevada  mountains." 

In  i879Tiiii;  State  Medical  Society  of  Caliiornia,  at  its  annual 
meeting,  unanimously  adopted  a  resolution  requesting  the  kgislalure  to 
establish  a  .State  Hospital  for  consumptives.  The  legislature  instructed  the 
State  Board  of  Health  to  make  a  report  on  the  .subject,  and  in  1880  the 
Board,  in  its  annual  report,  recommended  ih.ilsuch  an  institution  should  he 
established,  and  selected  Atlas  Peak  as  the  preferable  place  for  it.  They 
also  stated  that  a  good  site  for  such  an  institution  in  Southern  California 
could  be  fdiind  at  (he  Sierr.i  M.idre  Villa. 


Fog.—  I'hc  shore  of  San  Francisco's  meteorological  region  is  visited  with 

frequent  sea  fogs,  and  they  are  especially  abundant  at  the  Golden  Gale,  as 
10 


t  :i 


li  m 


(! 


\m 


I 


74 


INTRODUCTION. 


there  they  have  a  cliance  to  travel  inland  at  the  lc\cl  of  the  sea.  Usually 
they  do  not  rise  to  a  height  of  more  than  1,500  or  2,000  feet,  atid  the  sum- 
mits of  the  Coast  Mountains  may  be  in  clear  sunlifjlit  while  the  \alleys 
below  are  hiilden  in  the  foe,'.  In  the  cit)'  of  San  Francisco,  the  summer 
ni(.jlits  arc  usually  foggy,  and  a  warm  clcir  moonlight  evening  is  a  rarity; 
liut  afi(  r  sunrise  the  land  radiates  out  so  mucli  heat  that  before  the  middle 
of  the  furenooi.  the  fog  is  absorbed.  The  wind  continues  to  blow  with  a 
velocity  of  about  10  miles  an  huur,  hut  the  immense  bank  of  fog  over  tlic 
ocean  seems  to  be  stationary,  being  converted  into  invisible  moisture  so 
soon  as  it  gets  to  the  land.  At  night,  however,  when  the  heat  decreases, 
the  fog  can  advance  10  or  20  miles  inland,  and  max'  maintain  its  position 
until  midnight,  then  vanish,  to  ap|)ear  agai,.  hi  the  morning.  This  fog 
is  especially  al)undaiU  in  the  sunmier,  and  is  one  of  the  main  features  of 
the  climate  of  .San  Francisco,  contributing  to  make  the  evenings  cold  and 
dark. 

Warm  Belt.— AlllKiugh  the  Californian  low  land  has  a  subtropical  cli- 
mate, it  is  not  anywhere  free  from  frost.  The  leading  subtropical  fruit  trees, 
including  the  orange,  lemon,  fig,  olive,  and  ilatc,  when  of  mature  age,  can 
endure  \2  degrees  of  frost — that  is,  12  degrees  below  the  freezing  point — if 
occinring  only  occasionally  and  lasting  but  a  few  hom-s,  without  serious  in- 
jury-; ,uul  to  such  cold  llieyare  exposed,  in  man\'of  the  Californian  valleys, 
peihaps  once  in  five  years  on  an  average.  In  the  ordinar}-  winter  the  mer- 
cury does  not  fall  below  28°  in  San  Francisco.  The  situations  least  troubled 
by  frost  arc  not  die  lowest  lands,  in  the  most  southern  part  of  the  State,  as 
might  h-e  ex[)ected  from  the  fact  that  climate  becomes  warmer  as  we  ap- 
proach the  equator,  and  that  there  is  an  average  decrease  of  one  degree  of 
temperature  for  every  300  feet  of  elevation.  These  rules  apply  in  California 
as  well  as  elsewhere,  but  there  are  certain  other  facts,  which  must  not  be 
overlooked. 

Frosts  are  not  rare  at  the  level  of  the  .sea,  near  tlu!  tropics.  The  trade 
wind,  blowing  from  the  Pacific  with  a  temperature  of  55"  over  the  coast  of 
California,  north  of  latitude  35°,  dining  a  large  part  of  the  year,  renders 
frost  rare  near  the  shore,  but  its  chilly  influence,  continuing  through  the 
summer,  is  more  damaging  to  fruit  than  an  occasional  frost. 

The  parts  of  California  best  suited  for  fruit  sensitive  to  frost  are  poitions 
of  the  "warm  belt,"  a  general  term  apiilietl  to  portions  of  the  hills,  usually 
not  less  than  200  noi  more  than  2,000  feet  above  the  level  of  adjacent  val- 
leys. It  is  important  ih.it  there  .hould  be  an  adjacent  v.dley,  into  which 
the  cold  air  can  flow  ilown  at  night;  otherwise  the  benefits  of  the  I'levatioii 
arc  lost.  Frosts  arc  more  severe  in  the  lowest  situations,  and  especially  on 
moist  soil,  than  on  the  dry  hillsides;  and  more  severe  in  inclosed  valleys, 


CLIMATE. 


with  peaks  covered  with  snow  in  their  vicinity,  than  in  open  plains,  far  from 
the  snow. 

At  the  Sierra  Madre  Villa,  1,700  feet  abo\e  the  sea,  on  the  hillsiile  atwne 
the  valley  of  the  San  Gabriel,  there  is  much  less  frost  than  in  the  low  land, 
ID  miles  distant.  The  same  relative  cxeni[)tion  is  enjoyed  by  the  upper 
Ojai,  as  compared  with  the  lower  Ojai  Valley  in  Ventura  County.  Tn  Sanla 
Clara  County  the  hillsides  about  Los  Gatos  arc  found  lo  have  far  less  frost 
than  the  bottom  lands  near  San  Jose.  At  the  Napa  Soda  Springs,  at  Atlas 
Peak,  at  Howell  Mountain,  and  at  \arious  other  places,  the  Mast  Na]),i 
ridge  has  far  less  frost  than  has  tlic  fertili'  Na[)a  Valley  at  its  base.  The 
plain  of  Santa  Rosa,  and  the  mountain  side  above  it,  show  similar  differ- 
ences. As  a  general  rule,  the  warm  belt  enjo)'s  a  much  greater  relati\e 
exemption  from  frost  in  the  autumn  and  early  winter  than  in  the  s])ring. 
In  the  hills,  places  which  in  ordinary  seasons  arc  exempt  from  frost  from 
September  till  November  inclusive,  will  in  April  and  May  have  frosts  almost 
as  frequent  and  severe  as  tho.sc  ob.served  in  the  low  lands. 

In  a  paper  read  before  TlIE  S.\N  FUANClsco  ACADEMY  OI'  Scti:\CES, 
B.  B.  Redding  said:  "The  zone  in  the  Sierra,  known  as  the  'foothills,'  is 
as  warm  for  the  year,  and  as  warm  for  the  coldest  month,  as  the  Sacramento 
Valley  in  the  same  latitudes.  This  warm  belt  certainly  extends  to  an  ele- 
vation of  2,500  feet.  Colfax,  with  an  elevation  of  2,422  feet,  has  a  mean 
for  the  year  of  Co",  and  a  mean  for  the  coldest  month  of  45°,  while,  for  the 
lamc  periods,  .Sacramento  has  for  the  ye.ir  60",  and  for  the  coldest  month 
46^.  Fort  Tejon,  on  the  Tehachapi  Mountains,  elevation  3,245  feet,  foi-  the 
year  is  but  6°  colder  than  Tulare,  in  the  center  of  the  valley  3,000  feet  be- 
low; while  the  temperature  for  the  winter  months  is  nearly  the  .same.  Fort 
Tejon  having  42°,  and  Tulare  42°." 

Dr.  James  Blake  discussed  the  same  subject,  a  few  weeks  later,  in  a 
paper  read  before  the  same  academy,  and  produced  meteorological  statistics, 
to  prove  that  the  minimum  temperatures  in  winter  are  less  on  the  hillsides 
than  in  the  valleys.  For  instance,  he  showed  that  during  the  first  5  days  of 
the  [>icvious  December  (1878),  the  mercury  stood,  in  Sacramento,  at  50"  at 
9  r.  M.;  and  ;it  41"  ;it  7  A.  M.;  indiciting  a  decline  of  (jp\  whereas  at  Colfax 
(2,421  feet)  and  Immigrant  Gap  (5,221  feet  high)  there  was  no  variation.  At 
the  latter  jilaie  the  mercury  stood  at  52" at  9  V.  M.  and  7  A.  M.  During  those 
5  days  the  air  was  quiet;  but  in  the  5  days  from  the  i  ith  to  the  isth  of  the 
same  montli,  while  a  strong  north  winil  was  blowing,  the  temperature  at  the 
higher  stations  was  considerably  colder  than  at  Sacramento,  and  it  declined 
in  the  course  of  the  night.  Dr.  Blake  found  that  January  of  187S,  a  rainy 
and  stormy  month,  had  .i  mean  of  49"  ;it  Sacramento,  45"  at  Colfax,  and 
34"  at    Emigrant  Gap;  while  the  following   December,  a  calm   and   clear 


L 


7^J 


INTKODCl -riON. 


month,  had  a  mean  of  45^  at  Sacramento,  47°  at  Colfax,  and  41°  at  Emi- 
(.;rant  (jap.  Amont^  otlicr  things  lie  said:  "The  only  explanation  that  can 
be  offered  of  this  anomalous  distribution  of  temperature  is,  that  during  a 
calm  state  of  the  atmosphere,  the  lower  stratum  of  air,  that  has  been  heated 
in  the  valleys  durinjj  the  day,  gradually  rises  up  cti  masse,  its  place  being 
supplictl  by  the  cold  air  flowing  down  into  the  valleys,  over  the  surface  of 
the  ground,  that  has  been  cooled  by  radiation  during  the  long  winter  nights. 
This  can  only  take  place  when  there  is  a  calm  state  of  the  atmosphere,  and 
when  radiation  is  not  obstructed  by  clouds  or  fogs,  conditions  that  prevailed 
to  a  great  degree  during  pcccniber  [187S].  Under  these  circumstances  the 
heated  body  of  air  gradually  ascends,  and  as  our  temperature  curves  show, 
can  reach  an  elevation  of  at  least  5,000  feet,  and  probably  much  higher. 
*'  *  *  The  fact  is  a  most  important  one  in  its  relation  to  the  cultivation 
of  semi-tropical  fruits.  The  only  time  at  which  they  arc  liable  to  be  injured, 
at  least  up  to  an  elevation  of  3,000  feet,  is  during  calm  arid  told  nights, 
and  on  such  nights,  ,is  has  been  plainly  shown,  it  is  the  more  elevated  places 
that  are  the  warmer.  During  our  stormy  weather,  even  in  midwinter,  the 
tcniperature  never  falls  low  enough  at  the  elevations  above  given  to  injure 
them.  At  my  residence  [2,100  feet  above  the  sea,  near  Mt.  St.  Melcna] 
most  of  the  orange-trees  that  were  planted  out  only  last  .season,  are  unin- 
jured. They  certainly  have  sufferetl  less  than  at  Los  Angcle.s,  where  a 
tcniperature  of  23'^  has  been  rcporteil,  while  at  my  residence  tnc  thermometer 
has  not  been  lower  than  29  degrees." 

In  a  private  letter,  dated  November  25,  1881,  Dr.  Bl.AKE  .says:  "I  find  on 
clear,  calm  nights  that  the  thermometer  at  my  place  begins  t(j  rise  about  3 
A.  M.,  and  rises  until  5  A.  M,,  at  wliich  time  it  is  1°  or  1.5"  higher  than  at  9 
r.  M.  From  5  A.  .^r.  to  7  A.  M.,  there  is  generally  a  fall  of  about  2°,  the  mini- 
mum being  reached  at  sunrise.  During  the  early  frost  (November  15)  last 
jcar,  the  thermometer  at  Calistoga  [elevation  300  feet]  was  21°,  at  Sacra- 
mento I  !v ',  and  at  my  place  44"." 

Sacramento  Climate. — The  Sacramento  region  includes  the  basins 
drained  by  \\  ;  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  Rivers.  On  the  west  it  is 
sheltered  from  the  ocean  breezes  by  the  ridges  of  the  Coast  Range,  which 
may  average  3,000  or  3,500  feet  in  height.  As  compared  with  the  San 
Francisco  region,  these  basins  have  less  fog,  in  the  winters  more  colil,  in  the 
summers  more  heat,  and  in  the  lowlands  less  rain,  less  timber,  and  more 
clear  days.  A  prominent  feature  of  the  sky  of  the  Sacramento  and  San 
Jo.-i(iuin  Vallcy.s,  as  well  as  of  Southern  California,  is  the  p.iucity  of  clouds. 
Week  after  week  will  pass,  in  the  summer,  without  a  film  of  nu>l  near  the 
earth,  or  a  speck  of  cloud  in  the  heavens.     California,  as  a  whole,  is  pre- 


^'|»**t?,i 


■•^•2g«*2 


CLIMATK. 


eminently  a  sunny  land,  oflbring  a  great  contrast  in  this  respect  to  iMighnul, 
and  to  the  western  divisions  of  Oregon,  Washington,  and  British  Cohiinbia. 
In  London  there  are  2  hours  of  sunshine  in  the  average  ihiy  from  October 
to  December  inclusive;  and  not  more  than  5  hours  on  the  average  in  the 
year:  in  Sacramento  the  corresponding  figures  arc  about  7  and  10. 

The  temperature  in  the  valley  land  is  largely  influenced,  if  not  mainly 
controlled,  by  exposure  to  the  breezes  from  the  ocean.  At  the  northern 
and  southern  ends  it  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  mountains  4,000  or  5,000 
feet  high ;  while  near  the  middle,  it  is  intersected  by  a  considerable  gap, 
and  the  mountains  for  30  miles  on  each  side  arc  lower  than  they  arc  tn  the 
north  and  the  south.  If  we  move  northward  from  the  Silver  Gate,  on  tlic 
west  side  of  the  Sacramento  Valle)'.  we  find  a  mean  for  July  of  72^  at  I'^air- 
ficld,  78°  at  Woodland,  81°  at  Williams,  and  85°  at  Redding,  an  increase 
of  13°  of  temperature  in  2  of  latitude.  If  wc  move  southward  on  the  east- 
ern side  of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  we  shall  find  a  mean  for  July  of  74'  at 
Stockton,  70"  at  Merced,  86°  at  Tulare,  and  90°  at  Delano,  indicating  a  dif- 
ference of  16"  of  temperaliire  in  2' of  latitude.  Traveling  eastward,  on  the 
line  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  from  the  middle  of  the  valley,  we  have 
74°  in  Sacramento;  75"  at  Auburn,  with  an  elevation  of  1,360  feet;  75"  at 
Alta,  3,607  feet  above  the  .sea ;  62°  at  Cisco,  5,934  feet  above  the  sea ;  anrl  60° 
at  Summit,  7,017  feet  above  the  .sea,  as  means  for  July.  Thus  wc  sec  that, 
as  wc  go  northward  or  southward  from  the  center  of  the  valley,  we  get  into 
greater  summer  heat;  as  wc  ascend  the  Sierra  Ncr-ada,  the  temperature  of 
July  remains  the  same,  until  we  reach  a  point  nearly  4,000  feet  above  the 
sea,  and  above  that  elevation  it  falls  about  one  degree  for  every  200  feet. 
The  valley  is  very  hot  at  midd.ay  for  several  months  in  the  summer.  The 
mean  of  the  July  maximums  in  Sacramento  in  1877  was  92°.  On  3 
days  the  thermometer -cached  100°  or  more,  the  highest  being  103";  on  7 
other  days  the  mercury  went  to  various  figures  between  95"  and  99'.  In  22 
out  of  31  days  in  the  month,  the  heat  was  90"  or  more.  If  we  compare 
this  with  the  same  month  in  New  York  rity,  Wf  (in. I  that  it  is  10°  hotter. 
The  mean  of  the  month  was  about  the  .same,  but  ihe  mean  of  the  maxi- 
mums was  ic  less  on  Manhattan  Island.  On  only  j  days  out  of  31  did  the 
mercury  there  <-cm:\\  90";  and  its  highest  (igure  was  (^3'. 

At  Red  UlulT,  which  represents  all  liie  northern  part  of  the  Sacramento 
Valleir.  and  ])resumably  the  sides  of  I  hi;  adjacent  mountain,  to  an  elevation 
of  3,c/x>  feet  ilie  mi;an  of  the  maximunfc^  lor  July,  1877,  was  101".  The 
highest  um;)'  1  iUu<"  of  the  month  uin  h^.s  .  The  thermonu-ter  rose  to  100" 
or  mwre  in  13  days  of  the  mumth,  and  in  14  other  day.s  to  some  figure  be- 
tween 90"  and  99°  -  leaving  oialy  4  days  with  less  than  90°.  Visali  i,  repre- 
senting th«-  »outl»crn  f-nd  of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  had  .iboul  ihe  same 


y 


k  I 


h  '■ 


78 


INTKOULCTION. 


intense  hcit  in  July.  The  mean  Jul>-  temperature  of  Red  Bluff,  in  latitudr; 
40°  10',  is  the  same  as  that  of  New  Orleans  in  29°  58',  but  in  the  latter  city 
the  mercury  docs  not  rise  above  90°. 

Fortunately  for  the  residents  of  the  Sacramento-San  Joaquin  valley,  its 
intense  heat  at  mirJday  is  counterbalanced  by  a  relatively  low  temperature 
■It  nii^ht.  Thus  at  Sacramento  the  mean  of  the  July  minimums  is  58',  a 
ri;j;ure  implying  that  blankets  must  be  used  on  the  bed  for  comfort.  New 
York-,  which  has  10°  less  ofhcat  at  2  I'.  .M.,  has,  on  the  other  hand,  10"  more 
heat  at  night,  the  mean  of  the  minimums  fcjr  the  montli  being  6y°.  Accord- 
ing lo  figures  published  in  the  New  York  Trilmnc  at  the  time,  the  mercury 
at  midnight  in  the  30  da\-s  ending  July  21,  1877,  fell  only  3  times  below  75°; 
and  8  times  it  stood  at  80'  or  more.  No  approach  to  that  heat  has  ever 
been  observed  in  central  California.  The  mean  of  the  July  minimums  is 
69'  at  lied  Bluff,  and  "jf^  at  New  Orleans. 

The  days  when  the  thermometer  rises  above  100"  at  Red  Bluff  or  Visalia, 
and  above  95"  at  Sacnimenlo,  are  usually  days  when  a  strong  north  wind 
IjIows.  It  might  he  supposed  that  a  v.ind  from  that  direction  would  be 
cool,  but  the  north  wind  of  the  Sacramento  basin  is  hot,  sometimes  scorch- 
ing hot,  and  always  intensely  desiccating  in  its  influence,  so  that  it  blasts 
vegetation  and  fruit,  occasionally  kills  small  animals  by  sunstroke,  and 
cau:.cs  a  serious  depression  of  spirits  in  [)ersons  of  nervous  temperament. 
.Such  winds  come  perhaps  a  dozen  times  a  year,  and  sometimes  last  10 
days,  but  not  more  than  3  usually;  and  the  average  intervals  between  them 
may  be  2  weeks.  The  hot  wind  often  blows  in  the  Sacramento  valley 
with  a  temperature  little  above  80",  but  it  does  not  become  very  oppressive 
until  it  has  a  temperature  of  yo  ;  it  then  ewaporatcs  an  inch  of  water  within 
24  hours.  While  it  continues,  cows  give  a  third  less  milk  than  under  ordi- 
nary circumstances;  and  if  the  w  heat  is  "  in  the  milk"  the  croi^  is  destroyed. 
Tiie  hottest  wintl  ever  known  in  central  California  was  observed  in  Stanis- 
laus County  on  the  23d  of  June,  1859,  when  the  thermometer  rose  in  the 
.shade  to  1 13  .  It  is  said  that  this  wind  gives  relief  toa:;thmatics,  but  makes 
consumptives  worse. 

The  oi)pressiveness  of  the  midday  heat  in  the  interior  of  California,  as 
well  as  in  other  parts  of  our  slope  between  the  20th  and  42(1  degrcL-s  of 
latitude,  is  mitigated  1.))'  the  extreme  drynes:^  of  th(^  atmospliere,  which  car- 
ries away  the  perspiration  rapidl\-,  and  thus  counteracts  the  effects  of  tlic 
heat.  Asa  consequence,  there  is  less  feeling  of  discomfort  at  Red  BlulT, 
when  the  thermometer  reaches  100 ;  Ihan  in  New  York,  when  it  goes  to  85  '. 
In  the  former  place  the  mean  relative  humiditj-  of  the  4  months  from  June 
to  September,  inclusive,  is  32,  while  in  New  York,  during  the  same  months, 
it  is  71;  in  Ne\i'  Orleans,  67;  and  in  St.  Louis,  63,     At  all  points  east  of 


CLIMATE. 


79 


the  Mississippi  it  is  more  than  double  as  much  as  iti  the  northern  end  (if  the 
Sacramento  Valley.  In  Sacramento  City  the  relative  humidity  for  thc.e  4 
nioiilhs  is  46,  and  at  Visalia.  10.  This  extreme  atmo.'^Dhcric  dryness  in 
California  is  a  protection  aganist  sunstroke,  the  ca^cs  of  which  are  rare, 
averaging  not  5  per  cent,  of  the  number  that  occur  in  the  American  States, 
east  of  the  Mississippi  River.  There  ha\e  been  presumably  120  fatal  cases 
in  California,  within  30  )'ears;  and  of  these,  10  occurred  in  Colusa  Count)-  in 
June,  1S7C.  There  are  4  annually  on  an  average  in  the  State.  In  St.  Louis 
there  were  135  deaths  by  sunstroke  ir.  the  week  ending  July  '9,  i8;8;  in 
New  York  City  there  were  79  in  the  24  hours  ending  at  noon  on  July  i, 
18S0;  in  Great  Britain  there  are  90  deaths  by  sunstroke  annually.  Hydro- 
phobia, which  is  frequent  in  countries  that  have  intetise  heat  in  a  moist 
atmosphere,  is  rare  on  the  Pacific,  slope  north  of  Mexico;  indeed,  there  is 
reason  to  doubt  whether  there  is  one  genuine  case  on  record. 

The  mean  January  temperature  of  Sacramento  City  is  49°,  of  Red  Bluff 
47°,  and  of  Visalia  48^,  showing  a  remarkable  uniformity.  On  5  days 
in  January,  1878,  the  mercury  fell  below  32",  the  lowest  obsenation  being 
28°;  on  6  days  at  Red  Bluff  it  went  down  to  the  freezing-point,  the  lowest 
being  25°;  and  in  7  days  it  went  to  32°  at  Visalia,  the  lowest  being  24°. 
The  frost  is  more  frequent  and  se\crc  at  the  ends  of  the  great  valley  than 
in  its  middle.  The  mercuiy  has  fallen  as  low  as  12"  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  the  proximity  of  the  Californian  Alps,  with  their 
great  masses  of  snow,  making  the  frost  more  severe  there  than  in  any  other 
part  of  the  State  near  the  level  of  the  sea.  At  Red  Bluff  the  mcrcuiy  has 
fallen  to  14°;  at  Sacramento  to  16°,  and  at  Sumner  to  12°;  but  such  cold 
does  not  occur  more  than  once  in  10  year.s,  on  an  average. 

There  arc  j'  of  latitude  between  Sumner,  at  the  southern  end  of  the  San 
Joaquin  Valley,  and  Redding  at  tlie  nortlicrn  end  of  the  Sacramento  Valley. 
The  average  annual  rainfall  at  the  two  towns,  and  at  various  intervening 
places,  was  thus  calculated  by  B.  B.  REDDlNii  from  statistics  accessible  in 
1878;  Sumner,  4  inches;  Delano,  4;  Tulare,  5;  Borden,  3;  Merced,  9;  Mo- 
desto, 10;  Stockton,  13;  Sacramento,  19;  Marysville,  17;  Chico,  22;  Tehama, 
16;  Red  Bluff,  18;  and  Redding,  29.  The.se  figures  imply  that  in  the  Sac- 
ramento-San Joaquin  Valley  each  degree  of  latitude  brings  4  or  5  inches  of 
additional  rain.  The  towns  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  from  Sunnier  to 
Stockton  are  on  its  eastern  side ;  the  western  side,  in  the  same  respective  lat- 
itudes, has  not  half  so  large  a  rainfall. 

As  we  ascend  the  .Sierra  Ne\ad,i,  the  aiiuniiil  <if  r.iiii  increases  nipidly 
with  the  elevation.  Thus,  on  the  line  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  the 
mean  annual  rainfall  for  8  years  was  19  inches  at  Sacramento;  43  at  Colfax, 
at  an  elevation  of  2,422  feet;  47  at  Alta,  3,607  feet  above  the  sea;   55  at 


8o 


INTRODUCTION. 


n  m;   I 


Cisco,  5,93^  feet  high,  and  58  at  the  Summit,  7,017  feet  high.  This  indi- 
cates an  ad  Jitional  inch  of  rnin  for  each  increase  of  200  feet  in  elevation. 
In  these  figures,  one  foot  of  fresh  snow  is  counted  as  equivalent  to  an  inch 
of  rain,  and  abo\c  2,000  feet  there  is  some  snow  every  winter;  above  5,000 
feet  more  snow  than  rain;  above  6,000  feet  nearly  all  the  precipitation  is  in 
the  form  of  snow,  which  near  the  summit  is  not  unfrequently  20  feet  deep, 
after  much  has  melted  and  the  remainder  has  been  packed  into  a  hard  mass. 

Lo3  Angeles  Climate. -r-Thc  Los  Angeles  meteorological  region  includes 
Santa   Barbara,  Ventura,  and   t'      2  portions  of  Los  Angeles,  San   Ber- 
nardino, and  San  Diego  counties,  at  the  western  base  of  the  Coast  Range, 
and  on  their  western  slope,  fronting  280  miles  on  the  Pacific,  and  extending 
on  an  average  40  miles  inland.     The  entire  region  lies  south  of  latitude  35°, 
antl  beyond  the  influence  of  those  cold  summer  fogs  and  strong  breezes 
which  give  a  peculiar  coolness  to  San   Francisco  in  the  summer.     Los  An- 
geles city  lies  only  14  miles  from  the  ocean,  without  the  shelter  of  any  inter- 
vening hill,  but  it  has  a  warm  climate,  the  mean  of  July  being  71°;  the  mean 
of  iis  nia.ximums  being  80",  and  of  its  minimums  62°.     The  mean  of  its 
January  is  54°,  the  lowest  temperature  recorded  for  the  month  in  1878  being 
37°.     It  is,  however,  not  exempt  from  frost;  for  the  mountains  to  the  east- 
ward, within  20  miles,  rise  to  an  elevation  of  10,000  feet,  and  in  the  winter 
ha\e  much  snow,  which  helps  to  send  the  mercury  down  occasionally  as  low 
as  24,  causing  serious  damage  among  the  nurseries  of  orange  and  lemon 
trees.     The  cold  is  not  .severe  enough  to  injure  the  old  trees,  or  the  fruit, 
which  is  usually  of  full  size  and  ripe,  when  the  frost  comes.     San  Diego,  at 
the  southern  end  of  the  Los  Angeles  region,  has  mean  te.Tipcratures  of  69° 
in  July  and  55°  in  January.     Santa  Barbara,  near  the  northern  end  of  this 
district,  has  a  mean  of  71°  in  July  and   54"  in  Januar)'.     These  figures  give 
a  general  idea  of  the  temperature  of  the  whole  region.     The  climate,  though 
not  exempt  from  occasional  .severe  frosts,  is  subtropical  in  its  ;iiain  features, 
and  the  fruits  and  ornamental  plants  inckKle  many  varieties     hat  belong  to 
the  warmest  borclers  of  the  temperate  zone.     Going  eastward    rom  Los  An- 
geles, at  a  distance  of  50  miles  we  reach  the  San  Bernardino  Valley,  from 
800  to  1,200  feet  above  the  sea,  with  about  the  same  mean  temperature  as 
near  the  ocean  shore;  but  occasionally  with  greater  heat  in  July,  and  harder 
frost  in  January. 

The  greater  part  of  this  Los  y\ngeles  region  has  occasional  hot  north 
winds  and  sand  storms  in  the  smnmer.  A  hot  wind  at  Santa  Barbara,  on 
June  17,  1S59,  had  a  temperature  of  133'.  Trees  were  blasted;  fruit  was 
blistered  and  hilled;  and  cakes,  ral)i)its,  and  birds  died  from  cxposiu'c  to 
the  wind.  In  the  last  22  years  no  wind  api)roaching  that  one,  in  heat  or 
damaging  effects,  has  been  felt  in  an)'  part  of  the  State. 


»    I 


mmam 


'^iM 


CLIMATE. 


Si 


The  average  annual  rainfall  is  about  1 5  inches  at  Santa  Rarbara,  1 2  at 
Los  Angeles,  10  at  San  Diego,  and  9  at  Colton.  The  climate  at  Los 
Angeles  has  been  marked  by  periods  of  large  and  small  rainfall.  Thus  in 
the  4  seasons  ending  June,  1S64,  the  highest  rainfall  was  13  inches,  and 
the  aggregate  of  the  4  years  was  only  28  inches,  or  an  average  for  the 
period  of  7  inches;  while  in  the  3  years  ending  June,  1876,  the  lowest 
fall  was  21  inches,  and  the  average,  according  to  one  rain-gauge,  was  24 
inches.  The  average  of  the  10  years  ending  June,  1870,  was  10  inches  ; 
of  the  10  years  ending  J'l'ic,  1S80,  14  inches.  The  smaller  rainfall  in  San 
Bernardino  Valley  is  claimed  to  be  advantageous  to  all  those  places  sup- 
plied with  abundant  wuler  for  irrigation,  on  the  theory  that  the  dryness  of 
the  atmosphere  protects  the  orange  and  other  fruit-trees  from  destructive 
in.sects. 

One  feature  of  the  climate  of  the  Los  Angeles,  Utah,  and  Arizona 
regions,  and  of  the  southern  part  of  the  Sacramento  region,  is  the 
occasional  occurrence  of  "  cloud  bursts,"  or  extremely  heavy  rains,  in  which 
the  water  pours  down,  as  if  a  reservoir  had  broken  in  the  sky.  The  con- 
sequence is,  that  sometimes  ravines,  previously  dry,  are  suddenly  filled 
with  water,  which  .sweeps  everything  before  it,  not  giving  people  time  to 
escape.  There  is  no  trustworthy  record  of  a  cloud  burst  in  or  near  any  of 
the  larger  towns  of  California  ;  they  are  of  rare  occurrence  anywhere,  and 
are  never  observed  in  the  large  valleys. 

Oregon  Climate. — The  western  Oregon  region  includes  all  those  portions 
of  Oregon,  Washington,  and  British  Columbia,  north  of  latitude  43°,  and 
west  of  the  summit  of  the  Cascade  Range.  It  has  an  abundant  rainfall  in 
summer,  as  well  as  in  other  seasons  of  the  year,  a  moist  atmosphere,  a  cool 
summer,  a  mild  winter,  little  ice  or  snow,  and  a  dense  growth  of  coniferous 
trees  over  most  of  its  area. 

The  mean  temperature  of  July  is  69"  at  Portland,  and  63°  at  Olympia; 
of  January,  42"  at  Portland,  and  41°  at  Olympia.  The  climate  of  Puget 
Sound  bears  a  close  resemblance  to  that  of  England,  but  is  4°  warmer 
in  winter.  At  Portland,  the  highest  temperature  in  July,  1877,  was  91°, 
and  the  mean  at  2  P.  M.  was  81°,  while  the  mean  of  the  minimums 
was  55",  indicating  that  the  nights  are  always  cool.  The  mean  at  2 
r.  M.  in  January  was  46",  and  the  mean  of  the  minimums  36°,  On  8  dif- 
ferent days,  the  thermometer  fell  to  the  freezing  point,  the  lowest  figure 
reached  being  18".  Only  once  did  the  thermometer  remain  so  low  as  the 
freezing  iioiiit  for  24  consecutive  hours.  At  Oij'inpia  the  thermometer  rose 
to  80"  or  more  on  8  different  days  in  July,  1S77,  and  to  75"  or  more  on 
16  days.  The  mean  of  the  minimums  in  that  month  was  about  50°.  The 
II 


82 


INTRODUCTIOX. 


highest  observation  in  January,  1878,  was  52',  and  the  mean  of  the  mini- 
mums  was' 36'.  The  lowest  temperature  was  25°,  and  on  8  different  days 
the  mercury  fell  to  the  frcczintj  point,  but  never  was  so  low  as  that  at  mid- 
day. No  thick  ice  ever  forms  near  the  level  of  the  sea  on  the  Pacific  side 
of  the  continent,  in  the  latitude  of  Boston.  The  temperature  is  about  the 
.';ame  on  Vancouver  Island  as  at  Olympia. 

The  annual  rainfall  of  the  Western  Oregon  region  is  about  80  inches  near 
the  ocean,  and  from  40  to  60  inches  50  miles  inland.  On  the  eastern  shore 
of  Vancouver  Island  and  in  Southern  Oregon  it  is  less;  and  in  the  northern 
part  of  British  Columbia  more.  There  are  no  tornadoes.  The  mean  rela- 
tive humidity  of  the  warm  semester  is  Gj  at  Portland,  and  "jS  at  Olympia; 
of  the  cold  .semester,  •/"]  at  the  former  and  82  at  the  latter  place. 

The  Eastern  Oregon  meteorological  region  includes  the  country  between 
the  42d  and  55th  parallels  of  latitude,  and  between  the  summits  of  the 
Cascade  Chain  and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  temperature  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  this  region  is  nearly  the  same  as  in  New  York  City;  the  mean 
of  July  being  from  72'  to  75",  and  of  January  30°  to  35°.  The  annual  rain- 
fall, however,  is  only  a  third  so  much  as  at  Manhattan  Bay,  not  averaging 
more  than  i  5  inches ;  but  this  is  enough  to  secure  good  crops  in  the  agri- 
cultural districts,  the  soil  being  moister  than  in  California.  The  northern 
])art  of  this  meteorological  region  has  a  higher  elevation,  more  cold  in  the 
winter,  and  inore  rain. 


Utah  and  Arizona.— The  Utah  meteorological  region,  including  nearly 
all  of  Utah  and  Nevada,  and  part  of  California  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
has  a  temperature  differing  little  from  that  of  New  York,  the  mean  temper- 
ature of  January  being  30',  and  that  of  July,  78°.  The  rainfall  ranges  from 
18  inches,  at  Salt  Lake  City,  to  4  inches,  near  Humboldt  Lake.  The 
axerage  for  the  region  is  not  more  than  7  inche,s,  and  the  evaporation,  from 
exposed  water  surfaces,  is  more  than  4  feet  a  year. 

The  Arizona  meteorological  region,  which  includes  Arizona,  Sonora,  and 
south-eastern  California,  has  intense  heat  in  the  summer ;  and  in  the  high 
lands,  intense  cold  in  the  winter.  At  Tucson,  the  mercury  is  never  below 
90°  at  2  p.  M.,  in  July  ;  and  the  mean  of  the  minimums  for  that  month  is 
78',  indicating  nights  too  hot  for  comfort.  The  elevation  is  1,000  feet 
above  the  sea,  and  on  25  of  the  31  days  in  January,  1878,  the  mercury  fell 
to  the  freezing  point,  the  lowest  point  being  24".  Yuma,  at  the  level  of 
the  sea,  representing  the  low  valleys  in  Arizona,  has  a  mean  of  104°  in 
Jul)-,  and  56°  in  Januarj-.  In  July,  1878,  there  were  only  4  days  in  which 
the  thermometer  did  not  go  to  ioo° ;  and  in  the  5  months,  of  May,  June, 
July,  August,  and  September  of  the  year   1877-78,  the  mercury  reached 


CLIMATE. 


83 


that  figure  on  99  different  days.  On  23  days  in  July,  the  mercury  did  not 
fall  below  80'.  Notwithstanding  its  broiling  summer,  the  place  is  visited 
by  frost  in  the  winter.  In  the  mountains  the  heat  and  cold  vary  with  the 
elevation.  The  average  annual  rainfall,  which  occurs  from  June  to  Septem- 
ber inclusive — the  remainder  of  the  year  being  the  dry  season — is  4  inches 
at  Yuma,  13  at  Tucson,  and  more  in  the  mountains,  running  up  to  25  inches 
in  the  eastern  and  north-eastern  part  of  the  Territory. 

Of  the  climate  of  western  Mexico,  south  of  Sonora,  we  have  no  meteor- 
ological statistics  ;  but  we  know  that  it  is  hot,  through  the  year,  near  the 
level  of  the  sea,  and,  south  of  Sinaloa,  the  rains  are  abundant.  The  rainy 
season,  or  the  wettest  part  of  the  year  there,  as  in  Arizona,  is  in  the  sum- 
mer months. 


Alaska's  Climate. — Alaska  lies  entirely  north  of  latitude  54°  40',  and 
has  three  different  climates  on  its  Pacific,  its  Behring  Sea,  and  its  Arctic 
frontages.  The  mean  temperature  of  January  is  30°  in  Sitka,  on  the  Pacific 
frontage,  while  it  is  30°  in  Reykiavik  (Iceland),  23°  in  Newfoundland,  21° 
in  Christiania  (Norway),  24°  in  Stockholm,  1 5°  in  St.  Petersburg,  38°  in  Glas- 
gow, and  30°  in  New  York  City.  While  the  winter  is  cold,  the  thermometer 
rarely  approaches  the  zero  of  Fahrenheit,  as  it  often  does  in  New  York,  and 
as  a  consequence,  when  San  Francisco  depended  on  Alaska  for  ice,  she 
could  not  get  a  solid  article  from  Sitka,  but  had  to  send  further  north.  The 
season  closely  resembles  that  of  Iceland,  ar\d  is  warmer  in  its  average  than 
in  Stockholm,  St.  Petersburg,  or  Newfoundland.  The  mean  temperature  of 
July  is  55°  in  Sitka,  56°  degrees  in  Reykiavik,  56°  in  Newfoundland,  55°  in 
the  Orkneys,  52°  in  Shetland,  58"  in  Glasgow,  and  61°  in  Christiania.  There 
is  rain,  snow,  or  thick  fog  at  Sitka  on  240  days  of  the  year.  The  rainfall, 
including  snow,  measured  as  one  foot  equivalent  to  an  inch  of  rain,  amounts 
to  80  inches  in  a  year.  The  means  of  July  and  January  are  respectively 
58°  and  33°  at  Fort  Tongass  in  latitude  54°  46',  57°  and  28°  at  Kadiak  in 
latitude  57°  47',  and  58°  and  22°  at  Fort  Wrangel  in  latitude  56°  16'. 

When  we  pass  to  that  part  of  Alaska  fronting  on  Behring  Sea,  we  find  a 
general  temperature  of  50°  in  July  and  -10°  in  January.  The  warmest  place 
is  a  district  50  miles  wide,  5CX)  miles  long,  and  100  miles  from  the  sea  in  the 
basin  of  the  Yukon  River,  about  latitude  6G',  where  July  has  a  mean  of  65°, 
or  10°  more  than  Sitka.  The  warm  period,  however,  is  limited  to  the  mid- 
summers; for  the  mean  of  January  is  -26°.  The  heat  is  often  opprcssi\c, 
and  yet  three  feel  below  the  surface  the  soil  remains  frozen  throughout  the 
year.  St.  Alichaels,  the  chief  port  at  present  on  Behring  .Sea,  has  a  July  of 
54°  and  a  January  of  3°.    St.  Paul's  Island  has  46°  in  July  and  28"  in  January. 


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84 


INTRODUCTION. 


CHAPTER  IV.— LAND  FOR  SETTLERS. 


Public  Land. — Our  slope,  between  the  32d  and  54th  parallels  of  latitude, 
has  about  i,2CX3,ooo  square  miles  of  area,  including  presumably  one  sixth 
valuable  for  tillage,  as  much  valuable  for  timber,  and  one  half  for  pasturage, 
leaving  one  si.xth  for  deserts  and  mountains  of  bare  .sand  and  rock.  The 
tillable  .soil  amounts  to  200,000  square  mile.s,  of  which  40,000  have  passed 
into  the  possession  of  individuals  and  corporations,  while  160,000  still  be- 
long to  the  governments  of  the  United  States  and  of  British  Columbia. 
The  first  settlers  of  course  took  up  the  land  most  desirable  for  fertility  of 
soil,  facility  of  cultivation,  and  pro.ximity  to  the  market;  but  as  the 
population  was  then  much  smaller  than  at  present,  and  as  the  expense  of 
raising  and  niarketing  crops  was  greater,  "ihcir  land  was  not  worth  more  by 
the  acre,  in  the  general  estimation,  than  is  now  a  large  part  of  the  land,  at 
present  unoccupied. 

The  public  lands  of  the  United  States  are  surveyed  or  unsurvcyed.  All 
unless  specially  reserved  arc  open  to  settlement,  and  offered  for  a  small  con- 
sideration to  actual  occupants  and  cultivators.  If  the  land  has  been  surveyed, 
and  has  not  been  previously  withdrawn  from  settlement,  the  settler  may  be 
confident  that  the  law  will  protect  him  in  the  po.ssession  of  the  precise  tract 
which  he  (occupies;  if  unsurveycd,  it  may  be  reserved  for  public  purposes 
after  he  takes  possession;  and  if  he  is  allowed  to  keep  the  tract,  the  survey 
lines  may  run  through  the  middle  of  his  choicest  tract  so  that  he  must  sur- 
render part  of  it.  If,  however,  2  settlers  have  occupied  adjacent  pieces  of 
unsurvcyed  land,  and  have  their  improvements  on  the  same  subdivision,  they 
may  make  a  joint  entry  of  that  .subdivision,  and  divide  the  tract  between 
themselves  afterwards, 

The  surveyed  land  is  tlivided  into  townships  6  miles  square;  sections  of 
640  acres,  one  mile  square;  quarter  sections  of  160  acres,  half  a  mile  square; 
and  quarter-quarter  sections  of  40  acres,  one  quarter  of  a  mile  scjuare. 

The  public  lands  are  divided  into  survey  districts,  in  which  the  subdivis- 
ions are  numbered  from  an  initial  point,  which  in  a  mountainous  region  is 
usually  .some  prominent  peak,  Mount  Diablo,  in  central  California,  being  an 
example.  A  line  running  north  and  south  through  the  initial  point  is  called 
the  meridian,  and  one  running  east  and  west  is  the  base.  Each  successive 
row  of  townships  running  cast  and  west  is  called  a  town;  each  one  running 


LAND  FOR  SETTLERS. 


85 


north  and  south  is  a  range.  Each  town  is  numt>ercd  according  to  its  dis- 
tance from  the  base,  and  each  range  by  its  distance  from  the  meridian.  The 
sections  are  numbered  according  to  a  system  that  is  uniform  for  all  the 
townships;  and  the  number  of  the  section,  town,  and  range,  indicates  the 
location  so  precisely  that  any  good  surveyor  can  find  the  exact  lines,  and 
the  lands  are  conveyed  by  those  numbers  without  other  description.  The 
town  of  Coloma  is  in  town  1 1  north,  and  range  10  east,  from  the  meridian 
and  base  of  Mount  Diablo,  that  is,  66  miles  north,  and  60  miles  east  of  the 
summit  of  that  mountain. 


Career  for  Energy. — Men  who  come  to  California  and  Oregon  often 
complain  that  they  have  been  deceived  ;  that  they  have  been  led  to  believe 
that  they  could  get  rich  with  little  exertion,  and  that  life  would  be  much 
easier  for  them  than  it  had  been  in  the  Eastern  States,  whereas  they  find 
that  they  are,  in  fact,  subjected  to  keener  competition  than  they  ever 
witnessed  before,  and  that  instead  of  getting  rich  with  little  work,  they  re- 
main poor  even  with  hard  work.  Their  complaints  are  usually  made  without 
reason.  It  is  true  that  false  statements  are  often  published  in  newspapers 
and  books,  exaggerating  the  opportunities  for  labor  and  capital ;  but  any 
intelligent  man  would  make  allowance  for  anonymous  assertions  made  by 
persons  who  did  not  pretend  to  possess  any  special  knowledge.  The  writers, 
in  many  cases,  either  conceal  or  do  not  know  the  drawbacks  attached  to  the 
business  which  they  praise  ;  and  they  assume  that  the  exceptional  success, 
whicli  is  the  subject  of  general  conversation,  may  safely  be  accepted  as  the 
average  result,  though  for  that  one  success  there  may  have  been  10  failures, 
of  which  nothing  was  said. 

The  immigrant  must  not  expect  to  obtain,  in  a  new  country,  all  the  com- 
forts of  an  old  one  ;  nor  to  live  without  exertion.  If  he  finds  a  field  where 
energy  and  intelligence,  combined  witli  industry  and  economy,  can  accu- 
mulate wealth  more  rapidly,  and  .secure  a  greater  portion  of  ultimate  com- 
fort than  in  his  former  home,  he  should  consider  his  migration  fortunate. 
J  Ic  should  not  expect  to  get,  without  expense,  land  worth  |20  an  acre. 
He  must  not  be  surprised  if  the  older  settlers  will  not  let  him  have  their 
farms  for  less  than  they  are  worth  in  the  market ;  or  if  he  discovers  that 
they  have  taken  the  best  land,  leaving  for  newcomers  only  that  which  is 
inferior  in  (juality  or  remote  from  the  market. 

If  he  wishes  to  live  with  little  exertion,  if  he  lacks  persistence  and  in- 
dustry, or  if  he  intends  to  depend  on  his  friends  for  a  considerable  part  of 
his  subsistence,  then  the  better  plan  for  him  is  to  stay  with  them  and  be 
content  with  his  old  surroundings,  l-'or  a  man  of  inferior  capacity,  with- 
out skill  or  ambition,  a  new  country  is  often  a  harder  place  than  an  old  one; 


86 


INTRODUCTION. 


and  even  if  somewhat  easier  in  a  material  point  of  view,  it  may  be  less 
congenial,  because  while  he  remains  in  a  stationary  condition,  he  sees  his 
more  energetic  neighbors  making  rapid  advances  and  leaving  him  far  in  the 
rear.  But  men  of  superior  capacity  and  enterprise  will,  for  50  years  to 
come,  find  on  our  slope  the  best  opportunities  to  acquire  those  surroundings 
which  arc  considered,  by  most  men,  the  chief  aids  to  the  enjoyment 
of  life.  In  California,  in  Oregon,  in  Washington,  in  Arizona,  in  Idaho, 
and  in  British  Columbia  there  arc  immense  areas  of  public  land  that  can 
now  be  obtained  for  $1.25  an  acre,  or  less,  capable  of  yielding  a  comfort- 
able support  to  those  who  take  up  tracts  of  80  or  160  acres,  and  certain  to 
increase  gradually  in  value  until,  before  the  end  of  the  century,  it  may  be 
worth  at  least  $25  an  acre,  and  if  well  planted,  4  times  that  amount. 

No  Land  Monopoly. — Land  monopoly  has  been  a  favorite  theme  for 
Californian  demagogues,  and  persons  at  a  distance,  reading  their  declama- 
tions, often  get  a  false  impression  of  the  situation. 

No  land  monopoly  obstructs  the  prosperity  of  the  immigrant.  Four  fifths 
of  the  lands  in  California  are  untaxed,  because  they  still  belong  to  the  Gov- 
ernment, at  least  so  far  cis  the  recorded  evidences  of  title  show.  Settlers 
can  take  their  choice  among  tracts  covering  20,000,000  acres  of  tillable  land, 
all  of  it  open  for  acquisition  under  the  national  homestead  law,  and  most 
of  it  at  a  cash  expenditure  of  only  20  cents  an  acre.  There  arc  now  per- 
haps 40,000  farms  in  the  State,  and  there  is  room  on  the  public  lands  for 
at  least  twice,  and  perhaps  10  times,  as  many  more.  Where,  then,  is  the 
monopoly  ?  When  the  settler  can  get,  for  almost  nothing,  more  than  he 
can  cultivate,  need  he  worry  because  a  few  of  the  pioneers  have  obtained 
large  ranchos  ? 

But,  say  the  dcclaimcrs,  the  best  land,  the  large  tracts  of  moist  and  fertile 
land  in  the  valleys,  nearest  the  good  harbors,  navigable  rivers,  and  cities,  the 
places  most  suitable  for  extensive  vineyards  and  orchards,  with  facilities  for 
cheap  irrigation,  have  been  already  taken  up.  True.  It  has  happened  here, 
as  in  the  other  States,  that  the  first  settlers  made  their  homes  on  lands  that 
were  prized  for  fertility  of  soil,  their  proximity  to  market,  and  prospect  of 
enhanced  value.  The  newcomer  can  not  take  choice  of  everything  as  the 
first  pioneer  did ;  but  he  has  many  advantages  which  his  predecessor  had  not; 
and  relatively  as  much  revenue  can  be  obtained  now,  within  5  years,  from 
160  fjcrcs,  well  chosen  from  the  public  land  open  to  settlement  in  California, 
as  could  be  obtained  from  an  equal  area  taken  up  20,  30,  or  40  years  ago. 

There  is  no  Californian  land  monopoly  to  ob.struct  the  prosperity  of  poor 
settlers,  or  to  darken  the  future  of  their  descendants.  The  laws  regulating 
the  tenure,  conveyance,  inheritance,  and  acquisition  of  land,  are  about  the 


MM 


LAND  FOR  SETTLERS. 


87 


same  on  both  sides  of  the  continent;  the  feeling  of  the  people  in  reference 
to  land  is  the  same;  and  the  only  material  differences  are  the  natural  results 
of  differences  in  climate,  market,  methods  of  cultivation,  and  density  of 
population.  The  average  farm  is  4  times  as  large  in  California  as  in  the 
states  east  of  the  Mississippi;  and  there  are  only  30  cultivated  acres  for  each 
farm  laborer  in  the  nation,  as  against  130  in  the  Golden  State.  The  dryness 
of  the  soil,  the  lack  of  rotation  of  crops,  the  irregularity  of  the  yield  to  the 
acre,  and  the  large  space  used  for  wild  pasture,  demand  larger  farms  for  the 
security  and  permanence  of  families  in  California  than  in  Illinois. 

But,  say  the  dcclaimers  again,  "  The  National  Government  has  given  im- 
mense areas  to  the  railroads."  True,  and  by  so  doing  has  rendered  a  service 
of  incalculable  benefit  to  settlers,  providing  access  to  extensive  regions  that, 
without  these  grants,  would  have  remained  inaccessible  for  a  quarter  or  half 
a  century.  The  lands  granted  to  railroad  companies,  and  still  in  their  pos- 
session, are  mostly  of  little  present  value.  The  companies  are  anxious  to 
sell  most  of  their  land  at  moderate  prions. 

In  California,  as  well  as  in  Oregon,  W^ashington,  Arizona,  Idaho,  and  the 
Pacific  portions  of  Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  British 
Columbia,  there  are  extensive  areas  of  fertile  and  arable  public  land;  and  in 
all  together  there  is  room  for  many  miUions  of  families. 

Chances  fbr  Settlers — An  immense  area  in  the  American  States  and 
Territories,  on  the  Pacific  slope,  is  open  to  preiimptors  and  homesteaders, 
and  can  not  be  a  source  of  profit  to  speculators,  when  obtained  from  the 
Government.  The  scrip  and  warrants  which  were  sold,  15  or  20  years  ago, 
at  50  or  60  cents  an  acre,  and  were  received  by  the  land  officer  at  $1.25  an 
acre,  arc  now  nearly  exhausted,  and  have  risen  until  the  discount  on  them 
is,  perhaps,  not  more  than  3  per  cent,  leaving  little  margin  for  profit,  after 
taking  the  risks  of  defective  assignments  and  other  drawbacks.  Consider- 
able bodies  of  land  are,  in  some  places,  still  oflcrcd  to  the  speculator  at 
private  entry  for  $1.25  an  acre  ;  but  they  are  undesirable;  and  the  tendency 
of  the  national  policy  is  to  restrict  the  opportunities  of  the  ."ipcculator,  and 
reserve  the  national  domain  exclusively  for  poor  men  who  will  make  their 
homes,  in  good  faith,  on  tracts  of  not  more  than  160  acres,  where  the  soil 
is  till.iblc. 

Large  quantities  of  land  have  been  bought  for  purposes  of  speculation, 
and  left  to  lie  unoccupied,  with  serious  loss  to  their  owners.  Of  30,cxx) 
square  miles  that  have  been  conveyed,  by  the  United  States,  to  individuals 
or  companies  in  California,  less  than  7,000  are  under  cultivation.  Some  of 
this  land  may  be  obtained  at  a  slight  advance  on  the  Government  price  of 
$1.25  an  acre.     In  general  terms,  it  may  be  said,  that  all  the  fertile  land  in 


88 


INTRODUCTION. 


the  larger  valleys  has  become  private  property  ;  but  along  the  edges  of  the 
valleys,  where  the  soil  is  gravelly,  is  covered  with  bush,  or  is  cut  u\)  by 
ravines  or  projecting  hills,  there  is  much  land  not  yet  taken  up.  This  is  true 
of  most  of  the  valleys  in  California,  and  of  all  in  Oregon  and  Washington. 
In  Idaho,  Arizona,  Pacific  Montana,  Wyoming,  and  Colorado,  the  fertile 
valley  lands  are  still  obtainable  ;  in  Utah  and  New  Mexico,  the  land  suit- 
able for  cultivation,  and  now  provided,  in  large  tracts,  with  water  for  irriga- 
tion, is  all  occupied. 

It  was  formerly  the  policy  of  the  Government  to  make  the  public  lands 
as  much  as  possible  a  source  of  revenue;  consequently,  soon  after  they 
were  surveyed  they  were  offered  at  public  sale,  and  such  lands  as  had  not 
been  paid  for  by  prciimptors  were  sold  to  the  highest  bidder,  none,  however, 
being  sold  unless  the  minimum  price,  $1.25  per  acre,  was  bid.  Lands,  not 
disposed  of  in  this  way,  remained  subject  to  private  entry  at  $1.25  per  acre, 
and  one  person  could  purchase  any  amount,  offered  at  that  price,  without 
residence  thereon.  Since  1861,  the  policy  of  the  Government  has  been  to 
withhold  lands  from  public  sale,  and  dispose  of  them  as  preemption  and 
homestead  tracts,  and  as  grants  for  railroads,  other  internal  improvements, 
and  educational  purposes.  A  grant  of  the  odd  sections  of  land  to  a  rail- 
road, withdraws  the  even  as  well  as  the  odd  sections  from  private  entry. 

Lands  that  have  been  offered  at  public  sale,  and  not  sold,  can  be  settled 
on  by  a  prcemptor,  who,  to  protect  himself,  must  file  his  declaratory  state- 
ment within  one  month  after  his  settlement,  and  within  one  year  must  make 
proof  of  his  good  faith,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Register  and  Receiver  ol 
the  United  States  Land  Office,  by  showing  residence,  cultivation,  and  im- 
provement, and  making  payment  for  the  land  at  $1.25  per  acre. 

If  a  prcemptor  .settles  on  surveyed  land,  that  has  not  been  offered  at  pub- 
lic sale,  he  must  file  his  declaratory  statement  within  3  month.s,  and  make 
proof  and  payment  within  3,^  months  after  the  date  of  his  settlement.  If 
he  .settles  on  unsurveyed  lands,  he  must  file  within  3  months,  and  pay  within 
33  months  after  the  plat  of  the  survey  has  been  filed  in  the  United  States 
Land  Office. 

The  price  charged  to  precmptors  is  $1.25  per  acre,  for  lands  that  were 
outside  of  railroad  grants  when  they  settled,  and  $2.50  per  acre  if  the  land 
was  on  an  even  section,  within  a  railroad  grant,  at  the  date  of  settlement. 

The  qualifications  of  a  prcemptor  are,  that  he  or  she  is  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States,  or  has  declared  his  or  her  intention  to  become  such,  and  is 
either  the  head  of  a  family,  or  a  widow,  or  a  deserted  wife,  or  a  single  man 
or  woman  over  2 1  years  of  age,  and  did  not  move  off  of  his  or  her  own 
land  in  the  same  State  or  Territory  to  settle  on  the  tract  claimed,  and  does 
not  own  320  acres  of  land  in  any  State  or  Territory  in  the  United  States, 


rr?25^ 


LAND  FOR  SETTLERS. 


89 


and  has  made  no  contract  of  any  kind  to  sell  the  land  or  enter  it  fcr  the 
benefit  of  any  other  person.  Theic  facts  have  to  be  sworn  to  by  the  appli- 
cant when  he  makes  the  final  entry. 

The  declaratory  statement  of  a  preemptor  does  not  need  to  be  sworn  to. 
The  fee  for  filing  is  $3.  The  qualifications  under  the  homestead  law  are 
the  same,  except  that  there  is  no  prohibition  as  to  the  amount  of  land  the 
homestead  claimant  may  own,  and  no  prohibition  against  moving  from  his 
own  land. 

Under  the  recent  amendments,  the  rights  of  the  homestead  settler  attach 
at  date  of  settlement,  and  he  i^  required  to  make  .his  homestead  application 
and  first  entry,  within  the  same  time  as  a  preemptor.  He  must  make  the 
preliminary  oath  bifore  the  Register  or  Receiver,  except  when  he  has  al- 
ready settled  on  tbo  land,  in  which  case,  he  can  make  it  before  the  County 
Clerk  of  the  county  where  the  land  lies.  Final  proof  may  be  made,  cither 
in  the  land  office,  or  before  the  Superior  Judge  of  the  county,  or,  in  his 
absence,  before  the  Clerk  of  the  County,  in  which  the  land  is  situated.  He 
may  pay  for  the  land,  after  6  months  from  the  filing  of  his  homestead  ap- 
plication, by  showing  continuous  residence,  cultivation,  and  improvement 
from  date  of  settlement;  or  after  residing  on  the  land,  continuously,  for  5 
years  from  date  of  settlement,  and  improving  it,  he  can  make  proof,  and  on 
paying  the  fees  required  by  law,  get  the  title  without  paying  for  the  land; 
and  he  must  make  proof  within  7  years  from  the  date  of  his  application 
and  entry,  or  his  claim  will  be  canceled.  On  making  his  final  proof  at 
the  expiration  of  5  years,  he  must  be  a  full  citizen. 

Cost  to  Settler. — The  homestead  applicant  pays,  on  making  his  first  entry, 
$16  for  160  acres  of  minimum  land — that  is,  land  which  is  rated  at  $1.25  per 
acre;  $14.50  for  120  acres;  $8  for  80  acres;  or  $6,50  for  40  acres;  according  to 
the  size  of  his  tract.  On  making  final  entry,  he  pays  $6  for  160  acres;  $4.50 
for  120  acres;  $3  for  80  acres;  or  $1.50  for  40  acres;  according  to  the  size  of 
his  tract.  Besides,  he  must  pay  the  cost  of  taking  the  testimony,  which 
amounts  usually  to  about  $3.  / 

The  fees  for  homesteads  on  double  minimum  lands,  that  is,  land  held  at 
$2.50  per  acre,  arc,  for  first  entry,  for  160  acres,  $22;  for  120  acres,  $19; 
for  80  acres,  $11 ;  and  for  40  acres,  $8.  On  final  entry  of  the  land,  the 
homestead  claimant  pays  on  double  minimum  land,  for  160  acres,  $12;  for 
120  acres,  $9;  for  80  acres,  $6;  and  for  40  acres,  $3;  in  addition  to  the 
fees  for  testimony. 

All  these  fees  are  paid  over  to  the  Government,  to  reimburse  it  for  the 
expense  in  running  the  Land  Department.  The  statute  requires  the  appli- 
cant, under  both  the  preemption  and  homestead  laws,  to  file  a  notice  of  intcn- 

■a 


90 


INTRODUCTION. 


tion  to  prove  up,  giving  the  names  of  the  witnesses  and  their  post-office 
address,  to  be  published  by  the  Register  for  5  weeks. 

The  total  payment  required  by  the  Government  for  a  homestead  claim  on 
minimum  land  in  uncontested  cases,  including  the  cost  of  taking  the  testi- 
mon)-,  and  publishing  the  notice  of  intention  to  prove  up,  amounts  on  the 
average,  to  about  57  cents  an  acre  for  40  acres;  27  cents  an  acre  for  80  acres; 
24  cents  an  acre  for  120  acres;  and  20  cents  for  160  acres.  On  double  min- 
imum lands,  the  rates  are  from  5  to  10  cents  more  an  acre,  according  to  the 
sizes  of  the  respective  tracts.  The  costs  of  taking  the  testimony  and  pub- 
lishing the  notice  vary,  according  to  circumstances,  and  render  it  impossible 
to  fix  the  cost  per  acre,  in  cases  that  may  arise  in  the  future.  A  contest 
may  add  much  to  the  expense,  by  compelling  the  claimant  to  spend  time  in 
visiting  the  Land  Office,  and  pay  the  cost  of  witnesses.  The  National  Gov- 
ernment has  made  a  gift  of  more  than  20,000,000  acres  to  settlers  under  the 
homestead  law. 

Timber  Claims. — Land  which  consists  exclusively  of  prairie,  may  be  ob- 
tained under  the  timber  claim  law,  which  requires  that  the  applicant  should 
have  the  same  qualifications  as  those  required  under  the  preemption  and 
homestead  laws.  It  is  not  necessary  that  he  should  reside  on  the  land.  In 
the  first  year  the  settler  must  plow  5  acres  out  of  160;  the  second  year 
ho  must  cultivate  those  5  acres  in  some  crop,  and  plow  5  more  acres;  in 
the  third  year  he  must  plant  the  first  5  acres  with  trees,  and  cultivate  the 
second  5  acres  in  a  crop;  and  the  fourth  year  he  must  plant  the  second  5 
acrci  with  trees.  If  he  does  this,  planting  2,700  trees  on  the  lO  acres,  and, 
at  the  end  of  8  years  from  his  application,  has  675  living,  thrifty  trees  on 
the  10  acres,  he  is  then  entitled  to  a  patent.  The  purpose  of  the  act  is  to 
encourage  the  planting  of  trees  on  the  bare  plains  of  the  Territories.  The 
only  money  payment  is  $14  at  the  application,  and  $4  at  final  proof,  if  the 
area  is  160  acres;  and  $9  and  $3,  if  80  acres.  If  less  than  160  acres,  the 
area  to  be  cultivated  in  trees  is  proportionately  less. 

Examine  before  Buying.— No  matter  how  familiar  a  man  may  be  with 
the  public  lands  of  our  coast,  and  with  the  general  conditions  of  business 
and  society,  in  the  districts  where  those  lands  are  situated,  it  is  impossible 
for  him  to  select  homes  for  strangers,  with  any  certainty  that  his  selection 
will  be  satisfactory.  There  is  such  a  vast  variety  in  the  circumstances,  that 
no  person  can  tell,  in  advance,  what  will  suit  the  different  tastes,  whim.s,  ca- 
pacities, and  experiences  of  the  newcomer,  who  has  probably  never  lived 
in  such  a  climate  as  that  of  Los  Angeles,  of  San  Francisco,  or  of  Portland. 
He  may  have  been  a  farmer  many  years,  without  becoming  familiar  with 
any  of  the  products,  which  arc  here  made  specialties  in  extensive  districts. 


mmm 


LAND  FOR  SKTTLERS. 


91 


If  he  settles  in  a  dry  district,  he  may  soon  want  to  move  to  a  wet  one ;  if 
advised  to  plant  an  orange  orchard,  he  may,  the  next  year,  blame  his  ad- 
viser for  not  telling  him  to  plant  apricots. 

The  man  who  wants  to  settle  on  public  land,  before  deciding  on  a  special 
tract,  should  see  it  for  himself,  and  assume  the  main  responsibility  for  the 
choice.  If  he  docs  not  know  enough  to  select  a  place,  he  does  not  know 
enough  to  manage  it.  He  should  not  expect  his  friend  in  a  commercial 
city,  the  agent  of  a  railroad  company,  or  the  Register  of  a  National  Land 
Office,  to  designate  the  spot  for  him.  Let  him  go  to  the  outskirts  of  the 
settlements,  and  inquire  there  what  lands  are  vacant.  The  people  generally 
will  give  him  correct  information,  and  go  to  some  trouble  to  show  him  the 
precise  boundaries ;  and  usually,  when  he  becomes  their  neighbor,  they  will 
help  him  along,  especially  if  they  find  that  he  is  industrious,  temperate,  eco- 
nomical, and  worthy  of  their  aid. 

The  offices  for  the  sale  of  the  national  lands  in  California  are  at  San 
Francisco,  Sacramento,  Marysville,  Humboldt,  Susanville,  Stockton,  Los 
Angeles,  Visalia,  Shasta,  and  Bodie  ;  those  in  Oregon  are  at  Oregon  City, 
Roseburg,  La  Grande,  Lakeview,  and  The  Dalles ;  those  in  Washington,  at 
Olympia,  Vancouver,  Walla  Walla,  Colfax,  and  Yakima  ;  those  in  Nevada, 
at  Carson  City  and  Eureka ;  those  in  Idaho,  .it  Boise  City,  Lcwiston,  and 
Oxford  ;  those  in  Arizona,  at  Prcscott  and  Florence,  and  that  in  Utah,  at 
Salt  Lake  City.  The  Land  Offices  at  Santa  Fe  and  Mesilla,  in  New  Mexico, 
though  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  have  charge  of  lands  west  of  the 
main  divide ;  Pacific  lands  in  Colorado  are  intrusted  to  the  offices  at  Central 
City,  Leadvillc,  Del  Norte, and  Lake  City;  in  Montana,  to  the  Land  Offices 
at  Helena  and  Miles  City,  and  those  in  Wyoming  to  Evanston.  The 
Oregon  State  Board  of  Immigration  has  offices  at  252  Broadway,  New 
York  City,  and  260  Washington  Street,  Boston.  Mrs.  A.  H.  H.  Stuart, 
of  Olympia,  is  President  of  the  Immigration  Society  of  Washington. 

Central  Paoiflo  Iiands. — By  the  Acts  of  July  i,  1862,  and  July  2,  1864, 
to  aid  the  construction  of  a  railroad  from  the  Missouri  River  to  the  Pacific, 
Congress  granted  12,800  acres  of  public  land,  for  each  mile  of  road  com- 
pleted. From  Ogden  westward  to  San  Francisco,  a  distance  of  881  miles, 
this  land  grant  belongs  to  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad ;  and  from  Ogden 
eastward,  to  the  Union  Pacific.  A  very  large  proportion  of  the  land,  thus 
granted,  is  in  mountain  or  desert,  which  settlers  do  not  wish  to  occupy,  and 
therefore,  the  railroad  company,  being  unable  to  sell,  still  holds  it  and  offers 
it  at  low  prices  to  any  purchaser.  Besides  the  mountain  and  desert  land — 
some  of  which  may  prove  valuable  at  no  distant  time  in  the  future — there 
is  a  considerable  area  of  fine  timber  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  some 


mmmm 


93 


INTRODUCTION. 


excellent  sites  for  orchards  and  vineyards  in  the  foothills,  along  the  edge  of 
the  Sacramento  Valley. 

The  company  offers  its  lands  for  sale  under  four  methods  of  payment. 
The  first  is  payment  in  full  at  the  time  of  purchase.  The  second  is  pay- 
ment of  20  per  cent,  of  principal,  ancl  interest  for  one  year  in  advance,  at 
time  of  purchase,  on  the  remainder  of  the  principal,  with  one  year's  interest 
in  advance  at  the  beginning  of  every  year  till  the  entire  principal  is  paid. 
The  third  method  is  in  5  equal  annual  payments  of  the  principal,  with  in- 
terest annually  in  advance  on  the  unpaid  principal.  The  fourth  method  is 
20  per  cent,  down,  and  the  remainder  in  8  equal  installments  of  principal  at 
intervals  of  6  months,  with  interest  on  the  unpaid  remainder  in  advance 
with  every  installment.  The  entire  payment  must  be  made  in  every  case 
within  5  years ;  but  the  purchaser  can  pay  in  full,  at  any  time  before  the  ex- 
piration of  the  5  years,  and  thus  save  interest.  The  rate  of  interest  is  7  per 
cent,  a  year ;  the  price  varies  according  to  the  quality  and  situation  of  the 
land.  Those  who  wish  further  information  should  address  "  B.  B.  REDDING, 
Land  Agent  of  The  Central  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  corner  of 
Fourth  and  Townsend  Streets,  San  Francisco." 

By  an  act  passed  July  25,  1866,  Congress  gave  1 2,800  acres  per  mile — ex- 
cluding Mexican  grants  and  preemption  claims,  which  covered  much  of  the 
best  land — to  the  California  and  Oregon  Railroad,  from  Rosevillc  to  Red- 
ding, a  distance  of  1 5 1  miles.  This  road  has  been  consolidated  with  the 
Central  Pacific,  and  the  land  is  .sold  under  the  same  terms  as  that  on  the 
main  line  of  the  Central  Pacific.     B.  B.  REDDING  has  charge  of  the  sale. 

Southern  Pacifio  Lands. — By  acts  passed  July  27,  1866,  and  March  3, 
T°-'i,  Congress  gave  to  The  SOUTHERN  Pacific  Railroad  Company  of 
California,  12,800  acres  per  mile,  for  a  railroad  from  San  Jose  to  Yuma,  by 
way  of  Gilroy,  Tres  Pinos,  Lemoore,  Goshen,  Tehachapi,  Los  Angeles,  and 
Colton.  After  a  careful  examination  of  the  route  from  Tres  Pinos  to 
Lemoore,  a  distance  of  118  miles,  the  company  decided  that  it  could  not  be 
built  with  advantage  to  themselves  or  to  the  public,  and  therefore  that  .sec- 
tion was  abandoned,  and  a  connection,  far  more  beneficial  to  the  State,  was 
made  from  Goshen  to  Lathrop.  The  company  built  60  miles  from  Carna- 
dero  to  Soledad,  and  intends  to  continue  the  road  from  the  latter  point, 
across  the  main  ridge  of  the  Coast  Mountains  to  the  vicinity  of  Sumner,  a 
ilistance  of  162  miles.  Congress  provided  for  the  construction  of  about 
264  miles  of  railroad  between  San  Jose  and  Sumner,  but  instead  of  that, 
the  miles  of  road,  built  by  the  grantees,  between  San  Jose  and  Lathrop  at 
one  end,  and  Sumner  at  the  other,  now  measure  402  miles;  and  when  the 
gap  between  Soledad  and  Sumner  is  filled,  the  total  will  be  564  miles,  or 


tmmmm 


LAND  FOR  SETTLERS. 


93 


more  than  twice  the  distance  for  which  Congress  gave  a  land  subsidy.  This 
grant  covers  a  large  area  of  excellent  land  in  Stanislaus,  Fresno,  Tulare, 
Kern,  Los  Angeles,  and  San  Bernardino  Counties,  including  districts  admi- 
rably adapted  for  irrigation  by  means  of  perennial  streams,  artesian  wells, 
and  reservoirs  so  constructed,  as  to  f  tch  the  waters  of  channels,  that  are 
dry  in  the  summer,  and  including  soils  well  fitted  for  grain,  alfalfa,  oranges, 
grapes,  apricots,  olives,  figs,  anc'  lemons.  Travelers,  who  have  seen  nearly 
all  parts  of  the  habitable  globe,  that  are  considered  desirable  as  places  of 
residence,  agree  in  the  opinion,  that  nowhere  did  they  observe  any  place 
superior  for  subtropical  homes,  to  the  country  along  the  line  of  this  road 
from  San  Fernando  to  San  Gorgon io,  a  distance  of  loo  miles.  The  land  of 
The  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  Cr  mpany  is  sold  on  the  same  terms 
as  that  of  the  Central  Pacific,  and  further  information  can  be  obtained  from 
"Jerome  Madden,  Land  Agent  of  The  Southern  Pacific  Railroad 
Company,  comer  of  Fourth  and  Townsend  streets,  San  Francisco."  Per- 
sons who  wish  to  buy  from  either  the  Central  or  the  Southern  Pacific 
Company,  can  obtain  a  land-seeker's  ticket,  with  a  voucher  for  the  cost  of 
the  ticket,  which  voucher  will  be  accepted  by  the  company  as  part  payment 
for  the  land  selected.  Both  companies  publish  instructive  pamphlets  for 
free  distribution  to  people  seeking  homes  in  California. 

Northern  Paolflo  Lands. — The  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  to  be  1,775 
miles  long  on  its  main  line,  mostly  between  the  47th  and  48th  parallels  of 
latitude,  and  to  connect  Lake  Superior  with  Puget  Sound,  is  one  of  the 
greatest  industrial  enterprises  of  our  age.  It  occupies  the  best  transcon- 
tinental route  in  the  American  Territory  for  local  traffic.  Within  50  miles 
it  hos  more  soil,  valuable  for  tillage,  than  can  be  found  near  either  the 
Central-Union,  the  Atlantic-Pacific,  or  the  Southern  Pacific.  It  will  give 
convenient  access  to  a  strip  of  land  100  miles  wide  and  1,200  long,  not 
othenvise  accessible,  thus  opening  up  to  settlement  an  area  of  120,000 
square  miles,  that,  without  its  help,  would  remain  unproductive  until  some 
uncertain  time  in  a  remote  future.  As  compared  with  the  Southern  Pacific, 
the  territory  of  the  Northern  Pacific  has  an  immense  advantage  in  possess- 
ing abundant  rains ;  as  compared  with  the  40th  and  35th  parallels,  it  has 
not  only  more  moisture,  but  less  elevation.  The  general  level  of  the  road 
is  2,500  feet  lower  than  that  of  the  Central-Union,  and  1,500  lower  than 
that  of  the  Atlantic-Pacific.  The  land  grant,  which  covers  25,600  acres  for 
every  mile  of  road,  will  not  only  sell  more  readily,  and  at  better  prices,  but 
will  also  soon  become  productive,  and  thus  supply  freight,  so  that  even  if 
the  company  should  not  command  much  through  traffic,  the  prospect  for  a 
profitable  business   is  excellent.     The   land   sales   of  the  company  have 


I 


94 


INTRODUCTION. 


already  been  large,  having  far  exceeded  those  of  any  ot'.ier  railroad  within 
the  last  3  years. 

Oregon  Improvement  Lands.— TllE  OREGON  IMPROVEMENT  COM- 
PANY offers  for  sale,  tcj  settlers,  1 50,000  acres  of  land  in  the  Palousc  country, 
or  valley  of  the  Palouse  River,  in  Eastern  Washington.  It  J:;  an  elevated 
piairic,  with  a  fertile  soil  and  abundant  moisture,  irrigation  being  unneces- 
sary for  regular  crops.  The  natural  vegetation  is  chiefly  bunch  grass,  which 
is  excellent  for  cattle,  but  there  is  more  profit  in  grain  and  cultivated  grasses. 
Railroads,  now  in  course  of  construction,  arc  to  run  through  the  Palousc 
Valley,  and  will  undoubtedly,  before  long,  add  much  to  the  value  of  the  land. 
The  company  divides  its  lands  into  ^  classes,  according  to  their  distance 
from  the  railroad  routes.  Class  A  is  to  sell  for  $5  per  acre;  class  B  for 
$7.50;  and  class  C  for  $ic.  The  purchaser  can  pay  in  acivance  or  by  in- 
stallments, running  through  6  years,  one  sixth  of  the  purchisc-money  to  be 
paid  each  year,  with  7  per  cent,  interest  in  advance  on  the  deferred  payments. 
Let  us  suppose  that  the  purchaser  wants  to  buy  160  acres  at  $5  an  acre, 
paying  in  6  annual  installments.  The  total  price  demanded  a"  principal  is 
$800,  one  sixth  of  which,  required  as  installment,  is  $133.33.  '^o  this  the 
interest  on  the  unpaid  princip'al  is  to  be  added.  The  first  payment,  made 
at  the  time  of  the  purchase,  including  $133.33  of  principal,  and  $46.67  of 
interest,  amounts  to  $180;  the  payment  at  the  end  of  the  second  year  is 
$170.67;  at  the  end  of  the  third  year,  $161.33;  at  the  end  of  the  fourth 
ycLir,  $152.00;  at  the  end  of  the  fifth  year,  $142.67;  and  the  last  payment, 
at  tl-.c  end  of  the  sixth  year,  $133.33,  making  a  total  of  $940,  of  which  $140 
i ;  lor  interest.  The  purchaser  who  can  pay  only  $133. 33  at  the  time  of  pur- 
chase, may  pay  $46.67  of  interest  at  the  end  of  the  first  year,  and  the 
payments  at  the  end  of  the  second,  third,  fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth  years  arc 
the  same  as  those  mentioned  above;  the  total  being  $986.66,  of  which  the 
interest  takes  $186.66. 

The  payments  on  the  $7  and  $10  land  are  calculated  in  the  same 
way.  A  discount  of  20  per  cent,  will  be  made  from  these  prices  for  cash  at 
the  time  of  purchase;  and  a  discount  of  10  percent,  is  allowed  for  cash  pay- 
ment before  the  end  of  the  fifth  year.  Other  particulars  can  be  learned 
from  pamphlets,  which  may  be  obtained  without  charge  by  applying  to  T. 
R.  Taxxatt,  General  Agent  of  TllE  OREGON  IMPROVEMENT  COMPANY, 
at  Walla  Walla,  W.  T.,  or  to  A.  L.  StoKES,  General  Eastern  Agent  of  THE 
Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  Company,  52  Clarke  Street,  Chicago. 

Railroad  Lands  In  Western  Oregon.— The  Oregon  and  Calii'ORNIA 
Railroad  Company  and  The  Oregon  Central  Railroad  Company 
have  a  large  amount  of  land  in  Western  Oregon,  held  under  Congressional 


LAND  FOR  SETTLERS. 


95 


grant,  and  olfcr  it  for  sale  at  various  prices,  ranging  from  1.25  to  $7  per  acre. 
A  discount  of  10  per  cent,  is  made  for  cash;  if  time  be  wanted,  the  pur- 
chaser must  pay  7  per  cent,  interest,  and  at  least  one  tenth  of  the  principal 
annually.  Supposing  a  purchase  amounting  to  $400  to  be  made  on  January 
I,  1883,  on  10  years  contract,  the  first  p; } :  cnt,  made  on  that  day,  will  be 
$40,  and  on  the  first  day  of  each  of  the  :o  ucceeding  years  the  respec- 
tive payments  would  be  $25.20,  $65.20,  $6240.  ^59.60,  $56.80,  $54.00,  $5 1.20, 
$48.40,  $45.60,  and  $42.80,  making  a  total  of  $551.20,  including  $151.20  of 
interest.  The  land  agent  of  these  c^T^anies,  I'.  ScH'.tlzk,  in  the  Railroad 
Building,  Portland,  has  township  plats  of  mG=t  of  Western  Oregon,  and  a 
list  of  farms  for  sale.  He  will  give  information  about  the  selection  of  lands, 
and  will  issue  half-fare  tickets  to  purchase  s  of  the  lands. 

Washington  Lands. — The  recent  throng  of  settlers  to  secure  land  in 
Washington  indicates  that  the  attractions  of  the  Territory  are  extensively 
known.  Most  of  the  fertile  soil  suitable  for  tillage,  without  clearing  off  tim- 
ber or  brush,  is  cast  of  the  Cascade  Range,  and  there  the  recent  construction 
of  railroads  has  opened  up  large  districts  previously  too  far  from  a  market 
for  profitable  cultivation. 

Colonies. — The  vast  area  of  unoccupied  land  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  the 
facilities  for  getting  possession  of  large  tracts  well  adapted  for  horticultural 
tillage,  and  the  advantage  of  combining  capital,  labor,  and  land,  especially 
in  districts  requiring  irrigation,  offer  inducements  for  purchase  of  extensive 
tracts  by  colonies,  a  number  of  which  have  be<^n  established  with  success  in 
various  parts  of  California,  Oregon,  and  Washington.  The  first  of  these  in 
point  of  time  was  that  of  Anaheim,  in  Los  Angeles  County.  When  the  wine 
fever  of  1857  broke  out,  some  Germans  in  San  Francisco  bought  a  tract  of 
1 168  acres,  25  miles  south-east  of  the  city  of  Los  Angeles,  for  about  $2 
an  acre,  and  intrusted  it  to  their  countryman,  GEORGE  Hansen,  a  surveyor, 
to  clear  off  the  cactus,  dig  a  ditch  from  the  Santa  Ana  river,  divide  the  land 
into  50-vincyard  tracts,  with  a  town  in  the  midst,  plant  it  with  vines,  and 
set  out  cuttings  of  willow,  sycamore,  or  cottonwood,  for  fences.  Through 
two  years  and  a  half  he  managed  and  cultivated  the  property  economically 
and  successfully,  and  then  delivered  it  to  the  company,  which  divided  the 
vineyards  and  town-lots  among  the  shareholders.  Analieim  soon  took  a 
prominent  place  in  .i.e  ,*'ine  industry  of  the  State,  and  continues  to  be  one 
of  the  notable  horticultural  towns  of  California. 

Riverside,  laid  off  in  1870,  in  San  Bernardino  County,  on  what  was  then 
a  dry  and  uncultivated  plain,  600  feet  above  the  sea,  has  an  excellent  soil, 
an  abundant  supply  of  water,  and  a  climate  that  seems  peculiarly  favorable 
to  the  orange  and  grape.     Its  population  possesses  much  wealth  and  rare 


96 


INTRODUCTION. 


intclligcice.  Many  of  the  residents  have  recently  come  from  eastern  cities 
either  to  restore  impaired  health  or  to  engage  in  horticulture  as  a  specula- 
tion; and  the  intellectual  atmosphere  resembles  that  of  a  literary  coterie 
rather  tlian  that  of  an  average  agricultural  village.  The  social  attractions 
have  added  to  the  value  of  the  land  which,  without  cultivation  or  improve- 
ment, is  held  at  $150  and  $200  an  acre.  An  oficr  of  $25,000  for  lO  acres  of 
orange  orchard,  was  rejected  in  1880,  according  to  report,  because  the  net 
profit  on  the  crop  of  1880  was  $600  per  acre. 

Another  notable  colony,  that  of  Pasadena,  a  town  8  miles  north- 
east of  Los  Angeles  City,  laid  off  in  1874  on  a  tract  of  3,700  acres,  has 
1,500  acres  now  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation,  with  productive  orchards 
and  vineyards.  The  land  that  cost  $33,  7  years  ago,  is  now  worth  $100  an 
acre.  The  town  of  Westminster,  in  Los  Angeles  County,  was  started,  in 
1S71,  on  the  plan  of  a  colony,  and  nearly  all  the  land  in  a  township  of  2,800 
aiTos  was  sold  in  40-acre  tracts.  The  township  has  200  artesian  wells  and 
many  comfortable  homes.  A  colony  near  Florence,  in  the  same  county,  has 
16  families  on  a  tract  of  200  acres. 

In  1869,  W.  W.  HOLLISTER,  who  had  made  a  fortune  in  sheep,  and 
wanted  to  fix  his  home  in  Santa  Barbara,  sold  21,000  acres  in  the  Pajaro 
Valley,  90  miles  south-east  from  San  Francisco,  for  $370,000,  to  THE  San 
JusTO  Homestead  Association.  The  town  of  HoUister  was  laid  off 
near  the  middle  of  the  tract,  the  best  surrounding  land  was  divided  into 
50  homestead  tracts,  which  were  put  up  at  auction  among  the  shareholders, 
and  the  premiums  bid  for  the  more  desirable  places  amounted  to  $80,000. 
The  lands  not  divided  among  the  members  were  sold  to  outsiders  at  good 
prices ;  and  within  6  years  the  managers  of  the  Association  could  claim 
truly  that  their  land  had  trebled  in  value,  partly  because  of  tlie  settlement 
and  improvements  made  on  it.  Their  enterprise  led  to  the  organization  of 
the  County  of  San  Benito,  and  Hollistcr  became  its  county  seat. 

Tiic  success  of  the  San  Justo  enterprise  was  probably  one  of  the  main 
stimulants  that  led  to  the  organization-  of  TlIE  LoMPOC  COMPANY,  which, 
in  1876,  made  a  contract  with  the  owners  of  the  Lompoc  Rancho,  fronting 
on  the  Pacific,  in  latitude  34°  40'  (W.  W.  H0LLISTi:u  held  one  third,  the 
estate  of  J.  n.  Moi.l.lSTER  a;-,  much,  and  the  DimiLEE  BROTHERS  the  re- 
mainder, all  in  undivided  interests),  to  purchase  40,000  acres  for  $500,000. 
The  soil  is  fertile  and  moist,  and,  at  the  time  of  the  organization  of  the 
company,  people  were  rushing  into  Southern  California,  land  was  rising  rap- 
idly in  value,  and  there  was  a  general  feeling  that  all  purchasers  of  land  at 
prices  then  common  would  be  profitable.  Nevertheles:i,  the  Lompoc  in- 
vestment was  a  disastrous  failure.  The  year  after  the  company  took  pos- 
session wa.s  one  of  drought,  and  the  settlers  had  no  crops.     Other  bad 


■M 


m-^m 


pvKwnnpi 


mm 


■PR* 


mmmm 


LAND  FOR  SETTLERS. 


9; 


years  came  ;  they  fell  into  insolvency  and  surrendered  their  lands  to  the  orig- 
inal owners,  who  divided  their  interests,  and  then  dealt  directly  with  those 
holding  under  the  company.  The  Lompoc  tract  now  has  about  1,500  in- 
habitants. 

Seven  horticultural  colonies  have  established  themselves  at  Fresno,  which 
is  the  most  active  center  of  that  kind  of  settlement  now  in  progress  on  the 
coast.  They  occupy  2 1, 600  acres  ;  the  Fresno  having  8,800  ;  the  Central, 
3,840 ;  the  Wasliington,  7,040 ;  the  Church,  640  ;  the  Nevada,  1,920  ;  the 
Scandinavian  3,840,  and  the  Easterby,  2,560.  The  tracts  of  all  these  com- 
panies are  supplied  with  water  by  THE  FRESNO  CANAL  AND  IRRIGATION 
Company  from  the  never-failing  Kings  River;  and  the  acre,  supplied  under 
a  perpetual  water  right,  with  water  sufficient  for  its  irrigation,  is  offered  at 
prices  ranging,  usually,  from  $35  to  $50  an  acre.  The  tracts,  in  most  of 
the  colonics,  arc  less  than  50  acres,  in  some  of  them  20,  and  each  is 
expected  to  maintain  a  family  in  comfort.  The  terms  on  which  these  lands 
arc  offered  have  attracted  many  settlers  of  late,  and  it  is  said  that  the  pop- 
ulation incre.ised  50  per  cent,  in  1881.  Nearly  all  the  land  under  cultiva- 
tion, in  these  colonics,  is  planted  with  vines,  fruit-trees,  garden  vegetables, 
or  alfalfa.  Lrirgc  vineyards  have  been  planted  for  raisins,  which  have  been 
produced  there,  of  excellent  quantity.  Persons  desirous  of  acquiring  lands 
in  any  of  the  Fresno  colonies,  or  in  the  adjacent  rich  agricultural  region, 
can  obtain  information  by  addressing  Tlios.  E.  Hughes  &  Sons,  at  their 
main  office,  314  Montgomery  Street,  San  Francisco,  or  at  their  branch 
office  in  Fresno.  They  arc  real  estate  agents  of  established  reputation, 
and  are  themselves  proprietors  of  the  Fresno  Colony. 

British  Columbian  Lands. — The  greater  part  of  British  Columbia  is  rug- 
ged mountain,  unfit  for  tillage.  Washington,  Oregon,  and  California  have 
extensive  bodies  of  level  land,  west  of  the  summit  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  or 
Cascade  Range ;  British  Columbia  has  not ;  the  only  considerable  tract  of 
that  character  being  40  miles  long  by  20  wide,  in  the  valley  of  the  lower 
Fraser.  Ten  miles  north  of  that  river,  wc  reach  mountains  which  have  a 
steep  declivity  down  to  the  very  edge  of  the  water.  An  examination  of  the 
map  shows  that  the  northern  part  of  our  coast  has  presumably  sunk ;  Van- 
couver Island  and  other  islands  to  the  northward  on  the  same  line  repre- 
senting the  summits  of  the  Coast  Range  of  mountains,  which  in  those  regions 
arc  half  submerged.  Vancouver  Island  has  an  area  of  12,000  square  miles, 
and  according  to  the  Guide  to  British  Columbia,  a  carefully  prepared  volume, 
it  has  only  500  square  miles  of  farming  land,  or  about  one  in  24.  The  island 
abounds  with  ridges,  rising  to  an  elevation  of  3,000  feet,  and  has  numerous 
13 


MlaM 


MHMH 


MHHIM 


98 


INTRODUCTION. 


peaks  that  exceed  5,000  feet.    The  Queen  Charlotte  group  has  some  of  the 
most  desirable  land  in  the  province. 

Not  only  has  British  Columbia  less  level  land  relatively  west  of  the  Cas- 
cades, than  the  territory  south  of  latitude  49°,  but  the  space  between  that 
range  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  is  also  narrower;  the  distance  from  sum- 
mit to  summit  being  15"  on  the  49th  parallel,  and  only  7°  on  the  52. 
Moreover,  the  intervening  territory  is  also  higher  <ind  more  mountainous; 
the  climate  is  colder  and  subject  to  severe  summer  frosts,  so  that  it  is  less 
desirable  for  general  tillage,  though  good  soil  is  abundant  and  is  well  adapted 
for  pasturage,  and  for  the  cultivation  of  some  cereals.  Between  the  Cas- 
cades and  Rocky  Mountain  .summits,  and  the  49th  and  54th  parallels  (which 
latter  we  assume  as  the  northern  "mit  of  cultivation,  at  least  so  far  as  prac- 
tical interests  now  dcm.and  consideration),  there  is  a  region  300  miles  from 
cast  to  west  by  350  miles  from  north  to  south,  with  an  area  of  more  than 
100,000  square  miles.  The  tillable  portion  of  that  area  is  estimated,  in  the 
report  of  the  survey  of  TlIE  CANADIAN  PACIFIC  RAILROAD  for  1877,  to  be 
1,300  square  miles,  or  about  one  in  75.  A  large  portion  of  the  land,  not 
suitable  for  the  plow,  contains  good  supplies  of  bunch  grass ;  and  horses  and 
cattle  get  fat  in  the  summer,  and  manage  to  live  without  other  food  through 
the  winters,  though  they  sometimes  suffer  severely.  The  activity  of  gold 
mining  at  Cariboo  in  the  53d  parallel,  and  the  high  cost  of  transportation 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Fraser,  make  a  market  for  cereals  and  vegetables 
grown  in  the  neighborhood.  The  chief  crops  are  wheat,  barley,  oats,  turnip.s, 
and  potatoes.  The  potato  vines  are  frost-bitten  nearly  every  year,  but  ex- 
cept in  unusually  severe  .seasons  they  are  not  entirely  killed. 

Nearly  all  the  land  in  British  Columbia  is  the  property  of  the  govern- 
ment, or  of  TiiK  CiVNADiAN  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  and  is  offered  to 
settlers  on  liberal  ternvs.  The  .system  of  survey.s,  subdividing  the  public 
domain  into  sections  one  mile  .square,  with  quarters  of  160  acres  each,  is 
similar  to  that  .idoptcd  in  the  United  States.  There  is  no  homestead  law, 
offering  land  to  the  .settler  for  the  cost  of  the  survey;  but  there  is  a  preemption 
right,  which  entitles  the  settler,  who  has  personally  occupied  a  piece  of  the 
public  land  for  four  years,  and  has  made  improvements  to  the  value  of  $2.50 
an  acre,  to  purcha.se  320  acres  cast  of  the  summit  of  the  Cascade  Mount- 
ains, and  160  acres  west  of  that  line.  Persons  who  want  to  use  land  for 
pastoral  purposes,  can  obtain  leases  of  large  tracts  for  small  annual  rents; 
but  the  lands  thus  Ica.sed  are  subject  to  occupation  by  settlers,  the  rents 
being  reduced  proportionately.  The  railroad  company  has  not  yet  come 
into  pos.session  of  its  lands,  but  when  it  does  so,  will  doubtless  sell  them  at 
prices  at  least  as  low  as  those  demanded  by  the  government. 


THE  LABOR  SUPPLY. 


99 


CHAPTER  v.— THE  LABOR  SUPPLY. 


High  Wages. — The  peculiar  condition  of  the  labor  market  on  our  coast 
is  a  matter  of  much  importance  in  the  present  and  future.  In  the  consid- 
eration of  this  subject,  three  main  points  force  themselves  on  our  attention, 
and  demand  a  fair  statement  of  the  material  facts  relating  to  them.  First, 
is  the  high  rate  of  wages;  second,  the  large  number  of  boys  and  girls  grow- 
ing up  in  idleness,  without  skill  in  any  useful  art;  and  third,  the  presence  of 
the  Chinaman.  These  topics  will  be  taken  up  successively,  although  they 
arc  intimately  associated  or  interwoven  with  one  another. 

The  high  price  of  labor  is  the  result  of  many  combined  causes,  includ- 
ing the  expense  of  reaching  our  coast  from  the  Atlantic,  the  high  profits  of 
mining  in  early  days,  the  speculation  which  still  characterizes  most  branches 
of  business  since,  the  extravagant  rates  of  interest,  and  the  difficulty  in 
getting  steady  employment  in  many  departments  of  trade.  The  wages  of 
mechanics  are  from  lo  to  50  per  cent,  higher  in  San  Francisco  than  in 
New  York  ;  from  30  to  150  per  cent,  higher  than  in  England,  and  from  icx3 
to  300  per  cent,  higher  than  in  Germany.  Thus  we  find  that  the  bricklayer 
receives  $3.30,  without  board,  for  a  week's  work  in  Germany,  $8  in  England, 
$13.50  in  New  York,  and  $21  in  San  Francisco,  in  which  city  he  has  the 
additional  advantage  of  being  able  to  work  throughout  the  year,  whereas 
in  the  others,  the  danger  of  frost  deprives  him  of  employment  for  3  months 
in  the  year.  The  housemaid  receives  $5,  with  board,  for  a  week's  work  in 
California,  $2.50  in  New  York,  $1.75  in  England,  and  $i  in  Germany. 
Agricultural  laborers,  engaged  by  the  year,  receive  a  monthly  wage  of  $5, 
without  board,  in  Germany,  $6.66  in  France,  $9  in  Ireland,  $18  in  England, 
I10.38  in  South  Carolina,  $13.55  '"  Mississippi,  $20.80  in  New  York,  $22.11 
in  Illinois,  $32.60  in  Utah,  $37.40  in  Oregon,  $40  in  Washington,  and 
$40.93  in  California.  Harvesters  receive,  with  board,  88  cts.  a  day  in  South 
Carolina,  84  cts.  in  Mississippi,  $1.20  in  New  York,  $1.37  in  lUinoi.s,  $1.55  in 
Utah,  $1.50  in  Washington,  $1.61  in  Oregon,  $1.67  in  Nevada,  and  $1.71 
in  California.  The  figures  for  the  United  States,  as  mentioned  above,  are 
derived  from  a  report  of  the  National  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  giving 
the  wages  in  March,  1881.  Those  for  Europe  are  obtained  from  T/ie  State 
of  Labor  in  Europe,  a  public  document  issued  by  the  American  Govern- 
ment in  1879,  from  information  gathered  in  1878. 


100 


INTRODUCTIOK. 


Wages  by  the  Week. — The  following  tabic  furnishes  material  for  a 

comparison  between  the  wages  of  mechanics  in  San  Francisco,  New  York, 
and  various  European  cities.  The  figures  for  the  latter  are  for  1878,  and 
arc  copied  from  page  31  on  the  State  of  Labor  in  Europe.  Tho.sc  for  San 
Francisco  represent  the  prices  current  in  1 881,  as  ascertained  by  inquiries 
among  employers  and  employed ;  while  those  for  Melbourne  are  from  re- 
cent newspapers.  Wages  in  New  York  have  advanced  since  1878,  so  the 
prices  for  that  city,  given  in  the  table,  are  not  in  entire  harmony  with  others 
on  subsequent  pages,  intended  to  represent  the  situation  in  1881.  This  table 
gives  the  wages  for  a  week's  work  without  board : 


Occupations. 

! 

2. 

H 

1 

C 
^ 

t 

% 

n 

C/5 

Brick'ayers 

Carpenters 

Gasfitters. , 

^j-Vs 

3.00 

$5.40 
5.00 

$4.80 
5.00 

$4.80 

6.00 
4.60 
4.80 
4.60 
4.80 
4.80 
4.60 
4.fio 
600 
4.60 
4.60 
4.80 
4.80 
3.00 

$6.00 
5.40 
5.40 
6.00 

6.00 
6.00 
6.00 
6.00 
4.80 
6.00 
6.00 
6.00 
4.80 
3-50 

$9.25 
9.00 
7.80 
8.70 
8.50 

8.90 
8.00 

"'s.oo 

10.50 

8.75 

7-5° 
5.82 

$13.50 
10.50 
12.00 
15.00 
14.00 

6.50 
12.00 
15.00 
10.00 
11.00 
13.00 
15.00 
14-00 
12.00 

7.50 

$15.00 

•3-50 
15.00 
11.00 

10.00 

11^.00 

1 3- 50 


$21.00 
18.00 
18.00 

l^Iasons 

Painters 

3-75 

3.00 

6.00 
7.00 
5.40 
4.50 
3.00 

5.40 

4.80 
4.80 
4.80 
6.00 

3.00 
4.20 
4.80 
4.80 

21.00 
18.00 

linkers 

3.50 
4.J0 
a. 00 
4.00 

3-30 

13.80 
21.00 
24.00 

«7-25 

21.00 

Blacksmiths .... 
liookbindcrs... . 
Butchers 

Cabinet-makers . 

4.20 
4.80 
3.60 
3.60 
4.00 

Printers 

20. 00 

Siiocmakers. .  .  . 

Tailors 

Tinsmiths 

Laborers 

2.00 
3.00 
3.00 
2.50 

3.te 
3.60 

16.25 
17.00 
15.00 
I  2.00 

Average 

^l-'^'^ 

$3.25$4.7' 

<I4.76 

^4.77 

$5-56 

$8.40 

$12.07 

$13.29 

$18.22 

Percentage. .  . 

100 

103 

149 

15"     151 

176 

267 

383 

422 

578 

The  average  in  San  Francisco  is  to  the  average  in  New  York,  as  151  to  100, 
but  the  wages  in  New  York  have  advanced  probably  1 5  per  cent.,  on  the 
average,  since  1878,  while  the  wages  in  portions  of  Continental  Europe  were 
20  per  cent,  less  in  1878  than  in  1873. 

Wages  by  the  Day, — Under  this  heading  wc  state  the  average  wages 
paid  by  the  day,  without  board,  to  certain  classes  of  laborers  in  San  Francisco 
and  New  York,  in  July,  1881,  the  prices  in  the  latter  city  being  ascertained 
from  persons  in  San  Francisco  claiming  to  have  trustworthy  information. 
The  figures  for  New  York  may  not  be  entirely  accurate,  but  they  are  given 


wmmmmmm 


THE  LABOR  SUPPLY. 


lOI 


as  the  best  obtainable.  It  is  well  known  that  there  has  been  a  considerable 
advance  in  wages,  in  the  Atlantic  States,  within  the  last  3  years.  The  ship- 
joiners,  ship-carpenters,  stevedores,  riggers,  caulkers,  coffee-grinders,  vinegar- 
makers,  maccaroni-makers,  and  cracker-bakers,  work  9  hours  a  day ;  the 
men  employed  in  iron  foundries  and  brass  foundries  work  54  hours  a  week 
in  winter,  and  60  in  summer;  and  the  other  mechanics,  operatives,  and  labor- 
ers, mentioned  in  this  table,  work  10  hours  a  day  in  San  Francisco. 

In  the  rolling-mills,  the  millmen  and  rollers  receive  $5  per  ton,  and  in  the 
woolen  mills  the  weavers,  wool-sorters,  and  spinners  arc  paid  by  the  piece, 
but  they  earn,  on  the  average,  the  sums  mentioned. 

The  average  wages  by  the  day,  without  board,  in  San  Francisco  and  New 
York  respectively, are:  for  common  laborers,  $2  and  $i ;  boss  carpenters, $4  and 
$3;  carpenters,  $3  aftd  $2;  woodturners,  $3  and  $2;  bricklayers,  $3.50  and 
$2;  hodmen,  $2.50  and  $2;  plasterers,  $3  and  $2;  housc-painter.s,  $3.50  and 
$2;  sign-painters,  $3.50  and  $2.50;  graincrs,  $3.50  and  $3;  gilders,  $3  and 
$2.50;  gasfittcrs,  $3  and  $2.75;  ship-joiners,  $4  and  $2.50;  ship-carpenters, 
$5  and  $2.75;  ship-caulkers,  $5  and  $3;  stevedores,  $5  and  $3;  riggers,  $4 
and  $2.25;  sailmakers,  $3  and  $2;  potters,  $2.50  and  $1.75;  quarrymcn,  $3 
and  $2;  coppersmiths,  $3  and  $2.50;  hardwood  coopers,  $3.50  and  $2.50;  soft- 
wood coopers,  $2.50  and  $2.25;  foundry  moldens,  $3.25  and  $2.25;  iron 
foundry  blacksmiths,  $3.75  and  $2.50;  iron  foundry  laborers,  $2  and  $1;  pat- 
tern-makers, $3.25  and  $2.25 ;  machinists,  $3.25  and  $2.25 ;  boiler-makcrs,$3.25 
and  $2.37;  brass  foundry  molder.s,  $3.2 5  and  $1.75;  brass  foundry  machinists, 
$3  and  $2;  brass  foundry  blacksmiths,  $3.soand  $2.25;  brass  foundry  laborers, 
$2  and  $1;  pumpmakers,  $3  and  $2.50;  jewelers,  $3.50  and  $3;  jewelers'  en- 
gravers, $3  and  $2.7  5 ;  diamond-setters,  $4  and  $3.75;  cabinet-makers,  $3.50  and 
$2.50;  varnishers, $3  and  $2;  planing-mill  sawyers,  $2.50  and  $2;  planing-miU 
planers,  $3  and  $2;  planing-mill  carpenters,  $2,50  and  $2;  bo.xmakers,  in 
box  fact^ories,  $2  and  $1.75;  carriage-painters,  $3  and  $2;  carriage-trimmers, 
$3.50 and  $2.50;  tanners,  $2.50  and  $2;  curriers,  $2.50  and  $2;  tcamstcrsi,  $2.23 
and  $1.75;  buffers  and  splitters,  $4  and  $3;  trunkmakers  (first  rate),  $3.25 
and  $2.75;  trunkmakers  (second  rate),  $2  and  $1.50;  rag-carpet  weavers 
(men),  $2.50  and  $1.50;  carpet-beaters,  ,$2.75  and  $2.25;  saltmakcrs,  $1.50 
and  $1;  yeast  powder  makers,  $1  and  75  cents;  acid-makers,  $2  and  $1.50; 
wool-sorters,  $2.75  and  $2;  wool-pickers,  $1.75  and  $1.25;  woolen-mill  fixers, 
$2.37  and  $2.12;  loom-fixers,  $2.75  and  $2.12;  woolen-mill  overseers,  $5  and 
$4;  woolen-mill  laborers,  $1.75  and  $1.25;  woolen-mill  weavers  (men  and 
women),  $1.62  and  $1.37;  inattressmakers  (women),  $1.75  and  $1.50;  top- 
mattressmakers  (men),  $2.50  and  $2.25;  spring-mattressmakers,  $2.50  and 
$2.25;  mattrcss-springmakcrs,  $1.75  and  $1.50;  block  glove  cutters,  $3  and 
$2.75;  and  oakum-pickers  (men),  $2.50  and  $2. 

In  all  these  occupations,  covering  most  of  the  branches  of  mechanical  and 


ibii:>5 


102 


INTRODUCTION. 


manufacturing  industry,  the  wages  are  higher  here  than  in  New  York;  in 
most  of  them  at  least  20  per  cent,  higher,  and  in  some  instances  50  per  cent. 
In  certain  occupations,  the  wages  are  the  same,  being  $2.50  for  tinners;  $4 
for  table  glove  cutters;  $2.50  for  paper-mill  machine  tenders;  $2  for  finish- 
ers, helpers,  and  pulp  engineers,  and  75  cents  for  boys  and  girls  in  paper 
mills;  $2.75  for  saddlers  and  collarmakcrs;  $3  for  galvanizers;  and  $2  for 
picklcrs  and  picklers'  helpers  in  galvanizing  .shops.  The  same  rates  of 
wages  arc  paid  in  the  glass  factories  of  San  Francisco  as  in  those  of  Pitts- 
burg, the  gla.s.sblowers  averaging  $125  a  month. 

In  plating  shops  the  wages  are  higher  in  New  York,  being  in  that  city 
and  in  San  Francisco  respectively  $3.50  and  $3  for  finishers,  $3  and  $2.50 
for  platers,  and  $3  and  $2.50  for  burnishers. 

In  the  following  occupation.s,  the  New  York  figures  are  lacking,  and  the 
rates  in  San  Francisco  are  given  alone,  thus ;  for  tubmakers,  $2;  basket- 
makers,  $1.50;  coffee-grinders,  $2.25  ;  maccaroni-makers,  $2 ;  cracker-bakers, 
$2.25;  vinegar-makers,  $2;  rag-carpet  weavers  (women),  $1.75;  bellows- 
makers,  $2.25;  matchmakers,  $2.25;  cream  of  tartar  makers,  $1.50;  ink- 
makers,  $2.50;  iron-puddlers,  $4;  mill-men  in  rolling-mills,  $4;  rollers,  $4; 
burlers  (girls)  in  woolen-mills,  90  cents;  carders  (boys),  87  cents;  glue- 
makers,  $2;  marble-cutters,  $3.50;  marble-polishers,  $3;  granite-cutters, 
$3.50;  granite-polishers,  $2.50;  stone-cutters  (laborers),  $2.50;  bru.shm.akers 
(men),  $2.50;  bru.shmakcrs  (boys  and  girls),  $1 ;  and  oakum-pickers  (boys),  $1. 

In  the  Californian  auriferous  quartz  mines,  the  foremen  drillers  and  blasters 
receive  $4;  the  surfacemen  and  quartz-feeders,  $3.50,  and  the  engineers,  $5. 
In  the  Nevada  silver  mines  the  smelters  and  engineers  receive  $5  ;  the  blast- 
ers, drillers,  firemen,  and  feeders,  $4;  and  the  surfacemen  and  laborers, 
$3.50.  In  the  Californian  quicksilver  mines  the  rates  are  $3  for  engineers  and 
blasters,  $2.50  for  furnacemen,  and  $2  for  firemen  and  surfacemen.  In  the 
Utah  silver  mines,  smelters  get  $4;  blasters  and  firemen,  $3;  and  surface- 
men and  quartz-feeders,  $2.50. 

In  the  construction  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad,  in  British  Columbia, 
bridge  foremen,  first-rate  masons,  and  first-rate  hewers  receive  $3  a  day ; 
bridge  carpenters  from  $2  to  $2.50;  drillers,  from  $1.75  to $2;  choppers  from 
$1.50  to  $2,  and  white  laborers  from  $1.50  to  $1.75. 

Chinamen,  who  are  not  taken  into  .iccount  in  any  of  the  preceding  state- 
ments of  wages,  receive  90  cents  a  day  as  oakum-pickers;  $1.25  as  box- 
makers;  $1  asgluemakcrs;  $1  as  collarmakcrs;  $i.  10  as  operators  in  woolen- 
mills,  and  $1  as  tinners. 

Wages  by  the  Month.— The  wages  for  labor  by  the  month,  with  boaid, 
are  generally  from  15  to  40  per  cent,  hig.icr  on  this  than  on  the  other  side 
of  the  continent,  especially  for  what  are  considered  the  lower  departments 


npvpinpppp 


mmmm 


THE  LABOR  SUPPLY. 


103 


of  toil.  The  percentage  of  difference  is  less  in  some  of  those  occupations 
requiring  the  superintendence  of  subordinates.  Thus,  mates  for  ships  en- 
gaged in  long  voyages  get  as  much  in  New  York  as  in  San  Francisco,  and 
so  do  stewards  on  sailing  vessels  of  the  same  class ;  while  the  usual  rate  for 
able-bodied  seamen  in  San  Francisco  is  $25,  and  for  ordinary  seamen  $15, 
against  $15  and  $12  in  New  York.  For  seamen  on  steamships  that  make 
long  voyages,  the  ordinary  wage  is  $30.  On  steam  coasters  seamen  get  $35, 
and  on  sailing  coasters  $35  in  winter,  and  $40  in  summer.  For  long  voy- 
ages, first  mates  receive  $50  a  month;  second  mates  and  stewards,  $35; 
cooks,  $30.  These  arc  the  average  wages  in  San  Francisco,  and  in  many 
cases  25  percent,  more  or  less  than  the  highest  or  lowest  rates.  Sailors  are 
on  duty  84  hours  a  week. 

In  the  codfisheries  the  fishermen  make  $40  a  month  on  the  average;  the 
throaters  and  headers  $25,  and  the  splitters  $45.  The  oystermen  receive  in 
California,  for  foremen  $100,  for  tongcrs  $35,  and  for  boatmen  $60  a  month, 
or  about  10  per  cent,  more  than  on  the  Atlantic  side.  They  have,  moreover, 
work  that  is  much  easier,  and  free  from  severe  cold  as  well  as  from  danger. 
The  clam-diggers  of  San  Francisco  Bay  get  $30  a  month. 

Farm  laborers  receive  $30  in  California,  or  30  per  cent,  more  than  in  Illi- 
nois. First-rate  gardeners  get  $50,  and  second-rate  $25,  or  20  per  cent,  more 
than  on  the  Atlantic  slope.  Vaqueros,  or  herdsmen  for  neat  cattle,  get  $30 ; 
shepherds,  $20;  irrigators,  $30 ;  sectionmen  on  irrigating  ditches,  $25;  ranch- 
saddlers,  $50,  and  ranch  wheelwrights,  $65.  The  hours  of  work  for  farm 
laborers  and  second-class  gardeners  are  66  a  week. 

In  lumbering,  the  teamsters  get  $100  a  month,  and  the  choppers  and 
sawyers  $75,  for  78  hours  of  work  in  a  week.  In  saw-mills,  head 
sawyers  receive  $100 ;  mill-.sawyers,  $50 ;  and  laborers,  $35,  working  72 
hours  in  the  week.  These  wages,  in  lumbering  and  in  saw-mills,  are  from 
30  to  so  per  cent,  higher  than  on  the  other  side  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

In  brickyards,  molders  get  $45,  off-bearers,  $32,  and  settlers,  $47,  on 
an  average. 

We  now  come  to  the  occupations  in  which  laborers  are  employed  for  a 
period  longer  than  a  day,  usually  by  the  month,  or  by  the  piece,  without 
board.  First-rate  milliners  get  $50,  on  the  average;  second-rate,  $30,  and 
third-rate,  $20  a  month;  about  25  per  cent,  more  than  in  New  York. 
Seamstresses,  employed  in  making  up  regalia,  get  $52,  or  1 50  per  cent,  more 
than  in  the  East.  Straw-plaiters  earn  $36.  In  glove  factories,  machine- 
sewers  make  $40,  as  against  $35  in  the  East,  and  hand-sewers,  $42,  as  against 
$40,  Makers  and  finishers  of  .shirts  can  earn,  in  California,  $37,  and  good 
ironers,  $55,  against  $3 1.50  and  $40  in  New  York.  In  San  Francisco  women 
employed  in  making  comforters  receive,  for  basters  and  finishers,  $41,  and  for 


mm 


^m^mmim 


104 


INTRODUCTION. 


sewers,  $28.  Women  in  trimming  factories  obtain  $38,  and  girl  helpers  in  type 
foundries,  $40.  Tlie  wages  of  first-rate  women  hair-dressers  are  $45,  and 
of  second-rate,  $30.  In  these  occupations  women  generally  get  from  15 
to  30  per  cent,  more  here  than  in  the  East ;  and  in  no  occupation,  so  far  as 
figures  arc  obtainable,  do  women  earn  more  by  physical  labor  and  in- 
dustrial skill  in  New  York  than  in  San  Francisco,  save  as  seamstresses  in 
clothing  factories,  the  average  earnings  per  month  there  being  $44,  while 
here  they  arc  only  $39.  The  work  is  done  by  the  piece  in  both  places,  and 
the  New  York  seamtresscs  are  more  skillful,  many  of  them  having  worked  for 
years  in  making  one  part  of  a  single  class  of  garments.  The  women  who 
work  for  wages  at  industrial  employments  in  California,  do  not  get  more  than 
half  so  much  as  men  engaged  in  similar  occupations,  on  the  average,  and 
are  excluded  from  most  of  the  departments  of  labor  in  which  the  pay  is 
highest  and  the  chances  for  advancement  best.  In  these  respects,  however, 
the  same  influences  prevail  on  our  coast  as  in  other  parts  of  the  civilized 
world,  though  niL  precisely  to  the  same  extent. 

Turning  to  the  occupations  of  men  employed  by  the  month  without 
board,  we  find  that  among  those  employed  by  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad, 
master  mechanics  get  $175  ;  foremen,  $135  ;  shop  mechanics,  $85  ;  loco- 
motive engineers,  $115;  firemen,  ^7  ;  passenger  conductors,  $112;  freight 
conductors,  $87  ;  baggage-masters,  $80 ;  brakemen  and  switchmen,  $67  ; 
section  foremen,  $75  ;  track  laborers,  $46  ;  station  agents,  $60 ;  telegraph 
operators,  $80  ;  porters,  $65,  and  office  clerks,  $125.  These  rates  are  a 
little  higher  than  those  paid  by  most  other  railroad  companies  on  our  slope, 
and  in  many  cases  from  25  to  50  per  cent,  higher  than  on  roads  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  The  only  list  of  wages  there,  within  reach,  at  present, 
is  that  of  The  North-western  Railway  Company,  of  Wisconsin, 
which  pays  $101  to  its  locomotive  engineers;  $53  to  its  firemen;  $68  to 
its  passenger  conductors ;  $43  to  its  brakemen  and  switchmen  ;  $45  to  its 
section  foremen  ;  $37  to  its  track  laborers;  $55  to  its  station  agents,  and 
$45  to  its  office  clerks. 

Compositors  on  newspaper  work  average  $70  a  month,  on  book  work  $55, 
and  on  job  work  $60;  the  newspaper  pressmen  $80,  and  the  job  pressmen 
$48 ;  the  prices  being  the  same  in  San  Francisco  as  in  New  York  for  set- 
ting type  on  book  or  job  work ;  but  in  the  other  branches  of  printing  the 
prices  here  are  from  12  to  20  per  cent,  higher.  In  type  foundries,  stereo- 
typcrs  get  $90,  and  casters  $60  on  the  average. 

Bushclmcn  and  coatmakers,  working  for  custom  tailors,  earn  $78;  pan- 
taloon-makers, $69.50,  and  vestmakers  $52. 

Foremen  and  cutters  in  clothing  factories  receive  $150,  and  men  in  trim* 
ming  factories  $65. 


THE  LABOR  SUPPLY. 


105 


In  photographic  establishments  the  wages  of  first-rate  photographers  are 
$160;  of  second-rate,  $70;  of  first-rate  retouchers  $75,  of  second-rate  $40; 
of  printers,  $45;  of  mounters,  $40;  and  of  clerks,  $75.  In  lithographing, 
draftsmen  receive  $100,  pressmen  $75,  and  helpers  $48.  The  ordinary  pay 
of  copper  engravers  is  $ioo. 

Watchmakers  get  $175,  twice  as  much  as  in  New  York;  telegraph  oper- 
ators, $75,  25  per  cent,  more  than  there;  distillers  and  brewers,  $60;  rope- 
makers,  $40;  umbrella-makers,  $48 ;  butchers,  $80. 

In  varnish  factories,  the  pay  is  $58  for  varnish-makers,  and  $40  for  laborers; 
in  paint  factories,  paintmakers  get  $70,  and  boys  $25 ;  in  soap  factories  the 
wages  are  $58  for  soapmakens,  and  $30  for  laborers.  The  foremen  in  pow- 
der mills  get  $120,  the  powder-makers  $62,  and  laborers  $36;  in  fire-work 
factories  the  pay  is  $67  for  pyrotechnists,  and  $40  for  laborers.  White  broom- 
makers  receive  $50,  and  Chinese  $35.    Chinese  brickmakers  get  $32. 

Laborers'  Associations. — Several  cooperative  societies  of  mechanics  will 
be  mentioned  in  the  chapters  on  various  branches  of  manufacture,  but  such 
associations  are  very  rare  on  our  coast ;  and  the  most  successful  are  rather 
partnerships  than  societies.  Cooperative  mercantile  associations  are  also 
rare,  except  in  Utah,  where  the  Mormons  have  succeeded  with  them  beyond 
all  example  elsewhere.  Trade  unions  or  combinations,  formed  for  the  pur- 
pose of  keeping  up  wages,  are  especially  numerous  in  San  Francisco,  and 
have  generally  been  successful  in  accomplishing  their  purposes. 

There  are  48  riggers  in  San  Francisco,  all  members  of  The  Riggers'  Pro- 
tective Union,  which  is  maintained  for  the  exclusive  purpose  of  regulating 
the  rate  of  wages,  now  fixed  at  $4  for  a  day's  work  of  9  hours.  They  have 
work  for  6  months  in  the  year,  on  an  average. 

The  only  purpose  of  The  San  Francisco  Caulkers'  Association  is  to 
fix  the  rate  of  wages,  now  $$  for  a  day  of  9  hours,  and  it  has  185  members. 
They  report  that  they  have  occupation  for  about  half  the  year,  on  an  average. 

The  Riggers'  and  Stevedores'  Union  Association  has  180  mem- 
bers, and  collects  a  monthly  contribution  of  half  a  dollar  from  each.  It  gives 
$roa  week  to  every  sick  member,  but  does  not  support  or  assist  unemployed 
members.  It  paid  out  $5,cxx>  to  its  sick  in  1880,  and  has  $20,000  in  its 
treasury.  The  pay  is  $5  for  a  day  of  9  hours.  When  this  association  can 
not  supply  all  the  stevedores  needed  for  discharging  or  loading  a  vessel,  ex- 
tra men  are  hired  elsewhere,  not  by  the  master  or  owner  of  the  vessel,  but 
by  the  foremen  of  the  stevedores.  Ships  loading  at  Oakland,  Vallejo,  Port 
Costa,  or  Bcnicia,  get  their  stevedores  from  the  association.  The  members 
claim  that  every  stevedore  must  be  a  skillful  rigger,  but  the  greater  part  of 
the  work — taking  cargo  out  of  the  vessel  or  putting  it  in — has  nothing  to 


io6 


INTRODUCTION. 


do  with  the  rigging.  Portland  has  a  stevedores'  union,  to  regulate  wages, 
which  arc  fi.xcd  at  $4  a  day.     In  New  York  City  the  rate  is  $3. 

The  lumber  stevedores,  or  men  engaged  in  handling  lumber  on  the  water 
front,  have  a  society  called  THE  LUMBERMAN'S  PROTECTIVE  UNION,  with 
1 14  members.  It  contributes  to  the  support  of  its  sick  associates,  and  spent 
$i,iS64  for  such  purposes  in  1880.  The  rate  of  wages  is  $4  a  day.  The  sec- 
rctar)-,  C.  Weizel,  thinks  there  are  300  lumber  stevedores  in  San  Francisco, 
900  in  California,  and  2,800  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

The  Journeymen  Ship  and  Steambo.\t  Joiners'  Protective  Asso- 
ciation of  San  Francisco  was  organized  in  February,  1881,  for  the  purpose 
of  fixing  the  rate  of  wages,  and  has  60  members.  It  has  no  provision  for 
mutual  aid  in  case  of  sickness.  The  rate  of  wages  is  $4  per  day  of  9  hours, 
on  new  work,  and  $4.50  per  day  on  repairs.  A  boss  is  not  permitted  to 
have  more  than  one  apprentice,  who  must  work  for  at  least  4  years.  It  is 
estimated  that  there  arc  70  shipjoincrs  in  San  Francisco,  45  in  Portland,  20 
at  Humboldt  Bay,  20  in  Stockton,  and   15  in  Coos  Bay. 

The  Journeymen  Shipwrights'  Association  of  San  Francisco, 
formed  to  regulate  wages,  demands  $4  a  day  of  9  hours  on  new  work,  and 
$5  on  old  work.  It  has  260  members,  and  no  rules  in  reference  to  apprentices. 
There  are  lOO  shipwrights  on  Pugct  Sound,  50  in  Portland,  50  at  Humboldt 
Bay,  40  at  Vallcjo,  30  at  Coos  Bay,  1 5  at  Stockton,  and  20  at  various  other 
places  on  the  coast,  according  to  the  best  estimates. 

The  Typographical  Union  docs  not  promise  pecuniary  aid  to  relieve  the 
sick  or  destitute,  but  in  1880  the  branch  in  San  Francisco  gave  $300  to  sick 
members.  Its  main  purpose  is  to  regulate  the  rate  of  wages,  which  are  now 
fixed  at  50  cents  for  1,000  ems  on  daily  papers,  and  40  cents  on  weekly  pa- 
pers and  books.  The  number  of  men  in  the  union  is  209  in  San  Francisco, 
300  in  California,  and  375  on  the  coast.  There  are  1,400  compositors  on  the 
coast,  including  1,000  in  California,  400  in  San  Francisco,  50  in  Sacramento, 
30  each  in  Oakland  and  Los  Angeles,  2$  in  Stockton,  and  20  in  San  Jose. 

The  Locomotive  Engineers  have  chapters  in  Stockton,  Sacramento, 
and  San  Franci.sco,  with  120  members  in  all. 

The  Barbers  of  San  Francisco  have  a  protective  union  with  1 19  mem- 
bers. In  1880  they  paid  out  $626  to  relieve  their  sick.  Since  July,  1880, 
the  demand  for  journeymen  barbers  has  exceeded  the  supply.  The  wages 
arc  from  $9  to  $20  a  week  in  San  Francisco,  from  $12  to  $20  in  other  parts 
of  California,  $20  in  Nevada,  $15  to  $20  in  Utah,  $25  to  $30  in  Arizona,  and 
$1 2  to  $2 1  in  Oregon.  San  Francisco  has  267  .shops,  with  an  average  of  3  :nen 
to  each;  the  remainder  of  the  .state  has  506  shops,  averaging  2  men  each; 
Nevada  has  68  shops,  averaging  4  men  each;  Washington,  18  shops,  with  80 
men  in  all;  Arizona,  18  shops,  with  90  men;  Idaho,  4  shops,  with  21  men. 


THE  LABOR  SUPPLY. 


107 


The  total  number  of  barbers  on  the  coast,  including  stragglers,  may  be  2,000. 
Sick  benefits  are  $8  a  week,  and  whenever  a  death  occurs,  $1  is  levied  on 
each  member  to  meet  the  expense  of  the  funeral.  TOBIAS  HocK,  president, 
who  gives  the  information,  states  that  the  ordinary  system  of  training  appren- 
tices, is  to  take  them  for  6  months  \\  ithout  pay,  and  after  the  expiration  of 
that  period,  $3,  $5,  or  $7  a  week,  according  to  the  progress  made.  It  usually 
requires  a  year  and  a  half  to  learn  the  business  well. 

The  Hatfinishers  of  San  Francisco  number  20,  and  all  belong  to  a  protec- 
tive association,  which  has  no  provisions  for  mutual  aid.  All  their  work  is 
paid  by  the  piece. 

The  Stonecutters  of  San  Francisco  have  a  protective  union  with  1 20  mem- 
bers; the  object  of  this  organization  is  to  regulate  wages,  and  there  is  no 
provision  for  mutual  aid,  though  a  special  fund  is  raised,  when  needed  for 
the  relief  of  the  sick,  or  the  burial  of  the  dead.  In  case  of  an  authorized 
strike  the  sum  of  $5  a  week  is  allowed.  Apprentices  must  be  18  years  old, 
and  guaranteed  to  work  for  3  years,  but  not  more  than  one  can  be  taken  for 
ten  journeymen. 

The  Cigarmakers  of  San  Francisco  have  a  society  with  500  members,  to 
protect  white  labor  against  the  encroachment  of  Chinese. 

The  Woodmolders — the  men  who  manage  the  machines  to  make  wooden 
moldings  in  the  planing-mills — have  a  union,  with  35  men  in  San  Francisco, 
for  the  purpose  of  regulating  the  wages,  and  aiding  members  to  get  employ- 
ment. There  are  60  woodmolders  in  San  Francisco,  225  in  California,  and 
300  on  the  coast. 

The  Gardeners'  and  Ranchers'  Associatio.  ■  ^  San  Francisco  has 
78  members,  who  cultivate  kitchen  vegetables  for  the  San  Francisco  market, 
and  employ  from  3,000  to  4,000  men,  mostly  Genoese,  in  San  Francisco  and 
San  Mateo  Counties.  The  pay  is  from  $25  to  $30  a  month.  The  number 
of  men  who  devote  themselves  exclusively  to  the  business  of  market  garden- 
ing on  this  coast,  is  estimated  to  be  6,000. 

The  Fishermen's  Protective  and  Benevolent  Association  of  San 
Francisco  has  80  members,  and  allows  $10  a  week  to  its  sick,  who,  in  1880, 
received  $900. 

The  Carpenters,  the  Cabinetmakers,  the  Woodturners,  and  the  Bakers  of 
San  Francisco  had  protective  unions  in  former  days,  but  they  are  now  dis- 
solved. 

The  Draymen  and  Teamsters'  Union  of  San  Francisco  has  150 
members,  and  is  designed  mainly  to  render  mutual  aid  in  case  of  sickness. 

The  owners  of  job  wagons  in  San  Francisco  have  The  Expressmen's 
Protective  Union,  which  helps  its  sick,  and  buries  its  indigent  dead. 


io8 


INTRODUCTION. 


Wages  and  Comfort.— In  his  introduction  to  The  State  of  Labor  in  Eu- 
rope, WiLLlA.M  M.  EVARTS,  when  United  States  Secretary  of  State,  thus 
expressed  some  of  \\v-  conclusions,  drawn  from  the  reports  which  make  up 
the  body  of  the  work,  and  they  arc  not  inappropriate  here : 

"  The  rates  of  wages  in  the  United  States,  roughly  estimated,  are  more 
than  twice  those  in  Belgium,  3  times  those  in  Denmark,  France,  and  Ger- 
many; once  and  a  half  those  in  England  and  Scotland,  and  more  than  3 
times  those  in  Italy  and  Spain.  The  prices  of  the  necessaries  of  life  arc 
lower  in  the  United  States  than  in  any  of  the  foregoing  countries.  •  •  » 
That  more  misery  is  caused  by  strong  drink  in  many  countries  in  Europe 
than  by  dull  times,  and  that  more  misery  is  caused  by  strikes  than  even  by 
strong  drink.  *  *  •  That  some  of  the  happiest  working  people  in  Eu- 
rope may  be  said  to  be  those  whose  wages  are  least,  while  some  of  the  un- 
happicst  may  be  classed  among  those  whose  wages  are  the  highest." 

The  statement  by  the  American  consul  in  Bristol  that,  as  "compared  with 
Europe,  the  United  States  is  a  paradise  for  a  sober  and  faithful  working- 
man,"  may  be  truthfully  and  appropriately  supplemented  with  the  remark 
that,  as  compared  with  the  Atlantic  States,  the  Pacific  Coast  is  a  paradise 
for  workingmcn  of  superior  skill,  character,  and  capacity. 

As  the  necessaries  of  life  arc  cheaper  in  New  York  than  in  London,  so 
they  arc  cheaper  in  San  Francisco  than  in  New  York.  The  remark,  that 
more  misery  is  caused  by  strong  drink  than  by  dull  times,  and  more  by 
strikes  than  by  strong  drink,  finds  exemplifications  in  California  as  fre- 
quently as  in  Europe.  Instead,  however,  of  the  word  "  strikes,"  the  phrase 
"  refusal  to  work  for  wages  that  employers  can  afford  to  pay,"  might  be  sub- 
stituted as  more  suitable  to  the  situation  here.  There  are  comparatively 
few  strikes  on  our  coast,  because  there  are  many  branches  of  business  in 
which  laborers  can  not  be  obtained,  even  to  make  a  start,  at  rates  leaving 
any  hope  of  profit  to  the  manufacturer.  The  San  Francisco  hoodlum, 
while  refusing  to  accept  employment  offered  to  him,  as  a  beginner,  at  50 
cents  a  day,  in  a  business  in  which  the  New  York  boy  works  for  nothing, 
charges  his  ignorance  and  idleness,  not  to  his  own  extravagant  demands, 
but  to  the  greed  of  the  capitalist  and  the  competition  of  the  Chinamen. 


Labor  and  Material. — The  value  of  the  annual  product  of  the  manu- 
facturing industries  in  the  United  States  is  to  the  amount  of  capital  in- 
vested, as  2  to  one  ;  to  the  value  of  the  material  used  in  a  year,  as  7  to 
4,  and  to  the  wages  paid  in  a  year,  as  5  to  one,  in  round  numbers.  The 
cost  of  material  is  to  that  of  labor,  as  3  to  one  ;  and  in  the  total  running 
expenses,  including  fuel  and  repairs,  the  labor  does  not  average  more  than 
a  fifth.     But  when  we  examine   particular  branches  of  manufactures,  we 


THE  LABOR  SUPPLY. 


109 


find  great  diversities  in  the  proportion  of  the  different  expenditures. 
Thus  in  the  potteries,  and  factories  of  glassware,  edge-tools,  and  certain 
kinds  of  furniture,  the  labor  costs  far  more  than  the  material  ;  and  in 
furniture  generally,  in  hardware,  and  woodcnware,  nearly  as  much  is  spent 
for  wages  as  for  material ;  while  in  cotton  and  woolen-mills,  clothing 
factories,  paper-mills,  and  tanneries,  the  material  costs  3  times  as  much  as 
the  labor. 

Though,  in  many  factories,  the  labor  is  a  small  i^em  as  compared  with  the 
fixed  capital,  and  that  part  of  the  working  capita'  invested  in  raw  material, 
we  must  remember  that  the  raw  material,  of  many  kinds,  costs  more  here 
than  on  the  Atlantic  slope,  partly  because  of  tiie  higher  price  of  labor. 
Undoubtedly  one  of  the  chief  drawbacks  to  factories  on  our  coast,  before 
1879,  was  the  high  rate  of  interest  prevailing  in  San  Francisco  ;  and  the 
low  rate  accepted  since  that  year  not  havi.ig  yet  acquired  a  character  of 
permanence,  it  is  impossible  to  calculate  its  influence  on  manufacturing 
industiy.  So  long  as  12  per  cent,  annual  interest  was  offered  for  money 
loaned  on  good  mortgage,  it  was  not  to  be  expected  that  capitalists  would 
build  factories  to  yield,  on  the  average,  only  6  per  cent.  All  San  Fran- 
cisco capitalists,  who  are  familiar  with  the  general  result  of  investments  in 
factories,  are  agreed  that  there  is  little  hope  for  the  speedy  growth  of 
manufacturing  industry,  in  the  city,  on  the  exclusive  basis  of  white  labor, 
which  is  too  high  in  its  prices,  too  scanty  in  its  supply,  and  too  unreliable 
in  its  character  to  command  confidence.  The  wages  may  take  only  one 
third  of  the  working  capital,  and  yet  the  difference  between  the  rates  in 
San  Francisco  and  New  York  may  be  so  considerable,  that  the  capitalist 
does  not  feel  satisfied  that  he  can  establish  a  profitable  enterprise.  He 
will  not  build  a  factory  unless  it  will  yield  something  to  himself,  as  well  as 
to  his  workmen. 

Seamstresses. — Many  workingwomen  of  San  Francisco  have  sad  lives, 
toiling  12  hours  a  day,  from  January  to  December,  for  a  bare  support,  with 
no  hope  of  ever  saving  anything  from  their  earnings.  The  responsibility  for 
their  hardships  has  been  thrown,  by  sor.ie  writers,  on  the  Chinamen,  as  if 
these  were  the  only  or,  at  least,  the  main  obstacles  in  the  industrial  career 
of  the  Californian  women.  But  investigation  shows  that  the  poor  women 
in  the  Atlantic  States,  England,  and  France  (in  the  last-named  country  they 
earn  only  30  cents  a  day  on  an  average),  fare  much  worse.  No  matter  how 
high  the  wages,  there  will  always  be  some  people  who  must  be  helped  out 
by  charity.  So  long  as  good  maid-servants  are  in  demand  at  $20  a  month, 
the  condition  of  workingwomen,  generally,  on  our  coast,  can  not  be  very 
miserable,  as  compared  with  that  of  their  sisters  in  Europe,  where  the  wages 


tmm 


1  10 


TNTRODMCTION. 


for  similar  service  are  from  $4  to  $7.  If  the  poor  girls  of  San  Francisco 
were  good  seamstresses  and  housekeepers,  and  were  willing  to  work  steadily, 
they  would  have  an  abundance  of  lucrative  employment;  and  the  Chinaman 
is  certainly  not  to  blame  for  their  lack  of  skill  or  steadiness. 

Taking  an  average  of  the  wages  paid  to  women  in  the  manufacture  of 
textile  fabrics,  it  will  probably  be  found  that  skilled  female  operatives  earn 
more  than  $9  a  week,  while  in  Eastern  cities  the  average  is  not  more  than 
$7  to  $8,  and  in  England  $2.50  to  $4.  In  San  Francisco,  the  cost  of  board 
and  room  need  not  exceed  $5  a  week.  The  dense  overcrowding  of  Eastern 
and  European  cities  and  the  harshness  of  their  winter  skies  combine  to  raise 
the  necessary  expenses  of  life  to  a  much  higher  rate.  With  all  these  ad- 
vantages there  is  much  complaint  of  the  scarcity  of  expert  sewing-women, 
and  of  the  miserable  rates  paid  to  girls  who  arc  unskilled  or  only  half  skilled. 
In  the  latter  case  the  fault  is  due  partly  to  neglectful  home  training,  partly 
to  the  girls'  want  of  perseverance.  Sympathy  is  somewhat  wasted  on  ex- 
pert sewing-women  in  San  Francisco,  but  very  much  needed  in  the  case  of 
those  who,  not  being  experts,  are  striving  to  become  so,  and  to  earn  their 
daily  bread. 

There  are  numbers  of  young  sewing-girls  in  San  Francisco,  who  have  to 
earn  their  own  livelihood  entirely  or  in  part,  and  in  some  cases  to  contribute 
to  the  support  of  aged  or  infirm  relatives.  Speaking  of  this  class  of  seam- 
stresses, a  gentleman  who  is  largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  under- 
clothing, says:  "Skilled  workwomen  are  very  scarce.  It  appears  that  women 
coming  here  believe  they  must  marry  a  rich  man,  and  consequently  do  not 
wish  to  work  in  a  factory;  the  rising  generation  believe  so  too;  and  I  think 
it  will  take  a  few  years  more  at  least  until  there  are  several  thousand  m.ire 
idle  girls  in  San  Francisco,  and  the  market  for  marriageable  girls  is  over- 
stocked, before  girls  of  proper  age  will  come  to  their  proper  scn.scs,  and 
assist  their  parents  and  themselves  by  honest  work  in  a  factory." 

At  present  there  is  not  a  single  large  factory  of  outer  clothing  on  the  Pa- 
cific coast;  only  2  under-clothing  factories,  and  one  shirt  factory.  In  other 
branches  of  the  manufacture  of  textile  fabrics,  there  are  firms  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, who  employ  white  labor  exclusively,  and  arc  driving  ]£astern-madc 
goods  out  of  the  market.  NoRCROSS  Sc  Co.,  for  instance,  pay  as  much  as 
$20  a  week  to  women,  expert  in  the  manufacture  of  regalia,  and  at  least  $S 
a  week  to  apprentices,  and  yet  complain  that  they  can  not  get  their  work 
done,  and  have  orders  3  months  ahead  of  the  capacity  of  their  establishment. 
They  do  not  import  any  regalia,  and  there  is  now  very  little  imported  on 
this  coast. 

At  the  making  of  flags  and  banners,  expert  .seamstresses  can  earn  $9  or 
$10  a  week.     One  family,  consisting  of  a  lady  and  her  3  daughters,  earns, 


THE  LABOR   SUPPLY. 


Ill 


on  an  average,  $i,8oo  a  year.  The  wages  of  girls  employed  in  the  manu- 
facture of  dress  and  upholstery  trimmings  average  $9  a  week,  and  the  im- 
portation of  these  classes  of  articles  is  decreasing.  At  making  comforters, 
skilled  workwomen  can  cam  $9  to  $10  a  week.  By  working  at  their  own 
homes  on  ready-made  clothing,  first-class  seamstresses  can  make  $8  to  $10 
a  week  and  more,  when  employed  on  custom  work.  A  female  operative  em- 
ployed by  a  tailor  in  San  Francisco,  averaged  $30  a  week  for  a  considerable 
time  by  working  on  vests,  and  with  no  assistance  except  that  of  a  sewing- 
machine. 

Hundred  of  unskilled  workwomen,  in  San  Francisco,  are  willing,  and 
even  anxious,  to  work  for  $1  a  day  on  shirts  and  under-clothing,  but  their 
services  are  almost  worthless.  They  liave  been  bred  as  if  they  were  never 
to  have  need  of  such  skill ;  while  they  complain  that  they  can  not  find 
employment,  the  manufacturers  advertise  in  vain  for  first-class  operatives. 
Shirt-makers  are  paid  nearly  always  by  the  piece,  and  the  prices  received 
by  c  peratives  on  white  shirts,  at  leading  establishments  in  San  Francisco, 
are:  for  making,  $2.50  to  $4.50  per  dozen,  and  for  finishing,  75  cts.  to  $2.25  a 
dozen.     Cutters  are  paid,  on  an  average,  at  least  $30  a  week. 

Shirtmaking.— The  Standard  Shirt  Factory  employs  200  sewing- 
girls,  working  on  the  premises,  and  gives  occupation  to  about  the  same 
number  of  seamstresses,  who  do  finishing  and  other  work,  at  their  own 
homes.  The  same  establishment  employs  at  least  75.  Chinamen.  Most 
of  the  operatives  are  engaged  on  piece-work,  but  the  earnings  of  skilled 
jcamstresses  do  not  average  more  than  $7.50  a  week,  while  those  of 
Chinamen  vary  from  $8  to  $11.  Moreover  it  is  stated,  by  one  of  the  pro- 
proprietors  of  the  factory,  that  Chinese  workmen  learn  the  business  and 
become  skilled  operatives  in  6  to  8  months,  while  sewing-girls  require  from 
one  to  2  years  in  order  to  become  experts.  While  other  establishments 
manufacture  almost  entirely  to  order,  this  one  makes  up  large  quantities  of 
.stock,  and  comes  into  competition  with  the  Eastern  trade.  Hence  their  rates 
of  payment,  both  to  sewers  and  finisher.s,  arc  below  the  average  paid  else- 
where ;n  San  Francisco.  At  most  houses  engaged  in  the  business  of  men's 
furnishing  goods,  first-class  workwomen  can  obtain  employment,  all  the 
year  round,  at  such  prices  as  to  earn  $8  to  $1 1  a  week,  a  rate  almost  equal 
to  the  earnings  of  skilled  female  operatives,  in  any  branch  of  the  man- 
ufacture of  texible  fabrics.  The  main  trouble  is  that  first-class  workwomen 
are  not  to  be  had  in  number  sufficient  to  meet  the  demand. 

Mr.  Heamlsh,  who  does  a  large  trade  in  the  shirt  business,  states  that 
sewing-women  arc  constantly  applying  to  him  for  work,  even  at  $1  a  day, 
and  that  he  would  be  only  too  glad  to  give  them  employment  at  a  much 


IrdCI 


113 


INTRODUCTION. 


higher  rate  of  wages,  if  they  understood  the  business.  This  gentleman  has 
often  tried  the  experiment  of  employing,  under  the  instruction  of  skilled 
seamstresses,  persons  who  understood  only  the  plainest  sewing,  but  as  soon 
as  they  had  half  learned  the  business,  they  would  think  they  ought  to  make 
the  same  earnings  as  an  expert  workwoman,  and  if  they  could  not  do  so, 
would  become  dissatisfied  and  go  elsewhere.  The  rates  paid  by  shirt 
manufacturers  in  San  Francisco,  are  such  that  operators,  who  work  at  the 
sewing-machine,  can  earn  $6  to  $n  a  week,  according  to  proficiency; 
finishers,  who  work  at  the  button  and  eyelet  holes,  and  the  insertion  of 
gussets,  make  about  the  same  wages.  In  the  laundry  process,  shirt-washers 
cam  $6  to  $7  a  week,  and  ironers,  $10  to  $15.  An  expert  ironer  can  make 
$14  a  week  without  extra  exertion.  The  lower  rate  mentioned  for  oper- 
ators and  finishers — $6  a  week — must  be  understood  as  applying  to  hands 
who  arc  but  partially  skilled ;  and  there  are  many  sewiiig-girl  apprentices 
who  do  not  cam  more  than  $3  a  week,  and  from  want  of  strength  or  skill 
can  never  hope  to  makt;  more  than  $6  or  $7  a  week. 

Though  Mr.  Beamish  gives  work  to  all  the  skilled  female  operatives  who 
apply  to  him,  and  does  not  employ  Chinese  labor,  he  can  obtain  the  scn-- 
ices  of  only  about  20  sewing-women  in  San  Francisco,  taking  an  average 
of  the  year  round,  and  these  arc  employed  entirely  on  custom  work.  lie 
can  not  get  seamstresses  to  work,  at  making  up  stock,  for  prices  that  he  can 
afford  to  pay;  and  at  Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  he  has  200  sewing-women 
constantly  employed  in  manufacturing  ready-made  goods,  to  supply  his 
trade  on  this  coast.  Eastern  rates  of  payment  arc,  for  skilled  labor,  20  per 
cent,  below  those  ruling  in  San  Francisco,  and  for  unskilled  10  per  cent. 
At  shirt  factories  in  Eastern  cities,  operators  and  finishers  can  earn  $5.50  to 
$9  a  week,  shirt-washers  $5.50  to  $6.50,  and  ironers  $;•!  to  $12.  If  the  rates 
now  paid  to  operatives  on  custom-made  shirts,  were  also  paid  to  .sewing- 
women  working  on  ready-made  articles,  it  is  certain  that  manufacturers 
would  lose  monc)'  by  employing  them.  I'.vcn  at  present  rates  they  can 
barely  compete  with  Eastcrn-inado  goods,  and  competition  here  would  be 
impossible  but  for  the  fact  that  overland  freights  on  linen  and  inuslin,  im- 
ported from  New  York,  are  onl>'  i  ;^4  cents  a  pouiul,  while  on  shirts,  partly 
on  account  of  their  occupying  more  space,  the  freight  is  5  cents  a  pound. 
Even  wit*li  this  advantage  in  favor  of  manufacturers,  they  can  not  afford  to 
pay  living  wages  to  women  employed  otherwise  th.in  on  custom  work,  un- 
less the)'  are  very  highly  skilled.  The  freight  on  shirts  importetl  from  New 
York  is  go  cents  a  dozen,  while  the  cost  of  importing  a  quantity  of  linen 
and  muslin  sufficient  to  make  a  dozen  of  shirts  is  about  30  cents.  ICastcrn 
shirts  of  cheap  grade  can  be  laid  down  in  San  I'lancisco  at  $9.50  a  dozen, 
after  paying  a  tax  to  the  railroad  companies  of  60  cents  more  than  that 


'i.L'1uAhtfb^  '-t^V-jiuMUlMttiLlJUi. .. 


THE   LABOR   SUPPLY. 


113 


paid  on  material.  Tlie  cost  of  making  and  finishing  such  shirts  in  Eastern 
factories  is  about  $2  a  dozen,  and  sewing-women  employed  at  such  work 
can  make  from  $4.50  to  $7  a  week.  On  account  of  the  saving  in  freight, 
San  Francisco  manufacturers  could  afford  to  pay  $2.60  .1  dozen  for  similar 
work,  and  operatives  could  earn  $6  to  $7.50  a  week ;  but,  for  want  of  skilled 
labor,  goods  of  this  cla^s  can  not  be  made  up  in  San  Francisco,  to  compete 
with  the  Eastern  trade.  Expert  operatives,  whether  Chinamen  or  sewing- 
women,  can  earn  more  money  at  other  descriptions  of  sewing. 

Chinese  Competition. — The  scr%'ices  of  Chinamen  are  in  such  request  for 
the  manufacture  of  clothing  and  of  under-clothing  for  both  sexes  (ladies'  un- 
der-clothing being  made  almost  entirely  by  Chinese  labor),  that  shirt  fac- 
tories can  offer  them  but  little  inducement.  It  is  stated  by  gentlemen  who 
have  a  practical  acquaintance  with  the  furnishing  goods  and  the  clothing 
business,  that  Chinamen,  through  their  superior  strength,  can  do  cheaper 
work  than  Pimale  operatives  in  San  Francisco,  and  make  higher  wages  than 
sewing-women  in  Eastern  factories. 

The  general  dislike  of  Chinamen  by  the  community  tends  to  prevent 
girls  from  going,  as  apprentices,  to  factories  where  they  must  work  with  the 
Asiatics,  and  also  to  prevent  skilled  operatives  and  seamstresses  from  com- 
ing to  California.  These  influences,  in  the  opinion  of  Mr.  BEAMISH  (who, 
as  a  manufacturer,  employs  white  laborers  exclusively,  has  made  sacrifices 
to  educate  and  attract  them,  and  can  speak  with  some  authority  in  this 
matter),  are  the  chief  evils  of  the  presence  of  the  celestials,  .so  far  as  the 
sewing-women  are  concerned.  He  does  not  know  of  any  noteworthy  re- 
duction of  wages,  or  exclusion  of  skilled  seamstresses  from  employment. 
He  fears,  liowever,  that  the  damage  may  be  much  greater  in  tiie  future,  than 
it  has  been  in  the  past. 

Dear  Labor. — The  high  price  of  labor  has  been  one  of  the  chief  causes  of 
the  rapid  growth  of  our  coimtry  and  of  our  coast.  If  the  laborers  couid  not 
have  earned  more  on  the  Atlantic  Slope  than  in  Europe,  they  would  not 
have  incurred  the  expense  of  leaving  the  old  world;  if  they  had  not  known 
that  wages  were  higher  on  this  coast,  than  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  they 
would  not  have  cros.sed  the  continent.  In  all  new  countries,  the  majority 
of  the  settlers  are  poor,  dependent  for  support  on  their  toil.  They  prefer, 
other  things  lx;ing  equal,  to  go  to  the  land  where  they  can  sell  their  labor 
for  the  best  price.  Our  country  has  made  higher  bids  than  any  other,  in- 
dustrially as  well  as  politically,  for  poor  men,  and  has  attracted  more  of 
them.  The  immigration  to  the  United  States  is  a  prominent  fact  in  the 
civilization  of  the  19th  century;  and  its  fluctuating  activity  has  been  one 
15 


114 


INTRODUCTION. 


of  the  best  standards,  by  which  to  measure  our  national  prosperity.  If 
wages  in  America  .should  fall  to  a  level  with  those  of  Europe,  the  large 
migration  from  that  continent  to  ours  would  cease;  and  the  flow  of  popula- 
tion from  the  Atlantic  Slope  to  our  coast  will  become  relatively  insignificant, 
when  wages  reach  the  same  rate  here  as  there.  Another  benefit  of  dear 
labor  deserving  to  be  mentioned  here  is,  that  it  makes  a  demand  for  im- 
proved machinery,  which,  by  requiring  the  superintendence  of  competent 
and  trustworthy  men,  reacts  in  such  a  manner  as  to  increase  the  wages. 

While  a  high  rate  of  wages  has  its  advantages,  it  also  has  its  drawbacks. 
It  prevents  the  establishment  of  many  branches  of  employment,  requiring 
much  skill  and  costly  machinery,  deprives  capital  of  opportunities  to  erect 
profitable  factories,  obstructs  the  development  of  a  home  market,  checks  the 
increase  in  the  value  of  land,  restricts  production  to  raw  material,  impels  the 
farmer  to  impoverish  his  soil,  subjects  him  to  heavy  freights  and  commis- 
sions for  the  exportation  of  some  of  his  coarse  products,  and  for  the  impor- 
tation of  the  same  material  aftei'  it  has  received  treble  value  from  foreign 
skill,  and  excludes  the  laborers  f-om  the  chances  of  acquiring  the  highest 
training  in  the  most  difficult  and  most  profitable  branches  of  the  mechanical 
arts.  Such  have  been  evidently  ar  d  undoubtedly  some  of  the  pernicious 
results  of  excessively  high  wages  in  California,  during  the  last   30  years. 

The  fact  that  the  wages  of  labor  generally  arc  at  least  30  per  cent,  higher 
in  California  than  in  New  York,  and  100  per  cent,  higher  than  in  Continental 
Europe,  would  be  very  satisfactorj'  if  there  were  regular  employment  for 
all  the  poor,  if  a  large  majority  of  them  were  saving  .something  every  year 
from  their  earnings  for  their  old  age,  and  if  they  were  reasonably  contented 
with  their  condition  in  'ife.  Unfortunately,  however,  in  no  American  State 
have  so  large  a  proportion  of  the  men  who  wanted  employment  from  1865 
to  1S80  been  unable  to  obtain  it;  and  in  no  State  have  the  agricultural 
laborers,  a.s  a  class,  been  more  thriftless,  migratory,  dissipated,  or  discon- 
tented. They  demand  more  wages  than  the  farmer  can  afford  to  pay  by 
the  year,  and  after  working  through  seedtime  and  harvest,  they  go  off  to  the 
towns,  squander  their  money  in  idleness,  and  often  turn  out  as  tramps,  living 
for  months  by  charity  and  plunder.  The  number  of  these  men  has  at  times 
been  so  large,  that  they  became  the  terror  of  the  country  people  in  certain 
districts.  Kcars  have  been  expressed  that  the  genial  climate  of  California 
might  become  a  curse,  by  attracting  the  vagrants  and  ruffians  from  the 
eastern  side  of  the  continent  in  such  hosts  that  they  would  take  possession 
of  the  valleys,  and  leave  descendants  as  idle,  ignorant,  and  demoralized  as 
any  lot  of  brigands  in  the  Abruzzi,  These  fears  are  not  likely  [n  be  real- 
ized, and  indeed,  in  1881  California  was  remarkably  free  from  I  ramps,  on 
account  of  the  rapid  development  of  Arizona,  Wasiungton,  and  Oregon, 


.^im!kjli^itaiMt.l,^ 


THE  LABOR   SUPPLY. 


»'S 


which  have  drawn  away  the  adventurous,  and  left  no  excuse  for  the  remain- 
ing unemployed,  who  arc  everywhere  confronted  by  the  demand  for  labor. 
It  is  to  be  expected,  however,  that  the  conditions  that  prevailed  from  1865 
to  1S80,  will  be  restored  within  a  few  years,  unless  the  laboring  class  come 
down  to  that  fundamental  principle  of  industrial  prosperity  and  sound 
morals,  that  it  is  the  duty  of  the  poor  to  support  themselves  by  their  labor. 
They  may  object,  that  the  wages  obtainable  arc  not  sufficient  for  their  sup- 
port, in  the  style  in  which  they  have  a  right  to  live;  but  there  never  has  been 
any  good  reason  for  this  objection  in  California.  It  may  be  that  the  laborer 
can  not  live  so  comfortably  now,  as  he  could  a  few  years  ago;  but  his  disap- 
pointment docs  not  justify  him  in  becoming  a  burden  on  his  friends  or  on 
society.  There  is  neither  honor,  self-respect,  nor  enduring  pleasure  for  the 
poor  man  without  steady  toil.  The  amount  that  he  earns  is  less  important 
to  the  rational  enjoyment  of  life  than  the  spirit  in  which  he  earns  it,  and 
the  prudence  with  which  he  spends  it.  The  French  male  laborers  cam  only 
Co  cents  a  day  on  an  average,  and  they  probably  enjoy  themselves  more, 
and  perhaps  a  larger  portion  save  something  at  the  end  of  the  year,  than 
do  the  Californian  laborers,  earning  more  than  twice  as  much. 


World-wide  Competition. — The  poor,  blinded  by  ignorance  and  preju- 
dice, may  imagine  that  employers  have  combined  to  reduce  wages  to  the 
lowest  limit  at  which  the  workmen  can  live;  but,  if  they  were  well  in- 
formed, they  would  understand  that  capitalists,  instead  of  working  together, 
are  really  struggling  each  against  all  the  others.  The  business  of  a  factory 
is  a  competition  with  all  similar  establishments  in  the  country.  The  prices 
of  the  products  and  of  the  labor  can  not  be  controlled  by  any  man,  or  small 
clique  of  men.  It  is  the  interest  of  every  employer  to  get  the  best  work- 
men, and  to  attract  them  by  paying  all  he  can  afford.  He  docs  not  care 
how  much  his  workmen  make,  provided  that  he  derives  the  largest  pos- 
sible profit  and  satisfaction  from  his  capital.  In  England,  men  with  money 
are  constantly  .searching  for  chances  to  establish  factories  that  will  pay  5 
per  cent,  annual  interest  on  the  investment ;  and  in  New  England,  6 
per  cent.;  and  $10,000,000  could  be  obtained  immediately  in  California  for 
factories  that  would  pay  7  per  cent,  as  a  secure  and  permanent  investment. 
The  prices  of  labor  arc  influenced  not  so  much  by  the  greed  of  the  employ- 
ers, in  any  little  district,  as  by  the  competition  of  the  laboring  classes 
throughout  the  civilized  world. 

Political  agitators  assert  that  labor  has  been  degraded  in  California  by 
low  wages,  but  since  toil  is  necessary  for  individual  happiness,  as  well  as 
for  national  prosperity,  it  must  in  its  very  nature  be  honorable.  Like 
wisdom  and  honesty,  it  is  not  susceptible  of  degradation.    The  men  who 


Il6 


INTRODUCTION. 


ought  to  devote  themselves  to  it,  however,  may  be,  and  often  are  demoral- 
ized and  degraded,  especially  when  they  seek  excuses  for  idleness  and 
mendicancy;  when  they  demand  higher  wages  than  employers  can  afford  to 
give;  when  they  spend  more  than  they  cam,  and  when  they  train  up  their 
children  without  skill  in  any  useful  art,  and  with  the  foolish  notion  that  it 
is  better  to  idle,  beg,  or  steal  than  to  work  for  the  highest  wages  offered  in 
the  market. 


Imported  Meohanlcs. — A  serious  drawback  to  the  industry  of  California 
is  the  scarcity  of  good  mechanics  among  the  young  men  born  in  the  State, 
or  brought  hither  in  their  childhood.  They  have  been  trained  under  perni- 
cious influences,  and  allowed  to  grow  to  manhood  without  thorough  instmc- 
tion  in  any  industrial  art,  or  the  habit  of  steady  application  to  labor.  Most 
of  the  skilled  mechanics  had  no  sons  whom  they  wished  to  succeed  them  in 
their  respective  occupations,  and  disliking  to  teach  prospective  rivals,  to 
whom  they  were  not  attached  by  any  family  relationship,  threw  every 
obstacle  in  the  way  of  boys  seeking  to  learn  trades.  Parents  would  not 
subject  their  boys  to  strict  discipline,  but  encouraged  them  to  expect  situa- 
tions where  they  could  live  without  hard  work.  Employers  did  not  want 
apprentices,  most  of  whom  would  run  away  after  a  few  months;  and  whose 
education  cost  more  than  their  work  was  worth.  To  train  an  apprentice  in 
California  costs  more  than  to  import  a  good  journeyman.  San  Francisco 
boys  bound  under  articles  of  apprenticeship  are  rare;  those  who  became 
first-rate  mechanics  by  serving  out  their  time,  still  rarer. 

The  boys,  generally,  have  not  been  educated  sufficiently  to  get  places  as 
bookkeepers  or  clerks,  and  besides,  there  were  not  places  for  them.  When 
a  vacancy  occurred,  and  the  employer  had  to  choose  between  an  Eastern 
boy  and  a  Californian  boy,  he  usually  preferred  the  former,  because  he  had 
presumably  been  bred  more  strictly,  and  educated  better  in  business.  Left 
to  grow  up  without  occupation,  and  without  proper  supervision  at  home, 
many  of  the  San  Francisco  boys  have  made  a  habit  of  associating  in  gang.s 
of  "  hoodlums,"  a  local  name  for  a  peculiar  class  of  young  ruffians.  They 
have  an  unenviable  reputation  for  unwillingness  to  work  steadily,  or  to  treat 
employers  fairly  in  any  respect.  Many  attempts  have  been  made  to  obtain 
employment  for  parties  of  hoodlums  in  picking  hops,  berries,  tree-fruits,  or 
grapes,  and  in  other  light  work  in  the  country;  but  the  general  result  was 
that  the  farmers,  finding  them  intolerable  on  account  of  their  depredations 
and  dissipation,  soon  ordered  them  off  to  make  room  for  Chinamen.  In 
August,  1 88 1,  about  40  boys  were  turned  out  of  a  San  Francisco  factory  at 
one  time  becau.se,  as  the  manager  said,  they  would  not  work  faithfully  un- 
less there  was  a  foreman  to  watch  each  of  them. 


THE   LAliOR   SUPPLY. 


117 


The  rising  generation  on  this  coast  has  a  strong  antipathy  to  hard  work, 
and  especially  to  work  that  is  poorly  paid.  Young  persons,  working  at  a 
trade,  expect  to  earn  good  wages  almost  from  the  start,  and  therefore  meet 
with  disappointment.  In  other  parts  of  the  world,  manufacturers  depend 
largely  on  the  assistance  of  boys  and  girls,  in  the  cheaper  branches  of  labor. 
On  the  Pacific  Coast,  the  services  of  white  boys  and  girls  were  not  to  be 
had,  for  this  purpose,  in  former  days,  and  Chinese  labor  was  obtained  as  the 
only  substitute.  In  the  Eastern  States  and  in  Europe,  apprentices  often 
work  for  years,  when  learning  a  trade,  without  any  remuneration,  and  in 
some  cases,  their  parents  even  pay  a  premium  to  obtain  that  privilege  for 
their  children.  In  San  Francisco,  young  men  can  not  be  made  to  under- 
stand that  the  knowledge  acquired  in  learning  a  trade  is,  of  itself,  a  most 
valuable  acquisition.  They  get  the  idea  that  all  avenues  of  employment, 
in  fit  keeping  with  their  dignity,  are  closed  to  them.  Ilence,  too  often,  they 
drift  into  idle  or  dissolute  habits,  and  end  by  becoming  a  burden  to  their 
friends,  or  perhaps  to  the  community.  In  Eastern  and  European  woolen- 
mills,  boys  are  largely  employed  on  classes  of  work,  which,  in  similar  fac- 
tories on  the  Pacific  Coast,  are  done  by  girls  or  by  Chinamen.  There  are 
not  100  boys  employed  in  this  industry  on  the  entire  coast,  and  for  each  one 
so  employed,  there  are,  probably,  5  girls,  and  more  than  that  number  of 
Chinamen.  After  a  brief  apprenticeship,  the  young  San  Franciscan  of  16 
or  17  can  earn,  at  this  occupation,  90  cents  to  $1  a  day;  a  higher  rate  than 
is  paid  in  England  to  skilled  male  operatives.  If  he  would  apply  himself 
steadily  to  work,  he  might  be  certain  of  earning,  after  2  or  3  years,  from  $2 
to  $2.50  a  day.  But  he  becomes  impatient,  and  either  gives  up  his  task,  or, 
as  soon  as  he  has  learned  the  first  process,  demands  men's  wages,  and  when 
refused,  leaves  in  disgust.  Hundreds  of  boys  can  be  had  in  San  Francisco 
at  a  moment's  notice  to  ride  after  cattle,  or  to  drive  a  wagon,  especially  a 
grocer's  wagon ;  but  they  will  not  submit  to  the  steady  work  of  a  factory. 

Competition  vtrith  the  East. — An  examination  of  the  details  of  pro- 
ductive industries  on  our  coast  will  show  that  Chinamen  arc  not  employed, 
as  a  general  rule,  unless  their  cheaper  labor  be  indispensable  to  the  mainte- 
nance of  a  profitable  business.  The  tailor,  the  boot-maker,  and  the  regalia- 
maker,  who  have  shops  for  making  goods  to  order,  employ  none  save  white 
laborers.  The  same  remark  will  apply  to  the  saw-mills,  planing-mills,  sash 
factories,  box  factories,  foundries,  machine-shops,  gold  and  silver  quartz 
mills,  and  printing  and  publishing  houses.  These  establishments  have  little 
competition  with  the  East,  and  can  thrive  while  paying  high  rates  of  wages 
to  white  mechanics  and  operatives.  It  is  not  until  we  come  to  tho.sc 
factories  which  must  compete  with  the  products  of  the  Atlantic  States  and 


■ 


ii8 


INTRODUCTION. 


of  Europe,  and  often  compete  under  disadvantages  which  leave  a  very 
narrow  margin  of  profit,  that  Chinamen  find  employment  in  large  numbers. 
According  to  the  national  census,  San  Francisco  had  22,000  Chinamen 
in  18S0.  Of  these,  it  is  estimated  that  5,000  were  house-servants,  3,000 
laundrymcn,  and  perhaps  1,000  merchants,  invalids,  and  idlers,  leaving 
13,000  as  the  number  of  mechanics  and  factorj'  operatives.  The  number 
of  Chinamen  in  California  was  34,933  in  i860;  49,277  in  1870;  and  75,122 
in  1S80;  while  the  entire  population  was  379,994,  560,247,  and  864,686  at 
the  same  periods  respectively.  The  increase  of  the  Chinese  was  115  per 
cent.,  and  that  of  the  entire  population  1 27  per  cent,  in  20  years. 

Paotories  as  Schools. — But  we  must  not  overlook  the  important  point, 
that  the  factories,  which  could  never  have  been  started  in  California  without 
the  Chinamen,  have  served  as  schools  for  the  industrial  education  of  hun- 
dreds of  boys  and  girls.  Take  the  woolen-mills  for  instance.  In  1870  they 
employed  only  31  women,  and  in  1880,  more  than  900.  In  1865,  80  per 
cent,  of  the  woolen-mill  operatives  in  San  Francisco  were  Chinamen,  and 
in  1880  only  17  per  cent.  In  the  interval,  probably  2,000  women  had 
become  skillful  operatives  in  these  mills,  and  they  have  gradually  crowded 
out  the  Asiatics.  It  is  to  be  hoped  and  presumed  that  similar  results  will 
occur  in  the  future  in  other  branches  of  manufacture. 


i.i 


White  Labor  Gaining. — A  pleasing  feature  in  the  reports  received  from 
the  different  factories  is  the  success  attending  the  gradual  substitution  of 
white  for  Chinese  labor.  At  The  PIONEER  AND  MISSION  WoOLEN  MILLS 
in  San  Francisco  there  are  about  750  employcfs,  of  whom  200  are  China- 
men, receiving  90  cents  to  $1  a  day;  250  women  and  girls  make  50  cents  to 
$1.60,  averaging  $1.25  a  day;  50  boys  make  50  cents  and  upwards  a  day; 
and  250  white  men,  $1.75  to  $3.  At  The  Golden  Gate  Woolen  Mills, 
there  are  about  200  operatives,  and  no  Chinamen  were  employed  until 
recently,  when  the  misconduct  of  a  portion  of  the  white  boys  and  girls  made 
it  necessary  to  discharge  them,  and  a  gang  of  40  Chinamen  was  substituted. 
The  Calh-ornia  Hosiery  Company's  mills  in  Oakland  employ  white 
labor  exclusively,  and  have  240  operatives  on  the  pay-roll,  of  whom  over 
150  arc  women  and  girls,  and  about  50  are  boys.  In  the  year  1865,  out  of 
220  hands  employed  at  the  Pioneer  Mills  (then  not  associated  with  the 
Mission),  180  were  Chinamen.  The  employe's  at  the  Mission  Mills  were 
nearly  all  Chinamen.  In  the  year  1 881,  about  3,000  Chinamen  were  em- 
ployed at  San  Francisco  during  a  portion  of  the  year  in  making  up  into 
men's  ready-made  cloth  suits  and  underwear  the  tweeds,  cassimcres,  doe- 
skins, and  flannels  manufactured  in  Californian  and  Oregon  woolen-mills, 


THE  LABOR  SUPPLY. 


U9 


and  in  making  overalls  and  other  goods  of  Eastern  duck  and  denim. 
These  branches  arc  grouped  together  because  manufacturers  let  out  con- 
tracts, or  employ  their  own  Chinamen,  under  the  supervision  of  a  white 
foreman,  in  making  up  all  these  classes  of  goods.  On  such  work  there  are 
probably  500  to  600  women  employed,  working  usually  at  their  own  homes. 
When  employed  on  cloth  suits,  skilled  seamstresses  can  make  $8  to  $10  a 
week,  and  Chinamen  about  the  same  wages.  On  flannel  under-clothing, 
skilled  workwomen  can  make  $6  to  $8  a  week,  while  Chinamen  do  not  aver- 
age more  than  $6.  Unskilled  or  half-skilled  operatives  of  either  class  can 
not  make,  at  such  work,  more  than  $3  to  $5  a  week.  In  Eastern  clothing 
factories  expert  women  make  $10  to  $12  a  week,  and  assistants,  $6  to  $8. 
Duck  and  denim  goods  are  entirely  made  up  by  Chinamen,  and  the  mate- 
rial is  all  imported,  except  that  many  of  them  are  lined  with  California- 
made  blanket  lining.  The  entire  value  of  ready-made  cloth  suits,  flannel 
underwear,  duck  and  denim  goods  manufactured  in  San  Francisco  for  the 
year  1880,  was  about  $3,650,000.  The  quantity  of  these  manufactured  in 
1870  amounted  in  value  to  a  little  under  $1,000,000. 

The  prospects  in  the  business  of  manufacturing  clothing  are  thus  ex- 
pressed by  Mr.  Greenebaum,  the  proprietor  of  a  factory  in  which  girls  are 
largely  employed :  "  The  outlook  for  the  future  is  good.  All  that  we  need 
is  white  labor,  good  and  experienced  hands,  which  are  not  in  San  Francisco 
at  present,  and  will  not  be,  until  mothers  and  daughters  lay  aside  their  pride, 
and  are  willing  to  work,  and  not  ashamed  to  be  called  factory  hands."  In 
establishments  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  fringe,  gimp,  braid,  regalia, 
etc.,  no  Chinaman  is  to  be  seen,  but  there  are  numbers  of  contented  and 
healthy-looking  women  and  girls,  who  commence  as  apprentices  at  $3  or  $4 
a  week,  and  after  learning  their  trade  can  earn  $8  to  $12,  and  sometimes 
even  $20  a  week.  These  establishments,  however,  can  employ  but  a  small 
number  of  persons.  The  chief  branches  of  manufacture  that  could  afford 
employment  to  women  who  have  to  depend  on  sewing  for  a  livelihood,  are 
those  of  clothing,  under-clothing,  and  shirtmaking.  At  least  four  fifths  of 
all  this  work  is,  at  present,  in  the  hands  of  Chinamen,  who  receive  every 
year  in  wages  about  $1,250,000. 

Opposition  to  Chinese. — While  it  does  not  come  within  the  scope  of  this 
work  to  engage  in  the  discussion  of  political  questions,  it  is  necessary,  for 
the  completeness  of  information,  to  mention  the  dislike  to  Chinamen,  by  the 
white  men  of  the  laboring  class,  and  the  general  opposition  to  any  large 
increase  of  the  Chinese  population.  Rich  and  poor  are  agreed,  that  immi- 
grants from  the  Atlantic  States  and  Europe  are  more  desirable  than  those 
from  China,  and  that  the  permanent  establishment  among  us  of  a  large 


iM 


I20 


INTRODUCTION. 


number  of  Asiatics,  condemned  by  differences  of  color,  tongue,  habits,  and 
religion,  to  remain  an  inferior  caste  to  a  remote  future,  would  be  a  great 
misfortune  for  California.  At  a  State  election  held  in  1879,  154,638  ballots 
were  cast  against  permitting  further  immigration  from  China,  and  only  883 
in  favor  of  it.  The  National  Government  has  secured  an  amendment  of 
the  Burlingame  Treaty,  so  that  Congress  may  restrict  the  immigration  from 
China  without  violating  the  rules  of  international  law,  and  the  passage  of  a 
bill  for  that  purpose,  within  a  brief  period,  is  expected.  We  may  therefore 
say  with  confidence,  that  in  the  future  history  of  the  Pacific  Coast  there  will 
be  no  large  hereditary  caste  of  Asiatic  blood,  no  serious  increase  of  Chinese 
population,  and  no  greater  competition  of  Mongolian  with  white  labor  than 
there  has  been  in  the  past. 

If,  however,  we  wish  to  get  a  correct  idea  of  the  present  condition  of 
industry  on  this  coast,  we  must  be  careful  to  look  at  both  sides  of  the 
question  of  Asiatic  labor.  Some  of  the  Anti-Chinese  agitators  have  used 
language,  which  would  lead  people  at  a  distance  to  infer  that  the  general 
condition  of  poor  white  men  in  California  is  pitiable,  because  the  bread  is 
taken  from  their  mouths  by  the  Chinese;  that  there  is  little  chance  here  for 
a  poor  man  to  support  a  family  respectably;  that  it  is  cruel  to  invite 
immigrants  to  come  to  California  and  engage  in  a  competition  with  the  yellow 
pagan  that  must  end  in  misery  and  starvation;  that  greedy  capitalists  and 
slavish  Asiatics  have  taken  exclusive  possession  of  most  branches  of  pro- 
ductive industry;  and  that  the  evil  is  so  great,  that  the  immediate  expulsion 
of  the  pagans,  even  if  accomplished  by  bloodshed  and  anarchy,  would  be  a 
blessing  to  the  country. 

These  ideas,  in  their  main  features,  are  wrong.  Much  may  be  said  truth- 
fully against  the  Chinese,  and  all  that  is  true,  together  with  much  more  that 
is  untrue,  has  been  said  and  widely  circulated  by  politicians;  but  there  is 
another  side,  which  has  received  far  less  attention,  and  should  not  be  over- 
looked by  those  who  wish  to  understand  the  industrial  interests  involved. 
There  is,  to-day,  no  better  place  for  the  white  immigrant  on  the  entire 
globe  than  he  can  find  on  this  coast;  no  place  where  labor  is  so  well  paid 
or  more  honored;  no  place  where  the  industrious  laborers,  as  a  clas.s,  live 
with  so  much  comfort;  no  place  where  the  poor  man  can  settle  with  more 
reasonable  confidence  in  the  present  and  the  future.  There  is  no  large 
class  of  industrious  poor  men  without  hope  of  becoming  the  owners  of  land; 
many  of  the  unskilled  laborers,  who  work  for  others  by  the  day,  own  their 
lots  and  houses.  In  the  rural  districts  there  is  little  difficulty  in  acquiring  a 
home.  Many  penniless  this  year  will  have  a  small  piece  of  land  the  next,  and 
before  the  end  of  the  century,  will  have  large  tracts  and  employ  scores  of 
laborers. 


'  ;..'(.Si';(Jj;*.*.'  ■  ,'tV' '.'-'.  l:l.  1 


DIVISION  II.-COMMERCE,  ETC. 


CHAPTER  VI.— BANKING. 

Extent  of  Business. — The  banking  business  of  the  Pacific  coa  .t  north  of 
Mexico  is  extremely  active,  as  might  be  inferred  from  the  abundant  produc- 
tion of  precious  metals,  the  large  values  of  the  annual  imports  and  exports, 
the  busy  inland  traffic,  the  high  wages  of  labor  and  rates  of  interest,  and  the 
multitude  of  houses,  fences,  railroads,  wagon  roads,  irrigation  ditches,  tele- 
graph and  telephone  lines,  and  other  similar  improvements  in  the  course  of 
rapid  construction.  Banking  is  the  aid  of  commerce  and  industry,  and 
shares  their  prosperity ;  and  as  they  have  never  reached  a  higher  develop- 
ment in  proportion  to  population  than  they  have  had  on  this  coast  as  a  whole 
for  the  last  30  years,  so  it  may  truly  be  said  that  never  has  banking  any- 
where else  been  more  profitable  to  the  persons  engaged  in  it,  nor,  when  con- 
ducted in  accordance  with  sound  business  rules,  has  it  been  of  greater  benefit 
to  a  community. 

According  to  statistics  published  in  national  reports,  the  State  banks,  pri- 
vate banks,  and  banking  trust  companies,  on  May  31,  1880,  numbered  iii, 
and  had  $21,535,000  of  capital,  and  $82,426,000  of  deposits  in  California  ;  in 
Oregon  they  numbered  15,  and  had  $1,245,000  of  capital,  and  $1,033,000  of 
deposits;  in  Nevada  they  numbered  13,  and  had  $364,000  of  capital,  and 
$834,000  of  deposits  ;  in  Utah  there  were  11,  with  $206,000  of  capital,  and 
$1,233,000  of  deposits  ;  in  Washington  they  numbered  4,  with  $257,000  of 
capital,  and  $525,000  of  deposits  ;  in  Arizona  they  numbered  5,  with  $U2,- 
000  of  capital,  and  $243,000  of  deposits  ;  and  in  Idaho  they  numbered  2, 
with  $S,ooo  of  capital,  and  $18,000  of  deposits.  The  totals  are  161  banks, 
with  $23,724,000  of  capital,  and  $86,3 1 2,000  of  deposits. 

The  national  banks  on  the  coast  on  November  i,  1880,  numbered  13,  with 
$2,000,000  of  aggregate  capital,  and  $1,403,000  of  aggregate  circulation. 
No  other  banks  on  the  coast  have  bank  notes  in  circulation. 

Callfbmlan  Banks. — California  has  now  74  banking  companies  incor- 
porated under  her  own  laws,  not  authorized  to  issue  paper  money,  nor 

subject  to  the  national  banking  law. 
16 


San  Francisco  has  9  savings  and  5  com- 


122 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


mcrcial  banks,  and  the  remainder  of  the  State  has  1 1  savings  and  49 
commercial  banks.  On  July  1,  1881,  these  74  banks  had  in  the  aggregate 
$24,000,000  of  capital  paid  up,  $1 1,000,000  of  surplus  and  reserve  fund, 
$82,700,000  belonging  to  depositors,  $14,874,000  in  United  States  bonds, 
and  $1 1,000,000  of  cash  on  hand  in  round  numbers.  In  addition  to  these 
institutions  there  arc  4  foreign  banks  which  have  branches  in  San  Francisco, 
a  number  of  individuals  or  firms  doing  a  banking  business,  and  8  national 
banks.  The  savings  banks  of  San  Francisco  pay  in  1881  about  5  per  cent, 
annual  dividend  to  their  depositors,  and  the  commercial  banks  7  or  8  per 
cent,  to  their  stockholders. 

In  July,  1881,  the  savings  banks  of  the  State  had  $49,954,000,  the  com- 
mercial banks  had  $32,819,000,  and  the  national  banks  at  the  date  of  the 
latest  accessible  report  had  $3,400,000  on  deposit,  making  the  total  depos- 
its in  the  American  incorporated  banks  doing  business  in  California 
$86,173,000. 

The  banking  rates  for  the  year  ending  November,  i,  1880,  as  stated  in  the 
report  of  the  controller  of  the  currency,  were  8  per  cent,  in  San  Francisco, 
and  10^  in  other  parts  of  California,  as  compared  with  12  in  Denver,  10  in 
Omaha,  9  in  Minnesota,  7  in  Milwaukee,  Cleveland,  and  Washington,  6J^ 
in  Cincinnati  and  Louisville,  6  in  St.  Louis,  $}i  in  Chicago,  5  in  New  Or- 
leans, Boston,  and  Baltimore,  and  4^  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia. 

Fo.  6  months,  ending  September  i,  1880,  the  net  earnings  of  the  national 
banks,  in  their  relation  to  capital  and  surplus,  were  4?^  per  cent,  in  California, 
19/4  per  cent,  in  Oregon,  6'.^  per  cent,  in  Utah,  12  per  cent,  in  Idaho,  and 
8?4.  per  cent,  in  Washington. 

The  clearances  of  the  San  Francisco  Clearing  house  average  about 
$45,000,000  a  month.  They  amounted  to  $262,000,';  on  on  the  first  half  of 
1S81 ;  $486,000,000  in  18S0;  and  $715,000,000  (the  largest  figure  in  its  his- 
tory) in  1878.  The  establishment  has  been  in  c.Mbl.ncc  5  years,  and  is  the 
only  one  of  the  kind  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

The  incorporated  State  banks  of  California  owned  $7,240,000  of  national 
bonds  on  July  i,  1880,  and  $14,874,000  on  July  i,  1881,  having  invested 
$7,650,000  within  a  year  in  securities  that  pay  only  about  ^^i  per  cent,  annu- 
tally,  at  a  time  when  the  commercial  banks  charge  8  per  cent,  in  the  city, 
and  10  or  12  in  the  country.  In  November,  1880,  the  residents  of  the  State 
held  $10,682,000  of  registered  national  bond.s,  making  a  total  of  $25,556,000, 
without  counting  the  coupon  bonds  owned  by  individuals,  of  which  it  is  esti- 
mated that  there  are  more  than  $5,000,000,  making  a  grand  total  of 
$30,000,000  of  Californian  capital,  which  sees  no  opportunity  at  present  of 
getting  more  than  3^^  per  cent,  annual  interest  with  good  security.  The 
owners,  of  course,  distrust  land,  factories,  mines,  and,  probably  most  of  all, 


wnni 


BANKING. 


123 


the  new  constitution.  Before  the  adoption  of  that  instrument,  national 
bonds  were  held  by  very  few  persons  relatively  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

Measure  of  Prosperity. — The  financial  life  of  a  rapidly  growing  Ameri- 
can State  consists  of  a  succession  of  good  and  bad  times,  in  regular  al- 
ternation, but  of  irregular  continuance,  the  former  being  marked  by  con- 
fidence, credit,  prosperity,  speculation,  exaltation,  and  quickly  won  fortunes; 
and  the  latter  by  distrust,  collections,  depressions,  panic,  and  bankruptcies. 
It  is  important  to  the  banker  and  merchant,  as  well  as  to  the  statesman,  to 
have  some  standard  by  which  to  measure  approximately  the  condition  of 
business,  so  that  he  can  ascertain  when  a  flush  period  is  about  to  culminate, 
and  when  improvement  is  about  to  commence  after  a  crash  has  passed  its 
climax.  Such  standards  are  supplied  in  somecountries  by  the  statistics  of  the 
clearing-houses  and  custom-houses,  the  rates  of  exchange  and  the  drifts  of 
money  and  migration;  but  on  account  of  peculiar  circumstances  in  Califor- 
nia, these  things  are  not  safe  guides  here  and  we  must  look  for  something 
else.  Perhaps  the  best  standard  for  California,  or  at  least  for  San  I'rancisco, 
is  to  be  found  in  the  statistics  of  the  mortgages  and  releases  in  the  city, 
These  indicate  the  amount  of  credit  on  the  security  of  real  estate.  When- 
ever business  has  been  active,  the  demand  for  money  at  the  savings  banks 
exceeded  the  supply,  and  the  sums  taken  from  them  under  loans  were 
greater  than  those  returned.  Thus  in  1868,  when  speculation  ran  high  in 
anticipation  of  the  benefits  to  be  conferred  by  the  completion  of  the  first 
Pacific  railroad,  the  mortgages  amounted  to  $11,500,000  and  the  releases  to 
$5,400,000.  When  the  Gold  Hill  bonanza  of  1870-72  had  poured  its  wealth 
into  San  Francisco  for  two  years,  and  the  Consolidated  Virginia  bonanza 
had  given  a  promise  of  its  greatness,  the  mortgages  amounted  in  1873  to 
$17,200,000  and  the  releases  to  $6,100,000.  On  the  other  hand,  when  the 
hard  times  began  after  the  outbreak  of  the  communistic  agitation  in  1877, 
and  the  miserable  incapacity  of  the  municipal  government  to  restore  order 
became  apparent,  the  people  began  to  pay  their  debts  and  the  releases  to 
exceed  the  mortgages.  That  excess  has  been  observed  in  every  1 2  months 
ending  on  June  30,  for  the  3  years  ending  J  une  30,  1 88 1 .  The  mortgages  were 
$15,600,000  in  1878,  $9,600,000  in  1879,  $7,200,000  in  1880,  and  $4,000,000 
in  the  first  half  of  1881;  the  releases  in  the  same  periods  were  $15,000,000, 
$10,300,000,  $10,800,000,  and  $5,000,000  respectively,  making  a  total  of  $31,- 
400,000  of  mortgages  and  $41,100,000  of  releases  in  4  years  and  a  half  So 
long  as  the  releases  exceed  the  mortgages,  so  long  it  will  be  certain  that 
San  Francisco  is  not  keeping  up  the  past  ratio  of  growth,  and  that  there  is 
no  remarkable  activity  in  the  erection  of  buildings,  and  the  construct  on 
of  the  street  improvements,  which  have  contributed  largely  to  the  demand 
for  loans  secured  by  mortgages  on  city  real  estate. 

Amount  of  Coin. — The  amount  of  gold  and  silver  coin  in  the  Pacific 


124 


COMMERCE,  ETC. 


States  and  Territories  is  not  ascertainable  with  precision,  but  we  have  some 
figures  about  California.  The  San  Francisco  Mint  had  $21,484,135  and  the 
San  Francisco  branch  of  tlic  national  treasury  had  $22,650,783  in  coin  in 
their  vaults  on  August  23,  1881.  The  commercial  and  savings  banks  in- 
corporated under  State  law  had  $1 1,266,000,  and  the  foreign  banks  $2,458,- 
000  money  (nearly  all  coin)  on  hand  in  June  30,  1881;  the  national  banks 
at  the  latest  report  had  $1,200,000  of  coin;  the  banking  houses  of  individuals 
and  partnerships  had  presumably  $2,000,000.  The  state  treasury  on  June 
30,  1881,  had  $980,489  of  coin,  and  the  county  treasuries  had  $2,139,634  of 
money  (nearly  all  coin),  applicable  to  the  payment  of  their  outstanding  in- 
debtedness; and  at  least  50  per  cent,  should  be  added  for  money  not  so 
appli'-ablc.  The  total  of  the  sums  in  the  Mint,  national,  state,  and  county 
treasuries  and  banks  within  the  limits  of  California  is  $65,000,000. 

That  sum  excludes  all  the  money  in  the  immediate  possession  of  business 
houses  (except  banks),  of  hotels,  of  railroad,  steamship,  and  stage  com- 
panies, of  express  companies  for  purposes  of  transportation,  of  travelers,  and 
of  the  people  generally.  Leaving  the  banks  out  of  consideration;  California 
has  probably  500  safe  vaults,  built  mainly  for  keeping  books,  but  used  also 
for  money.  If  they  average  $4,000,  their  aggregate  contents  are  $2,ooo,ooa 
There  may  be  6,000  steel  safes  in  the  State,  many  of  them  in  towns  where 
much  business  is  done,  and  where  there  is  no  bank  with  a  safe  vault  for  the 
custody  of  money,  or  where  money  is  received  after  banks  close,  as  in  hotels 
or  theaters.  The  houses  which  own  these  safes  may  receive  and  pay  out 
most  of  their  money  through  banks,  and  yet  they  must  keep  a  stock  of  coin 
on  hand  for  emergencies,  or  as  the  necessary  result  of  not  being  able  to 
transfer  their  oUecJons  immediately  to  the  banks.  The  boxes  in  the  vaults 
of  the  Safe  Deposit  Company  of  San  Francisco  now  leased  number  2,000. 
The  safes  and  Safe  Deposit  boxes  perhaps  contain  on  an  average  $250  each, 
making  a  total  of  $2,000,000.  Mow  much  money  is  there  in  the  post-offices, 
or  on  the  road  every  day  in  the  pockets  of  travelers,  or  in  the  charge  of  the 
express  companies  }     I'robably  not  less  than  $1,000,000. 

Now  we  come  to  the  sums  in  the  pockets  and  houses  of  the  people,  in  the 
direct  possession  of  the  laboring  classes,  of  the  miners,  farmers,  mechanics,  of 
the  women  and  children.  The  average  dwelling  has  presumably  $30  in  it, 
and  California  has  i;o,ooo  dwellings,  making  a  total  of  $5,000,000.  Adding 
$r)5,ooo,ooo  in  the  banks  and  public  treasuries  to  $5,000,000  in  the  safes, 
Safe  Deposit  vaults,  in  the  express  and  post-offices,  ami  $5,000,000  in  the 
houses  and  pockets  of  the  people,  the  grand  total  is  $75,000,000,  of  which 
$44,000,000  are  in  the  Mint  and  branch  national  trcasur)-. 

First  Banks.— The  first  Californian  bank  was  opened  by  IlKNKY  M. 
Naglee  in  San  Francisco  in  January,  1849,  and  before  the  close  of  tlie  year, 
BURGOYNE  &  Co,,  li.  Davidson,  Wells  &  Co.,  and  James  Kinq  or 


iim 


mmmmm^ 


BANKING. 


12? 


Wm.  had  opened  rival  houses,  followed  in  1850  by  ADAMS  &  Co.,  D.  J.  Tai.- 
LANT,  Page,  Bacon  &  Co.,  and  Frxix  Argenti.  A  large  part  of  their 
business  then,  and  for  j-ears  afterward,  was  the  purchase  of  gold  dust,  the 
current  price  of  which  was  from  25  to  33  per  cent,  less  than  the  mint  value, 
leaving  a  considerable  profit  to  the  buyer  on  large  transactions.  The  ex- 
press companies,  finding  that  their  agencies  in  the  mining  towns  gave  them 
a  great  advantage  in  dealing  with  the  miners,  opened  banking  departments. 
It  was  the  common  custom  to  purchase  all  the  gold  for  sale  in  a  certain 
camp  at  a  uniform  price,  which  was  influenced  by  the  distance  from  San 
Francisco,  the  cost  of  transportation,  and  the  keenness  of  competition.  It 
was  not  until  1854  that  the  bankers  generally  began  to  a.'certain  the  great 
differences  in  the  chemical  fineness  of  the  native  gold,  .sometimes  varying 
10  or  even  20  per  cent,  in  mines  separated  a  few  hundred  yards  from 
each  other. 

The  issue  of  paper  money  was  prohibited  by  the  State  constitution,  and 
the  notes  of  all  banks  on  the  other  side  of  the  continent  were  discredited. 
A  general  feeling  prevailed  that  local  interest  demanded  a  metallic  currency, 
and  that  local  pride  should  insist  on  it,  notwithstanding  the  obstacles  in  the 
way.  There  was  a  great  scarcity  of  coin,  and  much  inconvenience  in 
weighing  out  portions  of  the  dust  for  small  purchases.  The  Mexican  gold 
ounces  and  silver  dollars,  British  .sovereigns  and  shillings,  Hindoo  rupees, 
Spanish-American  halves  and  quarters,  French  francs,  and  German  pieces 
of  various  kinds,  made  up  most  of  the  current  coin,  and  many  of  them  were 
current  at  considerably  more  than  their  true  values.  Thus,  the  Austrian 
"  zwanzigers,"  worMi  18  cents,  were  accepted  for  25,  and  a  rich  parer'  in 
Germany  sent  a  large  cask  full  of  them  as  a  present  to  his  son  in  San 
Francijv).  Scarcely  anything  was  sold — not  even  a  drink  of  whisky — for 
less  than  a  quarter-dollar.  In  1849,  assayers  made  a  practice  of  casting 
little  rectangular  gold  bars  worth  from  $20  to  $50  each,  marked  with  their 
value.  These  were  so  much  more  convenient  for  handling  and  making  pay- 
ments than  the  dust,  that  there  was  a  lively  demand  for  them,  until  other 
assaj'ers  began  to  stamp  gold  pieces  of  $5,  $10,  and  $20,  resembling  the 
national  coins  in  general  appearance,  but  bearing  the  names  of  the  piivate 
coiners,  so  that  there  could  be  no  complaint  of  deception.  These  pieces  had 
about  12  per  cent,  of  silver  instead  of  10  per  cent,  of  copper  alloy,  and  were 
of  light  yellow  color  as  compared  with  the  reddish  yellow  of  the  mint  drops. 
An  act  of  Congress  passed  in  1850  provided  for  the  establishment  of  a  na- 
tional assay  office  in  San  Francisco,  and  AuciUSTUS  MUMUEP.T,  in  charge 
of  it,  in  185 1,  made  a  contract  with  MOFi'AT  &  Co,  to  issue  octagonal  slugs 
worth  $;;o  each.  In  the  mints,  o.  for  exportation,  tliese  coins  were  worth  10 
cents  more  than  their  nominal  value,  and  having  a  higher  authority  than  the 
unauthorized  coins,  they  compell  !ti  the  private  mints,  of  which  14  had  been 


126 


COMMERCE,  ETC. 


opened  at  various  times,  to  close.  Some  of  the  private  coins  were  worth  1 5 
per  cent,  less  than  their  nominal  value,  but  generally  not  more  than  i  per 
cent.  less.  E.KCcllent  bronzed  engravings  of  them  may  be  found  in  "  The 
American  Numismatic  Manual,"  by  i\I.  W.  DiCKESOX.  The  banks  accepted 
the  foreign  money,  and  urged  the  private  coins  on  the  community  as  prefer- 
able to  the  dust  and  foreign  pieces,  until  the  San  Franci.sco  Mint  was  opened, 
and  then  the  movement  began  to  discredit  everything  save  the  national 
money.  The  merchants  at  a  public  meeting  resolved  to  reject  the  foreign 
coins  in  1854;  the  next  year  the  octagonal  slugs  were  thrown  out;  and  a 
year  later  the  $5,  $10,  and  $20  pieces  bearing  private  stamps  were  con- 
demned. 

Inexperience. — Until  1 5  years  after  the  gold  discovery,  all  the  commer- 
cial banks  of  the  State  were  established  and  conducted  by  individuals  or 
partners,  most  of  them  young  men,  who  had  had  no  training  in  the  business 
elsewhere,  and  found  themselves  in  novel  circumstances  to  which  their  clerks 
who  had  served  in  Atlantic  banks  found  their  professional  experience  would 
not  apply.  The  methods  of  banking  customary  in  old  communities  could 
not  be  followed  by  the  Californians  in  the  early  years  of  the  gold  excite- 
ment. There  was  a  lack  of  those  securities  obtainable  for  loans  in  Atlantic 
cities.  There  were  no  government  or  railroad  bonds,  no  shares  in  banks  or 
or  incorporated  manufacturing  companies  doing  a  profitable  business.  The 
city  was  of  wood  and  canvas,  and  there  was  no  insurance.  The  rich  men 
and  leading  meichants  were  new-comers,  and  comparatively  strangers  to  one 
anolhcr. 

Under  such  condition.',  the  bankers  were  compelled  to  take  great  chances, 
and  of  course  they  charged  high  interest.  Ten  per  cent,  a  month  was  a 
«  jmmon  banking  rate  in  1 849,  and  20  per  cent,  was  often  charged  for  short 
:ans.  A  gentleman  who  had  ..old  a  lot  for  half  cash  and  half  pa)  mcnt 
without  interest  in  a  year,  secured  by  a  mortgage,  took  the  paper  to  a  bank 
to  have  it  discounted,  and  was  astonislicd  to  learn  that  the  bank  exiiccted 
to  get  more  than  1 20  per  cent,  within  a  j'ear,  under  tl'c  custom  of  exact- 
ing payment  of  interest  at  the  end  of  every  month,  thus  compounding. 

Banking  .shared  the  vicissitudes  of  general  busines;;.  .Success  and  failure 
alternalcd  in  rajjid  succession.  I'ortunes  were  won  and  lost  cjuickly.  A 
new  man  .ippeared;  he  ni.ide  friends,  he  g.iined  confidence;  he  .seemed  on 
t!ie  pl.iiii  roail  to  princely  wealth;  hut  a  lire,  a  flood,  a  panic  cn\..e,  some 
awkward  mistake  of  judgment,  .some  dishonest  Irick,  attracted  the  general 
attention  and  he  disappe;ucd  even  more  suddenly  than  lie  rose. 

Adams  &  Co.  — Tlie  first  b.mks  tu  do  an  extensive  bu  incss  in  California 
were  tJKise  of  Ar).\MS  &  Co.,  the  expressmen.  They  had  an  .igent  in  e\'ery 
considerable  mining  cani]),  carried  most  of  the  gold  to  the  mints  or  assay 
offices,  and  had  peculiar  facilities  for  accommodating  the  miners,  many  of 


BANKING. 


u; 


whom  deposited  their  dust  in  the  bank  and  accepted  certificates  of  deposit 
to  be  paid  on  demand  without  interest.  There  were  great  profits  in  botii 
expressing  and  banking,  but  the  first  need  of  the  business  was  a  strong 
building,  secure  against  fire  and  thieves,  for  every  agency.  A  large  portion 
of  the  deposits  and  profits  was  invested  in  such  houses,  but  unfortunately 
their  erection  was  undertaken  after  the  placers  had  passed  the  climax  of  their 
production,  and  the  buildings  were  never  worth  their  cost.  With  a  net 
profit  of  $50,000  a  month  from  the  express  department,  there  was  good 
reason  to  e.xpect  that  the  firm  would  continue  to  command  a  large  revenue 
for  many  years  to  come. 

Page,  Baooa  &  Co. — Page,  Bacon  &  Co.,  a  wealthy  banking  house  of 
St.  Louis,  established  a  branch  in  San  Francisco,  and  soon  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  purchase  of  dust.  The  list  of  gold  shipments  by  the  semi- 
monthly steamers  in  1S52,  1853  and  1854  often  mentioned  Pagk,  Hacon 
&  Co.  and  Ada.m.s  &  Co.  as  each  .shipping  from  $600,000  to  $1,500,000;  and 
B.  Davidson,  agent  of  the  Rothschilds,  was  usually  next  to  them  in  the 
amount  of  his  purchases.  On  the  twenty-third  of  February,  1855,  the  branch 
house  of  Page,  Bacon  &  Co.  in  San  Francisco  was  compelled  to  close  its 
doors  because  of  the  embarrassment  of  the  parent  house  in  St.  Louis.  There 
was  a  general  run  on  the  banks,  and  ADAM.S  &  Co.  closed  all  their  banking 
offices  throughout  the  state.  Some  of  the  banks  had  abundant  assets,  but 
the  most  prudent  were  compelled  to  ask  the  indulgence  of  their  creditors 
for  a  few  days,  and  the  majority  soon  disappeared  forever.  An  open  field 
was  left  for  a  new  .set  of  men,  who  soon  occupied  the  field. 

W.  T.  Saerman. — W.  T.  Siikrman,  the  manager  of  the  wealthy  bank  of 
LUCA.S,  TUKNKK  &  Co.,  had  an  opportunity  to  become  the  leading  banker  of 
San  Francisco.  The  merchants  werewiUing  and  anxious  to  give  him  the  lion's 
share  of  their  accounts,  with  a  large  average  of  deposits,  but  they  demanded 
in  return  that  he  should  occasionally  allow  them  to  make  considerable  over- 
drafts, for  which  they  would  pay  high  interest."  lie  demanded,  however, 
more  security  than  they  were  willing  to  give,  and  they  gradually  withdrew 
their  patronage. 

Ralston. — VV.  C.  Ralston,  a  young  man  who,  within  a  few  years,  be- 
came liii;l\ly  [)opular,  took  the  place.  As  the  manager  of  the  house  of  Gak- 
RISON,  Mdrcan,  1''kI';tz  &  Ralston,  he  showed  a  remarkable  combina- 
tion of  skill  in  ju<lging  men,  with  tact  in  managing  them.  lie  made  it  his 
ambition  to  study  the  business  of  the  leading  mercantile  houses  of  San 
I'rancisco,  and  his  knowledge  enabled  him  to  trust  the  prosperous  with 
comparative  safety,  while  he  refused  accommodations  to  the  others,  llu.siness 
poured  in  on  him,  and  he  ultimatclj-  became  the  pre-eminent  banker  of  the 
State.  lie  was  a  leader  in  the  organization  of  the  Hank  of  California  in 
1864,  with  a  capital  of  $2,000,000,  afterwards  increased  to  $5,000,000;  and 


128 


COMMERCE,  ETC 


he  became  its  cashier  at  first,  after  eight  years  succeeding  to  the  presidency, 
when  he  obtained  general  recognition  as  the  leading  banker,  and  almost  as 
the  money-king  of  the  State.  He  made  a  practice  of  entertaining  in  grand 
style  the  most  distinguished  strangers  who  visited  San  Francisco  ,  he  in- 
vested large  sums  in  mr^iufacturing  establishments;  he  took  shares  in 
speculative  enterprises;  h.  r-^  .jhited  liberally  to  charities,  often  in  an 
unostentatious  manner,  and  lo  ntercst  in  every  movement  that  seemed 

likely  to  contribute  much  to  th.  elopment  of  local  resources.     He  was 

praised  as  the  embodiment  of  honesty,  honor,  taste,  and  public  spirit ;  as 
the  ideal  of  a  leading  citizen. 

But  he  was  not  so  successful  as  the  public  imagined.  After  the  business 
of  the  bank  had  ceased  to  be  profitable,  or  at  least  after  a  large  portion  of 
its  capital  had  been  lost,  he  continued  to  pay  liberal  dividends  to  the  share- 
holders. The  directors,  having  the  completest  confidence  in  his  honesty 
and  wealth,  did  not  subject  him  to  strict  supervision.  When  he  said  he 
would  assume  on  his  own  account  an  investment  or  a  loan  to  which  they 
objected,  they  neglected  to  sec  that  the  money  advanced  from  the  funds  of 
the  bank  was  returned  to  its  vaults.  They  allowed  him  to  have  complete 
control  of  all  the  subordinate  officers  and  clerks.  The  discovery  of  the  de- 
ficit came  on  the  twenty-si.\th  of  August,  1875,  when  the  bank  closed  its  door.s, 
to  the  great  astonishment  of  the  community.  In  the  afternoon  of  the  next 
clay,  while  j\Ir.  RALSTON  was  taking  his  customary  bath  in  the  bay  at  North 
Beach,  he  was  observed  to  struggle  convulsively,  and  when  taken  to  the  shore, 
he  died  in  a  few  minutes.  The  coroner's  jury,  acting  in  accordance  with  the 
testimony  of  the  surgeons  who  made  a  post-mortem  examination  of  the 
brain  and  lungs,  and  the  analysis  of  the  chemist,  who  could  discover  nc 
poison  in  the  stomach,  agreed  on  a  verdict  that  death  was  caused  by  con 
gestion. 

An  investigation  showed  that  RALSTON  had  lost  vast  sums  in  unsuccess- 
ful speculations,  and  had  appropriated  to  his  own  purposes  millions  of  the 
bank  funds.  Though  it  had  large  assets,  they  were  not  available,  and  it 
was  bankrupt.  No  similar  institution,  involved  to  so  great  an  extent,  had 
ever  recovered.  Bui  tills  one  was  rcon^anizcd.  There  was  serious  dangei 
that  the  assets  would  be  wasted  in  a  bankrupt  court,  and  that  the  loss  would 
be  much  greater  from  an  abandonment  than  from  a  resumption  of  business. 
y\mong  the  stockholders  were  many  millionaires,  pcrsonall)-  responsible  for 
their  share  of  the  debts,  and  anxious  to  avoid  vexatious  litigation.  They 
met  and  decided  that  the  Bank  of  California  must  be  maintained,  agreeing 
to  contribute  $7,500,000,  if  ncccssarj-,  to  restore  the  capital  lo  its  former 
amount  of  $5,000,000.  They  paid  in  $4,000,000,  after  saving  $i',ooo,ooo  ot 
assets.  D.  O.  Mills,  who  had  been  the  leader  in  the  organization  of  the 
institution,  was  recalled  to  the  presidency  for  a  time,  and  his  reputation  for 


BANKING. 


129 


prudence  and  integrity,  as  well  as  for  wealth,  was  of  great  service  in  regain- 
ing public  confidence. 

Mr.  Ralston  was  a  native  of  southern  Ohio.  After  getting  a  common- 
school  education,  he  worked,  while  in  his  teens,  as  a  ship-carpenter  for  sev- 
eral years.  Tiring  of  that  occupation,  he  became  clerk  on  a  Mississippi 
steamer,  and  thinking  that  field  too  narrow  for  his  ambition,  he  started  for 
California.  On  the  isthmus  of  Panama  he  found  employment  as  steamship 
agent  for  GARRISON  &  FUETZ,'  who  requested  him,  in  1853,  to  take  charge 
of  their  San  Francisco  steamship  office,  from  which  place  he  stepped  into 
their  bank.  The  way  was  then  clear  before  him.  He  died  at  the  age  of  50, 
when  life  would  have  had  no  further  satisfaction  for  him. 

Palmer,  Cook  &.  Co. — One  of  the  most  prominent  banks  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, from  1853  to  1857,  was  that  of  Palmer,  Cook  &  Co.  Its  partners 
were  noted  quite  as  much  for  political  as  for  financial  ability.  Their  G.  W. 
Wright  had  been  a  member  of  Congress.  All  the  associates  were  in  the 
habit  of  becoming  bondsmen  of  city  and  State  officials,  especially  those 
who  had  the  handling  of  public  money;  and  their  willingness  in  this  direc- 
tion suggested  a  clause  in  the  San  Francisco  charter  that  no  banker  should 
be  a  bondsman  for  a  city  official.  Though  J.  C.  Fremont  and  D.  C.  Brod- 
ERICK  were  political  enemies,  the  house  had  the  credit  of  attaching  itself  to 
the  fortunes  of  both,  and  of  providing  funds  to  assist  the  former  in  his  unsuc- 
cessful contest  for  the  presidency,  and  the  latter  in  his  successful  contest  for 
the  national  senatorship.  The  head  of  the  firm  was  charge'  by  a  member 
of  the  legislature  with  offering  a  money  bribe  for  a  vote  for  BltODERiCK, 
but  the  investigatioit  resulted  in  refusal  to  convict.  After  the  failure  of 
the  bank  to  perform  its  duty  of  paying  the  interest  on  the  State  bonds  in 
1857,  it  fell  into  discredit,  and  soon  afterwards  disappeared. 

Savings  and  Loan. — The  first  savings  bank  in  California,  or  at  least  the 
first  institution  to  deserve  the  name,  was  the  Savings  and  Loan  Society,  in- 
corporated in  San  "Francisco  in  1857.  The  prudence  and  ability  of  its  man- 
agement and  a  conjuncture  of  favorable  circumstances  .secured  to  it  a  decided 
success  at  the  start.  The  city,  after  4  years  of  depression,  was  about  to 
enter  into  a  new  period  of  prosperity,  when  there  would  be  a  lively  demand 
for  money  to  be  used  in  erecting  residences  and  business  houses.  A  rapid 
and  steady  growth  was  to  add  greatly  to  the  value  of  lots,  so  that  they  would 
be  excellent  security  at  half  or  two  thirds  of  their  market  price  for  the  loans 
secured  by  mortgage.  The  large  claims  under  pretended  Mexican  grants, 
clouding  the  title  to  a  considerable  portion  of  the  municipal  area,  were  about 
to  be  finally  defeated.  Such  loans  would  be  indispensable  to  facilitate  the 
grading  of  the  streets  and  lots,  and  the  construction  of  the  buildings  needed 
to  accommodate  the  rapidly  increasing  population.     The  money  could  not 

be  supplied  by  the  commercial  banks.    They  exacted  higher  rates  of  inter- 
•7 


I30 


COMMERCE,  ETC. 


est  than  the  builders  could  safely  pay,  and  they  would  not  loan  on  mortgage 
except  in  rare  cases,  and  usually  then  only  in  small  sums.  Besides,  as  they  did 
not  pay  interest  to  depositors,  there  was  a  large  amount  of  savings  which  did 
come  into  their  possession.  The  Savings  and  Loan  Society  soon  attracted 
numerous  deposits,  and  found  an  excellent  market  for  them.  It  paid  i8  per 
cent,  per  annum  to  its  depositors  the  first  year;  for  5  years  the  interest 
ranged  from  12  to  15  per  cent.;  for  a  subsequent  period  of  6  years  the  rate 
was  never  less  than  10;  and  for  the  6  years  ending  with  1877,  the  rate  to 
the  depositors  was  not  less  than  8  per  cent.  In  July,  1877,  it  had  $13,000,000 
of  deposits. 

Other  Savings  Banks. — The  success  of  the  Savings  and  Loan  Society, 
and  its  favorable  influence  on  the  provident  habits  of  many  people,  and  on 
the  improvement  of  the  city,  were  so  evident,  that  other  similar  institutions 
were  established.  The  I  libcrnia  Savings  and  Loan  Society,  organized  in 
1859,  had  in  five  years  become  the  leading  savings  bank  of  the  city,  a  posi- 
tion which  it  sti'.l  maintains.  In  January,  1878,  it  had  $14,500,000  of  de- 
posits, and  at  the  same  time  the  Savings  Union  had  $8,500,000  ;  the  German 
Savings  and  Loan  Society,  $8,800,000 ;  the  French  Savings  and  Loan  So- 
ciety, $5,900,000  ;  the  Odd  Fellows'  Savings  Bank,  $5,600,000  ;  and  the  total 
amount  on  deposit  in  all  the  savings  banks  of  the  city  was  $61,000,000,  and 
of  the  .State,  $75,000,000,  with  an  ■  verage  of  $700  to  each  depositor,  and  of 
$86  to  every  inhabitant  of  the  State,  or  about  ten  times  as  much  as  in  the 
Atlantic  States  or  Europe.  Nowhere  else  has  the  savings  bank  risen  to 
such  importance  to  the  people,  or  to  the  general  business  of  the  community, 
as  in  California.  In  January,  1880,  the  State  had  31  .savings  bank.s,  which 
had  paid  $53,000,000  of  dividends  to  depositors. 

Bank  Commission. — Previousto  1878, these  institutionswerc  not  subjected 
to  any  governmental  supervision,  and  in  several  instances,  the  managers, 
finding  themselves  involved  in  difficulties,  resorted  to  serious  frauds,  which 
ended  with  ilisgrace  to  themselves,  and  ruin  to  tiieir  institutions.  Several 
banks  loaned  much  on  the  security  of  fraudulent  certificates,  issued  from 
the  office  of  the  pay  director  of  the  United  States  navy,  in  San  Francisco. 
The  law  was  powerless,  or  the  courts  were  unwilling,  to  punish  the  swindlers. 
No  judicial  decree  defines  the  measure  of  their  guilt,  or  condemns  their 
memory  to  obloquy.  The  total  lo.sses  by  the  depositors  in  the  savings 
banks  of  California,  previous  to  1881,  did  not,  according  to  the  statement  of 
the  bank  commissioners,  exceed  $3,500,000,  a  small  figure  to  place  against 
the  $53,000,000  of  dividentls,  and  the  encouragement  of  economical  habits 
which  led  to  the  accumulation  in  the  Californian  savings  banks  of  deposits 
amounting  in  1877  to  $75,000,000. 

Mining  Stocks. —The  business  of  the  commercial  banks  in  San  Francisco 
was  peculiar  after  1863,  in  consequence  of  the  prominence  of  mining  prop- 


BANKING. 


>3I 


erty  in  the  wealth  of  the  city,  the  magnitude  of  her  stock  sales  in  her  busi- 
ness, and  the  custom  of  purchasing  shares  on  credit.  Though  these  securities 
would  have  been  very  insecure  in  neglectful  hands,  some  of  the  leading  com- 
mercial banks  accepted  them  as  "  collaterals,"  under  conditions  permitting 
sale  without  notice,  in  case  the  current  price  should  fall  to  near  the  amount 
of  the  loan.  The  banks  employed  experienced  brokers  to  watch  the  market, 
with  instructions  to  sell  the  shares  whenever  danger  seemed  imminent. 
The  speculator  took  the  chance  of  loss  as  well  as  of  profit ;  and  though  the 
banks'  main  object  was  to  obtain  a  good  interest  on  their  money,  usually 
about  twice  as  much  as  that  paid  for  long  loans  with  real  estate  security, 
still  some  of  them  were  generally  regarded  as  stock  speculating  institutions 
almost  as  much  as  banks.  With  the  decrease  of  the  yield  from  the  Comstock 
lode,  the  decline  of  stock  speculation,  and  the  impoverishment  of  many  of  the 
stock  speculators,  the  business  of  lending  money  on  mining  certificates  was 
reduced  to  insignificance,  as  compared  with  its  prominence  from  1870  to 
1875. 

Currency. — The  prohibition  by  the  State  constitution  of  the  issue  of 
paper  money  did  not  prevent  the  establishment  of  national  banks.  The 
le'gal-tender  notes  and  their  equivalents  in  value,  the  notes  of  the  national 
banks,  were  brought  to  California  to  pay  various  national  obligations,  and  to 
meet  the  demands  of  the  internal  revenue ;  but  custom  recognized  gold  as 
the  e.xclusivc  currency  of  ordinary  mercantile  and  banking  transactions,  and 
the  greenbacks  were  treated  as  merchandise  to  be  bought  and  sold,  until 
they  reached  par,  and  then,  of  course,  there  was  no  longer  any  motive  for 
keeping  up  a  distinction  between  them  and  gold,  although  the  latter  is  still 
used  in  ir-king  at  least  nineteen  twentieths  in  number  and  amount  of  all 
payments. 

One  feature  of  the  national  banking  system  is  a  provision  that  banks  may 
be  organized  to  issue  notes  redeemable  in  gold  instead  of  in  any  legal-tender 
currency  of  the  United  States,  and  under  this  provision  8  gold-note  institu- 
tions were  organized  in  California,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  about 
$5,000,000,  but  now  that  gold  notes  have  lost  their  advantage  of  permanence 
in  value  over  greenbacks,  it  is  probable  that  all  the  gold-note  banks,  as  well 
as  some  of  the  commercial  banks  organized  under  the  State  law,  will  be  con- 
verted into  national  currency  banks.  Some  of  the  gold-note  banks  have 
already  made  the  change. 

Panic  of  18T7.— After  20  years  of  prosperity,  the  business  of  the  banks, 
especially  that  of  the  savings  banks,  in  1877  encountered  a  severe  check, 
about  the  cau.scs  of  which  different  opinions  have  been  published.  Many 
ncws|)apers  and  politiciims  are  involved,  and  each  has  an  interest  in  misrep- 
resenting the  question.  One  explanation  i.s,  that  the  main  cause  was  general 
impoverishment  by  the  purchase  of  mining  stocks  at  inflated  prices;  another, 


mmm" 


132 


COMMERCE,  ETC. 


that  the  railroads  and  land  monopolists  had  plundered  the  multitude ;  and  a 
third,  that  the  Chinese  had  carried  away  the  money  of  the  country.  All 
these  influences  were  more  potent  before  the  panic  of  1877,  some  of  them  6 
or  8  years  before,  than  they  have  been  since,  and  the  general  depression  con- 
tinued to  grow  worse  for  4  years,  though  in  the  opinion  of  many  persons 
better  times  have  commenced. 

The  opinion  accepted  by  some  intelligent  merchants  of  San  Francisco, 
where  the  trouble  began,  and  where  the  most  serious  losses  have  occurred, 
is  that  the  main  causes  have  been  communistic  agitation  and  the  adoption 
of  a  State  constitution  which  contains  many  novel  if  not  revolutionary 
ideas.  For  3  years,  the  San  Francisco  communists  held  frequent  public 
meetings,  in  which  the  speakers  recommended  insurrection,  incendiarism 
and  murder,  and  denounced  capital  and  capitalists  generally  as  the  oppress- 
ors and  enemies  of  the  people:  and  this  when  wages  were  higher  than  in 
any  other  part  of  the  world,  and  when  unskilled  laborers  were  refusing  to 
work  for  less  than  $2  a  day.  In  2  successive  years,  the  new  party  elected 
their  candidates,  or  enough  to  give  them  a  great  influence  over  legislation 
and  the  administration  of  justice,  and  they  succeeded  in  calling  a  constitu- 
tional convention,  controlling  its  action  in  regard  to  many  important  pfa- 
visions,  and  securing  its  adoption.  Much  in  this  instrument  was  novel; 
much  was  vague  in  expression  and  therefore  doubtful  in  legal  effect,  because 
it  was  impossible  to  foreknow  the  interpretations  to  be  adopted  by  the 
State  supreme  court;  and  many  provisions  devised  for  the  avowed  purpose 
of  protecting  the  multitude  against  capitalists  were  regarded  by  the  latter 
class  as  unjust  to  them,  injurious  to  enterprise,  and  dangerous  to  corporate 
investments.  The  document  was  ratified  by  the  people  in  May,  1879,  after 
full  and  lively  discussion  in  the  newspapers,  neither  its  friends  nor  its 
enemies  sparing  any  effort  to  enlighten  the  people  as  to  its  advantages  and 
disadvantages. 

New^  Constitution. — -Its  advocates  predicted  that  it  would  reduce  taxa- 
tion, cheapen  transportation,  drive  out  the  Chinamen,  attract  a  large  immi- 
gration of  white  people,  furnish  work  to  boys  and  girls  previously  excluded 
by  Chinese  competition  from  employment,  increase  the  demand  for  labor  and 
the  rate  of  wages,  diminish  the  rate  of  interest,  and  stimulate  industrial 
enterprise  generally.  Its  opponents  denounced  it  because,  as  they  said,  it 
was  predominantly  communistic  and  experimental;  it  would  levy  double 
taxation  on  many  forms  of  capital,  reduce  the  rates  of  interest  .so  that  many 
would  move  to  other  States,  injure  the  business  of  the  savings  banks,  arrest 
street  improvements,  destroy  confidence  in  corporations,  make  the  State 
ridiculous  by  the  void  provisions  against  the  Chinese,  and  diminish  the  de- 
mand for  labor.  Some  of  its  explicit  provisions  were  declared  void,  and 
some  of  its  ambiguous  clauses,  that  seemed  to  demand  double  or  treble  tax- 


BANKING. 


ation,  were  interpreted  away  by  the  State  supreme  court,  in  the  summer  of 
1881,  and  capitalists  have  since  felt  less  distrust. 

Whatever  the  cause  may  be,  it  is  certain  that  the  depression  which 
commenced  in  1877  continued  for  4  years.  Perhaps  the  most  signal  evi- 
dence of  its  extent  is  the  change  in  the  business  of  the  savings  banks.  In 
January,  1878,  the  State  had  28  institutions  of  this  kind,  with  $75,ooo,cxx)  of 
deposits;  and  in  July,  1881,  their  number  was  reduced  to  20  with  $49,954,332 
of  aggregate  deposits.  In  the  same  period  there  was  a  decrease  of  $1,600,- 
000  in  the  aggregate  of  capital  and  surplus,  making  a  total  decrease  in 
their  available  funds  of  $26,400,000.  The  commercial  banks  lost  $8,500,000 
of  capital  and  surplus.  There  was  an  increase  of  $3,000,000  in  the  deposits 
of  the  commercial  bank.s,  left  there,  presumably  temporarily,  in  the  hope  of 
finding  an  investment.  If  this  be  deducted,  there  was  still  a  decrease  of 
$32,000,000  withdrawn  from  commercial  and  industrial  business. 

Reduction  of  Debt. — The  bank  commissioners  submitted  to  the  legisla- 
ture in  January,  i88i,  a  report  in  which  they  congratulated  the  State  upon 
the  fact  that  within  the  2  years  ending  July,  1880,  the  people  had  paid  off 
$28,000,000  of  indebtedness  to  the  savings  and  commercial  banks.  Con- 
sidered from  one  point  of  view,  it  seemed  highly  satisfactory  to  be  able  to 
say  that,  after  making  ample  allowance  for  increased  loans  from  private 
hands,  "our  people  owe  at  least  $20,000,000  less  than  they  did  2  years  ago." 
But  a  little  consideration  of  this  statement  shows  that  it  is  based  on  the 
assumption  that  banks  are  pernicious  institutions.  They  live  by  lending 
money;  and  if  we  should  feel  pleased  to  know  that  the  amount  of  their 
loans  decreased  from  $106,000,000  to  $76,000,000  within  2  years,  we  ought 
to  be  still  more  pleased  if  the  amount  had  been  reduced  to  nothing,  so  that 
the  banks  themselves  would  have  disappeared.  According  to  such  reason- 
ing, Turkey  should  be  more  prosperous  without  banks  than  England  with 
them. 

While,  as  a  general  rule,  debt  is  considered  dangerous  to  the  individual, 
it  is  quite  certain  that  the  most  prosperous  communities  are  those  in  which 
credit,  based  on  confidence,  is  good,  and  the  demand  for  money  attracts  en- 
larged deposits  to  the  savings  banks,  and  debts  accumulate.  Those  are  the 
invariable  features  of  flush  times  in  American  cities  when  population  in- 
creases ;  new  houses  go  up  in  large  numbers,  rents  are  high,  and  new  manu- 
facturing establishments  arc  built.  The  borrower,  instead  of  paying  up, 
wants  more  money  from  the  bank.  When  the  collapse  comes,  rents  fall, 
improvement  stops,  immigration  turns  in  other  directions ;  the  borrower, 
finding  no  profit  in  his  investment,  pays  up  his  indebtedness,  gives  up  his 
security  to  the  bank  in  return  for  his  note,  or  is  sold  out  under  foreclosure ; 
but  it  is  not  likely  that  after  he  is  reduced  to  poverty  he  will  congratulate 
himself  upon  the  change  in  his  condition,  even  if  he  does  owe  much  less 


134 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


than  while  he  was  wealthy.  Hard  times  injure  credit  and  decrease  debt ; 
flush  times  restore  credit  and  increase  debt. 

The  statistics  of  the  Californian  banks  show  an  increase,  in  the  i8  months 
ending  January  i,  1882,  in  the  amount  of  deposits. 

Of  course  the  reduction  of  $3o,ooo,0(X)  on  the  debts  due  to  the  banks  has 
thrown  much  money  out  of  profitable  employment,  and  if  it  continues,  must 
drive  that  sum  out  of  the  banking  business.  The  fear  of  double  taxation, 
and  the  distrust  of  corporate  management,  have  induced  many  people  to 
withdraw  their  money  from  the  savings  banks  for  the  purpose  of  making  in- 
dividual loans.  •  The  rates  of  interest  paid  to  depositors  have  fallen  from  7 
and  8  to  5  per  cent,  and  many  people  have  invested  their  funds  in  national 
bonds,  of  which  San  Francisco  has  purchased  more  relatively  within  2 
years  than  any  other  American  city. 

Banking  Prospects. — The  fertile  portion  of  the  unoccupied  territory  on 
this  slope  is  so  vast,  and  the  resources  still  undeveloped  so  rich,  that  there 
must  be  rapid  progress  for  a  long  period,  with  an  excellent  field  for  banking 
enterprise.  The  possibilities  of  mining  excitements,  as  wild  as  any  in  the 
past,  do  not  endanger  the  values  of  well-seleCtcd  securities,  or  diminish  the 
profits  of  judicious  management  The  more  rapid  the  growth,  the  more 
abundant  the  mineral  production,  the  greater  fluctuation  may  be  ex- 
pected in  the  amount  of  annual  business.  The  statistics  are  far  more 
complete  for  San  Francisco  than  for  any  other  part  of  the  coast.  The  total 
dividends  paid  in  the  city  by  corporations  were  $12,100,000  in  1881,  includ- 
ing $5,460,000  by  mining  companies,  $3,000,000  by  banks,  $1,628,000  by  the 
Central  Pacific  Railroad,  and  $640,000  by  the  Water  Company,  and  $347,- 
000  by  insurance  companies,  and  $115,000  by  street  railroad  companies. 
The  sales  of  real  estate  numbered  2,277,  ^"^1  amounted  in  value  to  $12,233,- 
000 ;  the  amount  loaned  on  mortgage  was  $6,278,000 ;  the  amount  paid  to 
release  mortgages  was  $9,692,000.  The  savings  banks  paid  from  3  J^  to  SJ<^ 
per  cent,  annual  interest  to  their  depositors ;  the  commercial  banks  expect 
to  pay  about  8  or  10  per  cent  to  their  stockholders. 

Banking  Institutions. — The  banking  institutions  on  our  coast  are  so 
numerous  that  the  statistics  of  their  assets  and  liabilities  would  fill  many 
pages,  and  the  mention  will  be  limited  to  those  with  a  capital  of  $1,000,000 
or  more.  THE  Bank  of  California  stands  as  high  in  public  confidence 
as  if  there  had  never  been  a  mistake  in  its  management  Since  the  adop- 
tion of  the  new  Constitution  the  capital  has  been  reduced  from  $5,000,000 
to  $3,000,0000.  The  Bank  of  Nevada  has  reduced  its  capital  from 
$10,000,000  to  $3,000,000.    The  Pacific  Bank,  with  a  capital  of  $1,000,- 


Ml 


T 


BANKING. 


I3S 


000 ;  The  First  National  Bank;  The  London  and  San  Francisco 
Bank,  with  $2,000,000;  The  Anolo-Californian  Bank,  with  $2,980,000; 
The  Bank  of  British  Columbia,  with  $1,000,000,  are  the  other  great  banks 
of  San  Francisco.  The  last  2  are  branches  of  London  houses,  and  the  sums 
here  mentioned  as  capital  are  the  amounts  advanced  by  the  head  offices  for 
banking  purposes  here. 

The  Clearing  House  of  San  Francisco,  the  only  one  on  our  coast,  was 
established  in  1876.  Its  total  clearings  were  $517,000,000  in  1877,  $715,- 
000,000  in  1878,  $534,000,000  in  1879,  $487,000,000  in  1880,  and  $599,000,- 
000  in  1 88 1.  The  large  place  held  by  mining-stock  speculation  in  the 
banking  business  of  San  Francisco  causes  relatively  greater  changes  in  its 
clearings  than  in  those  of  eastern  cities.  The  large  figure  for  1878  was 
caused  by  the  erroneous  supposition  that  a  body  of  rich  ore,  found  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada  and  Union  Consolidated  mines,  would  prove  to  be  extensive. 
Thousands  of  persons  purchased  the  stock  in  the  hope  of  making  fortunes ; 
the  values  of  stocks  in  other  mines  advanced  by  sympathy;  and  the  influ- 
ence of  the  excitement  added  more  than  $200,000,000  to  the  clearings  of 
the  year. 

Notable  Bankers. — Among  the  notable  bankers  of  our  coast,  besides 
those  to  be  mentioned  hereafter,  are  A.  Scrivener,  manager  of  the  LON- 
DON and  San  Francisco  Bank;  R.  H.  McDonald,  of  The  Pacific 
Bank;  Robert  J.  Tobin,  of  The  Hibernia  Savings  Bank;  James 
DE  Fremerv,  President  of  The  San  Francisco  Savings  Union;  L. 
Gottig,  President  of  The  German  Savings  Bank,  and  J.  A.  Donohoe 
(Eugene  Kelly,  formerly  his  associate  here,  and  now  banker  in  New  York, 
is  still  his  partner),  of  San  Francisco ;  J.  W.  Martin  and  E.  C.  SESSIONS, 
of  Oakland;  Edgar  Mills  and  C.  H.  Swift,  of  Sacramento ;  I.  W.  Hell- 
man,  of  Los  Angeles;  B.  D.  MURPHV  and  T.  Ellard  Beans,  of  San  Jos^; 
L.  U.  Shippee,  of  Stockton;  James  P.  Pierce,  of  Santa  Clara;  John 
Conlv,  of  Chico;  John  D.  Stephens,  of  Woodland;  ;  'Cvias  R.  Bard, 
of  San  Buenaventura ;  and  E.  J.  WiLSON,  of  Vallejo.  Ann,i:ii  those  formerly 
prominent  in  the  banking  business  of  California,  but  now  withdrawn  from  it, 
are  E.  W.  BuRR,  first  president  of  The  Savings  and  Loan  Society;  J.  B. 
Frisbie,  president  of  THE  Vallejo  Savings  and  Commercial  Bank, 
now  in  Mexico;  MiLTON  S.  Latham,  now  of  New  York;  and  JOHN  G. 
Downey,  of  Los  Angeles.  Oregon  bankers  worthy  of  special  mention,  are 
Ladd  &  TiLTON,  A.  Bush,  D.  P.  Thompson,  and  Henry  Failing,  of 
Portland;  Thomas  Charman,  of  Oregon  City;  and  BAKER  &  BoYER,  of 
Walla  Walla. 


136 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


P.  H.  Burnett.— Peter  H.  Burnett,  a  typical  American  pioneer  and 
Californian,  was  born  in  1807  at  Nashville,  then  a  little  town  in  the  back- 
woods. A  move  to  the  frontier  of  Missouri  when  he  was  10  years  old  took 
him  still  farther  from  the  opportunities  of  education  and  refinement.  He 
worked  hard  and  lived  rudely  on  a  farm,  but  spent  enough  time  in  school 
to  learn  to  read,  write,  and  cipher.  At  the  age  of  19  he  returned  to 
Tennessee,  where  he  became  clerk  in  a  village  inn,  occasionally  serving  as  ' 
waiter  and  hostler.  He  left  that  place  to  accept  $2CX5  a  year,  with  board, 
lodging,  and  washing,  as  clerk  in  a  country  store,  and  on  that  income,  when 
21  years  old,  he  took  a  wife.  A  store  of  his  own,  bankruptcy,  return  to 
Missouri,  partnership  in  another  store,  and  another  failure,  were  among  his 
experiences.  He  edited  a  newspajjer,  made  political  speeches,  and  studied 
law  at  intervals  of  leisure,  and  at  the  age  of  32  he  opened  an  office  as  an 
attorney.  His  business  was  not  profitable,  and  he  worried  because  he  saw 
no  prospect  of  paying  his  debts.  The  people  in  Missouri  received  glowing 
accounts  of  the  resources  and  attractions  of  Oregon,  and  expected  a  great 
and  rapid  development  of  wealth  in  that  country.  Burnett  accepted  the 
general  opinion,  and,  in  1843,  took  his  family  with  an  ox-train  across  the 
continent,  at  a  time  when  very  few  families  had  made  that  adventurous 
journey.  The  white  settlers  in  the  Willamette  Valley,  where  he  established 
himself,  were  few  and  poor,  and  he  shared  the  common  poverty.  For  a  time 
he  was  compelled  to  go  barefooted  while  doing  his  farm  work.  His  legal 
knowledge  brought  him  into  prominence  when  the  provisional  government 
of  Oregon  was  organized,  and  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court 
in  1845.  Moderate  pecuniary  prosperity  then  blessed  him  till  September, 
1848,  when  the  news  of  the  gold  discovery  attracted  him  to  California.  No- 
vember found  him  washing  gold  on  the  bank  of  the  Yuba  River,  where  he 
made  $20  a  day.  A  month  of  that  experience  was  enough,  and  he  moved 
to  Sacramento,  where  he  opened  an  office  as  attorney ;  and  a  few  days  later 
he  accepted  the  agency  for  the  sale  of  Sutter's  land,  then  in  demand  for 
town  lots.  The  business  was  profitable,  and  he  was  soon  able  to  pay  off  his 
debts  in  Missouri.  When  the  people  of  California  framed  their  State  gov- 
ernment, they  elected  him  their  first  governor ;  but  the  office  was  not  lucra- 
tive, and  he  resigned  it  to  return  to  the  law.  The  office  of  Chief  Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Couit  was  givQn  to  him  in  1857,  and  he  held  it  nearly  two 
years.  He  then  published  a  large  book,  giving  an  account  of  his  conversion 
to  the  Catholic  faith,  without,  however,  securing  much  success  either  in  ele- 
gance of  literary  composition  or  in  vigor  of  argument.  He  also  published 
a  large  pamphlet  on  the  government  of  the  United  States.  In  1863  he  be- 
came president  of  THE  PACIFIC  BANK  in  San  Francisco,  and  retained  that 
place  for  more  than  1 5  years,  until  he  had  passed  the  threescore  and  ten,  when 


iiiiii 


BANKING. 


137 


he  withdrew  from  business,  to  spend  the  closing  years  of  his  life  in  rest. 
One  of  the  results  of  his  leisure  has  been  his  best  book,  Tlie  Recollections 
and  Opinions  of  an  Old  Pioneer,  published  in  i88o.  We  have  traced  him 
from  obscurity,  poverty,  and  ignorance,  through  toil,  study,  and  privation, 
from  the  country  inn,  country  store,  and  farm,  to  law,  editorship,  the  gover- 
nor's office,  the  bench,  the  bank,  and  authorship,  always  industrious,  upright, 
and  courteous,  never  dazzling  his  associates  by  brilliant  talents,  but  always 
commanding  their  respect  by  an  estimable  character. 

John  PaiTott. — John  Parrott  is  one  of  the  few  California  millionaires 
who  had  a  fortune  before  he  arrived  in  the  Golden  State  A  native  of 
Virginia,  born  about  18 10,  he  had  arrive  '  as  a  very  young  man  in  Mazat- 
lan,  where  he  grew  rich  in  mercantile  business.  He  was  the  American 
Consul  in  that  city,  and  the  leading  American  merchant  on  the  western 
coast  of  Mexico.  When  the  war  broke  out  he  obtained  information  which, 
for  the  interests  of  his  country,  should  be  sent  to  Washington  with  all 
possible  speed,  and  having  no  messenger  whom  he  could  fully  trust,  he 
carried  the  papers  himself  from  Mazatlan  to  Vera  Cruz  with  serious  ex- 
pense and  still  more  serious  risk.  After  his  return  to  Mazatlan  he  made  a 
trip  in  1846  to  San  Francisco,  and  in  1849  he  moved  his  residence  to  our 
metropolis,  bringing  with  him  $3oo,cxx)  in  Mexican  dollars,  a  sum  which 
probably  no  other  man  in  California  could  then  command  in  coin.  He 
soon  became  a  prominent  citizen  of  San  Francisco.  His  experience,  repu- 
tation, sound  judgment,  and  careful  avoidance  of  speculative  ventures, 
enabled  him  rapidly  to  increase  his  original  capital,  which,  according  to 
common  repute,  increased  more  than  tenfold,  though  he  had  a  large  family 
and  lived  in  elegant  style,  having  one  of  the  most  luxurious  mansions  on 
the  coast,  until  the  railroad  and  bonanza  princes  made  their  appearance. 
He  bought  numerous  lots  in  the  business  portions  of  San  Francisco,  and 
erected  substantial  buildings,  including  the  granite  structure  on  the  north- 
west corner  of  California  and  Montgomery  streets,  the  stone  for  which  was 
quarried  and  cut  in  China  in  1853.  For  many  years  Mr.  PARROTT  did  a 
banking  business,  conducting  it  so  prudently  that,  no  matter  what  financial 
convulsion  troubled  the  community,  he  never  closed  his  doors  for  a  day. 
He  has  now  retired  from  active  business,  spending  much  of  his  time  at  his 
country  seat,  in  San  Mateo  County. 


D.  O.  Mllla.— Darius  Ogden  Mills,  or  D.  O.  Mills,  as  he  is  generally 
known,  is  a  native  of  Westchester  County,  New  York,  born  in  1825.  He 
received  a  good  high-school  education,  and  became  a  bank  clerk,  showing 
so  much  aptitude  for  his  business  that,  when  2 1  years  of  age,  he  had  obtained 


138 


COMMERCE,    ETC. 


a  position  as  cashier  in  a  bank,  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  At  the  age  of  24  he  came 
to  California,  and  settled  at  Sacramento  as  a  banker,  where  he  soon  gained 
the  confidence  of  the  merchants,  and  secured  a  profitable  custom.  Large 
sums  were  intrusted  to  him,  and  nobody  had  reason  to  regret  the  confidence 
placed  in  him.  When  TlIE  Bank  OF  CALIFORNIA  was  organized,  Mr. 
MiLL.s  by  the  natural  force  of  his  capital,  character,  and  reputation,  became 
the  president,  and  all  went  well  with  that  institution,  until  he  withdrew,  in 
1S73.  When  it  was  reorganized  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Ral.STON,  he  again 
became  president  until  its  position  was  secure.  Mr.  Mills  is  reserved  in 
manners,  and  avoids  politics,  publicity,  and  ostentation.  His  residence  at 
Miibrae,  17  miles  south  of  San  Francisco,  is  one  of  the  most  elegant  homes 
in  California. 

William  Alvord. — For  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century  Wm.  Alvord 
has  been  a  prominent  citizen  of  San  Francisco.  Immediately  after  his 
arrival  in  California,  from  his  native  city  of  Albany,  N.  Y.,  he  settled  in 
Marysville,  as  .senior  partner  of  a  house  engaged  in  .selling  hardware.  Three 
years  later,  in  1856,  he  moved  to  San  Francisco,  and  became  the  head  of  the 
house  of  Wm.  Alvord  &  Co.,  importing  and  selling  hardware  by  wholesale. 
Though  he  was  then  only  23  years  old,  prosperity  attended  him  in  his  exten- 
sive ilea!ing,s.  He  had  a  prepossessing  appearance,  courteous  address,  a 
ciuick  judgment,  and  much  industry.  He  was  not  only  successful,  but  evi- 
dently a  young  man  with  a  future.  When  the  large  accumulation  of  worn- 
out  rails,  and  old  wrought-iron  of  various  kinds,  in  California,  sugger^ed  the 
construction  of  a  rolling-mill  in  San  Francisco,  he  became  the  head  of  the 
enterprise.  He  studied  rolling-mills  in  the  Atlantic  States,  bought  mii- 
chinery,  and  superintended  the  erection  of  the  mill  at  Potrcro  Point.  It  was 
a  success  from  the  start.  He  devoted  him.self  to  its  business,  having  sold 
out  hi  interest  in  the  hardware  store  ;  and  became  a  stockholder  in  THE 
RisuoN  Iron  anu  Locomoiive  Works.  As  a  public-spirited  citizen, 
Mr.  Alvord  has  been  called  upon  to  take  a  prominent  |)art  in  public  affairs 
on  many  occasions.  In  1871  he  was  elected  Mayor  of  the  city,  and  gave 
general  satisfaction  by  the  manner  in  which  he  filled  that  office.  He  has 
been  Police  Commissioner  for  4,  and  Park  Commissioner  for  10  years, 
positions  without  compensation,  but  of  high  trust,  and  requiring  time  and 
attention  to  perform  their  duties.  He  is  now,  and  has  been  for  several 
years.  President  of  TlIE  BANK  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


Lloyd  Tevls. — Among  the  men  who  came  to  California  in  1849,  was  a 
Kentuckian,  Lloyi)  Tevis,  then  25  years  old.  He  had  no  money,  but 
he  had   been  admitted  to  the   bar,  and  was  willing  to  take  his  chances 


BANKING. 


I.^» 


in  the  land  of  gold.  After  working  in  the  mines,  with  little  success  he 
moved  to  Sacramento  City,  where  he  opened  a  land  and  loan  office  in  *.hc 
fall  of  1850,  and  there  formed  a  partnership  with  J.  B.  Haggix,  .mother 
young  lawyer  from  Kentucky — the  capital  of  the  firm  being  $1,000.  In 
1853  he  moved  to  San  Francisco,  and  for  a  year  was  member  of  the  firm  of 
Crockett,  Page  &  Tevis.  After  leaving  that  firm,  his  brokerage  business 
in  association  with  Mr.  Haggin,  took  precedence  of  the  law.  They  were 
money  brokers,  bankers,  and  dealers  in  land  and  mines.  They  made  no 
c^  nges  in  occupation  or  residence.  They  a.spired  to  no  office.  They  in- 
dulged no  fooli.''h,  extravagant  vanity.  They  attended  to  business  with 
assiduity  and  capacity.  Wealth  poured  in  upon  them,  and  both  arc 
accounted  millionaires,  Mr.  Tevis  having,  according  to  popular  estimate, 
more  than  $5,000,000.  In  October,  1880,  when  his  party,  the  Democratic, 
hoped  to  elect  the  President  of  the  United  States,  and  a  majority  of  the 
Californian  Legislature,  the  public  journals  mentioned  him  as  a  suitable 
person  for  United  States  Senator  or  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  but  he  would 
probably  not  have  accepted  either  place.  He  could  not  do  so  without  mak- 
ing; large  pecuniary  sacrifices.  The  productive  mines  and  other  industrial 
enterprises,  in  which  he  is  an  owner,  arc  numerous.  As  President  of 
Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.,  he  has  supervision  of  a  vast  and  very  complicated 
banking  and  express  busincs.s,  involving  the  care  of  immense  sums  of  money. 
The  management  of  his  property,  and  of  that  of  the  corporations  in  which 
he  has  large  interests,  demand'  all  his  time,  Mr.  TEVIS  is  a  healthy,  active 
man,  youthful  in  his  form,  courteous  in  his  address,  always  ready  to  meet 
acquaintances  with  pleasant  greetings,  and  business  men  with  prompt  decis- 
ions. Without  ostentation,  and  without  stain  on  his  .social  or  pecuniary 
reputation,  he  is  one  of  the  best  illustrations  of  the  succcsb  achieved  in  San 
Francisco  by  application,  prudence,  talent,  tact,  and  integrity. 

P.  F.  Low. — Frederick  F.  Low  is  a  native  of  Maine,  and  now  in' 
1881,  52  years  old,  not  an  advanced  age  r  a  man  who  has  been  a  banker, 
member  of  Congress,  Collector  of  San  l-ranci.sco.  Governor  of  California, 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  of  the  '  'uited  States  at  the  Court  of  China. 
He  came  to  California  in  1849,  and  established  him.sclf  in  Marysville,  which 
for  twelve  years,  while  he  resided  there,  was  one  of  the  most  active  and 
prosperous  places  in  the  State,  He  became  a  successful  banker.  The  Re- 
publican party  sent  him  to  Congress  in  1861.  His  term  had  scarcely  clo.sed, 
when  he  was  appointed  Collector,  and  he  had  scarcely  entered  on  the  duties 
of  his  office,  when  he  was  nominated  for  Governor.  He  filled  that  office  4 
yeani,  and  left  it  with  a  good  reputation.  He  w.is  4  years  at  Pckin ;  and 
Boon  after  his  return,  became  manager  of  THE  Anolo-California  Bank, 


140 


COMMERCK,    ETC. 


one  of  the  leading  financial  institutions  of  San  Francisco, 
that  position  about  7  years. 


He  has  occupied 


Louis  IVTcLane.— Louis  McLane,  a  native  of  Baltimore,  and  now  about 
60  years  of  age,  began  his  adult  life  as  an  officer  of  the  United  States  Navy, 
but  resigned  in  1850,  to  establish  himself  in  San  Francisco,  where,  in  No- 
vember, 1855,  he  became  superintendent  of  WELLS,  Fargo  &  Co.'s  Ex- 
PRl-SS.  His  management  contributed  much  to  the  profit  of  its  banking,  and 
the  economy  and  efficiency  of  its  express  department.  After  a  few  years 
cf  this  service  he  moved  to  New  York  to  accept  the  presidency  of  WELLS, 
Fargo  &  Co.  There  he  was  also  a  director  of  the  Pacieic  Mail  Steam- 
ship Company,  and  for  a  time  its  acting  president.  When  The  Bank  oi'" 
NiCVADA  was  established  in  1875,  he  came  to  San  Francisco  to  be  its  first 
president  and  manager.  He  has  the  reputation  of  being  strict  in  following 
the  rules  of  the  greatest  prudence,  .severe  in  his  discipline,  acute  in  his  judg- 
ment of  men,  able  in  his  management,  and  averse  from  business  mixed  with 
politics.  Mr.  McLane  withdrew  from  the  presidency  of  THE  BANK  or 
Nevada  in  188 i. 

The  DaUes  Bank.— A  serious  interruption  in  the  channel  of  a  great  nav- 
igable river,  almost  invariably  gives  rise  to  an  important  town  in  the  vicinity, 
and  the  fall  in  the  Columbia  at  the  Dalles  is  no  exception  to  the  rule. 
Among  the  pro.minent  features  of  business  in  that  town  and  in  Eastern 
Oregon  is  the  bank  of  FRENCH  &  Co.,  established  in  1877,  by  D.  M.  and 
J.  W.  1'"RKNCII,  brothers,  natives  of  Vermont,  residents  of  this  coast  for 
about  30  j'ears,  aiul  men  of  extensive  experience  in  commercial  affairs. 
They  began  l)anking  with  $60,000,  and,  having  a  good  situation,  the  public 
confidence,  and  no  competition,  have  been  adding  to  their  capital,  and  have 
now  nearly  completed  a  substantial  brick  building,  two  stories  high,  specially 
ilesignctl  for  the  accommodation  of  their  banking  business.  The  Ualles  is 
an  excellent  place  for  banking  enterprise,  on  the  bank  of  a  great  navigable 
river,  there  broken  by  rapids,  .so  that  boats  must  always  stop,  even  if,  by 
great  expenditure,  they  should  be  enabled  to  pass.  It  is  in  a  narrow  gap 
lluougli  a  high,  rugged,  and  long  mountain  chain,  with  rich  ami  extensive 
agricultural  regions  on  both  sides.  The  future  seems  bright  for  the  town 
and  its  well-established  business  men.  Excepting  Astoria,  it  is  the  largest 
town  on  the  banks  of  the  Columbia. 

Wm.  RelJ.— One  of  the  notable  bankers  of  Oregon  is  Wm.  Ri;H),  a 
Scotciiman,  nov/  nearly  40  years  of  age.  Whili;  i)racticing  law  in  Uundee, 
he  received  an  appointment  as  Consul  of  the  Uniltxl  .States,  and  while 
acting  in  that  capacity,  his  attention  was  drawn  to  Oregon  by  one  of  the 


BANKING. 


141 


publications  of  the  United  States  Statistical  Bureau.  He  wrote  a  pamphlet 
about  the  State  as  a  field  for  labor,  enterprise,  and  capital,  and  a  number 
of  Scotch  capitalists  were  so  favorably  impressed  by  it,  that  they  com- 
bined to  send  him  to  Oregon,  to  make  investments  for  them.  He  went, 
devoted  five  months  to  a  caretui  examination  of  the  State,  and  made  a 
series  of  favorable  reports.  He  advised  them  to  establish  THE  OREGON 
AND  Washington  Mortgage  Savings  Bank,  and  they  did  so,  with 
Mr.  Reid  as  managing  director.  It  became  a  success  from  the  first ;  has 
loaned  out  $650,000  every  year;  has  never  lost  a  dollar  by  a  bad  loan;  and 
now  has  $3,700,000  out  on  interest.  Besides  paying  10  per  cent,  annual 
dividends  to  its  stockholders,  its  reserve  fund  amounts  to  20  per  cent,  of 
its  paid-up  capital.  The  result  of  the  banking  investment  being  satis- 
factory, Scotch  capitalists  came  forward,  in  1880,  to  organize  THE  Orego- 
NIAN  Railway  Company,  which  purchased  the  Willamette  Valley  (narrow- 
gauge)  RailoaJ,  and  immediately  reconstructed  and  extended  it  so  that  the 
roads  of  the  company  on  both  sides  of  the  valley  now  measure  165  miles. 
These  roads  have  been  leased  to  HENRY  ViLl.ARD,  for  90  years,  for  $140,- 
000  a  year;  and  the  contract,  guaranteed  by  1  HE  Orec;on  Railway  and 
Navigation  Company,  secures  an  annual  di\  idcnd  of  7  per  cent,  on  their 
stock,  to  the  owners  of  the  lcasc('  "I  It  was  owing  to  the  active 
exertions  of  Mr.  Reid  that  the  Lc  "f  Oregon,  in   1874,  passed  an 

act  to  create  a  State  Board  of  Immigi.u  .unl  Govornor  Grover  recog- 
nized his  .services  by  appointing  him  President  n(  lli  Hoard,  with  Senati  1 
CORBETT,  B.  Goldsmith,  W.  S.  Ladd,  and  C.  H  Li:inenwebeR  as  Com- 
missioners. Thirty-six  officers  of  the  Commission  (-tc  .ippoin'  'I  in 
Europe,  and  their  labors  and  publications  attracted  many  desirable  st  iilcrs 
to  Oregon.  THE  Portland  Board  of  Trade  was  organized  in  1  vi 
in  consequence  of  Mr.  REID's  exertions;  and  he  was  its  secr<t;iry  for  < 
years.  I'or  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1878,  he  wrote  a  pamphu  1  entitled 
Oregon  and  Washiugton  Territory  as  Fields  for  Capital  and  Lah  '.  of  wiiich 
35,000  copies  were  printed  in  English,  French,  and  German.  Oregon  is 
fortunate  in  attracting  and  keeping  a  man  like  Mr,  Reid,  and  he  was  fortu- 
nate in  finding  a  field  so  well  adapted  for  his  enterprise,  and  for  the  iii'  ,st" 
tnent  of  the  capital  entrusted  to  his  management. 


mim 


143 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


CHAPTER  VII.— INSURANCE. 

Fires. — Conflagrations  must  be  numerous  in  regions  where  nearly  all  the 
houses  arc  of  wood,  as  they  are  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  north  of  latitude  34°, 
and  where  the  wooden  houses  are  crowded  together  very  closely,  as  is  the 
case  in  the  cities  and  even  in  the  small  mining  towns,  many  of  which  arc 
situated  in  narrow  ravines,  with  .scanty  areas  suitable  or  convenient  for  pur- 
poses of  habitation  or  trade.  Wherever  property  is  endangered  by  fire, 
there  the  demand  for  underwriting  makes  its  appearance;  but  before  1853 
the  risk  was  too  great  in  California.  In  that  year  JosHUA  P.  HAVEN  be- 
came agent  of  THE  Liverpool  and  London  and  Globe  Fire  and 
Like  Insurance  Company;  and  soon  afterwards  The  Imperial  Fire 
AND  Like  Insurance  Company,  the  Royal,  the  Monarch  (since  amalga- 
mated with  the  Liverpool  and  London),  and  the  Northern,  all  English 
companies,  established  agencies,  and  by  care  in  selecting  their  risks,  and 
high  premiums,  made  fine  profits.  Three  years  elapsed,  before  any  Ameri- 
can companies  ventured  to  take  part  in  the  business  in  California. 

First  Califomian  Company. — The  first  company  organized  in  California 
to  do  an  insurance  business  for  tiie  general  public,  was  incorporated  in  San 
Francisco,  February  23,  1861.  The  name  was  "  TllE  CAl.d'OKNiA  MUTUAL 
Marine  Insurance  Company."  The  president  was  Dr.  Samuicl  Merritt, 
and  Caspar  T.  Hopkins  was  the  secretary.  The  company  --till  exists,  but 
it  has  dropped  the  "mutual  marine"  from  its  title,  and  takes  lire  risks.  At 
the  annual  meeting,  held  in  January,  1881,  Mr.  HuPKINS,  then  president, 
(who  with  Dr.  MERRITT,  the  first  president,  organized  thi-  company),  de- 
livered an  aiUlress,  in  which  he  reviewed  its  history,  and  i^ave  an  account  of 
its  early  difficulties.     The  following  is  an  c.vtract  from  it; 

"During  the  years  from  1852  to  i860,  several  attempts  had  been  made  to 
form  insurance  companies  in  San  Francisco.  The  only  one  that  succeeded 
was  ;i  small  German  company,  organized  on  the  mutual  plan,  and  which  in- 
sured only  its  own  members  against  fire  on  merchandise  risks.  T!ie  rest 
came  to  nothing,  because  the  personal  liability,  imposed  by  the  constitution 
of  the  State,  on  all  stockholders  of  all  corporations,  liad  not  then  been  de- 
fined, either  by  statute  or  judicial  decision.  It  was  feared  that,  in  case  of 
conflagration,  the  entire  estates  of  the  stockholders  would  be  swept  away, 


INSURANCE. 


•43 


The  objection  was,  however,  far  less  a  dissuasion  to  marine  than  to  fire  in- 
surance, for  the  fact  was  recognized,  that  wholesale  disaster  could  not  occur 
to  the  risks  scattered  over  the  vast  expanse  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Appre- 
ciating the  opportunity  offered  by  the  failure  of  the  Philadelphia  companies. 
Dr.  Samuel  Merritt,  in  connection  with  your  present  president,  under- 
took to  supply  the  public  want  of  a  sound  marine  underwriting  institution, 
by  organizing  THE  CALIFORNIA  MUTUAL  Marine  Insurance  Com- 
pany. With  great  labor  and  difficulty,  and  after  many  meetings  held  dur- 
ing the  winter  of  1 860-61,  20  men,  of  well-known  wealth  and  standing,  were 
at  last  persuaded  to  incur  the  risk  of  owning  stock  in  so  perilous  a  venture. 
Their  names  were  A.  J.  PoPE  (deceased,  1S79),  SAMUEL  Merritt,  W.  C. 
TalboTT  (deceased,  1881),  Jonas  G.  Clark  (sold  out  in  1863,  and  removed 
to  New  York),  MiCHAEL  REESE  (deceased,  1879),  Calvin  Paige,  J.  J. 
Felt  (sold  out  in  1867),  H.  B.  Ticiienor,  D.  C.  McRuer  (sold  out  in  1865), 
Samuel  C.  Bigelow,  Josiah  Belden  (sold  out  in  1864),  H.  F.  Tesche- 
MACIIER  (sold  out  in  1866),  WILLIAM  NoRRlS  (sold  out  ill  1865),  C.  W. 
Hathaway  (sold  out  in  1881),  John  Van  Bergen  (still  owning  all  his 
stock,  but  a  resident  of  Germany),  CHARLES  Main,  James  Findla  (sold 
out  in  1863  to  C.  F.  Lott,  deceased  in  1865),  George  H.  Howard  (de- 
ceased, 1877),  Levi  Stevens  (sold  out  in  1878),  and  John  G.  Bray  (de- 
ceased, 1864). 

"  The  fear  and  trembling  with  which  these  gentlemen  embarked  upon  the 
enterprise,  may  be  illustrated  by  referring  to  a  few  peculiarities  in  their 
organization.  Each  stockholder  subscribed  for  but  one  share  of  $10,000 
each.  Of  this  amount  only  $1,000  was  paid  in,  a  stock  note,  payable  on 
call,  being  given  for  the  balance  of  $9,000.  No  person  was  allowed  to  own 
stock  unless  he  was  known  to  be  worth  at  least  $100,000  clear,  nor  could 
he  sell  out,  except  to  a  purchaser  who  should  be  approved  by  the  directors, 
as  being  sufficiently  strong  to  carry  such  a  burden,  without  flinching.  If 
any  stockholder  were  to  become  embarrassed  in  his  business,  or  if,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  board,  his  pecuniary  responsibility  had  become  impaired,  he 
was  to  be  dealt  with  in  a  most  arbitrary  and  unconstitutional  manner. 
Should  any  of  them  die,  his  estate  was  to  be  at  once  dispossessed  of  the 
stock,  so  as  to  have  only  live  owners  thereof,  who  would  be  sure  to  respond 
to  assessments.  No  risks  were  to  be  taken,  except  approved  by  the  whole 
insurance  committee,  nor  losses  paid,  except  by  special  order  of  the  board 
of  directors.  But  the  old  by-laws  were  sound  on  the  subject  of  dividends; 
for  they  provided  that  not  more  than  half  the  net  earnings  should  be  divided, 
until  $500,000  should  have  been  accumulated  in  cash  assets.  And  the  whole 
conctrii,  though  ostensibly  small,  was  sound  as  a  nut ;  for  the  aggregate 
wealth  of  those  20  stockholders  was  many  millions.     They  recognized  their 


144 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


personal  responsibility,  whether  joint  or  several,  and  were  prepared  to  meet 
it  like  men ;  but,  at  the  same  time,  were  not  intending  to  do  a  rash  business, 
or  be  caught  in  a  losing  game,  and  they  never  were.     *     *     * 

"  On  April  5  the  entire  paid-up  capital  of  $20,CXX)  was  loaned  to  SAMUEL 
Brannan,  then  a  very  wealthy  man,  on  his  note  at  1 J^  per  cent,  per  month, 
secured  on  a  pile  of  railroad  iron  worth  $50,000,  which  was  stacked  "de- 
tached "  on  the  water  front;  and  the  finance  committee  reported  the  assets 
of  the  company  to  be  "safely  and  profitably  invested."  But  though  strong, 
the  company  was  too  prudent  to  do  much  business  at  the  start.  Its  first  9 
months'  income  was  only  $49,446,  of  which  $2,697  was  from  interest  on  its 
safely  invested  capital  and  receipts.  In  1862  the  income  was  $80,649,  of 
which  $9,088  was  from  interest.  The  third  year  showed  receipts  of  $109,492, 
whereof  $15,903  was  from  interest.     •     *,    * 

"  Hardly  had  this  company  broken  the  ice  when,  in  March,  1 861,  2  other 
local  insurance  institutions  organized.  One  of  these  was  TlIE  San  FRAN- 
CISCO Fire  Insurance  Company,  capital  $150,000,  which  was  all  paid  in 
within  12  months;  and  for  several  years  it  trans.icted  a  safe  and  highly  profit- 
able business.  It  discontinued  its  existence  in  1866.  »  *  •  The  other 
was  The  California  Lloyds  which,  almost  from  the  start,  divided  the 
marine  business  of  the  port  with  our  company.  This  institution  had  no  cap- 
ital and  was  not  incorporated.  At  first  10,  after\vards  14  capitalists,  signed 
each  policy  in  equal  proportions,  by  procuration,  and  the  results  were  highly 
satisfactoiy,  till  it  was  merged  in  TUE  UNION  INSURANCE  COMPANY  in 
1867,  whose  president,  G.  ToucHARD,  was  secretary  of  the  Califo/nir 
Lloyds  during  its  existence, 

"In  1863,  The  Merchants' Mutual  Marine  Insurance  Company 
was  organized,  with  a  capital  of  500,000,  whereof  10  per  cent,  was  paid  up 
at  the  beginning.  The  late  James  P.  Flint  was  its  first  president,  and 
the  late  Joseph  B.  Scotciilku,  afterwards  promoted  to  the  jaresidency, 
was  the  first  secretary.  This  company  was  .successful.  In  about  3  years  it 
had  earned  so  mucli  of  its  unpaid  capital,  that  an  assessment  of  50  per  cent, 
completed  the  payment  of  the  full  amount  subscribed.  Until  its  discon- 
tinuance, in  1874,  the  company  maintained  its  reputation  as  a  first-class 
institution. 

"In  the  same  year,  1863,  were  incorporated  THE  I'ACHTC  INSURANCE 
Company,  capital  $750,000;  The  Fireman's  Fund  Insurance  Com- 
pany, capital  $200,000;  The  Calikornia  Home  Insurance  Company, 
capital  $300,000;  and  the  HoME  MUTUAL  INSURANCE  COMPANY,  nomi- 
nal capital  $1,000,000.  The  organization  of  so  many  local  companies  now 
began  to  attract  public  attention  to  the  business,  and  soon  the  various 
officers  were  compelled  to  form  boards  of  underwriters,  for  the  prevention 


INSUKAXCi;. 


145 


of  undue  c  )mpetition,  for  tho  procurement  of  sound  legislation,  and  for 
general  protection. 

"  The  marine  business  of  the  California  Mutual  Marine  continuing  prosper- 
ous, the  year  1864  was  signalized  by  the  purchase,  for  $20,500,  of  the  lot 
(318  California  Street)  on  which  the  office  of  the  company  now  stands.  At 
the  time  of  purchase,  there  was  on  the  lot  a  plain  two-storj'  brick  building, 
which  had  been  occupied  by  a  leather  store.  The  expenditure  of  $2,500  in 
furniture,  platc-gla.ss  front,  and  gilt  signs,  con  »'crted  this  into  a  very  conven- 
ient and  attractive  office,  until  the  .serious  damage  it  received  in  the  earth- 
quakes of  1865  and  1868  [which  did  not  injure  the  buildings  generally  in 
San  Francisco],  compelled  its  demolition  and  replacement,  in  1869,  in  con- 
nection with  adjoining  owners,  by  the  present  elegant  and  substantial  block 
of  buildings. 

"  On  July  28,  1864,  the  stockholders,  finding  the  original  name  too  cumber- 
some, the  shares  of  stock  too  large,  the  transfer  of  stock  too  difficult,  and 
desiring  to  engage  also  in  fire  insurance,  reincorporated  the  company  under 
its  present  title,  with  $200,000  capital,  shares  of  $1,000  each,  of  which  50 
per  cent,  was  paid  up,  being  the  capital  and  earnings  transferred  net  from 
the  old  company,  after  rein.suring  its  risks  with  the  new  one." 

The  business  of  the  California  in  1881  showed  $7,543,000  written  on  fire, 
and  $2,675,000  on  marine  risks;  $154,000  premiums  collected  in  both 
departments,  and  $45,200  of  lo.sscs  paid  in  both,  the  proportion  of  losses  to 
premiums  being  about  32  per  cent,  on  fire,  and  2i|<^  on  marine  losses.  The 
assets  were  $856,000,  and  the  net  profits  for  the  year  $78,000. 

Rush  into  Insurance. — In  1867  there  was  a  rush  of  people  anxious  to 
engage  in  the  business  of  underwriting,  and  San  Francisco  had  14  compa- 
nies, some  of  them  managed  by  men  evidently  more  anxious  for  their  own 
immediate  profits,  than  for  the  .securit}-  of  their  patroiis.  The  Legislature  of 
1868  provided  that  the  insurance  companies  of  the  State  should  be  under 
the  supervision  of  a  commissioner,  and  the  first  investigation  drove  .several 
corporations  from  the  field.  The  Pacific,  which  was  the  leading  local  insti- 
tution, lost  all  its  capital  by  the  Chicago  fire  in  1871,  and,  after  paying  its 
debts,  disincorporated,  In  the  period  of  its  prosperity,  it  erected  the  build- 
ing on  the  north-cast  corner  of  California  and  Leidesdorff  streets,  at  a  cost 
of  $125,000.  The  same  fire  inflicted  severe  loss  on  the  Fireman's  Fund, 
wiiich,  however,  restored  its  capital  by  assessments,  and  has  since  prospered 
contiiuiously.  Its  building,  on  the  south-west  corner  of  California  and  San- 
some  streets,  cost  $100,000.  The  Virginia  City  fire,  in  October,  1875,  w.as 
another  blow  to  the  insurance  companies  of  San  Franci.sco.     The  total  loss 

was  $6,000,000,  and  the  loss  to  the  underwriters  $1,900,000. 
•9 


146  COMMKRCi:,   ETC. 

Rates. — The  a/erage  rate  on  merchandise  in  brick  buildings  in  cities  or 
closely  built  towns  is  from  $1  to  $1.10  on  the  $100;  on  wooden  dwellings, 
with  brick  chimneys  and  lath  and  plaster  walls  and  ceilings,  in  cities  or 
closely-built  towns,  75  cents;  and  in  isolated  dwellings  of  the  same  char- 
acter, 60  cents.  Arson  is  not  an  uncommon  offense  in  countries  where  the 
houses  arc  of  wood,  but  it  can  seldom  be  proved.  When  a  mining  town 
decays,  or  an  enterprise  proves  a  failure,  the  owner  of  a  building  is  often 
tempted  to  save  himself  from  the  total  loss  of  his  investment,  by  defrauding  an 
insurance  company,  and  as  he  has  entire  control  of  the  premises,  it  is  often 
impossible  to  obtain  any  direct  evidence  of  his  crime,  or  even,  in  many  cases, 
to  obtain  satisfactory  reasons  for  suspicion.  A  comparison  of  the  fires  oc- 
curring in  insured  and  uninsured  buildings,  where  business  is  profitable  or 
otherwise,  indicates,  however,  beyond  a  doubt,  that  the  loss  is  chargeable,  in 
one  third  of  the  cases,  to  arson. 

liOSses. — The  following  table  shows  the  total  fire  losses  for  1880,  and  also 
the  losses  incurred  by  insurance  companies  in  that  year,  in  the  various  States 
and  Territories  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  viz: 

States,  etc.  Total  Loss.  ^  rnn.„l"„tr"' 

Companies, 

California $2,841, 2CX)  $1,444,600 

Nevada 894,200  333.900 

Oregon 435,500  227,800 

Washington 160,600  89,900 

Utah 67,000  10,200 

Arizona 33,500  1 1,200 

Total $4,432,000  $2,1 17,600 

Between  1 876  and  1 880,  the  average  value  of  all  property  destroyed,  by 
fire  in  California,  was  $2,526,000  a  year;  and  the  average  loss  to  insurance 
companies  $1,175,000  a  year.  There  arc  no  accessible  statistics  of  the 
number  of  fires  in  the  States  and  Territories;  but  we  may  infer,  from  the 
statistics  for  .San  Francisco,  that  there  arc  about  2,000  fires  on  the  coa.st 
annually,  and  that  the  average  loss  to  each  is  about  $2,000. 

The  only  political  division  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  that  has  a  local  insurance 
company,  an  insurance  commissioner,  or  official  insurance  statistics,  is  Cali- 
fornia; but  most  of  the  companies,  which  do  a  large  business  in  San  I'ran- 
cisco,  have  ofTTices  in  Oregon  and  Nevada,  and  charge  about  the  same  rates 
of  premium.  Oregon  requires  every  company,  not  incorporated  under  her 
laws,  to  deposit  with  the  Slate  Treasurer,  before  doing  insurance  business 
within  her  limits,  $50,000,  as  security  for  the  payment  of  any  judgment  ob- 
tained by  her  citizens  for  losses.     Twenty-six  companies  have  made  this  dc- 


INSURANCE. 


147 


posit,  including  the  Home  Mutual,  the  Union,  the  Fireman's  Fund,  the  State 
Investment  and  Insurance,  the  Commercial  Union,  and  the  Western  Fire 
and  Marine  Companies  of  San  Francisco;  the  Home  and  the  German 
American  Companies,  of  New  York ;  the  Phcenix  and  the  Connecticut,  of 
Hartford;  the  Imperial,  the  North  British  and  Mercantile,  the  Queen,  the 
Royal,  the  Northern,  the  Lancashire,  the  London,  the  Union,  the  British 
and  Foreign  Marine,  the  Sea,  the  London  and  Lancashire,  and  the  Norwich 
Union  Companies,  of  Great  Britain ;  the  Hamburg  and  Bremen,  of  Germany; 
and  the  New  Zealand,  of  New  Zealand.  All  these  companies  have  offices 
in  Portland. 


Business  In  1881. — In  1881,  137  underwriting  companies,  including  fire, 
marine,  life,  and  accident,  with  assets  amounting  to  $355,000,000,  were 
doing  business  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  The  total  amount  insured  in  Cali- 
fornia was  $416,690,000 ;  the  aggregate  of  the  premiums  was  $6,959,000, 
and  of  the  losses  paid,  $3,j  79,000,  leaving  $3,780,000  for  profit  and  expenses. 
In  the  fire  business  the  losses  were  one  third;  in  the  marine  business  three 
eighths,  and  in  the  life  business,  including  endowments,  five  sixths  of  the 
premiums,  while  the  absolute  losses  of  the  fire  and  life  companies  were  about 
equal,  and  either  of  them  double  that  of  the  marine.  There  arc,  at  present, 
8  companies  in  California,  including  7  in  San  Francisco,  and  one  in  Oak- 
land, in  fire  and  marine  business.  The  total  of  their  risks  in  force  at  the 
end  of  1 88 1,  was  $71,130,000,  including  $68,380,000  of  fire,  and  $2,750,000 
of  marine  ri.sks.  There  is  one  life  insurance  company  in  California,  at 
San  Franci.sco,  having  policies  in  force  at  the  time  mentioned,  amounting 
to  $50,700,000.  The  American  companies,  incorporated  in  States  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  doing  business  in  California  during  1881,  numbered 
70.  Of  these,  5  withdrew  from  business  during  the  year,  leaving,  on  Janu- 
ary I,  1882,  65  companies,  having  $74,979,000  in  risks.  The  were  also, 
during  the  year  1881,  69  foreign  companies,  including  35  British,  22  conti- 
nental Furopean,  6  Asiatic,  and  6  New  Zealand,  of  which  one  fire  and  one 
plate-glass  withdrew  from  business,  leaving,  at  the  clo.sc  of  the  year,  67 
foreign  companies  writing  fire  and  marine  policies  on  the  coast,  with  risks 
amounting  to  $  1 38,600,000.  At  the  end  of  1881,  the  Liverpool  and  Lon- 
don and  Globe,  of  Liverpool,  had  $17,400,000  of  fire  risks  in  California ;  the 
Commercial  Union,  of  London,  $8,200,000;  the  .(Etna,  of  Hartford,  Conn., 
$7,800,000;  the  North  British  and  Mercantile,  of  London,  $6,200,000 ;  the 
Hamburg-Bremen,  of  Hamburg,  $6,400,000;  the  Hartford,  of  Hartford, 
$5,000,000;  the  Fire  Insurance  As.sociation,  of  London;  the  Lancashire,  of 
Manchester;  the  Norwich  Union,  of  Norwich;  the  Royal,  of  Liverpool — 
all  British  companies ;  the  Tran.satlantic  Fire,  and  the  Hamburg-Magdc- 


148 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


burg,  of  ]  lamburg;  the  Home,  of  New  York,  and  the  Phoenix,  of  Hartford, 
$4,000,000  cacl  ;  the  Guardian,  of  London  ;  the  Helvetia  Swiss  Fire,  of  St. 
Gall,  Switzerland  ;  the  Imperial,  of  London  ;  La  Confiancc,  of  Paris  ;  the 
London  Assurance,  of  London;  the  New  Zealand,  of  Aukland;  the  North- 
ern Assurance,  of  London;  the  Queen,  of  Liverpool;  the  American  Central, 
of  St.  Louis,  and  the  Phocni.x,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  each  more  than  $3,000,- 
000.  The  California  companies  had  the  following  amounts  at  risk  on  the 
31st  of  December,  i88i,  viz.:  the  Home  Mutual,  $17,590,000;  the  State  In- 
vestment, $10,060,000;  the  Fireman's  Fund,  .$9,972,000;  the  Union,  $9,619,- 
000;  the  California,  $7,406,000;  the  Western  Fire  and  Marine,  .$7,093,000;  the 
Commercial,  $5,360,000 — all  of  San  Francisco  ;  and  the  Oakland  Home, 
of  Oakland,  $4,027,000.  Twenty  life  insurance  companies,  including  the 
Pacific  Mutual  Life,  of  Sacramento,  and  19  companies  incorporated  in 
Atlantic-American  cities,  issued  5,001  new  policies  in  California  in  188 1  ; 
renewed  12,598;  collected  $1,457,959  on  the  new  issues  and  renewals,  and 
paid  out  $1,226,148.  The  statistics  of  the  Insurance  Commissioner's  re- 
port show  that  in  1881,  California  paid  $3,108,023,  for  fire  and  marine 
premiums,  to  companies  incorporated  in  foreign  countries,  and  received 
from  the  same  companies,  for  losses,  $1,084,583,  leaving  to  those  companies 
$2,023,439,  or  nearly  two  thirds  of  all  their  receipts,  for  expenses  and 
profits.  The  total  paid  by  the  Pacific  Slope,  north  of  IMexico,  to  com- 
pemies  incorporated  elsewhere,  for  fire  and  marine  i^rcmiums,  is,  presumably, 
about  $5,200,000  annually,  and  the  amount  received  from  them  about  $2,080,- 
000,  leaving  $3,120,000  to  pay  their  expenses  and  profits,  or  exactly  three 
fifths  of  the  entire  receipts.  It  is  said  that  there  is  less  litigation,  in  pro- 
portion to  the  amount  of  loss,  on  our  coast  than  in  any  other  portion  of  the 
United  States.  The  total  los.ses  paid  here  from  1871  to  1880,  inclusive,  as 
stated  by  the  Coast  Review,  were  $14,321,000,  and  the  total  of  the  losses 
litigated,  $148,000,  or  about  one  per  cent. 


Fire  Departments. — The  Paid  Fire   Department  of  San   Francisco  dc- 

senx's  mention,  in  connection  with  the  business  of  underwriting  on  the  Pa- 
cific Coast.  It  has  12  steam  fire-engines,  9  hose-carts,  4  hook  and  ladder 
trucks,  72  horses,  a  fire-alarm  telegraph,  326  fire-alarm  bo.ves,  and  300  men 
on  its  pay-roll.  Its  annual  expenses  arc  $400,000.  The  engines,  carts,  and 
trucks  drive  at  high  speed  to  the  fires,  and  usuall_\-  ha\e  a  good  head  of 
steam,  by  the  time  they  arrive  at  the  scene  of  action.  There  were  245  public 
fire  alarms  in  the  )-ear  ending  June  30,  1880,  one  fifth  of  them  false  alarms; 
the  losses  were  $385,000;  the  insurance  on  the  ])ropert\'  injured  was  $2,680,- 
000;  and  the  losses  paid  $212,000.  The  citj'  has  30,000  houses,  of  which 
25,000  are  of  wootl.     The  common  material  lor  the  sides,  roofs,  floors,  and 


INSURANCE. 


149 


inside  work  is  redwood,  which  is  generally  used  for  kindling,  and  therefore 
must  be  readily  combustible.  When  diy,  it  absorbs  water  abundantly  and 
quickly,  and  one  of  the  chief  safeguards  to  San  Francisco  is  the  brief  interval 
between  an  alarm  of  fire,  and  the  time  when  a  flood  of  water  is  poured  on 
the  flames.  Oakland,  Sacramento,  Stockton,  San  Josd,  and  Portland,  have 
paid  fire  departments.  Nearly  all  other  towns  with  more  than  2,000  inhab- 
itants, and  some  even  smaller,  have  good  volunteer  fire  departments. 

Plre  Patrol. — The  Underwriters  of  San  -Francisco  maintain  a  Fire  Patrol 
(the  only  one  on  the  coast),  with  2  stations,  each  garrisoned  by  half  a  dozen 
men,  who  drive  to  every  fire  in  a  wagon,  laden  with  apparatus  for  fighting 
the  flames,  and  saving  merchandise  from  damage  by  dirt  and  water.  In  1 880 
the  Patrol  responded  to  325  alarms,  extinguished  the  fires  in  16  cases,  con- 
tributed materially  to  hold  the  flames  in  check  in  1 1  cases,  used  fire-e.\tin-  • 
guishers  in  5 1  cases,  and  spread  1,129  covers  over  merchandise  and  furniture. 
The  annual  expenses  arc  about  $21,000. 

Board  of  Underwriters.— THE  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters  of 
San  Francisco,  established  January  11,  1861,  has  maintained  an  active  or- 
ganization since  that  date,  and  is  now  one  of  the  most  influential  and 
useful  institutions  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  It  numbers  among  its  members, 
the  representatives  of  the  principal  local,  eastern,  and  foreign  insurance 
companies,  which  arc  doing  business  in  that  portion  of  the  countr)',  lying 
west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Its  functions  are  twofold:  First — To  act 
as  a  supervisory  board  over  all  local  insurance  boards  now  organized,  or  to 
be  hereafter  organized  in  any  of  the  States  and  Territories  of  the  Pacific 
Coast,  and  over  all  points  in  said  States  and  Territories,  where  no  local  insur- 
ance boards  exist.  Second — To  act  as  a  local  insurance  board  for  the  City 
and  County  of  San  Francisco.  Its  objects  are  the  establishment  and  mainte- 
nance of  adequate  and  equitable  rates  for  insurance,  the  promotion  of 
harmony  and  correct  practices  among  its  members,  and  generally  the  im- 
provement and  elevation  of  the  fire  insurance  business  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 
Through  its  committees  on  fire  departments,  fire  ordinances  antl  water 
supply,  on  arson,  and  on  legislation,  it  has  accomplished  a  great  amount  of 
good  in  promoting  the  efficiency  of  fire  departments;  in  causing  the  enact- 
ment and  enforcement  of  proper  fire  ordinances;  in  examining  and  reporting 
upon  the  adequacy  of  the  water  supply  in  cities  and  towns;  in  the  establish- 
ment of  fire  patrols,  at  the  sole  cost  of  the  underwriters,  for  the  preservation 
of  projxirty,  whether  insured  or  not,  from  loss  or  damage  by  water  at  fires; 
in  offering  and  paying  rewards  for  the  apprehension  and  conviction  of  incen- 
diaries; in  promoting  wise  insurance  legislation  by  the  State  legislatures,  and 
in  preventing  the  passage  of  mischievous  insurance  laws. 


wm 


150 


COMMERCE,    ETC. 


Within  the  last  5  years,  through  the  instrumentality  of  this  board  in  the 
several  States  and  Territories  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  74  incendiaries,  who  other- 
wise would  probabl)'  have  gone  unwhippcd  of  justice,  have  been  convicted  and 
punished.  When  it  is  considered  that  the  incendiary  works  in  the  dark, 
believing  that  no  human  eye  has  witnessed  his  act,  and  that  he  has  left  no 
clue  to  fasten  his  dastardly  crime  upon  him,  too  much  praise  can  not  be 
accorded  to  the  underwriters  for  the  benefits  conferred  upon  the  public,  in 
their  efforts  to  punish  and  lessen  this  great  and  increasing  evil.  The 
rewards  for  the  apprehension  and  conviction  of  incendiaries  are  never  offered, 
to  assist  companies  in  avoiding  the  payment  of  doubtful  claims  for  loss,  but 
.solely  for  the  purpose  of  securing  the  punishment  of  persons  guilty  of  arson. 
As  a  rule  the  offers  of  reward  are  standing  and  general  offers,  which  arc 
paid,  whether  the  property  burned  is  insured  or  uninsured. 

This  board  has  never  sought  the  aid  of  the  legislative  authorities  of  cities 
and  States,  from  any  purely  selfish  motives,  but  its  work,  in  that  direction,  has 
always  been  as  much  in  the  interest  of  the  general  public,  as  for  the  protec- 
tion of  its  own  business.  The  public  have  never  appealed  in  vain  for  its 
assistance  in  promoting  any  good  object  which  came  within  its  legitimate 
sphere  of  operation. 

D.  J.  St.M'LE.s  president  of  TiiK  Fireman's  Fund  Insuranxe  Com- 
r.VXV,  is  president  of  the  board;  anil  CilARLE.s  D.  HAVEN,  resident  man- 
ager of  the  Liverpool  and  London  and  Globe  In.surance  Company, 
is  the  secretary,  and  has  held  that  office  for  the  past  12  years,  and  has  been 
engaged  in  the  undcrwritinij  business  in  San  Francisco  for  17  years. 

Fireman's  Fund  — Tiu:  Firk.man's  Fund  Lnsurance  Company 
claims  to  be  the  wealthiest  and  oldest  organization  of  the  kind,  on  our 
coast.  The  California  is  an  older  company,  but  has  changed  its  name,  and 
did  not  undertake  a  fire  business  until  after  Mny  3,  1863,  when  the  Fire- 
man's Fund  was  organized.  At  that  lime,  the  only  insurance  companies  on 
our  slope  were  the  California  and  the  Merchants'  Mutual,  both  marine. 
The  presidents  of  the  Fireman's  I'und  were,  successively,  Wm.  IIolI)REIk;e, 
S.  H.  Parker,  C.  W.  Brook.s,  and  W.  R.  Bourn,  for  sl-.ort  terms,"  until  the 
election,  in  i<S67,  of  D.  J.  St.VPLES,  who  had  held  the  position  of  vice- 
president  and  manager  for  a  year  before,  and  has  since  held  the  presidency, 
with  increasing  credit  to  himself  and  benefit  to  the  company.  The  history 
of  the  Fireman's  I'und  is  a  record  of  high  prosperity,  mixed  with  serious 
adversity;  of  triumph,  built  u[)on  the  foundation  of  disaster.  The  capital, 
originally  $2CK),ooo,  was  raised  to  $500,000  in  1865;  reduced,  after  the 
losses  by  the  Chicago  and  Boston  fires,  to  $300,000,  and  increased,  by  unani- 
mous vote  of  the  stockholders  in   1880,  to  $750,000.     In  June,  1881,  the 


■i 


INSURANXE. 


151 


total  assets  amounted  to  $1,220,000,  making  it  a  millionaire  institution. 
The  company,  which  had  previously  taken  none  but  fire  risks,  opened  a 
marine  department  in  1867,  under  charge  of  \Vm.  J.  DuTTON,  afterwards 
elected  secretary,  which  position  he  still  holds.  The  Fireman's  Fund  en- 
joyed continuous  prosperity  until  October,  1 87 1,  when,  by  the  Chicago  fire, 
it  suffered  a  loss  of  nearly  $600,000,  or  more  than  its  entire  capital.  The 
directors  levied  an  assessment  of  50  per  cent,  to  be  paid  at  once;  the  stock- 
holders responded  promptly;  and  all  the  sufferers  in  the  fire-swept  city,  who 
were  fortunate  enough  to  hold  policies  in  the  Fireman's  Fund,  learnt  that  its 
obligations  were  as  good  as  gold.  Of  the  5  Californian  companies  then 
taking  ri.sks  in  Chicago,  3 — the  Pacific,  the  Occidental,  and  the  People's — 
failed  and  retired  from  business.  One — the  Union — levied  an  assessment 
of  45  per  cent,  and  honorably  met  every  liability,  but  reinsured  all  its  Kast- 
ern  business,  and  took  no  new  risks  cast  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.     The 


Firemtn'i  Fund  ln>uranc«  Company'!  Building. 

Fireman's  Fund  alone  had  the  intelligence  and  means  to  grasp  the  situation; 
to  sec  and  seize  the  chance  of  acquiring  reputation  and  ultimate  profit  by 
paying  dollar  for  dollar.  The  same  general  policy  was  pursued,  when  the 
company  suffered  another  severe  loss,  by  the  great  Boston  fire  in  November, 
1872.  To  meet  this  emergency,  $200,000  were  obtained  by  reducing  the 
capital  from  $500,000  to  $300,000.  Every  Boston  claimant  received  prompt 
payment.  The  conduct  of  the  company  under  these  baptisms  of  fire,  the 
two  greatest  American  conflagrations  since  the  middle  of  the  century, 
secured  for  the  I'ireman's  Fund  a  general  recognition,  from  Maine  to  Te.xas, 
as  a  company  built  on  a  secure  foundation  of  sound  principle  and  solid 
resources,     A  natural  consequence  was  a  safe  and  profitable  Eastern  busi- 


152 


COMMERCE.    I  rc. 


ncss,  which  is  under  the  able  management  of  TllOMAS  S.  CHARD  as  gene- 
ral aijcnt,  in  Chicago,  (or  the  Atlantic  Slope.  I'rom  1872  to  1880,  it  was 
the  only  Califoinian  com])any  doing  a  general  agency  bu.sincss  there.  The 
credit  of  the  Fireman's  Fund  attracted  the  attention  and  favor,  not  only  of 
Eastern  propcrt>-owners  wanting  safe  insurance,  jjut  also  of  luistern  capi- 
talists, who  hokl  $200,000  of  its  stock,  $75,000  of  tiiat  sum  being  in  Hart- 
ford, the  ackncjwlcdged  center  of  American  insurance  capital,  where  good 
underwriting  management  is  appreciated.  When  the  capital  of  the  com- 
pany was  incrca.scd  in  1880,  the  privileges  of  taking  the  additional  sum 
were  apportioned  among  the  stockholders,  and  were  salable  at  a  premium, 
thus  indicating  the  o])inion  entertained  by  San  Francisco  business  men 
of  this  enterprising  and  well-conducted  insurance  company. 

D.  J.  Staples.— David  Jackson  Staple.s,  the  president  of  the  Fire- 
man's Fund  since  1867,  is  a  Californian  pioneer,  ami,  like  many  of  his  asso- 
ci.itcs,  a  self-made  man,  having  commenced  his  life  in  poverty.  ]!orn  at 
Medway,  Massachusetts,  in  Ma)-,  1824,  and  left  an  orphan  while  still  a  youth, 
he  had  to  struggle  feu-  support  and  education.  He  worked  as  a  boy  on  a 
farm,  and  was  then  apprenticed  to  WiLLlAM  Masox,  a  iamous  builder  of 
locomtitives  in  Taunton,  MassacluLsctts.  After  learning  his  trade,  he  was 
employed  2  years  in  the  national  arsenal  at  Springfield.  When  24  )-ears  of 
age,  lie  married  Mary  I'ratt  Winslow,  of  Xewton,  Massachusetts,  who.se 
ancestr}-  dates  back  to  the  Mayjloxvcr.  In  April,  1 841),  he  started  to  cnws 
the  continent,  with  a  company  of  25  n»en,  from  Hoston  and  its  vicinity,  and 
arii\cd  in  Siicramcnto  September  27th.  For  12  years,  he  was  engaged  in 
merchandising,  ranching,  and  stock-raising;  and  in  1S62,  he  became  I'ort- 
wardeii  in  San  I'rancisco,  holding  the  office  under  appointment  by  Cov- 
ernor  Sl.WI'ORD,  anil  afterwards  by  Governor  Low.  Mis  associations  a  id 
observations  in  that  position  were  afterwards  of  value  to  iiiin.  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  marine  department  in  his  company.  His  steadfast  courage 
after  the  Chicago  and  Hoston  disasters,  and  the  success  of  the  policy  then  , 
.  dopted  by  the  company  under  his  management,  have  reacted  favorai)ly 
iipon  his  standing  as  an  underwriter  and  citizen,  l"or  f)  ycan^  he  has  been 
president  of  Till    S.w  Francisco  Hoard  ok  U.ndeuwriticrs. 

The  Home  Mvitual.— Tin;  Home  Muiuae  Insurance  CoMrANV,  one 
of  the  most  prosperous  and  popular  corporations  of  California,  organized 
S»  [Jteinber  22,  iSH.j,  has  pursued  a  unifcirm  policj-,  in  which  the  main  fea- 
tures are  great  caution  in  assuming  risks,  equity,  liberalitx-,  and  promptness 
in  meeting  obligations,  and  the  accumulation  of  all  the  net  earnings,  derived 
tlirectly  from  its  fire  insurance  Inisiiuss,  ft)r  the  purposeol  increasing  its  sur- 
plus fund.     The  diNideiid.-i  paid  monthly  ;ue  limileil  to  .me  per  cent.,  and 


INSURANCE. 


153 


are  supplied  exclusively  by  the  interest  received  from  investments.  The 
companj-  has  made  it  a  :ulc  to  treat  its  patrons  generously,  and  to  avoid 
quibbling  excuses  for  refusal  to  settle  claims.  y\n  evidence  of  adherence  to 
this  principle  is  furnished  by  the  fact  that,  on  January  i,  i8S:r,  the  unsettled 
losses  amounted  onlj'  to  $6,050 — an  average  figure  for  this  compan)',  but  a 
very  small  one  in  proportion  to  the  business  transacted.  The  ijrcmiums  of 
the  Home  Mutual  amounted  to  $350,000,  out  of  $881,000  ])aid  in  1880  to 
the  8  Californian  companies  doing  a  fire  business.  The  proportion  was  about 
the  same  in  1879,  and  the  figures  for  1 88 1  have  not  yet  been  collected  and 
made  public.  The  prudence  with  which  the  company's  affairs  are  managed 
may  be  inferred  from  its  financial  condition  January  i,  1882.  On  one  sitle 
the  cash  assets  were  $683,564.76;  on  the  other  side  the  liabilities  were  $481,- 
447.75,  including  $300,000  of  ciiiital,  $171,412  of  reinsurance  reserve,  and 
$10,000  of  losses  and  dividend  claims,  leaving  an  actual  net  surplus  of  $202,- 
117.  These  figures  .show,  that  if  the  company  should  see  fit  to  close  its 
business,  it  could  reinsure  all  its  risks  in  other  trustworthy  companies,  and 
pay  to  its  stockholders  $167  for  every  $100  of  the  capital  stock.  Previous 
to  1882,  the  company  had  received  $3,824,807  for  premiums,  and  paid  out 
in  los.scs  $1,792,355.  The  history  of  the  Home  Mutual  has  been  creditable 
from  the  beginning,  and  its  officers  jiave  a  right  to  feel  proud  of  the  results 
achievetl,  and  of  the  reputation  established. 


J.  F.  Houghton.— Jam Ks  Franklin  IIouiaritiN,  I'resident  of  The 
Ho-Ntr:  Mutual  Ln.surancl  Company,  ami  for  many  )-ears  one  of  the 
prominent  citizens  and  business  men  of  California,  was  born  at  Cainbridgi-, 
Massachusetts,  December  1,  1827,  and  is  a  descendant  of  a  1  Ii)U(;irr(i.\,  who 
emigrated  from  luigland  to  America  in  1650.  Having  been  educated  in 
civil  engineering,  he  followed  that  profession  4  )c,irs,  in  his  nati\e  .State  be- 
fore sl.irting,  eari\-  in  1850,  jjy  way  of  Cape  Horn,  lor  .San  J'rancisco,  where 
he  arrived  in  April.  Instead  of  going  to  the  mines,  as  did  most  of  the  other 
young  men,  who  came  to  the  land  (if  gold  between  1848  and  1853,  he  be- 
came a  partner  in  the  shipping  liouse  of  M.  I).  lUxri.R  &  Co.,  iloiiig  the 
bu.sincss  in  San  I'-rancisco  ami  Benici.i  of  nil  Rh  ii's  line  of  Californian 
])ackets,  he  being  at  the  l.iiler  place.  In  18  ;i  In- bought  out  the  business, 
and  in  1853  became  one  of  the  lirni  of  I'INK  vV  Holi;)!  TON,  lumber  dealers, 
in  .San  I'ranci.sco,  with  branches  sub.sequently  established  in  half  a  dozen 
different  places.  In  1862,  he  became  Surveyor-general  of  California,  in  the 
first  Reiniblicaii  State  atlministration,  and  lia\  iiig  been  re-elected,  held  the 
office  6  years,  linving  important  duties  to  peril  Tm  in  that  capacity,  in  adili- 
tion  to  those;  usually  attached  to  it.  Among  th'  se  were  the  survey  of  the 
eastern  boundarv  ol  the  .Slate,  and  a  visit  to  Washingtun,  which  led  to  the 


'54 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


adoption  of  the  national  statute  of  July  23,  1866,  to  settle  land  titles  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  prevent  litigation,  that  would  otherwise  have  resulted  from  the 
injudicious  policy  adopted  by  the  State  legislature.  This  remedial  measure 
did  much  to  protect  the  credit  of  California,  and  to  secure  the  comfort  of 
many  of  her  citizens.  In  1874  "General"  HoUGHTON,  as  he  is  usually 
styled  (Survej-or-gcncrai,  like  an  Attorney-general,  is  a  general  for  life  by 
courtesy),  sold  out  his  lumber  business,  moved  to  Oakland,  and  accepted  the 
presiilency  of  the  Home  Mutual,  in  which  he  was  the  largest  stockholder. 
1  Ic  has  held  the  position  continuously  for  the  last  8  years,  and  has  been 
active  and  successful  in  the  managing  of  its  business. 

C.  R.  Story.— Charles  R.  Story,  secretary  of  the  Home  Mutual  since 
1S70,  arrived  in  San  Francisco  September,  1849,  in  the  bark  La  Grange,  of 
which  he  was  part  owner,  and  which  he  solcf,  soon  aftcnvards,  at  .Sacramento 
for  a  prison,  in  which  capacity  she  was  used  for  several  years.  Having 
bought  out  and  consolidated  the  stocks  of  C.  C.  RlCllMONl)  &  Co.  and 
WlLU.\M  RAIiE,  he  established  in  San  Francisco  the  drug  store  of  CllARLES 
R.  S  TORY  &  Co.,  which  subsequently  changed  to  STORY,  Redington  & 
Co.,  and  still  later  to  Redincton  &  Co.,  when  Mr.  STORY  withdrew.  He 
has  served  the  city  2  terms  as  tax  collector,  and  2  terms  as  supervisor, 
maintaining,  in  his  official  as  in  private  life,  an  excellent  reputation  for  in- 
tegrity and  capacity. 

The  State  Investment  Insurance  Company.— The  State  Invest- 
JUCN'T  IxsUKAMK  CoAU'AXV  Was  organized  in  December,  1871,  with  a 
capital  stock  of  $200,000,  by  A.  J.  BRYANT,  C.  H.  CusHiNG,  P.  Donahue, 
Tyi.i;r  Cruri.s  John  Roskm  r.Ln,  C.  D.  O'Sui.i.iyan,  and  others.  Its 
entire  receipts  from  premiums,  on  December  31,  18S1,  had  been  $2,622,243; 
antl  its  pa)inents  for  losses  had  been  $1,194,716,  and  for  dividends  $369,000, 
Icaxing  a  net  surplus  of  $76,550,  and  total  assets  of  $383,650.  The  first 
l)residciit  of  the  company,  T\l.i:i;  CUR'IIS,  was  succeeilcd,  in  1873,  by 
Peter  Donahue,  with  .\.  J.  Bu\.\\r  as  vice-president  antl  acting  president. 
In  1875  Mr.  BliVAN  r  succeeded  to  llir  prcsidenc)-,  whicli  ofllce  lie  still  holds, 
Rli'UARI)  IVKKS  being  the  vice-presiilent.  ClI.AUI.l'S  11.  CCsHIXG  has 
been  the  secretary  from  the  beginning.  The  income  of  the  company,  in  ex- 
cess of  losses  and  expenses,  in  1881,  was  $53,000,  of  which  $27,(X)0  went 
into  diviilends,  and  the  rcmaimlei  into  the  net  assets.  This  record  ought  to 
satisfy  policyholders  as  well  as  stockholders, 

A.  J.  Bryant.— Mr,  Hryanp  is  manager  for  this  coast  of  Tiii',  PAt;iEIC 
1\SLRAN(  10  CoMl'ANY  of  New  York,  with  assets  of  .$850,000,  and  of  TlIE 
New  llA.NM'.sHUtE  Insurance  Cumvanv,  uf  Manthesicr,  New  HaniDshirc. 


INSURANCE. 


155 


I 


with  assets  of  $750,000.  He  is  a  native  of  New  Hampshire,  and  a  resident 
of  California  since  1850;  has  been  Mayor  of  San  Francisco  for  two  terms, 
and  United  States  Naval  Officer  of  the  port  for  one  term. 

The  Commercial  Insurance  Company  of  California,  incorporated  in 
1872,  has  $::oo,ooo  of  capital  stock  fully  paid  up,  and  $377,458  of  present 
assets.  Since  the  commencement  of  its  business  it  has  paid  $800,000  of 
losses.  The  last  sale  of  its  stock  at  $123  a  share  indicates  a  hitjh  estimate  of 
its  management.  JoiIN  II.  WisE,  of  CURISTV  &  Wl.si:,  wool  commission 
merchants,  is  president,  and  CHARLES  A.  Laton,  secretary.  The  latter 
has  been  engaged  in  the  underwriting  business  for  the  last  20  years,  and  is 
resident  agent,  on  this  coast,  for  The  Fire  ASSOCIATION  OF  PHILA- 
DELPHIA. 

Union  Insurance  Company.— The  Union  Insurance  Company, 
engaged  in  fire  and  marine  business,  one  of  the  oldest  underwriting  corpora- 
tions n  San  Francisco,  has  a  capital  of  $750,000,  and  its  assets  in  the  begin- 
ning of  1882  were  $1,036,000.  THE  WESTERN  FiRE  AND  Marine  Insur- 
ance Co.MPANY  and  The  Oakland  Home  Insurance  Company  are 
other  Californian  institutions. 

The  Paoiflo  Mutual  Life— the  only  life  insurance  companj'  on  our 
coast.  The  Pacieic  Mutual  Liek  Insurance  Co.mpany  oe  Cali- 
FORNI.V  is  now  14  )'ears  old,  having  been  organized  in  1868.  The  capital 
stock  at  the  time  of  organization  amounted  to  $100,000,  all  paid  up  in  cash, 
with  a  guaranty  fund  of  $250,000,  consisting  of  notes  of  responsible  par- 
tics,  These  notes  have  been  retired,  and  no  liability  therefore  ik)\v  rests  on 
the  C(Mporation.  The  assets  of  the  company,  December  31,  18S1,  amounted 
to  $1,015,200,  and  the  liabilities,  including  reserve  on  policies  outstanding, 
to  $847,197,  leaving  a  surplus  of  $iC8,ooo.  The  aggregate  of  the  insurance 
in  force  is  $7,250,000;  the  losses  paid  to  representatives  of  deceased  policy- 
holders have  been  $1,050,000;  the  sum  paid  for  matured  indowments, 
$375,000;  and  $800,000  ha\'c  been  paid  for  cash  surrender  \alues  on  lapsed 
and  surreiulered  policies,  and  for  diviilends  to  policyholders.  The  company 
has  loaned  to  citizens  of  our  coast,  on  real  estate  security,  more  than  $2,000,- 
000,  thus  materially  aiding  the  development  of  the  natural  resources  of  tiic 
coiuitr)'.  Ll.LAM)  .Sl"\NI't)UI)  was  president  until  1877,  whiMi  tlie  jiress  of 
other  duties  compelled  him  to  resign.  Me  was  then  succeeiled  by  JoMN  11. 
Carroll,  and  he,  in  1880,  by  Dr,  CiEORC.E  A.  MooRE,  the  present  head  of 
the  cnmpanj',  who  has  been  in  the  business  for  25  )-ears,  having  been  .m 
em|)lo)  ee  ,ind  officer  of  several  eastern  companies,  thus  acquirin;,  ii.i  e.Nten- 
bive  e.xperienct'  and  f '.miliarit>'  w  itli  the  rules  of  sound  life  in.  uraiice.     Dr. 


156 


coM.\!i:iai:,  r.rc. 


W.  R.  Clum'ss  is  \icc-prcsicicnt  aiic  nicdical  dirccloi-, and  E.  B.  MoTT,  Jr., 
is  secrctar\-.  The  board  of  directors  consists  of  careful  and  competent  busi- 
ness men,  and  the  I'acitic  Mutual  Life  is  dcscrvcdl)-  rrrowing  in  the  confi- 
dence of  the  community  and  in  the  amount  of  its  patronage. 

Hutchinson  &  Mann. — One  of  the  best  safc!];uards  in  undcnvriting  on 
this  coast,  where  so  large  a  percentage  of  tlie  buildings  arc  frame  stiiic- 
tures,  is  that  numerous  wealthy  companies,  in  tlie  Atlantic  States  and  in 
If-urope,  should  participate,  so  that  no  one  company  should,  if  judiciously 
managed,  t)e  exposed  to  serious  danger  of  bankruptcy,  even  in  case  of  a 
very  great  conflagration.  To  provide  such  a  broail  basis  of  foreign  and 
eastern  securit)-,  has  been  the  ambition  of  HuTCIUXsoN  &  Mann,  who,  in 
the  magnitude  of  business  and  the  number  of  companies  represented,  have 
the  leading  agenc)-  on  this  side  of  the  continent,  ami  tiieir  subordinate  agents 
arc  to  be  found  in  all  the  notable  towns  of  California,  Oregon,  Washington, 
Nevada,  Arizona,  Utah,  Montana,  Texas,  and  Colorado.  They  represent  2 
marine  companies:  TUK  LoXDOX  Provinxi.M,  MARINE  IN.SUKANCK  COM- 
I'AXY  with  ,$6,278,362  of  assets,  and  La  Foncii'.kk  Marink  Lnsukance 
CoMl'ANV,  ol'  Paris,  with  $2,O()0,40o;  and  10  fire  insurance  companies:  Till': 
GlRAKi)  Lnsira\(.i;  Company,  of  Philadelphia,  with  .$1,132,485  of  assets; 
Tilt;  .St.  I'At'i.  iNSUKANcic  CoMTANV,  of  St.  Paul,  with  .$873,727;  The 
\V'atert(,)\vx  Tike  Lvsukance  Co.mpanv,  of  Xew  York,  with  $1,069,075; 
The  Ni'.w  Oki.kans  Lxsuraxce  Comtaxv,  with  $523,248;  The  People's 
iN.si'RAXCE  CoMi'AXv,  of  Newark,  with  .$474,880;  TuE  Teutonia  Ixsuu- 
ANCi:  CdMI'ANV,  of  New  Orleans,  with  $410,376;  TllE  D\V):llixg-II(.)USE 
Underwiutius,  of  New  York,  witii  $2,496,379;  La  Coxel\xce  Ixsur- 

AN'CE  Co.MI'A.W,  of  I'aris,  with  $6,679,565;  and  TlIE  I'lUE  INSURANCE 
Assix  lATloN,  of  London,  with  $1,349,943.  The  aggregate  of  the  available 
cash  assets  ol  llie  .e  conip.inies,  as  given  by  their  statements  in  1881,  i.s  $23,- 
802,877.  In  18S1,  IIuiLlIIXSOX  &.  l^L\NN  collected  $712,708  in  premiums 
(inchuling  $107,678  on  marine  risks,  $5  18,030  on  fire  rislcs  taken  by  companies 
which  the)'  re|)resent,  and  $27,000  on  risks  placed  by  them  in  (jther  com- 
])anies),  and  had  $454,297  of  net  receipts,  after  paying  .$42,524  lo.sscs  on 
marine  ri.l<s,  $210,887  on  fire  risks  taken  by  their  own  companies,  ami  $5,(XX) 
(Ml  risks  gi\en  to  oU\er  companies.  ICvery  comi)an)'  which  the)-  have  repre- 
•sentetl  has  been  a  gainer  h)-  their  agency.  Tiie  figures  of  their  busines.s, 
iuid  liie  high  slandiii;;  of  llie  companies  in  their  list,  are  guar.inties  of  ihe 
st.uuling  of  llu  fit  HI.  Their  fail'  ili.'aling  in  eases  of  loss,  their  promptitude 
in  making  settlements,  ilnir  long  experience,  ami  tiieir  numerous  .subordi- 
iwite  agencies,  h,i\c  given  a  regular  increase  to  iheir  l>usiness,  which  began 
with  only  J  companies  in  1872,  when  the  firm  of  UuiX'lllN.suN,  I\Iann  Kt 


INSURANCE. 


157 


Smith  was  organized.  Mr.  Smith  withdrew  in  1876,  when  tlic  present  title 
was  assumed.  Cll.\MPION  I.  liUTcillXSOX,  known  in  San  Fnmcisco  as 
General  HUTCHINSON,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  born  in  1815,  has  been  a 
prominent  citizen  in  California  since  his  arrival  in  1850.  In  that  year  he 
became  the  senior  partner  in  a  mercantile  firm  in  Sacramento  Cit)-,  then  a 
place  of  8,000  inhabitants,  and  the  sales  of  ijic  house  in  a  single  j'ear  c.\- 
ceeded  $400,000.  Recognized  as  a  man  of  trustworthy  character  and  ca- 
pacit\-,  he  was  elected  member  of  thecitv  council,  and  in  1852  lie  was  chosen 
ma}'or.  I  laving  become  part  owner  of  a  large  tract  of  land  in  Volo  County, 
he,  with  liis  partner,  harvested  3,500  acres  of  grain  in  one  year,  perhaps  the 
first  farming  enterprise,  on  such  a  large  scale,  on  our  coast.  .Such  were  his 
beginnings  in  California.  The  history  of  liis  insurance  agency  makes  up  tjie 
greater  part  of  the  later  period  of  his  life.  I  lis  jiartner,  a  native  of  Michigan, 
still  in  the  prime  of  his  years,  has  made  a  special  study  of  all  the  details  of 
underwriting  on  our  coast. 

Lion  Insurance  Company.— Although  Tin;  I.iox  Imrk  Insurance 
CONH'ANY,  of  England,  has  onlj'  recentl)-  made  its  advent  into  tlie  business 
of  California,  it  has  already  assumed  a  prominent  position  in  underwriting 
circles.  Its  certificate  of  admission  was  granted  by  the  insurance  commis- 
sioner in  7\pril,  1880,  Hutchinson  &  Mann  being  then  its  general  agents. 
In  July,  1880,  the  connection  of  that  firm  with  tiie  compan\-was  terminated, 
and  the  I'acific  Hr.anch  was  organized  in  San  I'rancisco  under  tlie  man.ige- 
ment  of  Gl.ORCl^  D.  DoRNIN,  with  Wh.LIAM  SkxtoN  as  assistant  man- 
ager, all  the  territory  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  being  placed  under  their 
jurisdiction.  The  Lion  has  a  capital  of  $5,000,000,  including  $1,000,000  fully 
paiil,  the  residue  being  available,  under  tlie  law  of  Great  Britain,  to  the  last 
dollar,  for  meeting  all  liabilities.  Tlie  company  has  a  high  reputation  for 
prudence  antl  capacit)'  of  management  in  the  home  office,  antl  Mi'.  DoR- 
NIN's  experience  and  reputation  promise  well  for  its  businer.s  on  this  coast. 
He  became  the  agent  of  a  prominent  Hartford  Company  in  a  nourishing 
Californian  mining  town  in  1863,  aiul  after  4  years  was  pro,n<jled  to  be  spe- 
cial agent  and  adjuster,  which  he  resigned  in  1871,  to  accept  the  general 
agency  of  TlHC  l''nil:;MAN's  I''UXI)  IxsuUAXCK  CuMTANV,  of  which  he  be- 
came tlie  secretary  in  1873;  and,  after  remaining  8  j'cars  in  that  capacity, 
assumed  the  managenuiit  of  the  I. ion.  Recogiu'zing  lo  the  fullest  extent 
tile  \alue  of  harmonious  action,  he  has  been  an  active  supporter  of  the  Hoard 
of  Underwriters,  and  tiint  body  selected  him  as  one  of  the  committeemen 
whose  (hit)-  it  should  i)i'  to  d(-feiul  the  interests  of  the  business  against  the 
mischievous  bills  introduced  in  the  Calii'ornian  legishtive  sessions  of  1880 
and  1881,  the  .selection  being  a  recognition  of  iiis  familiarity  with  legislative 
alTairs  as  well  as  with  the  tietails  .and  general  policy  of  underwritinjl. 


1  l^^  COMMERCE,   KTC. 

Mrcdonald  &  Ilawes.— I\lAcno\ALD  &  Hawes  (William  Macdonald 
and  Oli\"i;r  IIawesi,  the  general  agents  of  the  Pacific  departments  of 
Tin:  Co.WECTicUT  Fire  Insuranxe  Company,  of  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
and  of  The  Scottish  Union  and  National  Insurance  Company,  of 
Edinburgh,  liave  been  identified  with  the  insurance  business  of  this  coast  for 
the  past  15  years.  They  have  agencies  in  all  the  principal  points  from  the 
Pacific'Coast  to  Kansas,  and  from  British  America  toMexico.  THE  CON- 
NECTICUT Fire  Insurance  Company,  of  Hartford,  is  the  third  oldest  of 
the  Hartford  Insurance  Companies,  has  a  paid-up  capital  of  $1,000,000,  and 
cash  assets  of  nearly  double  that  amount.  This  company  has  been  doing 
an  extensive  business  on  this  coast  for  many  years,  having  had  an  agency 
in  this  city  nearly  25  years  ago,  and  no  claimant,  under  any  of  their  poli- 
cies, has  had  to  appeal  to  the  courts  to  collect  a  los.s.  The  Coas/  Rcviczv, 
the  insurance  journal  of  our  coast,  speaks  thus  of  THE  Scottish  Union  . 
AND  National  Insurance  Co^rI•ANV,  of  F-dinburgh:  "This  company  is 
among  the  oldest  and  strongest  companies  \n  the  world.  Its  organization 
d  .cs  back  to  1824.  Of  the  95  companies  doing  business  on  this  coast,  and 
the  169  reporting  to  the  New  York  insurance  department,  in  point  of  paid- 
up  capital  it  ranks  No.  9,  while  in  point  of  assets  it  ranks  No.  6.  Adding 
its  subscribed  capital,  subject  to  call,  amounting  to  over  $20,000,000,  which, 
under  the  stringent  laws  of  Great  Britain  governing  unpaid  capital,  as  fully 
illustrated  in  the  failure  of  the  Glasgow  Hank,  is  available  to  the  last  dollar 
for  its  liabilities,  it  stands  at  the  head  of  all  the  companies  doing  business  in 
America;  making  in  all,  in  actual  resources,  $33,767,890.68,  and  every 
policy  issued  plctlgcs  on  its  face,  and  in  its  contract  binds  its  actual  fire 
assets,  c\crj'  dollar  of  its  authorized  and  subscribed  capital  of  $30,000,000 
to  the  iiaymcnt  of  its  fire  losses."  This  company  has  on  deposit  in  the 
United  States  .$820,338.  H.VCAN  &  IMANriElM,  at  401  California  Street, 
have  the  San  iMancisco  agencj-  of  the  companies  above  mentioned,  and  J. 
Hachman  &  liRO.,  of  Portland,  are  the  State  agents  for  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington. 

Diokson'B  Agency — Ainong  the  insurance  agencies  on  the  Pacific  Coast, 
that  (if  Kdi'.l'UT  DK'Ksox,  at  441  California  Street,  occupies  a  prominent 
place.  He  is  the  manager  in  .San  I'r.incisco  of  4  gre.at  Hritish  companies, 
with  .$43,000,000  of  aggregate  capital  and  svn-i)lus,  including  TniC  IMPERI.M, 
l'"iRi;  I.NSURANCE  CoMi'.wv,  of  London,  with  $8,000,000  capital;  The 
London  Assurance  CourdUArio:",  the  oldest  fire  insurance  company 
doing  business  in  America,  with  $4,500,000  cipital  ;  THE  NORTHERN  As- 
SUU.WCE  ("OMP.WV,  of  London  and  .Aberdeen,  with  $15,000,000  capital; 
and  '\'\IV.  OUEEN  INSURANCE  COMPANY,  of  Liverpool,  with  $lo,C0O,O0O 
capital.     Mr.  DlCKsoN  issues  policies  wilii  the  signature  of  Hon.  Wm.  LaNK 


INSURANCE, 


'59 


Booker  (British  Consul),  as  attorney  in  fact  of  the  4  companies,  binding 
them  jointly,  and  giving  a  magnificent  assurance  to  the  policyholders. 

A.  D.  Smith. — A.  D.  Smith,  310  California  Street,  San  Francisco,  is  the 
general  manager  for  this  coast  of  TiiK  Am.vzon  Ix.sur.vnce  Comi'ANV,  of 
Cincinnati,  with  $300,000  of  capital,  and  $475,000  of  net  surplus  to  policy- 
holders; The  Manhattan  Fire  Insurance  Company,  of  New  York,  with 
$250,000  of  capital,  and  $390,000  of  surplus;  and  The  Nokth-WESTERN 
National  Insurance  Company,  of  Milwaukee,  with  $600,000  of  capital, 
and  $830,000  of  surplus  for  policyholders.  Mr.  S.MITH,  a  native  of  New 
Hamp-hirc,  and  a  resident  of  California  since  1863,  has  been  engaged  in  the 
insurance  business  for  16  years,  and  for  4  years  was  deputy  insurance 
commissioner  under  Commissioner  Mowe. 

Louis  Jaooby.— The  rRoviuENCE  Washington  Insurance  Company, 
of  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  with  $890,000  of  assets,  The  Prescott  IN- 
SURANCE Company,  of  Boston,  with  $31 1,000  of  assets,  and  TlIE  PRUSSIAN 
National  Insurance  Company,  of  Stettin,  Germany,  with  $2,904,000  of 
assets,  are  represented  in  San  Francisco  by  Louis  Jacouy,  who  is  their  agent 
for  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Wm.  G.  Elliott.— The  Pacific  departments  of  THE  Commercial  Fire 
Insurance.  Company,  of  New  York,  with  $530,000  of  assets,  and  The  Alle- 
MANNiA  Fire  Insurance  Company,  of  Pittsburg,  with  $309,000  of  assets, 
are  under  the  management  of  Wm.  G.  ElliOTT  as  general  agent.  He 
has  been  an  underwriter  in  San  Francisco  since  1870,  and  his  office  is  at  440 
California  Street. 

0.  T.  Hopkins.— Caspar  Thomas  IIopkin.s,  son  of  the  distinguished 
Bishop  IIoPRINS,  of  Vermont  (bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church), 
was  born  at  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  in  i82(>,  and  bred  to  manhood  in  the 
Green  Mountain  State.  After  sjicnding  4  jears  of  his  later  boyhood  un  a 
farm  at  hard  work,  he  completed  his  education  at  college,  graduating  second 
in  a  class  of  30.  He  had  learned  much  of  many  mechanical  occupations, 
aiul  was  a  good  musician,  but  he  had  not  mastered  an)'  i)rofession,  ami  his 
first  occu[)ation  after  leaving  college  was  editorship,  which  he  abandoned  lo 
come  lo  California,  reaching  .San  Francisco  ni  June,  1849.  lie  became,  by 
turns,  miner,  carpenter,  house  and  sign-painter,  master  of  a  schooner,  teacher, 
surveyor,  organist,  v  riter  for  a  newspaper,  sliipbroker,  importer,  clerk  in  the 
custom-house,  aiul  underwriter.  While  in  the  custom-house,  in  1853,  he 
married;  and  when  he  became  an  insurance  agent,  in  1855,  he  found  the 
business  for  which  he  had  been  searching,  and  which  was  to  be  his  occupa- 


l()0 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


tion  for  life.  Five  years  later  he  .suggested,  and,  with  Dr.  MerRITT's  help, 
organized  The  California  Insurance  Company,  of  which  he  has  been 
an  officer  ever  since.  As  an  underwriter,  he  has  brought  success  to  every 
company  with  which  he  has  been  connected,  though  he  has  not  accumulated 
a  large  fortune  for  himself 

Mr.  IIoi'KlNS  is  a  man  of  rare  public  spirit.  While  avoiding  political 
partisanship,  at  least  so  far  as  the  .seeking  for  office  is  concerned,  he  has  par- 
ticipated actively  and  influcntially,  without  scheming  for  individual  profit  or 
prominence,  in  many  of  the  most  important  public  movements  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, lie  was  .secretary  of  the  first  musical  society  and  of  the  first  insur- 
ance company  of  the  city,  president  of  the  California  Immigration  Society, 
.secretary  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  for  several  years,  and  secretary  of  TlIE 
liOARDOK  ]\lARlNKUNDER\VRrrER.s  for  the  last  i6  years ;  and  in  iS/^hewas 
appointed  a  committeeman,  together  with  R.  (i.  Sne.\TII  and  J.  S.  IlAGER, 
to  \isit  St.  Louis, and  examine  whether  San  FrancLsco  ought  to  aid  the  con- 
struction of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Railroad.  It  is,  however,  chicfiy  as  an 
author  and  writer  of  pamphlets,  and  unpaid  contributions  to  the  local  press, 
that  Mr.  IIOPKINS  has  exerted  a  strong  influence  on  the  community.  He 
writes  fluently  and  forcibly,  studies  his  subjects  carefully  before  venturing 
into  print,  and  never  says  anything  unless  he  has  .something  worthy  of  con- 
sideration. He  watches  closely  the  course  of  the  government,  and  the  ten- 
dencies of  commercial  anil  industrial  bu.siness,  and  being  a  man  of  extensive 
information,  restless  mind,  and  independent  thought,  a  multitude  of  ideas 
occur  to  him.  These  he  investigates  for  his  own  satisfaction,  and  when  he 
believes  he  has  found  something  that  would  benefit  the  public  he  thinks  it 
his  duty  to  publish  it.  He  has  said  that  he  "considered  himself  bound  to 
render  to  the  community  even  more  than  an  equivalent  for  his  living;"  and 
the  attention  which  his  articles  and  pamphlets  have  commanded,  has  en- 
couraged him  to  continue  such  iniblic-spirited  labors,  even  when  the)-  im- 
pcscd  .some  sacrifice  upon  him.  I'rom  his  jx-n  appeared  the  first  suggestions 
for  banking  corporations  to  supersede  the  banking  houses  of  itidi\iduals,  for 
the  repression  of  fraudulent  insurance  companies,  and  for  a  .State  railroad 
commission.  The  first  elaborate  printed  argument  against  Chinese  immi- 
gration, and  the  first  comprehensive  statement  f)f  tlie  advantages  of  I'uget 
Souinl  for  sliipl)uilding,  wvav.  from  his  pen.  In  1.S71  he  published  a  book, 
entitled  A  Manual  of  Anu-ricaii  Idcas^  to  give  information  to  schoolchildren 
anil  foreigners  ai)out  our  government.  Ilis  latest  contribution  to  politico- 
economical  literature  is  an  essay  to  prove  that  all  taxes  should  be  levied  on 
land  and  its  improvcirienls.  He  has  contributed  materially  to  give  direction 
to  the  thought  and  business  of  Calitornia  for  ncarl)-  a  quarter  of  a  century. 


iiiiii 


INSURANCE. 


i6i 


Jacobs  &  Easton.— Jacobs  &  Easton,  who  represent  9  of  the  strong- 
est and  most  reliable  insurance  companies  in  the  United  States  (with  more 
than  $10,000,000  of  aggregate  assets),  rank  among  the  leading  agency  firms 
in  San  Francisco,  being  surpassed  by  only  4  others  in  the  amount  of  their 
city  premium  receipts.  They  are  general  agents  for  this  coast  of  TlIE 
Traders'  Insurance  Company,  of  Chicago,  with  $1,034,598  of  assets; 
The  Buffalo  German  Insurance  Company,  of  Buffalo,  with  $900,- 
956  of  assets;  The  Glens  Falls  Insurance  Company,  with  $1,115,413 
of  assets;  THE  Tradesmen's  Insurance  Company,  of  New  York,  with 
$544,441  of  assets;  THE  SPRINGFIELD  FiRE  AND  Marine  Insurance 
Company,  of  Springfield,  Massachusetts,  with  $2,255,807  of  assets;  The 
Orient  Insurance  Company,  of  Hartford,  Connecticut,  with  $1,419,521 
of  assets;  THE  SiiOE  AND  LEATHER  Insurance  Company,  of  Boston, 
with  $1,102,236  of  assets;  THE  Union  Insurance  Company,  of  Phila- 
delphia, with  $894,562  of  assets;  and  The  Merchants'  InsurjVNCe  Com- 
pany, of  Newark,  New  Jersey,  with  $1,128,994  of  assets.  Their  jurisdiction 
for  these  companies  includes  all  the  territory  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  they  have  occupied  this  vast  field  with  numerous  subordinate  agencies, 
under  their  supervision.  The  present  firm,  successors  to  Potter,  Jacobs  & 
Easton,  was  formed  in  1875;  and  prior  to  that  time  both  members  of  the 
firm  were  engaged  in  insurance  agency  for  many  years,  justly  earning  the 
title  of  veterans  in  the  business.  In  the  lasl  6  years  they  have  written 
nearly  $1,250,000  in  premiums  for  their  companies,  and  they  have  met  and 
paid  promptly  nearly  $350,000  in  losses  for  their  several  companies.  Their 
office  is  at  216  Sansome  Street, 
ai 


1 62 


COMMERCE,  ETC. 


CHAPTER  VIII.— RAILROADS. 

Early  Railroad  Projects. — The  circumstances  of  California  were  pre- 
dominantly unfavorable  to  railroad  construction  for  years  after  the  gold 
discovery.  California  could  not  profitably  build  a  road  to  the  Mississippi, 
then  the  western  boundary  for  the  locomoti\e  in  America;  nor  did  eastern 
capitalists  show  a  disposition  to  push  iron  tracks  out  to  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains. But  the  main  railroad  want  of  California  was  for  a  direct  connection 
with  the  Mississippi,  so  that  passengers,  mails,  and  freights  could  make  the 
trip  across  the  continent  in  the  Temperate  Zone,  and  in  a  week,  instead  of 
spending  ^^4  weeks  by  way  of  Panama. 

For  their  local  business  within  the  limits  of  their  own  State,  the  Califor- 
nians  had  in  1854  no  urgent  need  of  the  locomotive.  The  bays  and  rivers 
tributary  to  the  Golden  Gate  were  well  adapted  to  accommodate  an  exten- 
sive traffic  by  steamboat  and  schooner.  No  route  by  rail  from  San  Fran- 
cisco to  Stockton,  Sacramento,  and  Marysville,  the  river  ports  which  took 
nine  tenths  of  the  freight,  could  be  so  short  or  cheap  as  that  by  water.  The 
merchandise  was  carried  to  50  important  mining  camps  by  roads  radiating 
out  from  each  of  these  ports,  like  the  ribs  of  a  fan,  each  road  following  uj) 
a  canyon  or  narrow  ridge  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  The  quantity  of  freight 
.sent  to  each  town  was  very  large  in  proportion  to  its  number  of  inhabitants; 
but  not  sufficient  to  maintain  a  railroad,  and  besides,  the  business  of 
placer  mining  was  visibly  and  certainly  declining.  No  ridge  or  canyon  had 
permanent  population  enough  to  sustain  a  railroad,  nor  could  a  road  be  built 
with  profit  to  cross  the  course  of  the  ridges  in  the  auriferous  belt. 

Pacifio  Railroad  Agitation. — The  idea  of  a  railroad  across  our  continent, 
on  American  territory,  occurred  to  many  different  persons  as  early  as  [840, 
in  \ague  anticipation  of  an  indefinite  future.  At  a  commercial  convention 
held  in  St.  Louis  in  1849,  Tll()M.\s  H.  BextoX  dcclarctl  himself  in  favor 
of  a  railroad,  to  be  built  by  the  States  or  individuals  from  New  York  to  St. 
Louis,  and  thence  to  San  Francisco  by  the  National  Government.  An 
association  was  organized  in  New  York  in  1852  to  build  The  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  Railroad,  and  in  March  the  subscription-books  were  opened  in  San 


MM 


RAILROADS. 


16:! 


Francisco.  The  enterprise  was  urged  on  public  Ltcntioii  by  editors  and 
politicians,  and  on  the  third  of  March,  1853,  Congress  authorized  the  Sec- 
retary of  War  to  make  surveys  to  find  the  most  suitable  routes.  The  ex- 
plorations, commenced  in  the  followinLj  summi  i-,  and  continued  for  4  \cars, 
led  to  the  discovery  of  the  advantages  of  the  4  routes  since  adopted  ap- 
proximately by  companies  which  have  completed  or  commenced  their  roads. 

California  being  more  interested  than  any  other  portion  of  the  Uninn  in 
the  project,  held  a  State  Convention  in  October,  1853,  to  consider  what 
should  be  done  to  help  it  along;  but  the  theory  of  the  Democratic  Party, 
then  dominant,  that  Congress  has  no  constitutional  power  to  aid  internal 
improvemciits,  rcpn  -.cntcd  by  prominent  speakers,  prevented  an  agreement 
on  any  plan  of  action.  Nothing  worthy  of  note  was  done  in  the  following 
year,  but  in  1855  a  road  was  built  from  Sacramento  City  to  Folsom,  a  dis- 
tance of  22  miles,  for  the  purposes  of  securing  the  trn-k  of  one  of  the  richest 
placer  districts  and  obtaining  control  of  the  route  a  ss  the  Sien  a  Nevada 
best  suited  for  railroad  purposes.  It  was  on  the  main  line  of  wagon  travel 
across  the  continent;  and  even  if  tlie  iron  track  from  the  Missouri  River 
should  not  be  laid  for  many  years,  might  obtain  a  considerable  trni'  from 
Utah.  The  cars  began  to  run  on  the  first  of  January,  1856,  22  nules  to 
Folsom,  and  some  jcars  later  reached  Shingle  Springs,  but  the  current  ex- 
penses and  charges  were  hii^li  iinil  the  investment  unproiitabic.  Nd  route 
in  California  then  promised  more  business  in  proportion  to  distance,  and 
the  result  was  discouragement  In  all  similar  ]5rojccts. 

A  second  Pacific  Railroad  convention,  held  in  San  Francisco,  in  Septem- 
ber, 1859,  adopted  a  resolution  in  favor  of  an  appropriation  of  $15,000,000 
by  the  legislature  to  aid  the  construction  of  the  road  across  California,  if 
the  national  government  would  build  from  the  Missouri  River  to  the  "-^ierra 
Nevada.  This  proposed  heavy  burden  on  the  State  treasuiy  was  considered 
prefeiable  to  the  stagnation  that  threatened  the  community  if  the  hope  of 
the  iron  track  were  abandoned  or  deferred  indefinitely.  The  trip  from  New 
York  to  .San  Francisco  by  way  of  i'anama  was  long  and  uncomfortable,  and 
the  extortion  practiced  by  TUK  PANAMA  RAILROAD  COMPAXV,  and  the 
high  prices  sometimes  demanded  by  the  steamships,  made  the  people  feel 
the  need  of  a  land  route.  The  great  and  varied  agricultural  resources  of 
Oregon  and  California,  then  beginning  to  impress  themselves  on  the  public 
mind,  coukl  not  be  developetl  in  a  manner  worthy  of  the  nation,  without 
the  magical  help  of  the  railroad. 

The  prospect,  however,  was  discouraging.  The  strict  construction  faction 
of  the  Democratic  Party,  then  dominant  in  the  administration  and  in  Con- 
gress, denied  the  constitutional  power  of  the  national  government  to  build 
such  work.s,  but  was  willing,  for  the  sake  of  catching  votes,  to  make  vague 


1 64 


COMMERCE,  ETC. 


promises,  as  it  had  done  in  1856.  The  anxiety  of  the  southern  politicians 
to  check  the  agitation  against  slavery  was  not  consistent  with  national  road- 
building  or  any  other  policy  that  would  stimulate  the  settlement  of  the  ter- 
ritories. 

Subsidy  Granted. — Help  came  to  the  railroad  project  from  sources 
whence  little  was  expected.  The  division  of  the  Democratic  Party  in  i860, 
led  to  the  overthrow  of  the  strict  constructionists,  and  to  the  election  of  a 
Republican  administration  favorable  to  the  enterprise  and  to  the  policy  of 
filling  the  Territories  with  free  settlers.  The  great  national  calamity  of  the 
civil  war  gave  importance  to  the  measure  for  military  purposes,  and  the 
enormous  expenditure  on  the  army  and  navy  made  the  proposed  bond  sub- 
sidy of  $50,000,000  look  like  a  trifle. 

The  bill  to  provide  for  the  construction  of  a  Pacific  Railroad  from  San 
Francisco  or  Sacramento  to  the  Missouri  River,  by  the  Central  Pacific  and 
Union  Pacific  Railroad  Companies,  became  a  law  July  2,  1862,  and  gave 
6,400  acres  of  land,  and  loaned  national  bonds  averaging  $35,000  for  each 
mile  of  road.  These  bonds  were  to  be  a  first  mortgage  on  the  road,  and 
were  to  be  issued  in  lots  for  each  section  of  40  miles  of  completed  road. 
The  act  incorporated  TllE  UxiON  PACIFIC  RAILROAD  COMPANY  to  build 
the  road  westward  from  the  Missouri  River,  and  gave  the  subsidy  for  the 
con.struction  eastward  from  Sacramento  to  THE  Centpal  Pacific  Rail- 
RO.\D  Company,  previously  incorporated  at  Sacramento,  where  all  the  direct- 
ors resided. 

Without  hesitation  or  delay  they  accepted  the  congressional  grant,  an- 
nounced their  intention  to  build  the  road,  and  sent  out  surveyors  to  f  nd  a 
route.  The  legislature  of  1863  passed  a  bill  promising  $500,000  of  subsidy 
for  the  completion  of  the  first  50  miles;  $200,000  to  issue  when  the  track 
was  laid  for  the  first  20  miles.  Other  bills  adopted  at  the  same  time,  pro- 
vided that  the  counties  of  San  Francisco,  Sacramento,  and  Placer,  should 
vote  on  proposals  to  subscribe  for  Central  Pacific  stock,  and  pay  in  county 
bonds  "of  equal  amount,  the  aggregate  for  the  3  counties  to  be  $1,150,000. 
The  people  decided  in  favor  of  the  subsidy  in  every  case,  and  the  bonds 
were  issued  by  Sacramento  and  Placer  in  accordance  with  the  statutes,  but 
the  supervisors  of  San  Francisco  refused  to  take  the  measures  necessary  to 
get  Central  I'acific  stock.  They  were  afraid  that  the  road  would  not  be 
built,  and  that  under  the  individual  liability  clause  of  the  State  constitution, 
the  city  treasury  might  be  held  responsible  for  a  large  sum,  in  case  the  com- 
pany should  become  bankrupt.  This  policy  was  approved  by  the  metro- 
politan bankers  and  capitalists,  who  would  not  touch  the  stock,  and  by 
the  city  press.  It  was  the  common  opinion  that  the  company  had  not  the 
means  to  build  the  road  to  the  summit  of  the  Sierra.     The  following  legis- 


KAILROADS. 


165 


lature — that  of  1863-64 — repealed  the  act  of  the  previous  session,  to  give 
$500,000  for  the  completion  of  50  miles,  and  passed  a  new  one,  promising 
to  pay  the  interest  for  20  years  on  $1,500,000  of  7  per  cent  bonds — the  total 
amount  of  the  interest  money  to  be  $2,100,000.  In  return  for  this  the  com- 
pany was  to  transport  troops,  munitions  of  war,  various  supplies,  and  convicts 
or  lunatics,  in  custody  of  State  officials,  without  charge.  The  bonds,  the 
interest  of  which  was  to  be  paid  by  the  State,  were  sold  readily. 

The  Last  Spike.— Fortunately  for  the  Central  and  Union  Pacific  Com- 
panies, Congress  passed  a  supplementary  act  July  2,  1864,  greatly  cnlargin.' 
and  modifying  their  subsidies.  The  new  statute  doubled  the  amount  of 
land  grant,  allowed  the  companies  to  take  the  land  so  soon  as  they  had  finished 
each  section  of  20  miles — instead  of  40  as  before — and  instead  of  compelling 
them  to  wait  for  their  bonds  till  each  section  of  40  miles  should  be  com- 
pleted, allowed  them  to  obtain  two  thirds  of  their  bonds  for  each  section  of 
20  miles  so  soon  as  the  grading  was  done.  Another  amendment,  equal  in 
importance  to  all  the  others,  was  that  the  Government,  instead  of  taking  a 
first  mortgage  for  the  bond  subsidy,  consented  that  the  companies  should 
give  a  first  mortgage  of  equal  amount  to  capitalists. 

After  the  municipal  authorities  of  San  Francisco  had  maintained  their 
struggle  against  the  company  in  the  courts  for  a  year,  they  compromised, 
by  giving  $400,000  of  city  bonds  outright  to  the  company,  instead  of  pur- 
chasing $600,000  of  stock  with  an  equal  amount  in  bonds.  The  company 
were  now  able  to  commence  work  energetically.  They  had  $1,500,000  of 
bonds,  on  which  the  State  was  to  pay  interest;  $400,000  of  San  Fran- 
cisco bonds;  $300,000  of  Sacramento  bonds;  $250,000  of  Placer  bonds, 
and  was  to  receive  $48,000  in  National  bonds  for  every  mile  built  beyond 
Arcade;  and  besides  had  the  privilege  of  giving  a  first  mortgage  for  $48,- 
000  a  mile  on  the  road.  The  rise  in  the  National  credit,  accompanying  the 
overthrow  of  the  rebellion,  occurred  when  little  work  had  as  yet  been  done, 
and  before  there  was  an  opportunity  to  sacrifice  many  of  the  bonds.  For- 
tune seemed  to  favor  them  at  every  turn ;  hut  they  were  men  who  had  the 
capacity  to  prepare  for  possible  opportunities,  and  to  seize  them  skillfully 
and  firmly  at  the  most  favorable  moment. 

The  road  from  Sacramento  to  Folsom  had  been  extended  to  Shingle 
Springs,  and,  in  the  hands  of  their  enemies,  waged  a  troublesome  opposition 
in  politics,  in  freights  to  Nevada,  in  the  newspapers,  and  in  the  courts.  The 
directors  of  the  Central  Pacific  bought  up  a  controlling  influence  in  its  stock, 
and  all  competition  ceased.  But  notwithstanding  all  the  energy  of  the  rail- 
road builders,  the  track  advanced  very  slowly  up  the  western  side  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  and  h  was  not  until  June,  1868,  that  the  first  train  passed 


/ 


li 


1 66 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


throuf^li  tlic  summit  umncl,  down  to  tlu'  banks  <i{  the  Trucks  i\  The 
company  had  l)cun  wo-j^mir  niorc  than  5};^  years  before  finishing  105  miles 
(if  road.  Hut  ihcy  had  sent  graders  far  out  into  Nevada  early  in  186S, 
and  hail  accumulated  larrje  supplies  of  material,  ,.so  that  the  opening  of 
the  road  atross  the  summit  was  the  signal  for  an  activity  far  exceeding  any- 
thing previously  known.  In  the  10  months  from  July  i,  1.S6.S,  to  May  S, 
loGy,  586  miles  of  track  were  laid,  or  about  2J4  miles  on  an  average  for 
e\cry  week-day;  and  on  one  day  10  miles  were  laid.  The  2  comjwnies 
which  had  been  engaged  on  this  great  railroad  race,  each  trying  to  get  as 
large  a  portion  of  the  route  as  possible,  met  50  iniles  west  of  Ogden  at 
l'nimont.')ry  Point,  where  ,hc  last  spike  was  driven,  completing  the  railroad 
c(jnnection  between  the  Aiiantic  and  Pacific  in  iVmcrican  territory,  on  the 
loth  of  .\I,iy,  isrxj.  The  '  cntral  Company,  under  the  autliority  of  law, 
took'  the  V)  iiiiles  of  road  btttween  I'romontory  and  Ogden  from  the  Union 
Com])an\ .  and  piud  the  exsBm.se  of  construction. 


Railroati  3M2aing  CoottaiBBd. — The  ambition  of  the  qtuntct  of  rail- 
road lji:;:iii:;-.  ■.'.■as  shar])en<x-  by  the  experience  and  success  of  their  7  years 
of  unn  initiing  toil.  The  timiding  of  the  road  from  Sacramento  to  Ogden 
did  not  satisly  Lhcm.  The  Weitcm  Pacific  Company,  which  had  under- 
taken th^  conif-xitcliion  of  tlae  road  from  Sacramento  t(<  San  Jose,  had 
stopped  work  ;il  NiE.s,  bcaniig  Tonviitccd  there  was  no  protit  in  continuing  the 
work.  The  <  'crira;!  Pticiuic  rwople  took  the  franchi.se,  with  the  right  to  the 
loan  of  Xaiiioiiui  Ijumui.-..  aa>i.  ^juiilt  tlau  road,  leaving  the  land  gnmt  to  the 
contractor-,  of  the  Western  trarAc.  They  bought  the  old  Oakland  wharf 
and  ferry-boat  annd  the  lUtintusda  raiimoad,  and  thus  made  their  connection 
with  San  l"rancucx->  on  Xawcamtier  M,  i.86u.  Work  was  immediately  com- 
menced upon  a  thorough  .wstem  of  improvements  and  extensions  from 
Oakland  Point  out  into  the  luiy  lowaaaUi  San  Francisco.  For  some  months 
all  freights  were  transfcnnd  by  a  tosiuDUs  .system  oi  frequent  handling  to 
and  from  the  decks  1  >f  ferni-boats,  antl  landed,  with  cr  msitlerable  dela\-,  upon 
the  .S.in  Francisco  side  of  the  bay.  Tnt>  method  was  Ibund  to  be  vexatious 
alike  to  the  shipper,  the  receiver,  and  'Sat:  carrier  of  frciglu.  A  remedy  wna 
fouiul  in  the  construction  of  heavy  transfer  steamers,  which  would  carry  a 
train  of  loaded  freight  cars.  On  April  16,  1870,  these  boats  were  c(Jinplet(;d, 
aiul  coinmencctl  making  regular  trip.s  across  the  bay,  thus  virtually  consti- 
tuting .San  I'rancisco  tiie  \\v.'stcm  terminus  of  the  continental  railroad. 

When  the  Central  Pacific  Road  had  thus  become  a  fixed  and  important 
factor  in  the  ilevelopmcnt  of  the  resources  of  California,  it  became  neces- 
s;iiy  In  open  up  a  sj-slcm  of  lines  that  would  radiate  towards  it  and  towards 
the  commercial  metropolis  of  the  Pacific.    The  same  parties  who  had  already 


■■w,*'i-rrtrr~r:- ,  i.i- 


UAIi.ROAUS. 


167 


accomplislieil  so  nuicli,  luniL'tl  their  immediate  attention  to  tliese  new  enter- 
prises, tlie  most  important  of  \  hich  was  the  line  up  tlie  San  Joaipiin  \'alle)-. 
In  the  spring  of  1S71  work  v.  1.  commenced  at  I.athrup,  and  eari\-  in  1S7J 
146  miles  of  road  were  completed  to  a  point  near  \'isalia,  in  the  county  of 
Tulare.  With  the  openint,^  of  this  branch  there  was  an  immediate  and 
steady  increase  in  the  price  of  laiuls  in  that  !^re;U  \alle)-,  and  population 
followed  freely  aloiiLj  the  iron  way  antl  in  the  regions  adjacent  thereto. 

Previous  to  the  construction  of  this  line,  lanils  in  distant  [lortions  of  the 
San  Joaquin  Valley  were  thoui^ht  to  be  almost  valueless,  and  l.nt;i^  and 
favorably  located  tracts  could  ha\e  been  bouj^ht  at  $1  an  acre.  These 
lands  arc  now  worth  from  $10  to  $50  an  acre,  and  the  \ast  cattle  ranges  of 
that  region  have  been  converted  into  wheat -fields  of  enormous  extent, 
whose  products  find  an  easy,  cheap,  and  ra[)id  transit  to  the  sea-going 
vessels  at  tide  water.  A  slrii)  of  land  through  this  valley,  of  a  width  of 
20  miles,  on  each  side  of  the  railroad,  aggregates  6,000,000  acres;  and  it  is 
estimated  by  reliable  statisticians  that  these  lands  ha\o  increased  in  value 
to  the  extent  of  $80,000,000  since  they  have  been  oixnied  iij)  by  the  rail- 
road. The  4  county  towns  of  Modesto,  Merced,  l'"resno,  and  Tulare,  which 
in  1870  had  no  existence,  have  now  an  aggregate  <*f  2,300  buildings,  and  a 
population  of  more  than  13,000. 

While  the  interior  of  the  State  was  being  thus  developed,  ,1  new  impetus 
was  given  to  the  increase  of  wealth  and  population  in  San  Francisco  and 
the  .  )unties  bordering  upon  the  adjacent  bays.  A  railroad  had  been  built 
in  1803  from  the  race-track  near  the  Mission,  San  JM'ancisco,  in  a  southerly 
direction  towards  San  Jose,  and  was  opened  to  Mcnio  Park,  October  I7tli 
of  that  year;  and  on  January  16,  1864,  it  was  finished  to  San  Jose,  and  on 
February  14th  extended  from  the  race-track  into  the  city,  to  Market  StRct, 
where  it  had  its  terminus  for  .several  years.  In  1869  this  road  was  ex- 
tended to  Gilroy;  in  1870,  to  Ilolli.ster;  in  1871,  to  Pajaro;  in  1872,  to 
Salinas  ;  and  in  1873,10  Soledad. 

In  1863  the  California  Northern  Road  was  built  from  (Jroville  lo  Marys- 
ville,  a  distance  of  29  miles.  I'he  mining  industries  of  that  region  gave 
this  compan)'  a  profitable  traffic  in  its  earlier  history,  but  its  resources  were 
greatly  iliminished  by  the  decay  of  the  placers. 

Various  Railroads. — The  passage  of  the  original  I'acific  Railroad  Bill 
i'ai  gi\en  a  stimulus  to  railroad  construction  in  California.  Within  3  years 
population  and  wealth  had  increased  rapidl)-  in  the  metropolis  and  the 
counties  borilering  on  San  Francisco  ami  San  Pablo  bays.  C'apital  was 
seeking  investment.  The  possession  of  the  best  routes  for  rail  transporta- 
tion became  an  object  of  ambition.     In   1863  roads  were  built  from  San 


^:  'A 


i68 


(■ommi;k(i;,  ktc. 


I'Vancisco  to  San  Josi^,  and  from  Marys\illc  to  Orovilk;,  and  a  branch  of  the 
Sacramento  Valley  Road  was  constructed  from  Folsom  to  Lincoln,  i.S  tnilcs. 
This  last  route  was  injudiciously  selected,  and  the  track  was  aftcr^^,■u■ds 
taken  uj).  i'he  Cahlornia  Pacific  built  its  roail  from  Sacramento  to  \  allcjo 
in  1.S6.'-!,  and  i)laccd  a  swift  boat  on  the  bay  to  carry  freight  and  passengers 
bin  ween  the  latter  place  and  the  metro|)olis.  Soon  afterwards  this  company 
bmiylu  tiie  Napa  X'alle)-  Railroad,  and  then  in  rapid  succession  made  a 
branch  (roni  Davisvillc  to  Marysvillc,  bought  the  .San  Francisco  and  North 
Pacific  :  I'etaluma  Valle\)  Road  and  the  bo.ats  of  Till:  CAl.iroKNIA  STliAM 
Navicaiion  I  ().MI'AN\,  conuuenced  work  on  a  road  from  Suscol  to  Santa 
Rosa,  ,ind  declared  its  purpose  to  extend  its  hack  froin  the  Sacramento 
X'allc)'  to  (Ji^rtlen,  there  to  connect  with  the  Union  Pacific.  This  announce- 
ment had  probabi)-  no  purpose  save  to  affect  |)ublic  opinion.  The  California 
Pacific,  having  200  miles  of  mail,  all  the  best  boats  on  the  ba)',  control  of 
the  shortest  and  most  comfortable  rt)Ute  between  .Sacraitiento  and  San  Fran- 
cisco, the  sui^port  of  great  I'jiglish  and  (jernian  c.ii)italists,  and  a  very  en- 
terprising and  aggressive  policy,  threatened  to  seriously  injure  the  credit  of 
the  Central  Pacific,  whose  dirccti>rs,  in  the  summer  of  1871,  bought  up  most 
of  the  stock  of  the  rival  company,  thus  becoiuing  master  of  its  movements, 
anil  putting  an  end  to  all  tlangcrous  competition  in  that  direction. 

By  purchasing  stock,  they  obtained  cc)ntrol  of  the  Cop])cropolis,  the  San 
I'rancisco  and  San  Jose  (now  the  Soiuhern  l';icific\  the  I.os  Angeles  and 
Wilmington,  the  Los  Angeles  and  Santa  Monica  roads.  They  extended 
the  Southern  Pacific  to  Soledail,  in  the  Salinas  Valle)-,  and  through  or 
across  the  San  Joaquin  Colorado,  Gila,  and  Rio  Grande  V'alleys  to  Texas, 
^^■here  they  are  now  on  their  way  to  the  (nilf  of  Mexico.  They  built  the 
tiregon  and  California  Road  from  Ro,se\ille  to  Redding.  They  have  con- 
structed about  2,500  miles  of  road,  anil  control  3,000  miles.  They  own  all 
the  railroails  running  into  San  F'rancisco,  Sacramento,  Stockton,  Vallejo, 
and  Los  Angeles;  all,  save  one,  ruiuiing  into  Oakland,  and  own  all  the 
bro.ul-gauge  roads  in  the  getieral  railroad  network  V)f  the  .State.  The  onl)' 
\aluable  broad-guage  Calilornian  railroad  that  does  not  belong  to  theiu,  is 
the  San  I'rancisco  and  North  Pacific,  which  does  not  connect  with  any 
other  broad-gunge  road. 


Private  Property,  — Since  the  Central  Pacific  quintet  accepted  the 
Oingressional  grant  of  i8f)2,  20  years  have  elapsed.  In  tin-  mean  time, 
v..  \\.  CUOCKKK  and  Mauk  IIiU'KINS  have  died,  leaving  Stamoud, 
Ih'NTINCiTON,  and  CllAKl,i:s  Ckdi  Kt:K,  who  contiiuie  to  devote  them- 
.sclves  to  the  work  of  building  railroads  needed  for  the  develo|)ment  of 
tlie  iTourccs  of  the  I'acific  Slope,     Some  of  tiieir  enterprises  in   the  south 


RAII.KUADS. 


169 


have  been  so  far  in  advance  of  tht.'  needs  of  the  adjacent  countn-,  tliat  tliey 
were  not  inimediatel)-  profitable  ;  but  further  extensions,  tlirough  connection 
with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  opcninj^  of  mines  anil  farms,  and  the  buiklin^ 
of  towns,  aided  and  stimulated  b)'  their  roads,  have  enabled  them  to  reap 
the  reward  of  their  bold,  but  sagacious  ventures. 

The  subsidies  were  given  or  loaned  on  condition  that  the  recipients 
should  build  a  road  to  be  owned  by  them,  and  managed  by  them,  for  their 
own  individual  profit.  Nothing  in  the  language  of  the  statutes  conve\s 
any  other  idea.  The  Central  Pacific  Road  is  as  fully  theirs  in  law  and 
equity  as  if  it  had  been  built  exclusively  with  their  own  money.  It  was  the 
general  opinion  of  Congress  and  the  people  at  the  time  of  the  |jassage  if 
the  Acts  of  1862  and  1864,  that  a  continental  railroad  was  a  national 
necessity,  and  that  great  inducements  should  be  offered,  in  orilcr  to  enlist 
the  capabilities  of  wealthy  and  energetic  men  in  the  undertaking.  The 
feeling  was  unanimous,  that  the  offer  of  Govcrimient  aid,  b)'  the  loan  nf 
credit  and  by  a  donation  of  lands,  woiikl  b(;  a  public  benefit;  since  the 
road  has  been  finished  this  iilea  has  not  been  abaiulonetl  by  right-thitiking 
political  economists.  It  is  still  the  prevalent  opinion,  that  though  the  y\cts 
of  Congress  bearing  upon  this  (|ueslion  might  ha\e  been  drafterl  more 
wisel)-  in  some  respects,  still  it  is  far  better  for  the  nation  that  the)-  should 
have  been  adopted  as  they  were,  rather  than  that  the  Central  anil  Union 
Pacific  line  had  not  been  built.  It  was  a  fortunate  thing  for  California,  in 
the  inception  of  this  enterprise,  that  five  meti  should  have  been  found 
among  her  prominent  citizens,  to  take  hold  of  a  work  so  tmcerlain  in  its 
result.s,  though  so  magnificent  in  its  possibilities — men  so  earnest  in  their 
character  and  so  faithful  to  their  task,  who  were  able  to  work  together  in 
harmonious  action,  and  so  eminently  fitted  for  the  different  departments  of 
tlie  work. 

Before  the  last  spike  had  been  driven,  the  5  directors  of  Till';  Ci;nti<ai, 
Pacific  Railuoad  Comtanv  were  all  millionaires.  They  owned  nearly 
all  the  stock — the  shares  in  the  hands  of  others  being  very  few  in  number — 
and  they  were  all  officers  or  agents  of  the  company,  receiving  large  pay  in 
one  form  or  another  for  their  serxices.  Uesides  owning  the  road,  they 
held  9,cx30,ooo  acres  of  land,  of  which  more  than  8,000,000  acres,  after  a 
la|)se  of  12  year.s,  are  still  unoccupied  and  unavailable,  being  in  mountain  or 
desert.  They  had  received,  as  a  loan,  $24,000,000  of  national  bond.s,  which 
are  a  second  mortgage  on  the  i\(ad;  $550,ixK)  of  .Sacramento  and  I'lacer 
bonds  givqn  for  sub.scriplions  which  W{:rc  siib-sequentl)-  canceled,  the  bonds 
being  returned  to  the  counties;  $400,000  of  San  h'ranci.sco  bonds  as  an  im- 
condition.al  gift;  and  $2,100,000  of  interest  paid,  or  to  be  paid  b)-  the  .State 
treasury  in  return  for  the  obligation  to  do  certain  transportation  for  the  Stale, 


I70 


( DM.MKKt  i;,    KTC. 


When  wo  consider  the  obscurity  df  Till-.  Ckntkal  PAriric  RAtl.KOAD 
Co.Ml'ANS  in  ils  bi.'j;ii)nin;^s,  tlic  ri'lativc  poverty  of  its  IcatlinL;  stocklioidcrs, 
the  ^X'lHMai  indilference,  if  not  contempt,  felt  f(3r  their  enterprise,  anil  llie 
fact  that  thouf^h  respectable  business  men  in  a  city  of  20,000  inhabitants, 
the)- did  not  inclutle  its  wealthiest  bankers  antl  merchants;  when  \vc  con- 
sider all  these  things,  we  are  astonished  to  find  in  its  5  directors  such  a 
combination  of  capacity,  prudence,  persistence,  tact,  and  fitness  for  liar- 
MionioLis  co-operation,  as  was  perhaps  never  surpassed  in  an  equ.d  number 
iif  men  uniletl  in  a  business  enterprise.  There  was  no  brilliancy  amonij; 
tliem,  neither  was  there  an\'  weakness.  Kvery  one  was  good  at  dispatching 
work,  Tnanaging  laborers,  negotiating  with  capitalists  and  i)oliticians,  wait- 
ing patiently  for  opportunities,  and  seizing  them  promptly  and  firmly  when 
tliey  airi\ed.  A  singular  succession  of  favorable  circumstances  laid  the 
linmilations  of  their  fortunes,  and  they  built  magnificent  superstructures. 

Po'.itical  Denunciation. — The  surviving  trio  live  in  the  full  possession 
of  a.;ti\e  powers  of  middle  age,  hold  controlling  interests  in  the  Central 
Pacific  and  Southern  Pacific  roads  and  their  branches,  and  continue  to 
work  together  harmoniously  as  the  managers  of  the  most  extensive  .system 
of  r.iilro.ads  on  the  globe  owned  by  a  few  individuals.  When  thcj-  had 
completed  the  Central  Pacific,  each  could  have  retired  to  a  life  of  inglorious 
ease  with  a  fortune  of  several  millions;  but  instead  of  that  they  have  de- 
voted their  time,  their  ambition,  and  a  large  part  of  their  [irofits  to  enter- 
prises for  the  accommodation  of  the  traffic  and  development  of  the  indus- 
trial resources  of  the  coast. 

Yet  the  original  Central  Pacific  ciuintet  ami  the  trio  now  ;urviving,  have 
not  been  popular  favorites  in  California  at  any  time  since  1869.  It  is  gen- 
erally admitteil  that  the)'  have  done  work  of  \ast  value  to  the  coast,  and 
that  it  was  better  that  their  roads  should  be  built  and  managed  by  one 
coinjian)-  than  by  a  dozen  companies.  I.i.uvu  Tkvi.s,  in  his  address  at 
the  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Hankers'  Association,  in  l88r,  said: 
"  Despite  all  the  jealousy  that  thoir  acquisitions  may  have  excited,  there  is 
no  doubt  that  it  has  been  on  the  whole  good  for  California  that  the  railroad 
man.igcment  has  been  thus  concentrateil.  Railroad  de\elopnicnt  has  un- 
questionably been  more  regular  and  thorough  and  health)-,  and  the  econ- 
omy in  Iniilding  and  running  much  greater,  than  it  would  have  been  had 
thi'  California  railroad  s)slem  been  in  the  hands  of  a  dozen  iliffcrent  com- 
])anies,  each  working  iiulepeiulentl)-,  an<l  often  at  cross  purposes,  and  each 
mainlaining  a  s<.'p,irate  staff  and  wasting  means  in  opposition  aiid  rivalry, 
which  llie  public  at  l.uge  imisl  ultimatol)- make  up.  Of  the  eiiormous  sum.s 
llius  sa\i'd  li\-a  single  iinelligeiil  and  harmonious  management,  the  portion 


UAIl.UOADS. 


';i 


taken  by  these  men  for  tlieir  uwi  ijcrsonal  purposes,  anioimts  to  an  insi;.;- 
nillcant  i)erccntaL^c.  And  after  all  that  is  said  of  tlieir  colossal  wealth,  it 
still  remains  true  that  the)'  have  used  this  wealtli  but  as  trustees  for  the 
whole  community.  The  profits  of  the  roads  have  not  merel}'  been  larijer 
than  the\-  would  have  been  under  diverse  manaijements,  but  these  iirofits, 
and  the  credit  that  has  been  acquired,  ha\e  been  used  in  building  mort- 
road."  During  the  last  I  _' )ears  tlie  directors  of  the  Central  I'acific  liave 
been  the  subjects  of  bitter  and  [general  denunciation.  All  the  political 
parties  have  accused  them  of  extortion  ant!  discrimination.  ,San  I'rancisco, 
Stockton,  V'allejo,  Los  Angeles,  and  I'iacer\ille,  ha\e  ,it  \arious  times  been 
full  of  indignation  against  them;  and  they  ha\c  not  escaped  [Mipular  hostil- 
ity in  Sacramento  and  Oakland,  which  owe  a  large  part  of  their  pro.spcriiy 
directl)-  and  indirectly  to  the  railroad.  It  was  o|)])osition  to  the  Central 
I'acific  that  secured  the  governorshi|i,  and  afterwards  the  seat  in  the  national 
senate,  to  NEWTON  BOOTII.  It  was  a  [)romise  of  controlling  the  Central 
I'acific  and  regulating  its  fares,  th.u  ga\c  to  the  Independent  Anti-lMonopoly 
jjarly  predominance  in  the  State  government  in  S74.  The  desire  to  pro- 
vide new  checks  for  the  Central  I'acific  was  one  of  the  chief  motives  for  the 
adoption  of  a  new  con.stitution  in  1879  In  short,  the  company  have  been 
engaged  in  a  continuous  succession  of  controversies  with  legislatures,  courts, 
tax-gathercr.s,  and  political  parties. 

Whatever  the  final  judgment  ma\-  be,  upon  the  character  of  the  (Central 
Pacific  cjuintet,  after  the  dust  o(  controversy  .shall  have  cleared  away,  and 
after  prejudice,  ignorance,  malice,  and  |)ersonal  greed  have  lost  their  influ- 
ence, there  is  little  doubt  that  the\'  will  have  the  credit  not  only  of  being  the 
most  enterprising  .set  of  railroad  builders  in  our  time,  but  of  also  possessing 
remarkable  admmistrative  talent,  and  moral  character  at  least  on  a  par 
with  that  of  average  resyjectable  business  mem. 

Difierenoe  in  Charges. — It  is  true  that  there  are  differences  in  the 
charges  for  freight  beturcn  large  quantities  and  small  (|uantitics,  and 
between  competitive  and  non-eompetitive  geogra[)hical  situations  ;  but 
railroads  and  business  men  genera -y  exercise  a  discriminative  juclgnuiii 
ill  their  dealings  with  Uii'"  |)ublic.  Thf  merchant  demands  more  by  tlie 
]jound  for  his  goods,  if  he  sells  a  single  pound,  than  if  he  sells  a  ton. 
lie  demand),  more  when  the  -Happl)'  is  scant  than  when  it  is  cxccs.sive.  If 
he  knows  his  customer  mum  Itaiy  of  him,  he  takes  that  fact  into  considera- 
tion in  fixing  his  price.  If  his  place  of  business  is  accessible  ti«  both  rail- 
way and  ship,  he  will  be  in  a  position  to  undrrsrll  his  competitor  who  is 
dependent  cither  upon  the  ship  alone,  or  the  rail\»-a\-  alime  These  are 
plain  business  prop'»«itions,  that  are  govern»'(l  and  contnllfd  by  the  logic 


X. 


172 


coMMtiai:,  inc. 


of  bus-noss  eventualities;  and  they  have  become  so  thoroughly  the  rule  in 
commercial  affairs  that  no  one  finds  fault  with  the  merchants  by  whom 
they  are  enforced.  The  Central  Pacific,  and  other  railroads,  take  these  and 
kindled  considerations  as  the  basis  of  their  charges,  and  )ct  they  arc 
denounced  by  men  who  arc  guided  by  the  same  motives  in  dealing  with 
their  neighbors.  l''reight  can  be  transported  cheaper,  relatively,  for  long  dis- 
tances than  for  short  ones,  and  in  large  cjuantities  than  in  sm;dl  ones;  and 
can  be  (.lelivcred  more  conveniently  at  the  main  terminal  points  than  at 
small  intermediate  stations. 

Land-Grant  Policy. — Tiic  construction  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad 
m.ide  a  ilemand  for  branch  roads,  such  as  those  which  start  from  Ogden, 
in  Utah,  from  IJattle  Mountain,  Palisade,  and  Reno,  in  Nevada,  and  from 
Colfax  and  Gait,  in  California.  Other  continental  lines  were  projected; 
and  Congress  passed  acts  giving  land  subsidies  to  a  road  from  the  Central 
Pacific  to  Portland,  Oregon,  and  from  San  Jo.scS  by  way  of  I.os  Angeles,  to 
Yumn,  and  from  San  Diego,  by  way  of  Yuma,  to  the  Rio  Grande. 

Some  notice  must  be  taken  of  the  common  complaint  made  as  to  the 
alleged  injustice  done  to  the  people  by  giving  land  subsidies  to  railways. 
The  railroad  lands  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  arc  not  worth  50  cents  an 
acre  on  the  average,  and  those  writers  who  have  been  most  bitter  in  denun- 
ciation of  the  policy  of  the  grar.ts,  have  concealed  from  the  public  the  fact, 
that  after  a  lapse  of  12  year.s,  .1  large  proportion,  equal  probably  to  nine 
tenths  of  the  land  covered  by  the  Central  Pacific  grant,  remains  unsold,  un- 
culti\ated,  and  practically  worthles.s.  The  grant  covers  some  excellent  land.s 
in  the  northern  i)art  of  the  Sacramento  Valley  and  the  southern  part  of  the 
San  Joaquin  Valley,  but  even  this  would  have  been  worth  little  if  they  had 
not  been  made  accessible  by  rail.  The  area  of  fertile  .soil  that  lias  been 
granted  to  railroad.s,  and  that  would  have  sold  for  an  average  of  $5  an  acie 
before  the  end  of  this  century,  without  being  made  available  for  cultivation 
b)'  railroad  communication,  has  been  too  small  to  demand  serious  consid- 
eration, when  counterbalanced  by  the  immense  benefits  which  the  land-grant 
roads  have  conferred,  directly  and  indirectly,  upon  the  P.iciiic  Coast  and 
adjacent  Territories.  It  is  an  easy  matter  to  be  wise  after  the  event  has 
transi)ired,  and,  judging  with  the  experience  of  1881,  to  find  defects  in  the 
legislation  of  1862  and  1864;  but  the  general  decision,  that  the  railroad 
.statutes  of  those  years  have  proved  beneficial  to  the  State  of  California  and 
to  the  nation  at  large,  is  in  no  danger  of  being  overruled. 

Profits. — 'I"he  C'entral  Pacific  was  a  profitable  road  from  the  start.  The 
net  receipts  are  now  about  $8,000,000  annually,  ami  the  gross  receipts  } 
times  as  much.     The  net  earnings  are  obtained  by  deducting  the  "operat- 


Kes. 


:itmsmiMmM 


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RAILR(.\\DS. 


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ing  expenses"  from  tlie  gross  receipts,  without  ;i!lo\Viinco  for  tlie  amounts 
required  to  pay  interest,  amounting  to  nearly  $4,ooo,cxx),  ami  rent  of  Icasetl 
lines  $2,500,000  annuall)'.  After  deducting  these  items  the  j-eariy  amount 
available  for  dividends  seems  to  be  about  $1,500,000.  More  than  8,000 
persons  are  employed  in  tlie  service  of  the  Central  and  Southern  Pacific. 

The  railroads  of  our  coast  arc  extending  at  the  rate  of  more  than  a  mile 
a  day,  and  probably  will  continue  to  adxance  with  equal  speed.  At  the 
end  of  1881,  the  figures  were  about  2,350  miles  for  California,  790  for 
Nevada,  760  for  Utah,  580  for  Oregon,  400  for  Arizona,  420  ft  r  Washington, 
260  for  Idaho,  and  330  on  tiic  Pacific  sides  of  Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado^ 
and  New  Me.\ico;  making  a  total  for  tlie  slope  of  5,460  .nilcs  exclusive  of 
Mexico  and  Central  America.  A  list  of  the  roads  and  their  terminal  pf)ints 
correct  in  one  month  will  be  incomplete  and  unsatisfactory  the  next,  because 
of  the  frequency  of  the  changes. 

lieland  Stanford. — California  has  been  largely  built  up,  and  its  vitality 
has  been  developed,  nourished,  and  strengthened  almost  entirely  by  self- 
made  men — men  who,  in  the  hard  battle  of  life,  of  llieir  earlier  years, 
gained  tlie  experience  that  placed  them  on  the  winning  side  in  their  later 
struggles.  In  years  to  come,  when  the  record  of  their  aciiicvemcnts  shall 
luu'c  passed  into  history,  it  will  be  a  source  of  sinceie  regret  if  no  details 
are  found  of  the  trials,  habits,  and  hardships  of  their  youth.  In  this  con- 
nection it  will  be  interesting,  briefly  to  take  note  of  the  family  antecedents 
and  early  life  of  our  railroad  builders.  Their  immediate  ancestors  were 
])ionccrs  in  tlic  settlement  of  new  States,  and  were  hard-working  men  and 
women,  of  slender  mean.s,  but  full  of  practical  sagacity  and  sound  .sense. 
They  brought  up  their  sons  to  feel  that  their  success  in  lif"  must  be  assured 
by  unremitting  labor,  and  their  minds  strengthened  by  close  observation 
rather  than  by  an  elaborate  education.  The  experience  thus  gained  was 
of  inestimable  advantage  to  them  in  the  enlarged  sphere  that  engrossed 
llicir  attention  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  In  projecting  and  carrying  out  the 
Central  Pacific  .system  of  internal  improvements,  they  became  the  greatest 
of  railroad  builders;  that  is,  if  greatness  in  such  matters  be  measured  by 
the  amount  of  work  accomplished.  These  few  men  have  built  3,000  miles 
of  road,  and  are  now  engaged  upon  lines  that  will  aggregate  2,000  miles 
more.  During  all  the  period  they  have  been  pushing  forward  these  vast 
movements,  the)'  liave  looked  upon  Li:laM)  STANi'oun  as  their  represen- 
tative head  in  their  intercourse  with  the  public,  and  recognizing  his  superior 
fitness  for  the  headship  of  their  companies,  they  have  never  thought  of  dis- 
placing him  from  that  honored  position.  It  is  in  fact  iWw  to  the  thorough 
unanimity  of  purpose,  and  to  the  high  estimate  of  business  capacity  which 


r 


•74 


(.•ommi:k<;i:,  i;rc. 


each  of  these  men  h.is  held  towards  the  others,  that  tiicy  are  in  a  large 
measure  indebted  for  their  unvaried  success. 

Li;i.AM)  Sr.wi'OUD  was  born  near  Albany,  N.  Y.,  March  g,  1824,  the 
fourth  in  a  family  of  7  sons.  Mis  father  was  a  farmer,  and  lived  in  the 
midst  of  the  earliest  railroad  construction  in  the  United  States — the 
Albany  and  Schenectad)-  line — and  bcinij  strongly  impressed  with  the 
pros]5ccti\e  importance  of  railroad  facilities,  he  took  a  lively  interest  in  the 
work  going  on  around  him.  He  gave  up  the  management  of  the  farm  to 
his  sons,  and  took  a  contract  for  grading  portions  of  the  road,  and  for  fur- 
nishing it  with  wood  and  tics.  Li:i..VNl)  had  the  usual  experience  of  coun- 
try boj's  in  those  days — ^attending  the  neighboring  schools  in  the  winter 
months,  and  working  on  the  farm  during  the  rest  of  the  year.  At  the  age 
of  JO  he  commenced  the  study  of  law,  and  in  1845  he  removed  to  Albany 
for  the  purpose  of  studying  that  profession  with  the  well-known  firm  of 
\Vlli:.\Tox,  Dooi.lTTLK  &  II.\l)Li;v.  lie  remained  with  them  until  he  was 
admitted  t(j  the  bar.  when,  in  1S45,  he  took  uj)  his  residence  at  Port  Wash- 
ington, Wisconsin.  Hero  he  practiced  in  the  courts  about  3  years,  and 
determined  to  make  that  !(jcalit>-  his  permanent  residence.  Rut  in  1S52  he 
met  with  a  misfortune  which  materially  changed  his  plans  for  the  future: 
his  law  library  and  most  of  his  other  property  were  destroyed  by  fire,  and 
he  at  once  determined  to  try  his  fortunes  in  California.  lie  reached  this 
Stite  July  12,  1852,  and  almost  immediately  starteil  a  miners'  store  at 
Michigan  Bluff,  in  Placer  County,  where  he  remained  4  j'cars,  doing  a 
lucrative  busines.s.  In  1856  he  removed  to  Sacramento  City  and  became 
an  active  partner  in  the  prospemiis  firm  of  St.WKORI)  Prothmrs. 

In  1857  Mr.  Stanford  was  nominated  by  the  Republicans  for  State 
Treasurer,  and  in  1859  for  Governor,  but  was  defeated,  with  his  party,  in 
both  those  )-cars.  In  1861  he  was  again  nominated  for  Governor,  and  after 
the  most  c.vciting  contest  that  had  yet  been  held  in  California,  he  was 
elected  b)-  a  large  majority,  there  having  been  3  candidates  in  the  field. 
He  held  the  office  for  2  years  with  credit  to  himself,  to  his  party,  and  to 
the  .State.  Since  that  time,  a  period  of  iS  j'cars,  he  has  devoted  himself 
assiduously  to  his  duties,  as  developed  by  the  vast  railroad  projects  with 
which  he  has  been  coimecteil. 


Charles  Crocker.  — C 11. \km;s  Crocker,  .second  Vice-President  of  the 
Central  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  was  born  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  September  16, 
1822.  Mis  parents  were  poor,  and  while  a  boy  he  had  to  help  support  the 
family.  When  only  10  )cars  of  age  he  began  to  sell  newspapers  and  mag- 
azines in  Troy,  and  with  the  money  thus  earned  was  enabled  to  assist  his 
father  in  removing  to  the  West,  and   in  the  purchase  of  a  small  farm   in 


RAILROADS.  i;5 

Indiana,  to  which  State  thcj- emigrated  in  1836.  He  spent  2  years  of  hard 
work  in  helping  to  clear  and  cultivate  the  land  which  they  liad  bought  with 
their  united  means.  He  was  then  employed  in  a  saw-mill,  and  afterwards 
in  a  forge  for  the  manufacture  of  bar  iron,  where  he  worked  for  $11  a 
month,  attending  the  district  school  during  the  winter  season,  wjicn  work 
was  not  to  be  had.  From  an  apprentice  in  the  forge,  he  became  a  practical 
and  efficient  workman,  and  finally  started  a  branch  of  the  business  on  his 
own  account,  and  made  money. 

In  1850  he  emigrated  to  California  across  the  plains,  and  located  near 
Placervillc,  where  he  engaged  in  mining,  with  but  limited  success.  In  1852 
he  removed  to  Sacramento,  and  established  himself  in  what  afterwards  be- 
came the  leading  drygoods  house  of  that  city.  Subject  to  the  vicissitudes 
of  fires  and  floods,  which  were  the  lot  of  all  in  Sacramento,  he  managed  his 
large  business  clo.sely  and  successfully.  In  i860  he  was  elected  to  the  legis- 
lature of  California  by  the  Republicans,  and  became  a  prominent  advocate 
of  free  soil,  free  labor,  and  free  speech.  In  1862  he  sold  out  his  mercantile 
business,  and  embarked  his  entire  fortune,  and  devoted  all  his  business  abil- 
ity to  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  enterprise.  His  varied  experience  in 
mechanical  and  manufacturing-industries,  and  in  the  management  of  labor- 
ing men,  rendered  him  peculiarly  fit  for  the  superintendence  of  construction. 
For  several  years  he  had  entire  charge  of  that  department,  and  brought  to 
it  the  same  efficient  qualifications  that  had  hitherto  characterized  his  life, 
and  given  him  prominence  in  all  the  business  projects  with  which  he  had 
been  connected. 


E.  B.  Crocker.— Edwin  B.  Crocker,  who  for  10  years  was  at  the  head 
of  the  law  department  of  THE  CENTRAL  Pacific  Railroad  Company, 
was  born  in  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  April  26,  1818.  As  a  boy  he  attended  the  com- 
mon schools  of  his  native  town,  and  at  an  early  age,  his  studious  habits  were 
developed  in  a  remarkable  degree,  so  much  so,  that  his  father,  though  very 
poor,  sent  him  to  the  Rensselaer  Institute  in  Troy.  In  1835  he  graduated 
with  the  degree  of  Civil  Engineer,  and  obtained  cirploymcnt  in  that  capacity 
for  a  short  time,  on  the  Albany  and  Schenectady  Railroad.  In  the  fall  of 
1836  he  went  to  Indiana,  and  worked  on  a  farm  for  2  years,  and  in  iron 
works  for  one  year,  still  earnestly  pursuing  his  studies  in  the  evenings,  and 
through  the  stormy  days,  when  outdoor  work  was  impossible.  In  1840  he 
commenced  the  study  of  law  with  JOSEPH  L.  JERNIGAN,  at  South  Bend, 
Indiana,  where  he  remained,  studying  and  practicing  his  profession  for  a 
period  of  about  1 1  years. 

In  1848,  1849,  and  1850,  South  Bend  and  vicinity  was  the  theater  of 
the  most  exciting  and  violent  scenes  connected  with  the  fugitive  slave  trials 


r. 


176 


fOMMERCE,    ETC. 


of  those  flays,  and  E.  H.  CROCKEFi,  through  his  political  convicti'jns,  his  pro- 
fessional duties,  and  his  personal  sympathies  with  the  oppressed  slaves, 
became  involved  in  vexatious  law  proceedings,  that  finally  compelled  him 
to  give  up  his  practice  in  that  region.  Karly  in  1851  he  came  to  California, 
anil  located  his  law  office  in  Sacramento,  where  he  achieved  a  high  position 
ut  the  bar  of  his  adopted  State.  In  May,  1863,  he  was  appointed  by  the 
Governor,  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  California  for  the  unexpired  term, 
occasioned  by  the  appointment  of  Judge  FlELO  to  the  Supreme  Bench  of 
the  United  States.  At  that  time  there  were  but  3  Justices  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  California,  and  an  immen.sc  volume  of  unfinished  business  had 
accumulated  before  that  tribunal.  It  was  here  that  the  indu.strious  habits 
and  clo.se  application  of  Justice  CROCKER  were  lully  developed,  and  it  is  a 
part  of  the  judicial  history  of  California,  that  no  Supreme  Court  judge  ever 
accomplished  such  a  volume  of  work  in  so  short  a  period;  and  that  no  opin- 
ions delivered  from  that  bench  have  stood  more  thoroughly  the  test  of  legal 
criticism  than  his. 

On  January  i,  1864,  his  term  of  office  expired,  and  he  then  took  entire 
charge  of  the  law  department  of  The  Central  Pacific  Railroad  Com- 
I'.iNV.  Mis  clear  judgment  and  logical  mind  were  well  adapted  to  the  mul- 
tifarious duties  that  were  daily  unfolding  in  connection  with  the  enterprise 
in  which  he  had  now  become  a  prominent  figure.  The  settlement  of  intricate 
land  titles,  the  drafting  of  contracts  and  legal  documents  connected  with 
the  company — originating,  and  watching  the  drift  and  scope  of  legislative 
a;id  congressional  proceedings — made  up  a  portion  of  the  diversified  work 
that  he  was  called  upon  to  perform,  and  the  ability  with  which  he  performed 
these  duties,  has  been  fully  tested  and  proved  by  the  results  of  his  labors. 
But  Judge  Crocker,  like  many  other  eminent  Californians,  overestimated 
his  physical  strength  and  mental  capacity;  after  10  years  of  hard  and  unin- 
terrupted toil  in  the  railroad  offices,  his  health  became  impaired  to  such  an 
extent  that  he  was  obliged  to  give  up  all  .active  employment,  and  after  a 
lingering  illness,  which  extended  over  many  months,  he  died  in  Sacramento 
June  24,  1875. 

Mark  Hopkins.— Mark  Hopkin.s,  the  eldest  of  the  railroad  quinte', 
and  treasurer  of  the  company  from  its  commencement  to  the  time  of  his 
death,  was  born  in  Henderson,  N.  Y.,  September  i,  1813,  the  fifth  in  a 
family  of  7  sons.  His  father  kept  a  country  store  in  Henderson,  and  his 
son  Mark'.s  earlier  business  inclinations  seemed  to  tend  in  the  same 
direction.  In  1825  the  family  removed  to  St.  Clair,  Michigan,  where  Mark 
lived  until  1829.  He  was  industrious  and  studious  as  a  youth,  and  at  an 
early  age  mastered  all  the  branches  of  learning  that  were  taught  in  the 


RAILROADS.  1 7; 

district  schools  where  he  resided.  At  the  age  of  16,  soon  after  his  father's 
death,  he  left  the  paternal  home  and  commenced  his  business  career  as 
junior  clerk  with  a  mercantile  firm  in  Niaj^ara  County,  N.  Y.,  and  2  j-ears 
later  he  removed,  with  one  of  his  employers,  to  Lockport  in  the  same  State. 
Ultimately  he  became  associated  with  a  Mr.  HUGIIES  as  leading  partner  in 
the  firm  of  HoPKixs  &  Hughes. 

He  continued  as  principal  in  the  business  until  1837,  when  he  commenced 
the  study  of  law  with  his  brother  Henry,  a  prominent  practitioner  in  Lock- 
port,  and  a  man  of  pronounced  legal  attainments.  It  is  to  this  elder  brother, 
that  Mark  felt  himself  indebted  for  the  rare  qualities  of  analytical  thought 
and  thorough  business  habits  that  so  strongly  mafkcd,  in  after  years,  his 
own  individuality,  and  that  contributed  so  effectually  to  his  success  as  a 
business  man.  He  did  not  pursue  the  study  of  law  for  the  purpose  of 
making  it  a  life  profession,  but  used  it  as  a  training  school  to  develop 
mental  exactitude,  and  to  acquire  a  logical  habit  of  reasoning,  which  he 
was  confident  would  be  of  great  advantage  to  him  in  his  business  relations 
with  the  world.  After  2  years  of  legal  studies  he  embarked  with  a  Mr. 
Williams  in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  agricultural  implements,  and 
traveled  extensively  in  the  States  of  New  York  and  Ohio  in  connection 
with  this  enterprise.  He  then  moved  to  the  City  of  New  York  and  took  a 
prominent  position  as  clerk  and  manager  in  the  commission  house  of  James 
Rowland  &  Co.,  where  he  remained  until  he  embarked  for  California,  via 
Cape  Horn,  January  22,  1849. 

Mr.  Hopkins  arrived  in  San  Francisco  August  5,  1849,  and  after  trying 
several  ventures  with  varied  success,  located  a  store  in  Placervillc,  having 
hauled  his  own  goods  with  an  o.x-tcam  from  Sacramento.  In  July,  1850, 
he  left  Placerville  and  returned  to  Sacramento,  where  he  started  a  wholesale 
grocery  business  with  his  friend  and  fellow-passenger  from  New  York,  E.  H. 
Miller,  Jr.  The  firm,  Hopkins  &  Miller,  did  a  large  and  successful 
business,  investing  a  portion  of  their  surplus  profits  in  real  estate  in  Sacra- 
mento. The  great  fire  of  November,  1852,  destroyed  their  store  and  goods, 
and  other  buildings  which  they  had  erected.  They  immediately  rebuilt 
their  store  and  continued  their  business  until  1854,  when  Mr.  HoPKINS  sold 
out  to  his  partner,  and  made  a  trip  to  the  East,  where  he  was  married  Sep- 
tember 20,  1854  On  his  return  to  California  in  1855,  he  entered  into  part- 
nership with  C.  P.  Huntington  in  the  hardware  business,  and  he  remained 
a  member  of  the  firm,  HUNTINGTON,  HOPKINS  &  Co.,  until  his  death. 

The  early  connection  of  Mr.  HoPKlNS  with  THE  CENTRAL  Pactitc 
Railro.\d  Company,  and  with  his  associates  in  that  enterprise,  has  else- 
where been  alluded  to  in  these  pages.  By  his  .seniority  of  age,  and  his  ana- 
lytical methods  of  thought,  he  seemed  to  be  the  acknowledged  Nestor  and 

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COMMERCK,   ICTC. 


Mentor  of  the  quintet.  When  difficult  questions  came  before  them,  Mr. 
Hopkins  advice  was  sought,  and  his  judgment  was  relied  upon  in  an  em- 
inent degree.  He  was  seldom  at  fault  where  mental  vigor  was  required,  and 
seldom  failed  in  a  comprehensive  grasping  of  business  propositions.  While 
lie  was  not  prominent  in  originating  great  enterprises,  he  was  a  good  listener 
when  the  projects  of  others  were  presented  to  him.  When  in  doubt,  he  in- 
vestigated with  patience ;  and  when  convinced,  his  after  course  proclaimed 
the  consistency  of  his  convictions.  Like  all  his  associates  in  the  railroad 
directory,  Mr.  HOPKINS  was  a  hard  and  earnest  worker,  and  his  rugged  con- 
.stitution  enabled  him,  for  many  years,  to  endure  the  strain  of  incessant 
mental  toil.  But  in  1877  his  health  began  to  fail,  and  he  was  obliged  to 
give  up,  in  a  great  measure,  his  office  work.  In  March,  1878,  he  went  to 
Fort  Yuma,  then  the  terminus  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  hoping  to 
obtain  relief,  if  not  a  restoration  to  health,  by  a  radical  change  of  scene; 
but  his  hopes,  and  those  of  his  friends,  were  not  realized.  There  at  Yuma, 
in  his  own  car,  resting  upon  the  last  rails  that  had  then  been  laid  on  the 
Southern  route,  and  attended  by  the  congenial  sympathies  of  railroad  offi- 
cials, this  busy  life  was  closed,  on  March  29,  1878. 

C.  P.  Huntington.— COLLis  V.  Huntington,  the  resident  director  and 
financial  agent  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  Company  in  New  York,  was 
born  at  Harwinton,  Litchfield  County,  Connecticut,  October  22,  1821.  He 
was  the  fifth  in  a  family  that  numbered  9  children.  His  father  was  a  man- 
facturer  of  woolen  goods  in  Harwinton,  and  was  a  prominent  and  active 
citizen.  His  children  had  such  educational  advantages  as  were  afforded  by 
the  common  schools  of  New  ICngland  in  those  days.  At  the  age  of  22, 
COLLIS  entered  into  the  business  of  general  merchandising  with  his  eldest 
brother  at  Onconta,  in  the  State  of  New  York,  and  he  co«»^inued  in  that 
occupation  with  considerable  success  until  1849,  when  he  removed  to  Cali- 
fornia, and  established  himself  in  a  mercantile  house  in  the  City  of  Sacra- 
mento. His  business  at  this  time  was  principally  in  hardware,  though 
connected  with  other  staple  goods. 

In  the  winter  of  1854-5  he  entered  into  partnership  with  MARK  Hop- 
kins, which  was  the  first  step  in  the  formation  of  the  well-known  hardware 
house  of  Huntington,  Hopkins  &Co.,  in  which  firm  Mr.  Huntington 
has  been  an  active  participant  from  its  organization  to  the  present  time.  As 
early  as  1S59  the  idea  of  connecting  themselves  with  the  construction  of  a 
continental  railroad  'legan  to  shape  itself  in  the  minds  of  Mr.  HUNTINGTON 
anti  his  as.sociatcs,  and  iluring  that  antl  the  following  year,  frequent  meetings 
were  hclil  in  the  hardware  store  on  K  Street,  where  HUNTINGTON,  Hoi'klNS, 
Stanford,  and  the  two  Crockkrs,  discussed  the  project,  and  the  ways  and 
means  for  carrying  it  on. 


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In  1863  Mr.  Huntington  went  East  with  full  power  of  attorney  from 
his  associates  to  negotiate  in  their  behalf,  and  to  employ  all  their  means, 
and  all  the  credit  he  could  obtain  upon  their  names,  to  further  the  enterprise 
in  which  they  were  then  embarked.  No  restrictions  were  placed  upon  his 
action,  except  that  he  should  insist  that  the  interest  upon  the  Government 
bonds  to  be  loaned  to  their  company  should  not  be  exacted  on  the  part  of 
the  United  States  until  their  maturity.  This  precaution  was  deemed  wise, 
and  in  fact  absolutely  necessary,  in  view  of  the  experience  of  capitalists, 
that  constant  demands  for  interest  had  been  the  means  of  swamping  nearly 
all  the  enterprises  that  had  hitherto  been  undertaken  for  the  development 
of  the  resources  of  California. 

In  1864  Mr.  Huntington  took  up  his  permanent  residence  in  New  York 
City,  and  opened  an  office  there  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  Company, 
which  became  an  important  adjunct  in  the  management  of  the  financial 
portion  of  its  business.  It  had  been  the  unswerving  policy  of  the  company, 
and  of  all  who  were  connected  with  it,  never  to  make  any  promise  appertain- 
ing to  its  finances  that  could  not  be  carried  out.  All  its  obligations  were 
promptly  met,  and  its  bonds,  at  a  very  early  day,  took  a  high  rank  in  the 
moneyed  centers  of  Europe.  From  the  formation  of  the  company  to  the 
present  time,  Mr.  HUNTINGTON  has  occupied  the  position  of  first  Vice- 
President. 


Northern  Paoiiio. — The  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  one  of  the  great  en- 
terprises of  our  time,  is  to  extend  from  Lake  Superior  to  Puget  Sound,  a 
distance  of  2,2CX)  miles,  the  greater  part  of  the  route  being  near  latitude  47°. 
The  track  has  been  laid  600  miles  westward  from  Lake  Superior,  and  220 
miles  north-eastward  from  Ainsworth.  The  Columbia  River  being  nav- 
igable from  its  mouth  to  Ainsworth,  the  steam  communication  across  the 
continent  by  this  route  will  be  open  so  soon  as  the  road  shall  be  com- 
pleted across  Idaho  and  Montana.  Congress  gave  a  subsidy  of  25,600  acres 
of  land  for  each  mile,  including  a  branch  from  Ainsworth  to  Portland,  and 
the  route  for  that  part  of  the  road  is  to  follow  the  northern  bank  of  the 
Columbia.  Besides  the  work  done  on  the  main  line,  between  the  Columbia 
and  Lake  Superior,  the  Northern  Pacific  has  a  branch  line  from  New 
Tacoma  to  Kalama  105  miles,  and  another  from  New  Tacoma  to  Wilkeson 
31  miles,  and  several  on  the  cat;  portion  of  its  route.  In  1882  it  will 
build  a  road  from  the  neighborhood  of  Tacoma  to  Seattle.  In  reference  to 
the  gap  in  Idaho  and  Montana,  Mr.  VlLLARD,  president  of  the  company, 
addressing  a  public  meeting  at  Portland  in  October,  1881,  declared,  "You 
can  ab.solutcly  rely  upon  the  completion  of  the  main  line  of  the  Northern 
Pacific  in  1883."     The  chief  office  of  the  company  on  our  coa.st  is  in  Portland. 


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i8o 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


The  Oregon  Railw^ay  and  Navfgatioa  Company,  the  leading  trans- 
portation corporation  of  Oregon,  has  its  chief  office  and  the  center  of 
its  business  in  Portland.  At  the  end  of  1881  it  owned  251  miles  of  wide- 
gauge  road,  controlled  1 34  miles  of  narrow-gauge  under  leases,  and  had 
made  arrangements  for  constructing  300  miles  before  the  end  of  1882,  90 
of  these  additional  miles  being  already  graded.  The  roads  belonging  to 
the  company  include  218  miles  from  the  Dalles  to  Texas  Ferry,  by  way  of 
Walla  Walla;  14  of  the  Blue  Mountain  extention;  13  of  the  Dayton 
branch,  and  6  of  the  Cascades  Portage.  The  leased  roads  include  70  miles 
between  Ray's  Landing  and  Brownsville ;  53  miles  between  Fulquartz' 
Landing  and  Airlie;  7  miles  of  the  Sheridan  branch,  and  4  miles  between 
Pcrr>'dale  and  Smithfield.  Among  the  roads  to  be  built  in  1882  are  one 
from  I'ortland  to  the  Dalles,  70  mile.s,  and  one  from  Umatilla,  100  miles 
towards  Baker  City.  This  last  road  is  to  be  extended  to  Granger,  on  the 
Union  Pacific;  thus  giving  Oregon  a  rail  route  to  the  East,  without  de- 
pendence on  cither  the  Northern  Pacific  or  the  Central  Pacific.  Besides  its 
railroad,  TiiE  OREGON  RAILWAY  AND  Navigation  Company  owns 
river  steamers  plying  on  the  Columbia  River,  and  ocean  steamers  between 
7an  Francisco  and  Portland. 

The  Oregon  and  California  Railroad. — Congress  gave  a  grant  of  1 2,800 
acres  of  public  land,  per  mile,  to  aid  the  construction  of  a  railroad  from  the 
line  of  the  Central  Pacific,  in  the  Sacramento  Valley,  to  the  Columbia  River, 
and  authorized  THE  OREGON  AND  CALIFORNIA  RAILROAD  Company  to 
build  southward  from  the  Columbia  under  the  grant.  The  company  has 
built  200  miles  southward  from  Portland  to  Roseburg,  its  track  in  the 
Willamette  Valley  being  on  the  cast  side  of  the  river.  The  company  has 
also  100  miles  built  on  the  west  side,  connecting  Portland  with  Corvallis. 
The  cast  line  is  to  be  extended  southward  from  Roseburg  to  Redding, 
California,  a  distance  by  the  stage  route  of  239  miles.  HENRY  VlI.LARD, 
president  of  the  company,  stated  in  a  recent  speech,  that  contracts  for  the 
construction  of  the  road  from  Roseburg  to  Canyonville  would  soon  be  let, 
and  the  road  south  of  Canyonville  will  be  built  as  soon  money  and  men 
can  accomplish  it. 

Oregon  and  Transcontinental  Railroad  Company.— For  the  purpose  of 
uniting  and  harmonizing  the  separate  interests  of  the  3  companies  last  men- 
tioned, the  capitalists  (mostly  New  Yorkers  who  hold  controlling  interests 
in  them)  in  1881  organized  TiiE  Oregon  and  Transcontinental  Rail- 
road Company,  which  is  designed  to  supervise  the  management  of  the  3 
roads,  decide  upon  the  extensions  and  branches  to  be  built,  and  to  labor 


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for  the  development  of  the  resources  of  Oregon,  Washington,  Idaho,  and 
Western  Montana. 

Henry  VUlard.— Henry  ViLLARD,thc  president  of  the  companies  men- 
tioned in  the  last  4  paragraphs,  is  the  general  manager  of  their  business, 
and  the  trusted  agent  and  friend  of  the  numerous  cai^italists  who  have 
placed  their  millions  in  those  enterprises.  A  native  of  Germany,  he  came 
to  the  United  States  with  no  capital  save  his  education  and  brains,  and 
is  now  one  of  the  financial  magnates  of  the  globe. 

AtlanUo  and  Paoifio. — The  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Railroad,  to  connect  St. 
Louis  with  San  Francisco,  is  to  be  about  2,ocx>  miles  long,  and  is  to  run  for 
the  greater  part  of  its  length  near  the  3Sth  parallel  of  latitude.  Several 
hundred  miles  of  the  road  were  built  from  St.  Louis  in  1870,  and  the  work 
was  arrested  at  Vineta,  because  the  right  of  way  could  not  be  obtained 
through  the  Indian  Territory.  In  1879  construction  was  commenced  from 
Albuquerque  westward,  and  in  January,  1882,  312  miles  of  track  had  been 
completed.  The  distance  from  Albuquerque  to  the  Colorado,  on  the  line  as 
located,  is  566  miles;  from  the  Colorado  by  a  line  not  yet  finally  iocated, 
to  Mojave  Station,  on  the  Southern  Pacific,  about  275  miles;  and  from 
Mojave  Station,  by  the  Southern  Pacific  to  San  Francisco,  382  miles,  mak- 
ing 1,223  miles  from  the  Golden  Gate  to  Albuquerque,  which  by  the 
Atchison,  Topeka,  and  Santa  F^  Road  is  go2  miles  from  Atchison,  or  2,125 
miles  from  San  Francisco  to  the  Missouri  River  by  this  route.  The 
distance  between  San  Francisco  and  St.  Louis  will  be  less  when  the  gap 
between  Albuquerque  and  Vineta  shall  have  been  completed.  There  arc  50 
miles  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  road  in  New  Mexico  west  of  the  summit  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains;  and  there  are  386^  miles  of  the  road  in  Arizona. 
For  460  miles  westward  from  Albuquerque,  the  road  is  nowhere  less  than 
4,800  feet  above  the  sea;  for  more  than  100  miles  its  elevation  exceeds  6,000 
feet     Congress  has  given  a  land-grant  to  aid  the  construction  of  the  road. 

Canadian  Paoifio. — The  Canadian  Government  has  made  a  contract  for 
the  construction  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad  with  a  company  of 
wealthy  capitalists,  who  are  to  receive  portions  of  the  road  already  com- 
pleted (valued  at  $27,000,000),  $30,000,000  in  cash,  and  33,000,000  acres  of 
land.  The  length  of  the  road  to  be  built  is  about  2,000  miles,  and  the  esti- 
mated cost  $80,000,000.  The  distance  by  the  Canadian  Pacific  from  the 
western  terminus.  Port  Moody,  on  Burrard  Inlet,  in  latitude  49°  20',  to 
Quebec,  is  2,880  miles,  or  500  miles  less  than  from  San  Francisco  to  New 
York  by  the  Central  Union  Pacific  route ;  and  Quebec  is  200  miles  nearer 
than  New  York  to  Liverpool.  The  distance  from  Yokohama  to  Liverpool, 
by  San  Francisco  and  New  York,  is  1 2,000,  and  by  Port  Moody  and  Quebec 


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1 83 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


will  be  1 1,000  miles.  The  Canadian  Pacific  has  also  a  decided  advantage 
over  the  Central  Union  route  in  the  matter  of  elevation,  the  jiighcst  point 
being  only  3,720  feet  above  the  sea.  On  the  other  hand  the  winter  climate 
is  more  severe  on  the  Canadian  route,  700  miles  of  which  are  north  of  lati- 
tude 53",  including  350  miles  north  of  54°.  The  snow  and  ice  will  be  much 
more  troublesome  in  latitude  50°  near  Lake  Superior,  than  in  the  Rocky 
Mountain  section,  though  the  latter  is  farther  north. 

Spanish-American  Railroads.— The  Sonora  Railroad  Company  has 
built  100  miles  of  road  from  Guaymas  towards  Arizona,  by  way  of  Hermo- 
sillo,  and  promises  to  reach  the  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific  in  1882.  Sev- 
eral railroads  in  Central  Mexico  have  portions  of  their  lines  on  the  Pacific 
Slope,  but  we  have  no  precise  statistics  about  them.  An  American  com- 
pany is  at  work  building  a  railroad  across  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuantcpcc,  and 
has  a  promise  of  $1,250  a  mile  of  subsidy  from  the  Mexican  Government. 
The  distance  is  175  miles,  and  the  highest  elevation  to  be  surmounted,  600 
feet.  The  harbor  on  the  Atlantic  side  is  not  good,  and  to  reach  the. harbor 
of  S.^Una  Cruz,  15  miles  north  of  Coatzocoalcos  on  the  Pacific,  will  require 
two  long  tunnels,  to  cost  $3,000,000.  Connected  with  this  railroad  is  to  be 
a  ship  railroad,  constructed  on  plans  prepared  by  J.  H.  Eads.  Costa  Rica 
and  Guatemala  are  at  work  on  railroads  to  connect  the  two  oceans,  each 
having  a  short  section  built  inland  from  a  port  on  the  Pacific.  Honduras 
undertook  a  similar  enterprise  and  failed. 

Street  Railroads. — The  first  street  railroad  on  the  Pacific  Coast  was  the 
Omnibus  Road — North  Beach  to  South  Park,  by  way  of  Montgomery  and 
Third  streets,  in  San  Francisco,  opened  to  traflfic  in  October,  1862.  Other 
roads  were  built  in  rapid  succession,  until  there  were  74  miles  of  single 
track  in  the  city  in  1880.  The  most  remarkable  feature  of  the  street  rail- 
road business  in  the  Californian  metropolis  is  the  extensive  use  of  cable 
traction  by  the  system  invented  here  by  A.  S.  Hallidie.  An  endless 
wire  rope  or  cable,  in  a  channel  under  the  middle  of  the  track,  is  kept  run- 
ning by  a  stationary  engine,  and  an  open  slot  in  the  channel  enables  the 
car  to  grip  the  rope  at  any  moment  and  move  with  it.  This  method  of 
propulsion  was  demanded  by  the  steep  hills,  but  experience  proved  that 
even  on  level  streets  the  power  is  much  cheaper  than  that  of  horses.  San 
Francisco  now  has  5  cable-roads  in  running  order,  and  others  are  to  be  com- 
menced soon. 

Wagon-Roads. — Wagon-roads  were  introduced  into  California  by  the 
Americans.  The  Mexicans  generally  have  few  wagons,  few  smooth  roads, 
and  little  harness.     They  travel  on  horseback,  and  carry  their  freight  on 


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RAILROADS.  183 

mules.  The  only  wheeled  vehicles  which  they  had  in  California  before 
1 846  were  clumsy  carts  with  solid  wooden  wheels.  The  Americans  arc  pre- 
eminent for  skill  in  the  manufacture  of  wagons,  and  for  fondness  of  using 
them,  and  for  the  speed  of  their  draught  horses.  They  brought  their  wag- 
ons, harness,  and  draught  horses  with  them  when  they  began  to  cross  the 
continent  with  trains  of  emigrants.  In  the  valleys  they  found  good  natural 
roads,  and,  when  the  placers  were  discovered,  they  soon  began  to  make  toll- 
roads  leading  up  the  mountain  sides  to  the  mining  towns.  Thousands  of 
miles  of  road  were  thus  built  by  incorporated  companies,  which,  for  a  few 
years,  drew  large  profits  from  their  tolls.  The  most  profitable  wagon-road 
in  the  State  was  the  road  leading  from  Folsom  through  Placerville  and  the 
Johnson  Pass  to  Carson  Valley,  completed  in  1858.  It  was  constructed 
mainly  for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  immigration  by  wagons  overland,  but 
derived  most  of  its  value  from  the  accommodation  which  it  gave  to  the 
business  of  the  Comstock  Lode.  In  1861, 1862,  and  1863,  it  was  a  source  of 
great  profit  to  its  owners,  the  gross  receipts  for  tolls  having  been  $3,000,000 
in  1862.  In  the  summer  it  was  sprinkled  every  day  over  a  length  of  more 
than  50  miles,  and  in  winter  large  sums  were  spent  to  press  down  the  snow 
so  that  travel  should  not  be  interrupted.  As  the  elevation  at  the  summit  is 
7,000  feet  above  the  sea,  and  the  average  aggregate  snowfall  of  a  winter  is 
50  feet,  the  task  was  sometimes  very  difficult.  The  road  lost  its  importance 
when  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  had  crossed  the  summit.  Among  the 
other  notable  wagon-roads  of  California  are  those  to  Yoscmite  by  the  Ma- 
dera, Mariposa,  Coultervillc,  and  Big  Oak  Flat  routes;  to  the  Geysers,  by 
the  Calistoga  and  Cloverdale  routes;  to  the  summits  of  Mt.  Diablo  and 
Mt.  Hamilton ;  to  Santa  Cruz,  from  San  Josd;  to  Pope  Valley,  from  St.  He- 
lena; to  Bodie,  from  Sonora;  to  the  Big  Trees,  from  Murphy's;  to  Lake 
Tahoe,  from  Truckee ;  to  Yreka,  and  thence  to  Roseburg,  from  Redding ; 
and  from  Ukiah  to  Humbold;:  Bay.  Oregon,  Utah,  Nevada,  Washington, 
and  Idaho  have  many  costly  vagon-roads,  which  increase  in  number  and 
improve  in  quality  after  the  cons^truction  of  railroads  has  attracted  settlers, 
made  a  market  for  produce,  and  given  additional  value  to  the  land.  Pacific 
Mexico  is  sadly  in  want  of  good  wagon-roads,  but  these  will  come  with  time. 


i84 


COMMERCE,  ETC. 


CHAPTER  IX.— EXPRESSING. 


Extent  of  Business. — The  general  express  business  of  our  coast  is  trans- 
acted by  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.  It  is  the  only  express  with  numerous 
offices  and  routes.  It  has  no  competitor.  All  other  expresses  confine 
their  operations  to  small  districts,  and  are  auxiliaries  rather  than  rivals 
of  the  great  enterprise.  Wells,  Fargo  &  Company,  though  the  name 
implies  a  partnership,  is  an  incorporation,  one  of  the  greatest  of  our  t i,  k>. 
They  have  offices  in  Tiore  than  800  towns;  they  employ  1,350  men;  the 
merchandise,  includini^'  bullion,  which  they  transport  annually,  is  worth 
$250,000,000;  they  send  messengers  regularly  on  routes  measuring  28,000 
miles,  including  12,500  occupied  by  ocean  steamers,  7,000  by  stage,  8,000 
by  railroads,  and  1,200  by  inland  steamboats.  Every  stage  line  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  north  of  Mexico  carries  their  messengers.  They 
accept  commissions  to  buy  all  kinds  of  merchandise ;  they  collect  and  pay 
bills;  they  attend  to  all  kinds  of  simple  commissions  connected  with  receiv- 
ing, transporting,  and  delivering  money  and  merchandise ;  and  they  deliver 
letters,  using  the  Government,  envelopes,  .vith  orders  to  their  agents  to  see 
that  the  stamps  shall  always  be  sufficient  for  the  requirements  of  the  Post- 
office  Law.  When  in  1880  the  Postmaster-General  proposed  to  prohibit 
the  transportation  of  letters  in  Government  envelopes  by  WELLS,  Fargo 
&  Co.,  there  was  a  general  protest  from  San  Diego  to  Seattle.  The  people, 
especially  the  merchants  in  the  towns  which  have  neither  governmental  letter 
delivery  at  their  houses,  nor  a  daily  mail,  were  not  willing  to  be  deprived  of 
the  accommodation  furnished  to  them  by  WELLS,  Fargo  &  Co.  While 
California  has  for  the  last  8  years  been  the  scene  of  a  continuous  agita- 
tion against  the  alleged  oppressions  of  "  monopolies,"  a  term  designed  to 
include  railroads,  steamships,  gas  and  water  corporations — an  agitation  so 
active  that  it  has  built  up  2  potent  political  parties,  no  complaint  has 
been  made  against  the  great  express  company  which  comes  into  more  inti- 
mate association  with  the  general  business  community  of  the  coast  than  any 
6ther  corporation. 

A  peculiar  and  very  profitable  feature  of  the  express  business  on  the 
Pacific  Coast  has  been  the  transportation  of  precious  metals,  which  must  be 
carried  by  stage  considerable  distances  from  some  of  the  mining  camps  to 
railroad  stations  or  shipping  ports.     The  robbery  of  the  express  is  the  aris- 


i 


EXPRESSING. 


185 


tocracy  of  crime  in  the  mineral  districts,  and  the  highwaymen  for  many 
years  considered  it  beneath  their  dignity,  as  well  as  inconsistent  with  the 
interests  of  their  profession,  to  plunder  a  passenger,  no  matter  how  much 
treasure  he  might  have  with  him.  The  usual  order  to  the  driver  was  to 
"  throw  out  the  express  box  [a  foot  and  a  half  long  and  a  foot  square]  and 
drive  on."  The  prize  was  frequently  $5,000  or  $10,000,  and  sometimes  4  or 
5  times  as  much.  The  express  company  had  boxes  made  of  boiler  iron 
bolted  to  the  stage  on  some  of  the  routes,  so  that  it  could  not  be  carried 
off  without  considerable  delay.  More  than  once  the  messengers  in  charge 
of  the  boxes  fought  desperately  and  successfully,  and  on  various  occasions 
within  10  years  they  have  killed  8  highwaymen.  In  the  twilight,  a  Men- 
docino robber,  armed  only  with  a  stick  held  like  a  gun,  and  easily  mistaken 
for  one  by  the  frightened  driver,  plundered  a  stage.  This,  however,  was  on 
a  route  on  which  there  was  an  organized  band  of  robbers,  and  on  which, 
within  a  short  time,  2  passengers  had  been  killed  while  the  drivers  were 
trying  to  escape  from  the  robbers.  Perhaps  one  of  the  main  reasons  for  the 
popularity  of  the  express  with  the  community,  is  the  promptness  nnd  fairness 
with  which  they  have  made  settlements  for  losses  by  robbery.  The  com- 
pany have  also  been  liberal  in  rendering  gratuitous  aid  to  various  move- 
ments of  public  charity  on  this  coast.  When  our  people  were  called  upon 
for  contributions  to  aid  the  sufferers  by  the  yellow  fever  pestilence  of  1873 
and  1878  in  New  Orleans  and  Memphis,  by  the  great  conflagrations  of 
Virginia  City,  Chicago,  atid  Wisconsin,  by  the  floods  of  the  Yuba  and  Mis- 
sissippi, by  the  grasshoppers  in  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  Wells,  Fargo  & 
Co.  gave  their  services  gratuitously  in  collecting  and  transmitting  the  money. 

Origin  of  the  Express. — The  express  business  was  originated  by  W.  F. 
HarndEN,  at  Boston,  in  1839.  Having  been  a  railroad  conductor,  he  had 
an  opportunity  to  learn  something  of  the  multitude  of  packages  which  peo- 
ple wished  to  send  without  putting  them  among  the  ordinary  freight  to  be 
left  at  the  station  at  the  owner's  risk.  On  the  23d  of  February  of  that  year, 
he  advertised  that  he  would  make  4  trips  a  week  to  and  from  New  York, 
and  deliver  all  parcels  as  directed,  in  both  cities.  He  supplied  the  leading 
newspapers  with  the  latest  journals  from  other  places,  and  they  advertised 
him  liberally.  Within  3  years,  expressing  had  become  a  prominent  branch 
of  business,  with  many  departments  not  thought  of  by  Harnden  when  he 
started  his  enterprise,  though  they  grew  out  of  it  naturally.  In  a  short 
time  Adams  &  Co.  became  one  of  the  leading  express  houses  of  the  United 
States,  and  in  1849  they  sent  D.  H.  Haskell  to  establish  a  branch  house 
in  San  Francisco.  He  found  the  finest  field  ever  opened  to  express  enter- 
prise.   The  country  was  full  of  packages,  small  and  valuable,  many  of  them 

»4 


iqp 


M^H 


186 


COMMERCE,  ETC. 


buckskin  bags  of  gold-dust,  to  be  transported  long  distances  in  charge  of 
faithful  messengers,  and  delivered  to  their  address  as  soon  as  possible  after 
the  arrival  of  the  stage  or  steamer  at  its  destination.  As  the  mail  ran  only 
once  a  week  to  many  of  the  mining  camps,  and  letters  were  not  delivered 
at  the  houses  in  the  cities,  the  express  did  much  postal  service,  which  cost 
for  a  time  25  cents  a  letter.  Various  companies  ran  in  competition  with 
Ad.\M.S  &  Co.,  but  none  did  an  extensive  business  save  WELLS,  Fargo  & 
Co.,  who  obtained  a  practical  monopoly  when  the  former  house  failed  in  its 
banking  department  in  1855,  dragging  its  express  business,  which  paid  a 
net  profit  of  $50,000  a  month,  into  irretrievable  ruin.  The  numerous  agents 
of  Ad.\ms  &  Co.,  thrown  out  of  occupation  by  the  bankruptcy  of  their  em- 
ployers, organized  a  new  company  to  do  an  express  business  in  California, 
but  there  was  a  lack  of  discipline  and  strict  supervision,  and  they  could  not 
compete  successfully  with  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co. 

Well3,  Fargo  &  Co. — After  the  failure  of  the  first  company,  others  at- 
tempted rivalry,  but  with  like  result,  and  for  many  years  WELLS,  FARGO  & 
Co.  have  had  no  competition.  They  were  incorporated  in  New  York  City, 
and  established  offices  in  California  in  1852,  doing  a  banking  as  well  as  an 
express  business.  When  the  collapse  of  PAGE,  BACON  &  Co.  and  ADAMS 
&  Co.  threw  all  business  into  confusion  on  February  23,  1855,  WELLS, 
F.VRGO  &  Co.  closed  their  doors,  and  H.  M.  Naglee  was  appointed  receiver. 
A  brief  examination  satisfied  him  that  the  establishment  was  solvent,  and 
after  a  lap.se  of  3  days  the  doors  \,'erc  reopened,  and  banking  and  express- 
ing went  on  as  usual.  In  1855  Louis  McL.\NE  became  general  manager 
in  San  Francisco,  and  the  business  prospered  under  his  control.  He  intro- 
duced the  system  of  using  Government  envelopes  for  letters  with  the  stamp 
of  the  company,  and  receipts  from  the  sales  of  thciie  envelopes  rose  to  $15,- 
000  a  month.  The  company  did  not  confine  their  attention  exclusively  to 
the  express  business.  Their  directors  were  active  participants  in  many  en- 
terprises to  open  up  new  lines  of  communication  on  our  coast,  and  between 
the  Pacific  and  Atlantic  slopes.  To  more  than  one  stage  company  organized 
to  connect  the  2  sides  of  the  continent  they  contributed  a  large  part  of  the 
capital.  Louis  McLane  moved  to  New  York,  and  CHARLES  E.  McLane 
succeeded  him  as  manager  in  San  Franci-sco. 

In  1SC9  Llovd  Tevis  and  others  organized  the  Pacific  Express  Com- 
pany, which,  by  a  contract  with  the  Central  and  Union  Pacific  railroads,  ob- 
tained .superior  privilcijes  for  the  transportation  of  cxorcss  matter,  and  the 
result  of  this  was  that  the  Pacific  Express  and  Wells,  i'akgo  &  Co.  con- 
.solidatcd,  taking  the  name  of  the  latter,  and  transferring  the  main  office 
from  New  York  to  San  Francisco.     Lloyd  Tevis  became  president  in 


EXPRESSING. 


187 


1870,  and  has  retained  the  position  for  1 1  years.  While  all  the  other  great 
corporations  have  had  frequent  and  some  of  them  continuous  controversies, 
not  only  with  the  business  community,  but  also  with  the  authorities  of  the 
local  governments,  he  has  had  the  good  fortune  (a  term  that  probably  docs 
not  do  full  justice  to  his  supervision)  to  sec  the  express  moving  smoothly,  at 
least  in  all  its  more  important  relations,  while  continuing  to  enlarge  its  ter- 
ritory and  increase  its  business. 

Pony  Express. — The  pony  express,  practically  part  of  the  business  of 
Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.,  was  a  lively  but  brief  episode  in  the  history  of  our 
coast.  The  transcontinental  mail  stage  began  to  run  in  1858,  but  spent 
nearly  3  weeks  between  San  Francisco  and  St.  Louis,  so  that  it  did  not 
add  much  to  the  mail  facilities  for  through  business,  and  on  account  of  the 
high  expense  carried  little  w.iy  express  matter.  To  obtain  greater  speed, 
W.  H.  Russell  of  St.  Louis,  with  some  partners  as  enterprising  as  him- 
self, in  the  winter  of  1859-60  made  arrangements  for  transportation  of 
about  15  pounds  of  letters  on  horseback  from  St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  to  Sac- 
ramento. Stations  were  established  at  distances  varying  from  10  to  25 
miles  across  the  continent,  each  supplied  with  several  lively  horses,  under 
charge  of  a  keeper,  who  was  to  have  one  ready  saddled  and  bridled  when 
an  express  was  due.  Each  rider  was  to  travel  75  miles  in  a  day,  going,  if 
possible,  on  the  gallop  all  the  way.  The  first  pony  rider  arrived  in  tO}4 
days  from  the  Missouri,  reaching  San  Francisco  April  14,  i860,  at  i  A.  M. 
An  expectant  crowd  with  torches  and  music  received  him  at  the  wharf 
with  enthusiastic  cheers,  and  escorted  him  to  the  office  for  the  delivery  of 
his  package.  His  arrival  was  regarded  as  the  beginning  of  an  era  of  more 
rapid  communication  between  the  two  sides  of  the  continent;  and  so  it 
was.  The  time  between  the  outer  telegraph  stations  at  St.  Joseph  and 
Carson  was  only  9  day.s,  or  about  half  the  time  previously  required.  The 
pony  express  charged  $5  for  carrying  a  letter  weighing  half  an  ounce,  but 
never  was  profitable,  and  was  withdrawn  after  a  lapse  of  nearly  2  years,  in 
consequence  of  the  construction  of  the  transcontinental  telegraph  line. 

John  J.  Valentine.— John  J.  Valentine,  born  at  Bowling  Green,  Ky., 
in  1840,  came  to  this  coast  in  1862,  and  became  the  agent  of  the  Pioneer 
and  Overland  Stage  companies,  in  the  .service  of  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.,  at 
Virginia  City.  He  had  been  there  but  a  short  time  when  a  superintendent 
was  needed  for  THE  PIONEER  STAGE  COMPANY,  and  a  discussion  of  the 
merits  of  the  obtainable  men  led  to  the  conclusion  that  VALENTINE,  notwith- 
.standing  his  youth,  was  the  most  competent  and  trustworthy  man,  so  he  was 
promoted.  He  managed  the  business  under  his  charge  so  well,  that  when 
a  superintendent  was  wanted  for  the  California  division  of  Wells,  Fargo  & 


■M 


1 88 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


Co.'s  express,  he  was  again  promoted;  and,  finally,  in  1869,  before  he  was 
30  years  of  age,  he  was  advanced  by  the  company  to  the  highest  position 
in  its  express  department,  the  general  superintendency,  which  he  has  since 
held  with  increasing  credit  for  himself.  The  continuous  popularity  of  this 
company,  while  other  wealthy  corporations  have  been  extensively  de- 
nounced as  hateful  monopolies,  is  doubtless  partly  due  to  his  management. 
The  gratuitous  and  efficient  services  which  he  and  his  department  have 
rendered  to  great  movements  of  public  benevolence,  and  his  carefully 
compiled  tables  of  the  annual  production  of  the  precious  metals  on  our 
coast,  have  given  to  him  a  national  reputation. 


s-  - 


y_ 


TELEGRAPH,  ETC. 


189 


CHAPTER  X.— TELEGRAPH,  El  C. 

First  Wires.  —The  Pacific  Coast  makes  liberal  use  of  the  electro-mag- 
netic telegraph,  and  one  company,  the  Western  Union,  which  has  the  only 
long  line  or  general  system  of  telegraphic  wires  on  our  coast,  has  17,250 
miles  of  wire,  qfioo  miles  of  line,  and  5CXD  offices  west  of  the  summit  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  Its  connections  reach  every  important  town  north 
of  Mexico,  and  extend  as  far  north  as  Barkerville,  in  the  Cariboo  district, 
British  Columbia.  Connected  with  the  Western  offices  are  numerous  little 
local  telegraph  and  telephone  lines,  leading  to  mines,  mills,  and  villages,  and 
maintained  by  the  citizens  for  their  convenience,  though  with  some  loss. 
A  large  amount  of  money  is  transferred  by  telegraph,  especially  between 
San  Francisco  and  New  York. 

The  first  electric  telegraph  on  our  slope,  and  one  still  in  operation  though 
never  extended,  was  opened  for  use  on  September  1 1,  1853,  and  connected 
the  Merchants'  Exchange  with  Point  Lobos,  6  miles  distant.  It  was  built 
for  the  purpose  of  announcing  the  arrival  of  vessels  about  to  enter  the 
Golden  Gate.  Two  days  later,  James  Gamble,  who  had  been  a  tele- 
graphic operator  on  the  Atlantic  Slope  before  coming  to  California,  started 
out  from  San  Francisco,  with  a  party  of  6  men,  to  put  up  the  wire  for  THE 
California  State  Telegraph  Company,  which  had  obtained  from  the 
Legislature  of  1852,  a  franchise  for  a  telegraph  from  the  metropolis  to 
Marysville,  by  way  of  San  ]os6,  Stockton,  and  Sacramento.  This  franchise 
was  to  expire  on  October  31st  of  the  same  year,  if  the  line  should  not  be 
in  working  order  on  that  day;  and  on  the  25th  the  wire  was  in  place,  though 
offices  for  regular  business  were  not  opened  untij  some  days  later.  The 
first  branches  were  built  to  Auburn,  Nevada  City,  and  other  mining  towns, 
which  then  had  a  far  more  active  business  than  Oakland,  Vallejo,  Napa, 
Petaluma,  Santa  Rosa,  or  Santa  Cruz. 

TrRnsoontinontal  Wires.— Placerville,  as  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
prosperous  mining  towns,  was  early  supplied  with  a  branch  office,  and 
became  the  basis  for  a  movement  for  a  line  across  the  continent.  The 
first  pole  for  such  a  line  was  erected  on  the  4th  of  July,  1858,  by  Thk 
Placerville  and  Humboldt  Company,  which,  however,  had  not  the 
means  for  continuing  its  enterprise,  and  stopped  at  Carson  City  in  the  fol- 


i/ 


V 


igo 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


lowing  spring.     In  January,   i860,  Congress  passed  an  act  authorizing  a 
contract  for  the  payment  of  $40,000  a  year  for  10  years  for  the  transmission 
of  Government  messages  from  the  frontier  of  Missouri  to  San  Francisco,  the 
service  to  begin  not  later  than  July  31,  1862.     THE  WESTERN  UNION  TEL- 
EGRAPH Company  made  an  arrangement  with  the  leading  stockholders  of 
The  California  State  Telegraph  Company  for  the  construction  of  the 
road  from  Placcrville  to  Salt  Lake  City,  and  The  OVERLAND  TELEGRAPH 
Company  was  organized  for  the  purpose  of  doing  the  work.     They  reached 
Salt  Lake  with  their  wire  October  18,  i86i,  6  days  after  the  line  from  the 
east  had  arrived  there.     On  November  6,  the  first  direct  messages  between 
New  York  and  San  Francisco  passed  over  the  line.     The  CALIFORNIA 
State  Telegraph  Company  then  owned  the  Pacific  network  of  telegraphic 
wire,  with  1,615  miles  of  route,  and  59  stations,  extending  from  Los  Angeles 
to  Portland,  with  branches  to  all  the  leading  towns  in  the  mining  districts. 
In  January,  1862,  it  absorbed  THE  OVERLAND  TELEGRAPH  COMPANY,  and 
then  had  5,000  miles  of  wire  and  200  oflficcs,  some  of  them  in  British  Columbia, 
and  thus  had  a  position  on  the  Pacific  slope  similar  to  that  held  on  the  other 
side  of  the  continent  by  THE  Wesiern  UNION.     In  1868,  the  latter  com- 
pany purchased  a  controUmg  interest  in  the  stock  of  the  California  company, 
and   leased    its   lines,  which   have   since  belonged  to  the   great  Western 
Union,  now  the  largest  telegraph  company  in  the  world,  with  100,000  miles 
of  wire  in  operation.     THE  WESTERN  UNION  TELEGRAPH  COMPANY  in- 
curred great  expense  in   1865,  for  the  purpose  of  constructing  a  telegraph 
from  Fraser  River,  through  British  Columbia  and  Alaska,  to  Siberia,  where 
it  was  to  meet  a  similar  line.    Extensive  explorations  were  undertaken,  and 
the  wire  had  passed  the  southern  point  of  Alaska,  when  the  enterprise  was 
abandoned,  on   account  of  the  success  of  the  submarine  Atlantic  cable. 
The  difiicultics  of  construction  and  maintenance  in  northern  British  Colum- 
bia and  in  Alaska,  were  so  great  that  the  line  there  could  not  compete  with 
the  Atlantic  cable  in  transmitting  messages  between  the  United  Statc^-.  ."ud 
Furopc;  and  the  line  had  been  projected  mainly  for  the  purpo.se  of  r— cw.ii- 
modating  that  business. 

Every  year  sees  an  extension  of  the  lines  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  an 
increase  of  the  business;  and  nearly  every  year  witnesses  some  reduction 
of  the  charges,  which,  though  higher,  absolutely,  than  in  the  Atlantic  States 
and  in  Europe,  are  lower  in  relation  to  the  amount  of  business  done.  It  is 
not  to  be  expected  that  the  charges  would  be  so  low  in  a  sparsely  settled 
country,  with  few  large  cities,  as  amid  the  more  crowded  communities  of 
Europe  or  of  the  Eastern  States. 

Telephone.— The  Pacific  Coast  had  5,000  Bell  telephones  in  operation  in 
July,  1881, 4  years  after  the  first  one  made  its  appearance  west  of  the  Rocky 


TELEGRAPH,  ETC. 


igi 


Mountains.  The  telephone  exchange  (devised  by  GEORGE  S.  Ladd,  and 
first  established  in  San  Francisco  under  his  supervision)  supplies  a  sep- 
arate wire  from  a  central  station  to  each  subscriber,  who  is  furnished  with  a 
transmitting  and  a  receiving  telephone,  a  signal  bell  and  a  signal  button  to 
call  the  operator.  All  of  these  wires  terminate  at  the  exchange  in  a  large 
switch  and  annunciator.  In  operation,  the  subscriber  pushes  his  signal 
button,  which  rings  a  bell  and  exposes  the  subscriber's  number  on  the  an- 
nunciator, precisely  as  in  the  hotel  annunciator.  The  operator  responds  by 
telephone,  and  receives  the  subscriber's  instruction  to  place  him  in  speaking 
connection  with  another  subscriber.  The  operator  then  calls  the  second 
subscriber  by  means  of  his  signal  bell,  connects  the  wires  of  the  2  subscribers 
together  by  means  of  his  switch,  and  thus  the  2  subscribers  are  enabled  to 
converse  without  being  overheard  anywhere  along  the  line.  The  exchange 
system  has  opened  the  widest  field  for  the  use  of  the  telephone,  and  more 
than  three  fourths  of  -all  the  telephones  in  the  United  States  are  now  used 
in  this  way.  Exchanges  are  now  in  active  operation  in  San  Francisco, 
Oakland,  Sacramento,  San  Josd,  Marysville,  Portland,  Virginia  City,  Tucson, 
Los  Angeles,  and  San  Diego,  and  the  number  is  rapidly  increasing.  The 
exchanges  will  be  connected  by  wires  between  the  various  towns,  until  the 
subscriber  can  converse  not  only  with  parties  in  his  own  city,  but  with  those 
in  any  other  city  within  the  speaking  range  of  the  telephone,  and  that, 
under  favorable  conditions,  is  several  hundred  miles.  Such  a  connection 
already  exists  between  the  San  Francisco  and  Oakland  exchanges,  through 
a  submarine  caj)le,  and  it  is  being  extended  to  Alameda,  San  Pablo,  Berke- 
ley, and  other  villages. 

The  telephone  is  found  to  be  of  great  convenience  for  communication  be- 
tween mines  and  mills,  between  counting  offices  and  factories,  between  res- 
idences and  stores,  and  a  substitute  for  speaking-tubes  in  houses,  hotels, 
steamships,  and  between  dwellings  and  stable.s,  for  which  latter  purposes 
there  is  a  cheap  "  speaking-tube"  telephone.  The  telephone  is  much  used 
as  a  substitute  for  telegraphic  wires,  between  places  which  have  not  business 
enough  to  pay  for  the  services  of  skilled  operators.  In  fact,  new  uses  are 
found  for  it  every  month,  and  the  manifold  purposes  to  which  it  may  be  ap- 
plied in  the  future  can  not  now  be  foretold. 

The  San  Francisco  Exchange  has  lo  offices,  700  miles  of  wire,  1,250  sub- 
scribers, 2,500  telephones,  and  75  employees,  and  makes  about  1,000  con- 
nections for  conversation  every  average  day.  The  charges  vary  in  the  dif- 
ferent cities,  but  are  lower  than  in  the  larger  Atlantic  cities  generally.  New 
York  exacts  $180,  Philadelphia  $120,  Chicago  $75,  Boston  $60,  and  San 
Francisco  $60  a  year. 


192 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


District  Telegraph,— The  American  District  Telegraph  Com- 
pany was  organized  in  1875  by  the  managers  of  The  Electrical  Con- 
struction AND  Maintenance  Company,  with  a  capital  of  $6oo,cxxd, 
divided  into  6,000  shares  of  $100  each.  In  1878,  it  was  consolidated  with 
The  Gold  and  Stock  Telegraph  Company.  The  main  workings  of 
the  system,  although  generally  understood,  contain  many  interesting  features, 
some  of  which  are  peculiar  to  San  Francisco.  The  district  box  now  in 
use  was  invented  by  Mr.  Ladd,  the  president,  and  Stephen  D.  Field, 
the  former  electrician  of  the  Electrical  Construction  Company.  The  box, 
which  is  of  circular  shape,  and  contains  the  machinery,  is  surmounted  by  a 
circular  dial  covered  with  glass,  and  inclosed  in  a  plated  iron  rim.  Around 
the  edge  of  the  dial  are  the  words  "messenger,"  "coupd,"  "hack,"  "tele- 
graph," "  doctor,"  "  coal,"  "  transfer,"  "  police,"  "  fire,"  and  2  blank  spaces  for 
those  who  wish  to  send  messages  of  a  general  nature.  By  turning  the 
pointer  to  the  right  word  and  pulling  a  lever  at  the  side  of  the  bo.x,  the 
desired  signal  is  instantly  transmitted  to  the  nearest  office  of  the  company. 
The  machinery  is  so  ingeniously  contrived  that  it  indicates,  with  unfailing 
accuracy,  the  location  of  the  signaling  box,  and  the  nature  of  the  service 
required.  If  it  be  a  messenger  call,  a  boy  starts  instantly  in  response.  If 
it  be  a  call  for  a  coupil-  or  hack,  the  order  is  sent  by  telephone  to  the  office 
of  The  United  Carriage  Company,  and  a  vehicle  is  immediately  dis- 
patched from  the  nearest  stand  or  stable.  If  a  doctor  be  needed,  the  family 
physician,  whose  name  and  address  have  been  previously  left  at  the  office, 
is  at  once  notified  by  a  messenger,  who  then  proceeds  directly  to  the  sub- 
scriber's house  to  receive  further  instructions,  go  for  prescriptions,  etc. 
Standing  orders  are  often  given  by  patrons  that,  when  the  physician  is  sum- 
moned, a  carriage  shall  also  be  dispatched  to  his  residence,  so  that  his  services 
may  be  obtained,  for  cases  of  sudden  and  serious  illness,  with  least  possible 
delay.  The  company  has  on  record  many  instances  in  which  lives,  in  im- 
minent danger,  have  been  saved  by  the  prompt  arrival  of  medical  aid.  If 
the  fire  call  be  sounded,  the  alarm  is  instantly  sent,  by  telephone,  to  the 
Fire  Patrol,  and  assistance  is  dispatched  within  30  seconds.  The  delay  in- 
curred by  calling  out  the  regular  Fire  Department  is  thus  avoided ;  and 
hundreds  of  fires,  which  otherwise  might  have  developed  into  disastrous 
conflagrations,  have  been  extinguished  without  serious  loss.  The  "  police" 
call  summons  an  officer  at  .short  notice,  and  is  of  special  value  to  hou.seholds 
where  the  ladies  are  left  without  male  protection.  Another  valuable  feature 
is  the  "  night  watchman's  signal."  Private  watchmen,  employed  to  guard 
business  premises,  arc  instructed  to  turn  on  the  signal  at  the  district  box, 
at  certain  specified  hours  of  the  night,  in  order  to  indicate  that  nothing  un- 


II 


M 


TELEGRAPH,   ETC. 


193 


usual  has  occurred.     If  they  fail  to  do  so  at  the  proper  moment,  police 
officers  are  at  once  dispatched  to  ascertain  the  cause. 

The  main  office  of  the  company  in  San  Francisco  is  at  222  Sansome 
Street.  There  are  numerous  agencies  in  California,  Oregon,  Nevada,  Utah, 
and  Arizona.  The  larger  towns,  in  which  branches  arc  established,  are  di- 
vided into  districts  of  such  size,  that  the  extreme  points  of  each  are  within 
easy  reach  of  the  head  office,  which  is  centrally  located,  and  provided  with 
a  force  of  operators,  clerks,  messengers,  and  police  officers. 

Connected  with  the  District  Messenger  System,  is  a  company  to  supply 
carriages.  Until  4  or  5  years  ago,  the  public  hack  service  of  San  Fran- 
cisco was  conducted  entirely  by  firms  or  individuals,  owning  from  one  to  5 
vehicles.  There  was  no  organization,  no  system,  little  responsibility,  and  so 
much  extortion,  that  many  persons  preferred  to  dispense  with  the  conven- 
ience rather  than  to  submit  to  imposition,  or  to  undergo  the  annoyance  of 
a  dispute  with  an  insolent  hackman.  TiiE  American  District  Tele- 
graph Company  tried  to  remedy  this  state  of  things,  and  to  place  at  the 
disposal  of  their  patrons  a  first-class  carriage  and  coupd  service.  Finding 
this  to  be  impossible  under  the  system  then  existing,  they  organized,  in 
1877,  The  United  Carriage  Company,  with  a  capital  of  $25o,(X)o.  The 
new  company  purchased  the  property  of  3  or  4  leading  proprietors,  and 
enlisted  them  in  the  management.  Many  new  carriages  and  coupds  and 
entirely  new  sets  of  harness  and  equipments  were  purchased.  Horses  were 
provided,  superior  to  tho.se  formerly  in  use;  and  civil  and  competent  drivers, 
dressed  in  neat  livery,  were  placed  in  charge  of  the  vehicles.  Uniform  rates 
were  established,  much  lower  than  those  ever  before  charged  in  San  Fran- 
cisco. It  was  soon  admitted  that,  in  the  completeness  of  their  appoint- 
ments and  service,  their  excellent  organization,  and  perfect  reliability,  the 
equipages  of  the  company  were  superior  to  those  of  any  city  in  the  United 
States  or  in  Europe,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  more  desirable  custom  soon 
fell  into  their  hands.  A  great  change  has  been  wrought  in  the  entire  hack 
business  of  the  city.  Other  proprietors  have  found  it  necessary  to  purchase 
better  outfits,  and  to  employ  a  better  class  of  drivers ;  and  the  principal 
thoroughfares  of  San  Francisco  are  no  longer  disfigured  by  rickety  vehi- 
cles and  ragged  hack-drivers.  THE  UNITED  CARRIAGE  COMPANY  is  un- 
der contract  with  The  District  Telegraph  Company,  to  keep  carriages 
ready  for  instant  service,  at  all  hours  of  the  day  and  night,  thus  affording  a 
great  convenience  to  those  who  arc  in  communication  by  telephone  or  dis- 
trict telegraph  box.  It  al.so  sells  checks  on  all  incoming  trains  and  steam- 
ers, and  keeps  foremen  at  the  depots  and  wiiarves,  to  escort  its  patrons  to 
their  carriages.  The  company  employs  about  lOo  persons,  and  owns  and 
operates  about  75  hacks,  coupds,  and  coaches,  and  over  100  horses. 


i 


jgji 


m 


194 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


Gold  and  Stock  Telegraph. —The  business  of  The  Gold  and  Stock 
Telegraph  Company  consists  in  furnishing  to  its  subscribers  daily  quota- 
tions from  the  great  financial  and  commercial  centers  of  the  Eastern  States 
and  of  Europe,  the  prices  ruling  in  the  stock  and  grain  markets,  and  the 
latest  shipping  intelligence.  Under  special  and  exclusive  contracts  with 
The  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company,  the  messages  of  the  Gold 
and  Stock  Telegraph  take  precedence  of  all  other  matter.  It  is  therefore 
enabled  to  deliver  to  its  patrons  in  San  Francisco,  by  8:30  A.  M.,  the  trans- 
actions and  quotations  in  finance  and  commerce,  and  the  prices  current  in 
the  grain  markets  of  New  York  and  Chicago,  up  to  1 1  A.  M.,  and  those  of 
London  and  Liverpool  up  to  3  P.  M.  of  the  same  day.  As  these  quotations 
govern  the  markets  and  exchanges  of  the  entire  Pacific  Coast,  their  delivery, 
at  the  earliest  possible  moment,  is  a  great  advantage  to  bankers,  merchants, 
and  business  men.  The  company  also  furnishes  the  earliest  intelligence  of 
the  movements  of  shipping  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  In  San  Francisco, 
quotations  and  news  are  transmitted  by  wire,  and  printed  by  "stock 
printers"  at  the  subscribers'  ofifices,  as  soon  as  they  are  received  at  the 
head  office.  At  other  places  on  the  coast,  they  are  usually  delivered  in 
manuscript  form.  The  principal  office  of  the  company  is  at  222  Sansome 
Street,  San  Francisco,  and  there  are  9  branch  offices  in  the  city.  All  offices 
are  connected  by  wires,  and  through  any  one  of  them  telegrams  may  be  trans- 
mitted and  delivered  at  any  point  in  San  Francisco,  or  at  any  place  that  is 
in  connection  with  the  telegraph  systems  of  the  world. 


^i 


^ 


WJtii'iiSisiiM'i 


SHIPPING. 


195 


chaptek  XI.— shipping. 


Lively  Trafflo.— For  20  years  after  the  discover>  of  gold  at  Coloma,the 
maritime  traffic  of  this  coast  was  extremely  active.  All  the  freight  and 
most  of  the  travel  to  and  from  California  took  the  sea  route.  During  the 
flush  period  of  the  placers,  the  miners  and  the  traders,  whom  they  enriched, 
demanded  large  supplies  of  foreign  products.  To  accommodate  them,  steam- 
ers more  commodious,  and  large  sailing-vessels  swifter  than  any  previously 
seen,  were  constructed.  The  Californian  clipper  was  the  name  of  the  finest 
class  of  sailers  on  the  sea.  In  1850,  San  Francisco  had  become  one  of  the 
great  seaports,  and  its  maritime  commerce  continues  to  grow,  though  much 
of  its  freight  coming  from  and  going  to  the  Atlantic  Coast,  now  takes  land 
routes. 

The  vessels  which  entered  the  harbor  in  1881,  including  the  small  craft 
engaged  in  internal  and  coasting  trade,  numbered  about  3,500,  and  measured 
1,700,000  tons  in  the  aggregate,  showing  an  average  of  485  tons  for  each 
vessel.  Of  these,  174  were  steam  vessels,  from  foreign  ports,  aggregating  in 
measurement,  343,576  tons;  and  925  were  sailing-ve.sscls,  from  foreign  ports, 
measuring  in  the  aggregate,  1,084,186  tons.  The  50  vessels  that  arrived 
from  China  averaged  2,400  tons  each;  the  60  from  American  ports  on  the 
Atlantic  averaged  1,600  tons  each;  the  200  from  Great  Britain  averaged 
1,400;  and  the  remainder  of  the  arrivals  averaged  less  than  1,400  tons  each. 
The  money  paid  as  freight,  during  the  year,  on  cargoes  from  foreign  ports, 
by  sailing  vessels,  was  $3,203,801 ;  and  that  paid  on  cargoes  from  American 
Atlantic  ports,  by  similar  conveyance,  $1,332,896. 

Steam  Navigation. — Steam  navigation  began  as  a  regular  business  on 
our  coast  when  the  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  California  arrived  at  Panama, 
by  way  of  Cape  Horn.  She  was  the  pioneer  of  the  line  of  mail  steamers  to 
ply  between  Panama  and  Oregon,  accommodating  the  greater  part  of  the 
coast,  and  her  arrival  in  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  on  February  28,  1849, 
was  celebrated  as  an  occasion  of  great  public  importance.  For  nearly  20 
years  the  company  conveyed  most  of  the  passengers,  treasure,  and  fast 
freight  between  New  York  and  San  Francisco.  The  arrivals  and  departures 
of  its  steamers  at  intervals  for  a  month  at  first,  and  later  of  2  weeks  or  one 
week,  were  events  that  attracted  universal  attention.     The  agent  of  the 


"qmiippiifP 


I 


IS* 


COMMERCE,    ETC. 


company  in  San  Francisco,  by  virtue  of  his  position,  was  one  of  the  leading 
business  men  of  tiie  city. 

The  immense  business  of  the  company  attracted  competition.  A  rival 
line,  crossing  from  ocean  to  ocean  through  Nicaragua,  obtained  a  large 
patronage  from  the  traveling  public,  until  the  route  was  closed  in  conse- 
quence of  Walker's  filibustering  occupation  of  the  country.  The  overland 
mail  stage,  which  ran  by  the  southern  route  between  San  Franci.sco  and  St. 
Louis  in  1859,  and  by  the  middle  route  between  Sacramento  and  the  Mis- 
souri in  1861,  shaking  up  its  patrons  by  three  weeks  of  hard  driving  day 
and  night,  took  but  few  of  the  passengers,  and  for  12  years  before  the 
completion  of  the  first  transcontinental  railroad,  the  Pacific  Mail  Company 
had  no  serious  opposition.  The  placid  character  of  the  Pacific,  the  length 
of  the  voyage  between  Panama  and  San  Francisco,  the  throng  of  travel, 
and  the  large  proportion  of  passengers  ready  to  pay  high  fares  for  the  most 
luxurious  accommodations,  induced  the  company  to  build  the  largest,  most 
elegant,  and  most  comfortable  vessels  afloat.  The  importance  of  the  com- 
pany was  greatly  increased  by  the  establishment  of  its  subsidized  Chinese 
mail  steamer  line,  which  started  from  Hong-Kong  and  from  San  Francisco 
on  January  1,  1867,  and  began  in  1868  to  run  monthly  each  way.  The  rev- 
enue was  immense,  and  the  business  regular  and  safe;  but  the  management 
fell,  for  a  time,  into  the  hands  of  stockjobbers,  r.nd  the  stockholders  were 
sacrificed.  The  company  was  compelled  to  pay  an  extortionate  price  to  the 
Panama  Railroad  for  its  50  miles  of  transportation.  Rival  steamship  lines 
across  the  Pacific  were  established.  The  Pacific  Railroad  took  most  of  the 
passengers  and  fast  freight  between  San  Francisco  and  New  York,  and  the 
company  sold  its  line  of  steamers  running  to  Oregon. 

High  Port  Charges. — The  charges  for  pilotage,  towage,  dockage,  wharf- 
age, and  repairs  at  San  Francisco  and  in  the  Columbia  River  are  subject  of 
much  complaint  among  shipmasters,  and  are  .serious  obstacles  to  the  devel- 
opment of  shipping  interests.  The  pilot  fees  fixed  by  the  legislatures,  un- 
der the  influence  of  political  favoritism,  have  been  especially  oppressive,  and 
were  the  more  offensive  because  made  obligatory. 

Vessels  discharging  at  San  Francisco  must  pay  dockage  in  proportion 
to  size.  Thus  one  of  225  tons  must  pay  $5  per  day;  one  of  550  tons, 
$8.50  per  day;  one  of  1,050  tons,  $12.50  per  day;  one  of  1,550  tons, 
$17.50  per  day,  and  one  of  2,100  tons,  $23.50  per  day.  While  loading, 
receiving,  or  discharging  ballast,  or  doing  nothing  after  discharge,  the 
vessel  must  pay  half  rates.  Iwery  load  of  ordinary  merchandise,  no  mat- 
ter how  small,  hauled  to  or  from  the  ship,  must  pay  a  wharfage  toll  of 
10  cents;   but  the  charge  is  5  cents  per  ton,  if  in  loads  of  2  tons  or  more. 


SHIPPING. 


197 


All  vessels  entering  or  leaving  the  harbor  of  San  Francisco,  unless  whaling, 
fishing,  or  engaged  in  trading  between  American  ports  on  the  Pacific,  must 
pay  $5  per  foot  draught,  and  if  she  measures  more  than  500  tons,  4  cents 
per  ton  additional  when  she  takes  a  pilot ;  and  if  she  refuses  to  take  one  she 
must  pay  half  pilotage.  Changes  are  frequently  made  in  the  schedules  of 
charges. 

The  pilotage  at  the  Columbia  River  is  $8  per  foot  for  crossing  th'j  bar, 
and  $4  additional  per  foot  for  taking  the  vessel  to  Portland  At  Victoria 
the  pilotage  is  $3  a  foot.  Vessels  leaving  Humboldt  Bay  are  towed  out, 
and  pay  75  cents  on  every  1,000  feet  of  lumber,  and  25  cents  on  every  ton 
of  merchandise.     The  charge  is  the  same  at  Coos  Bay. 

River  Navigation. — The  ordinarily  navigable  portions  of  the  streams 
and  bay.s  tributary  to  the  Golden  Gate  have  an  aggregate  length  of  about 
300  miles,  but  if  the  routes  followed  by  the  regular  lines  of  steamers  run- 
ning to  Sacramento,  Stockton,  Colusa,  Alviso,  Alameda,  Oakland,  Berkeley, 
Vallejo,  Petaluma,  San  Rafael,  and  Saucelito,  be  added  together,  the  total 
will  be  500  miles.  Fifty  miles  on  the  Sacramento  above  Colusa,  and  1 50 
miles  on  the  San  Joaquin  above  Stockton,  navigable  in  times  of  high 
water,  arc  not  counted;  nor  arc  nume.ous  estuaries  opening  into  San  Fran- 
cisco, San  Pablo,  and  Suisun  bays,  regularly  visited  by  schooners  engaged 
in  the  transportation  of  freight.  The  Colorado  is  navigated  by  steamers 
for  450  miles,  and  there  are  steamboats  on  Salt,  Tahoe,  and  Clear  lakes. 
The  Columbia  River  is  navigable,  with  several  interruptions,  from  the  ocean 
to  L<  '.ton,  a  distance  of  450  miles;  its  tributary,  the  Willamette,  is  navi- 
gable ordinarily  for  100  miles,  and  the  Fraser  for  an  equal  distance.  Vari- 
ous rivers  in  western  Washington  are  navigable  for  more  than  30  miles  each, 
but  there  is  not  enough  traffic  at  present  to  pay  for  the  maintenance  of 
regular  steamer  lines.  The  navigable  inland  channels  of  the  coast  north  of  the 
Columbia  River  measure  more  than  1,000  miles.  The  length  of  the  inland 
routes  regularly  used  by  steamboats  in  California,  Oregon,  Washington,  and 
British  Columbia,  is  about  1,500  miles.  The  Yukon  could  be  navigated  by 
steamboat  for  200  miles  in  summer  time,  but  is  closed  by  ice  for  more  than 
6  months  in  the  year.  Steamboats  have  been  used  on  Lake  Nicaragua  and 
on  an  estuary  near  Manzanillo,  Mexico,  but  have  been  abandoned.  There 
is  a  canal  at  Oregon  City  to  transport  river  steamboats  past  the  falls  of  the 
Willamette,  and  small  scows  have  carried  freights  on  some  of  the  irrigation 
ditches  of  California,  but  there  is  no  canal  5  miles  long  on  our  coast  built 
mainly  for  the  transportation  of  freight;  nor  is  it  probable  from  the  charac- 
acter  of  the  country  that  canals  will  ever  occupy  a  prominent  place  in  our 
business. 


■liJHHIiiiiiiiiii 


mmmm 


198 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


P 


From  1853  to  1869  most  of  the  passcnj^crs  and  the  bulk  of  the  freight, 
between  San  Francisco  on  one  side,  and  Sacramento  or  Stockton  on  the 
other,  were  transported  on  river  steamers,  owned  by  TlIE  CAM  FORMA 
Steam  Navigation  Company,  which  for  years  had  almost  exclusive  con- 
trol of  the  business,  and  had  an  immense  income,  paying  2,  and  even  3,  per 
cent,  a  month  of  dividends  on  its  capital  stock.  The  railroad  between  Oak- 
land and  Sacramento  was  the  last  section  finished  in  the  Central-Union 
Pacific  Railroad,  and  its  completion  destroyed  a  large  part  of  the  business 
of  the  Steam  Navigation  Company,  which  could  then  no  longer  charge  $7 
for  a  passage  from  San  Francisco  to  Sacramento,  including  $1  for  a  meal 
and  as  much  for  a  bertii  in  a  small  sleeping-room.  The  OREGON  Steam 
Navig.VTION  Company  has  had  a  similar  exclusive  possession  of  the  river 
traffic  on  the  Columbia,  from  Portland  to  Umatilla,  but  the  railroad  is  about 
to  take  the  cream  of  the  traffic  there  too. 

Fraser  River  Steamers. — The  Pioneer  Line  of  Fra.ser  River  steamers, 
under  the  immediate  management  of  JoiiN  Irving,  consists  at  present  of 
4  steamers.  The  ll'm.  Irving,  591  tons,  and  the  Reliance,  215  tons,  run 
twice  a  week  each  way  between  New  Westminster  and  Yale,  100  miles, 
carrying  mails,  passengers,  and  freight.  The  Victoria,  33  tons,  plies  on  the 
Upper  Fraser  between  Soda  Creek  and  Quesncllc,  60  miles.  The  Peerless, 
a  new  and  fast  boat  of  225  tons,  built  in  1880,  runs  from  Savonas  to  Kam- 
loops,  20  miles,  and  on  the  South  Thompson  and  North  Thompson,  100 
miles  on  each  stream.  The  E.  J.  Iroing,  of  625  tons,  which  ran  between 
Victoria  and  Yale,  170  miles,  twice  a  week,  was  burned  September  29,  1881, 
at  Hope,  a  total  loss.  She  was  fitted  with  the  latest  improvements,  includ- 
ing electric  lights  and  patent  hydraulic  steering  gear.  The  capital  invested 
in  the  5  vessels  was  $175,000.  Two  new  steamers,  one  of  800  and  the  other 
of  400  tons,  are  now  being  built  for  the  PiONEER  LiNE.  This  enterprise 
was  organized  by  Wm.  Irving,  who  rounded  Cape  Horn  as  master  of  the 
bark  John  IV.  Caton,  in  1848,  and  sailed  between  San  Francisco  and  Port- 
land until  1850,  w-hen  he  quit  the  sea.  In  1852  he  embarked  in  steamboating 
on  the  Columbia,  where  he  remained  till  1859,  when  ^^  moved  to  the  Fraser, 
taking  charge  of  the  business  of  TiiE  British  Columbia  Navig.vtion 
Company,  which  has  been  succeeded  by  the  Pioneer  Line.  The  chief 
management  of  the  large  property,  which  he  left  to  his  widow  and  children, 
has  passed  to  his  only  son,  John  Irving. 


Mara  &.  Wilson. — One  of  the  most  important  streams  of  British  Colum- 
bia is  the  Thompson,  which,  with  its  lake  and  tributary  stream.s,  has  nearly 
300  miles  of  navigable  channel.     Its  mountainous  basin  lies  on  the  route  of 


ik 


i' 


B 


ijlb 


N 


SHIPPING. 


199 


the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad  and,  before  that  line  was  located,  had  resources 
and  population  sufificient  to  support  several  stern-wheol  steamers,  built  and 
owned  by  Mara  &  Wilson.  J.  A.  Mara,  of  that  firm,  is  a  leading  business 
man  in  that  part  of  the  province,  a  member  of  the  provincial  parliament, 
and  a  resident  of  Kamloops,  which  it  is  conceded  is  to  be  the  principal  town 
in  the  province  on  the  line  of  the  railroad  east  of  Fraser  River.  Situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  North  Thompson  and  South  Thompson  rivers,  the  former 
navigable  for  115  miles,  and  the  latter  for  more  than  100,  and  at  the  head 
of  Kamloops  Lake,  the  topography  of  the  country  has  clearly  marked  out 
Kamloops  as  the  site  of  a  large  town  whenever  the  surrounding  country 
should  fill  up  with  a  civilized  population.  Its  trade  will  increase  greatly 
when  the  projected  canal  from  Okanagan  Lake,  in  the  basin  of  the  Colum- 
bia, -shall  be  built  to  Shuswap  Lake,  of  which  the  South  Thompson  is  the 
outlet.  The  two  lakes  are  nearly  on  a  level,  and  are  separated  by  a  low 
valley,  through  which  a  canal  can  be  made  with  comparatively  little  expense. 
The  canal  will  add  130  miles  of  navigable  channel  to  that  now  accessible  by 
boats  from  Kamloops. 

Railway  and  Navigation  Boats.— The  Oregon  Steam  Navigation 
Company,  long  preeminent  in  the  traffic  of  the  Columbia  River,  disincor- 
porated several  years  ago,  after  transferring  to  THE  OREGON  RAILWAY 
AND  Navigation  Company  27  river  steamers,  measuring  in  tlie  aggregate 
16,698  tons.  Of  these,  16,  with  an  aggregate  of  9,450  tons,  are  now  run- 
ning on  the  lower  Columbia,  the  Willamette,  and  the  Yamhill  rivers ;  4,  ag- 
gregating 2,781  tons,  are  running  on  the  Columbia,  between  the  Cascades 
and  The  Dalles;  and  7,  with  4,467  tons,  are  running  on  the  Columbia 
above  The  Dalles  and  on  the  lower  part  of  the  Snake  River.  The  company 
built  all,  or  nearly  all,  the  vessels  thus  sold,  and,  besides,  in  the  course  of 
its  existence,  had  built  49  other  steamers. 

Ooean  Steamers. — A  considerable  part  of  the  maritime  traffic  of  our 
coast  is  done  by  lines  of  ocean  steamers  belonging  to  great  transportation 
companies,  which  have  lines  plying  from  San  Francisco  to  Asia,  Austral- 
asia, British  Columbia,  Puget  Sound,  Oregon,  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
Panama,  Mexico,  and  the  southern  coast  of  California.  TllE  CENTRAL 
Pacii'IC  Railuoai)  Company,  The  Oregon  Improvement  Company, 
and  Dunsmuir,  DiGCiI.E  &  Co.,  have  vast  deposits  of  coal  in  Washington 
and  Vancouver  Island ;  and  in  supplying  San  Francisco,  will  use  steam 
colliers,  which  will  compete  for  return  freights.  The  steamboat  is  destined 
to  render  great  service  in  developing  the  wealth  of  the  remarkable  archi- 
pelago, extending  from  latitude  48°  to  58°,  with  3,000  miles  of  channel 


"■■I 


200 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


deep  and  wide  enough   for  secure   navigation,  and   yet  fo  inclosed   and 
sheltered,  that  there  are  no  waves  dangerous  to  a  small  river  steamer. 

Paoifio  Mail— For  the  last  30  years  TllE  PACIFIC  Mail  Steam.siiip 
Company  has  been  one  of  the  greatest  transportation  corporations  of  the 
globe,  and  though  its  main  office,  and  the  majority  of  its  stockholders,  have 
been  and  still  are  in  New  York,  the  center  of  its  business  from  the  begin- 
ning has  been  in  San  Francisco.  For  many  years  the  company  had  no 
steamers  on  the  Atlantic;  while  it  has  always  had  at  least  2  lines  running 
from  San  Francisco,  and  at  present  has  3  to  China,  Panama,  and  Australia. 
Now  that  California  has  large  amounts  of  capital  seeking  investment  at  7 
per  cent,  a  year,  the  time  has  come  when  she  could  properly  own  the  steam- 
ers running  from  the  Golden  Gate.  The  Pacific  Mail  Company  has  declined 
greatly  in  importance  to  our  coast,  since  the  completion  of  the  first  railroad 
across  the  continent ;  and  will  never  again  command  such  princely  revenues 
as  it  long  received.  According  to  the  last  annual  report  of  the  president, 
submitted  at  the  meeting  of  the  company  in  New  York  on  the  twenty-sixth 
of  May,  1 88 1,  the  total  earnings  for  the  preceding  year,  ending  April  30, 
were  $4,402,647,  and  the  expenses  $3,172,705,  leaving  $1,229,942  for  profits. 
The  receipts  from  the  San  Francisco- Panama  line  were  $1,950,507,  includ- 
ing $'>S7'>477  1^^''  freight  and  $379,030  for  passengers;  from  the  Trans- 
Pacific  line  $973,472,  including  $593,320  for  freight,  and  $380,151  for  pa.s- 
sengers;  from  the  New  York-Aspinwall  line  $745,344,  including  $616,671 
for  freight,  and  $128,672  for  passengers;  and  from  the  Australian  line  $307,- 
073,  including  $197,084  for  passengers  and  $109,989  for  freight.  The  sub- 
sidies receivcil  included  $213,550  from  Australia  and  New  Zealarl,  $20,000 
from  Hawaii,  and  $99,416  from  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

The  company  now  has  the  City  of  Pekiii,  of  5,000  tons,  and  the  City  of 
Tokio,  of  the  same  size,  running  regularly  in  the  China  line,  and  the  China, 
of  3,800  tons,  as  an  auxiliary  vessel  to  be  used  in  case  of  emergency.  In 
the  Australian  line  arc  the  City  of  Sydney  and  City  of  Ncu  York,  each  of 
3,500  tons,  and  the  Zcalaitnu  and  Australia,  of  3,000  tons  each.  The 
steamers  Co/iina,  of  2,900;  Ctiinada,  of  2,500;  and  City  of  Rio  (k  Janeiro, 
of  3,500  tons,  arc  employetl  between  San  I'^ancisco  and  Panama.  Tiic 
Costa  Riea,  o(  1,400;  Sa/vaitor,  o(  1,000;  Clyde,  o^  2,100;  South  Carolina, 
of  2,100  tons;  and  Cily  of  Piiiiaiiia,  of  1,500  tons,  nm  between  Panama 
and  Acapulco.  All  these  vessels  of  the  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Coinpany 
arc  iron  propellers,  .save  the  China,  a  wooden  sidc-wheeler. 

The  steamships  going  soulhvvard  touch  at  Maitatlan  about  the  fifth  day 
out,  at  San  Hlas  on  the  sixth,  at  Manzanillo  on  the  seventh,  and  at  Aca- 
pulco on  the  ninth,  and  touch  at  the  same  points  on  the  trip  from  Panama 


SHIPPING. 


20 1 


if 
,1. 


to  San  Francisco.  The  line  between  Acapulco  and  Panama  touches  at  the 
ports  of  Punta  Arenas,  San  Juan  del  Sur,  Corinto,  Amapala,  La  Union,  La 
Libcrtad,  Acajutla,  San  Jos^  de  Guatemala,  Champcrico,  San  Benito, 
Salina  Cruz,  and  Port  Angel.  The  Mexican  and  Central  American  govern- 
ments give  subsidies  to  the  line  for  touching  at  these  numerous  ports. 

The  passenger  rates  between  San  Francisco  and  New  York  are  the  same 
by  the  Panama  route  as  by  rail.  No  round-trip  tickets  arc  issued  on  this 
line,  but  a  discount  of  10  per  cent,  is  made  on  round-trip  tickets  to  China 
or  Australia.  The  P.  M.  S.  S.  Company  has  a  contract,  made  in  1875, 
with  the  Government  of  New  South  Wales  and  New  Zealand  to  run  its  line 
until  1883. 

Oregon  Ralli^ay  and  Navigation  Company. — The  Oregon  Railway 
and  Navigation  Co.,  of  which  GoODALL,  PERKINS  &  Co.  are  agents  in  San 
Francisco,  have  10  passenger  and  5  freight  steamers,  plying  from  San  Fran- 
cisco to  Puget  Sound  and  San  Diego,  and  intermediate  ports.  The  Slate 
of  California,  running  to  Portland;  the  Victoria,  to  New  Westminster;  and 
the  Constantine,  to  Mendocino,  are  iron  propellers.  The  wooden  propeller 
Idaho  runs  to  British  Columbia;  the  wooden  propellers  Los  Atigcles  and 
Alexander  Duncan,  and  the  wooden  side-wheelers,  Dakota,  Oriaaba,  Ancon, 
and  Senator,  are  in  the  passenger  traffic  on  the  southern  coast  of  California. 
The  steamers  leave  San  Francisco  for  San  Diego  and  intermediate  ports. 
at  intervals  of  5  days;  and  for  Portland,  at  intervals  of  4  days, 

Paoifio  Coast  Steamship  Company. — The  line  of  steamships  which 
carries  passengers  and  freight  to  the  Californian  ports  south  of  San  Fran- 
cisco belongs  to  TnE  PACIFIC  COAST  STEAMSHIP  COMPANY,  of  which 
GOGDAI-L,  PlCKKINS  &  Co.  are  the  agents,  in  San  Francisco,  and  general 
managers.  The  Orirsaba  and  Ancon,  wooden  side-wheelers,  lca\'c  San  Fran- 
cisco at  intervals  of  5  days,  touching  at  Port  Harford,  Santa  Barbara,  San 
Pedro,  and  ending  their  trips  at  San  Diego;  and  the  Los  Angeles,  t\.  wooden 
propeller,  leaves  San  Francisco  at  intervals  of  7  days,  touching  at  Santa 
Cruz,  Monterey,  San  Simeon,  Cayucos,  Gaviota,  and  Santa  Barbara  ter- 
minating her  trip  at  San  Buenaventura.  The  I^os  Angeles  does  not  stop 
at  Santa  Cruz  and  Monterey  unless  she  has  passengers  or  urgent  freight, 
and  .sometimes,  when  sufficient  freight  is  offered,  stops  at  Golcta  and 
Carpenteria.  Besides  these  passenger  steamers  there  are  several  freight 
steamers.  The  company's  steamers  Idaho  and  Geo.  W.  Elder  sail  on  the 
tenth,  twentieth,  and  thirtieth  of  every  month  from  San  Francisco  for 
Olympia,  and  on  the  way  touch  at  Victoria,  Port  Townsend,  Seattle,  and 
Tacotna.  An  iron  propeller  of  2,700  ton.s,  Th  Queen  of  the  Pacific,  to  be 
a6 


I 


202 


ro>rMi;RCE,  ktc. 


one  of  the  fastest  vessels  afloat,  is  now  being  built  for  the  company  in  Phil- 
adelphia, and  will  run  either  to  the  north  or  south  from  San  Francisco,  as 
circumstances  may  require. 

Other  Lines.— The  Occidental  and  Oriental  Steam.siiip  Company 
employs  the  iron  propellers  Oceanic,  of  3,8cx)  tons,  and  Bclgic  a.nd  Gaelic,  each 
of  2, Goo,  between  San  Francisco  and  China,  running  in  alternation  with  the 
J'cking  and  Tokio,  of  the  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Company.  TlIE  OREGON 
Raii.way  and  Navigation  Company  has  a  line  of  ocean  steamers  which 
run  from  ian  Francisco  to  Portland,  British  Columbia,  and  Puget  Sound, 
and  from  Victoria  to  New  Westminster.  The  vessels  leave  San  Francisco 
for  the  Columbia  River  at  intervals  of  4  days.  The  wooden  propeller  Mex- 
ico, of  1,800  tons,  belonging  to  the  Californian  and  Mexican  line,  runs  to 
Cape  St.  Lucas,  Mazatlan,  Guaymas,  and  La  Paz,  leaving  San  Francisco  on 
the  si.xth  of  every  month. 

G.  C.  Perkins. — The  most  notable  ship-owner  in  California  is  GEORGE 
C.  Perkins,  present  Governor  of  the  State,  member  of  the  firm  of  GOOD- 
ALL,  Perkins  &  Co.,  who  have  a  line  of  steamships  plying  from  San  Fran- 
cisco to  San  Diego  and  intermediate  ports,  and  arc  agents  for  a  line  from 
San  Francisco  to  the  Columbia  River  and  Puget  Sound.  He  was  born  in 
Maine,  August  23,  1 839,  and  is  now  43  years  of  age.  After  spending  6  years 
at  sea  as  a  cabin-boy,  he  arrived,  at  the  age  of  16,  in  Califcirnia;  and  after 
working  in  the  mines,  and  suffering  from  sickness,  he  obtained  employment 
as  porter  in  a  store  at  Orovillc,  receiving  $60  a  month.  He  rose  successively 
to  the  positions  of  clerk,  partner,  and  sole  owner  of  the  establishment. 
Business  prospered;  money  accumulated;  he  was  elected  to  the  Legisla- 
ture; moved  to  San  Francisco  as  member  of  the  Icadiiig  steamship 
company  of  the  city;  and  in  1879  was  elected  Governor  of  the  State. 
ICcononij',  industry,  tact,  suavity,  integrity,  and  business  carried  him  up 
rapidl)'  from  cabin-boy  to  Governor. 

Charles  Goodall.— CHARLES  GooDALL,  partner  of  Governor  Perkins 
in  the  steamship  company  of  GoOPALL,  Pekkixs  &  Co.,  is  a  native  of 
I'-nglaiid,  now  57  years  of  age.  After  getting  such  common-school  educa- 
tion as  he  could  acquire  before  he  was  14  years  old,  he  began  to  support 
himself  by  working  on  a  farm  for  $25  a  year.  lie  stuck  to  that  place  for 
2  )cars,  and  then  migrated  to  Central  New  York,  where  he  tried  American 
farming,  and  came  to  the  conclusion  that  he  had  selected  the  wrong  career. 
At  18  he  shipped  on  a  wlial'  r  bound  for  the  Pacific,  and  having  visited  Chile, 
Peru,  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  he  returned  from  his  cruise  at  the  age  of 
21,  with  $183  as  his  share  of  the  profits  of  3  j-ears'  labor.     He  stuck  to  the 


SHIPPING. 


203 


sea,  learning  something  on  every  voyage,  until  he  arrived  at  San  Francisco 
in  1850,  when  he  went  to  the  mines.  The  land  was  again  ungrateful  for 
his  attentions,  and  he  returned  to  the  water,  where  he  prospered.  He  estab- 
lished a  shipping  business  in  San  Francisco,  and  it  has  .steadily  grown  till 
it  is  one  of  the  permanent  features  of  the  commercial  business  of  the  coast. 
Mr.  GOODALL  was  harbor-master  from  186 1  to  1863,  in  municipal  adminis- 
trations elected  by  the  People's  Party,  and  was  a  member  of  the  State 
Assembly  in  1870,  when  he  met  GEORGE  C.  PERKINS,  then  a  member  of 
the  Senate  from  Butte  County,  and  the  acquaintance  led  to  the  admission 
of  Mr.  Perkins  into  the  firm. 

Sailing-vessels. — Although  steamers  are  rapidly  superseding  sailing- 
vessels  for  ocean  transportation,  there  is  probably  no  region  where  the  sail 
can  be  used  with  more  advantage  than  in  the  middle  of  the  temperate  zone 
on  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  strength  and  constancy  of  the  breezes  between 
our  coast  from  the  Strait  of  Fuca  to  Santa  Barbara  and  the  Asiatic  Coast, 
from  Saghalicn  to  Canton,  secures  to  sailing-vessels  regular  and  quick 
passages. 

In  the  maritime  commerce  of  San  Francisco,  the  sail  still  preponderates 
largely  over  the  steam-boiler  as  a  source  of  propelling  power.  Out  of  1,080,- 
000  tons  from  foreign  countries  and  from  American  ports  on  the  Atlantic 
less  than  one  third  belong  to  steamers.  The  arrivals  from  foreign  ports 
measured  in  the  aggregate  980,000  tons,  while  those  from  American  ports 
on  the  Atlantic  amounted  to  less  than  100,000. 

Of  356  vessels  laden  with  flour,  wheat,  and  barley  for  exportation  from 
the  Golden  Gate  in  1880-81,  the  last  crop  year  for  which  we  have  full  re- 
turns, 191  were  British,  123  American,  22  German,  14  French,  3  Norwegian, 
2  Italian,  and  one  Dutch.  Of  the  cargoes,  173  were  sent  to  Queenstown, 
92  to  Liverpool,  64  to  Cork,  12  to  Antwerp,  6  to  Dublin,  3  each  to  Falmouth 
and  Havre,  2  to  New  York,  and  one  to  London.  The  vessels  bound  to 
Queenstown  and  Cork  were  not  to  discharge  there  but  to  touch  there  for 
further  orders.  The  number  of  wheat  and  flour  cargoes  exported  by  the 
different  shipping  houses  of  San  I'rancisco  v.'cre  8i  by  G.  W.  M<Ni.;ar,  55 
by  Roni'RT  SiiEEiiv,  40  by  Balkour,  Guthrie  &  Co.,  30  by  Starr  & 
Co.,  29  by  VVm.  Dresuacii,  28  by  Parrott  &  Co.,  27  by  kOGi- Rs,  Mevkr 
&  Co.,  24  by  Degener  &  Co.,  12  by  H.  J.  GLENN,  12  by  M.  Waterman 
&  Co.,  5  by  J.  W.  Grace  &  Co.,  2  by  Eppinger  &  Co.,  and  1 1  by  1 1  other 
houses.  Of  the  wheat  and  flour  ships  of  1880-81,  103  were  loaded  at  San 
Francisco,  97  at  Vallcjo,  84  at  Port  Costa,  33  at  Oakland,  31  at  Bcnicia, 
and  one  at  Martinez.  The  freight  to  Eiuope  averaged  $15.75  pcr  ton,  and 
amounted  to  $9,590,000  in  the  aggregate  for  the  year  on  wheat  and  flour 
sent  from  the  Golden  Gate. 


■■ 


204 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


G.  W.  McNear. — Among  the  houses  extensively  engaged  in  shipping 
wheat  from  San  Francisco  to  ports  on  the  North  Atlantic,  that  of  G.  W. 
McNear  occupies  a  prominent  place,  having  shipped  more  than  any  other 
in  the  5  years  ending  June  30,  1882;  in  which  period  he  sent  away  335 
cargoes.  In  the  crop  j-ear  of  1 88 1-82  he  loaded  120  vessels  with  about 
250,000  tons,  or  more  than  2,200  tons  to  the  average  cargo.  His  position 
as  a  wheat-shipper  is  intimately  associated  with  Port  Costa,  which  owes 
its  existence  and  importance  to  his  bold  investments  and  judicious  plans. 
I'age  24  gives  some  account  of  its  situation.  lie  has  erected  there  a  wharf 
2,000  feet  long,  fronting  on  water  from  25  to  30  feet  deep,  warehouses  capa- 
ble of  storing  50,000  tons  of  grain,  and  water-works  to  supply  the  houses 
and  shipping  with  water.  Eight  large  ships  can  lie  there  and  load  at  the 
same  time,  and  the  arrangements  are  such  that  the  grain  can  be  moved 
from  the  car  to  the  ship  with  the  least  possible  amount  of  human  labor. 
The  transportation  of  wheat  from  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys 
costs  50  cents  less  on  the  ton  to  Port  Costa,  than  to  San  Francisco;  and 
there  is  a  saving  in  the  handling  that  varies  from  1 5  to  50  cents,  making  a 
total  saving  that  ranges  from  80  cents  to  $1.05  a  ton,  as  compared  with 
San  Francisco.  Of  course,  the  greater  part  of  this  saving  of  expense 
accrues  to  the  benefit  of  the  farmer.  The  e.xtra  expense  for  25  miles  of 
towage  is  counterbalanced  by  free  wharfage  and  quick  dispatch.  The 
facilities  for  loading  at  Port  Costa  are  such  that  2,000  tons  of  wheat 
have  repeatedly  been  loaded  into  the  ship  from  the  warehouses  in  12 
hours;  but  usually  they  receive  their  cargoes  from  cars  and  barges  in  4  or 
5  days,  a  brief  period  as  compared  with  the  time  required  at  most  other 
shipping  places.  The  ships  do  not  rest  on  the  mud  at  low  tide,  as  at  many 
of  the  wheat-shipping  wharves.  There  is  little  wind,  and  ves.scls  and  their 
cables  do  not  suffer  by  chafing.  The  barnacles  which  collect  on  iron  hulls 
in  the  sea  are  killed  in  the  fresh  water.  Iksides,  the  Silver  Gate  is  the  nat- 
ural focus  for  the  concentration  of  the  railroads  and  navigable  channels 
connecting  the  great  interior  vallc)'s  with  the  shores  of  San  Francisco;  and 
the  facts,  that  the  car  and  ship  meet  there  most  conveniently,  and  that 
grain  could  there  be  transferred  from  the  car  to  the  ship  most  economically, 
were  controlling  influences  in  the  selection  of  Port  Costa  as  a  ])roper  site  f(jr 
great  warehouses  and  shii)ping  facilities.  The  importance  of  Port  Costa 
will  be  incrcastd  greatl)'  when  Mr.  McNiCAR  completes  his  projected  flour- 
mill,  which  is  to  be  the  largest  on  the  coast. 

G.  W.  McXear  was  born  in  Maine  in  1837.  At  the  age  of  15  he  went 
to  sea;  at  18  he  wa.s  master  of  a  vessel;  at  19  he  took  command  of  a 
steamer  plying  between  New  Orleans  and  Pascagoula,  and  remained  in  that 
position  4  years.     In  18O0  he  came  to  California,  and  entered  into  a  part- 


i   ] 


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SHIPPING. 


20$ 


nership  with  his  brother,  JOHN  A.  McNear,  as  grain-commission  mer- 
chants. The  largest  warehouse  of  California  was  one  which  tlicy  built  in 
1864  at  Petaluma.  In  1S65  they  built  the  steamer  Josie  McNear,  to  ply 
between  San  Francisco  and  Petaluma,. and  reduced  the  fare  from  $3  to  $1 ; 
and  the  price  was  not  raised  again  till  the  railroad  was  completed.  In 
1874  G.  W.  McNear  succeeded  to  the  firm  business,  and  soon  after  com- 
menced the  shipment  of  wheat,  which  he  has  since  conducted  alone,  with 
increasing  success.  Although  Mr.  McNear  owns  all  the  wharves  and 
warehouses  at  Port  Costa,  he  offers  their  use  to  other  shippers  at  reason- 
able rates,  so  that  they  share  in  its  advantages. 

John  Rosenfeld.  —Among  the  shipping  and  commission  merchants  of  San 
Francisco  JOHN  RosENFELD  holds  a  prominent  place.  The  commercial  sta- 
tistics of  1 88 1  show  that  in  that  year  he  was  the  consignee  of  43  vessels  from 
New  York,  bringing  1 1 8,000  tons  of  general  merchandise,  in  the  aggregate, 
and  earning  as  freights  on  these  cargoes  $784,000.  Most  of  these  ships  car- 
ried wheat  to  Europe,  but  Mr.  RosENFELD  loaded  for  New  York  6  vessels 
with  1 3,000  tons,  in  the  aggregate,  of  general  merchandise,  including  3,700 
tons  of  wool,  2,900  of  lead,  1,500  of  rock  iron  ore,  700  of  dyewood,  600  of 
mustard-seed,  600  of  bone-dust,  600  of  redwood,  500  of  canned  goods,  400 
of  wine,  300  of  copper  ore,  200  of  bora.x,  and  1 50  of  rags.  The  freight  by 
Cape  Horn  is  only  about  half  as  much  as  by  rail.  Mr.  ROSENFELD  came 
to  California  in  1850,  and  after  a  brief  experience  in  sheep-raising,  settled 
in  San  Francisco,  and  in  1856  took  the  agency  of  THE  VANCOUVER  COAL 
AND  Land  Company  of  Nanaimo,  B.  C,  and  he  still  holds  the  same  posi- 
tion. In  1875  he  invested  largely  in  THE  PACIFIC  COAST  STEAMSHIP 
Company,  and  is  now  its  Vice-President.  In  1880  he  succeeded  to  the  ship- 
ping and  Commission  business  of  GEORGE  Howes  &  Co.,  a  firm  notable  in 
the  business  of  San  Francisco  since  1851.  JABEZ  HOWE.S,  one  of  the  part- 
ners of  the  old  firm,  remains  as  manager  of  the  shipping  business,  with  Mr. 
RosENFELD,  who  owns  a  line  of  vessels  plying  between  San  Francisco  and 
New  York.  Besides  attending  to  his  commercial  business,  Mr.  RosENFELD 
has  taken  part  in  public  affairs,  with  credit  to  himself,  having  been  President 
of  the  Board  of  City  Fire  Commissioners,  and  member  of  the  Board  of 
State  Harbor  Commissioners. 


Willlamfl,  Dlmond  &  Co.— Williams,  Dimond  &  Co.,  agents  of  the 
Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Company,  are  also  the  agents  of  the  California  line 
of  sailing-vessels  between  New  York  and  San  Francisco,  and  the  Boston 
line  between  Boston  and  San  Francisco.  These  lines,  established  by  C. 
Comstock,  and  represented  in  Boston  by  Van  Vleck  &  Co.,  have  also 


2o6 


COM.MKRCE,   ETC. 


been  represented  in  New  York  by  the  same  firm  for  the  last  2  years.  WlL- 
LI.\>IS,  DiMOND  &  Co.,  and  their  predecessors,  WILLIAMS,  Blanchard  & 
Co.,  have  been  the  agents  in  San  Francisco  for  g  years.  Owing  to  the 
changes  made  in  the  Eastern  ends  of  these  lines,  fewer  vessels  than  usual 
were  dispatched  in  i88i,but  the  freight  list  in  that  year  amounted  to  $200,- 
000.  In  connection  with  their  other  lines.  Van  Vleck  &  Co.  are  loading 
\cssels  direct  for  Portland,  Oregon,  and  will  dispatch  2  vessels  from  New 
Yorlv  and  one  from  Boston  every  month  for  San  Francisco  the  coming  year. 

Sibson,  Church  &.  Co.— SiBSON,  CHURCH  &  Co.,  the  agents  of  The 
Salem  Flouring  Mills,  at  the  corner  of  Front  and  Ash  streets,  Port- 
land, have  existed  as  a  firm  only  3  years,  but  have  already  taken  a  leading 
place  in  the  exportation  of  wheat  and  flour,  and  in  the  commission  business 
of  Oregon's  metropolis.  In  the  shipping  season  of  1880-81,  they  handled 
one  quarter  of  the  wheat  and  flour  product  of  the  State ;  and  in  the  season 
of  1881-82  they  maintain  the  same  relative  position,  though  the  exports 
have  more  than  doubled  in  quantity  over  the  previous  year. 

Welch,  Rithet  &  Co. — Among  the  leading  mercantile  firms  of  Victoria 
is  that  of  Welch,  Rithet  &  Co.,  established  since  1 87 1,  as  commission 
merchants,  and  shipping  and  insurance  agents.  They  are  agents  for  the 
entire  pack  of  the  salmon  canneries  of  THE  DELTA  CANNING  COM- 
PANY ("Maple  .Leaf"  brand),  Laidlaw  &  Co.  ("Dominion"  brand),  and 
Adair  &  Co.  ("  Eagle"  brand),  on  the  Eraser  River.  They  are  largely 
interested  in  .shipping,  have  a  line  of  6  sailing-vessels  plying  between 
Liverpool  and  British  Columbia,  and  are  agents  for  TllE  PACIFIC  COAST 
Steamship  Company's  boats,  plying  between  San  Francisco  and  Puget 
Sound  by  way  of  Victoria.  THE  IMPERIAL  FiRE  INSURANCE  COM- 
PANY, of  London,  and  the  Maritime  Marine  Insurance  Company, 
and  the  Reliance  Marine  and  New  Zealand  insurance  companies, 
intrust  their  Victoria  business  to  WELCH,  RiTHET  &  Co.,  who  are  also 
agents  for  the  Moodyvillc  Sawmill  at  Burrard  Inlet,  one  of  the  largest 
establishments  of  its  kind  on  the  coast.  Further  mention  of  it  is  made 
under  the  head  of  .sawmills.  Mr.  ROBERT  PATTERSON  RiTHET  is  resi- 
dent manager  in  Victoria,  and  the  firm  is  represented  in  Liverpool  by  R. 
D.  Welch  &  Co.,  Tower  Chambers.  WELCH,  RiTHET  &  Co.,  for  their 
commercial  business,  occupy  a  building,  30  by  80  feet,  on  Wharf  Street, 
and  besides  have  a  wharf  160  by  500  feet,  and  large  warehouses  adjoining. 


* 


^^^^f^m^^^^^mr^^mrnnm^i^m^fm 


^^^^^t^^^ 


MERCHANDISING. 


307 


CHAPTER  XII.— MERCHANDISING. 

Importations. — San  Francisco  is  the  only  American  seaport,  except  New 
York,  that  imports  regularly  from  France  and  China,  and  the  consumption 
of  French  and  Chinese  products  is  much  larger  on  our  coast,  in  proportion 
to  population,  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  Union.  Since  the  opening  of 
the  Central-Union  Pacific  Railroad,  there  has  been  a  considerable  decline  in 
importations  by  sea;  and  the  improvement  in  the  facilities  for  transporta- 
tion tends  rather  to  the  increase  of  speed  and  reduction  of  freights  by  land, 
than  by  sea.  Important  results  are  expected  from  the  completion  of  the 
Canadian  Pacific,  Northern  Pacific,  Atlantic  and  Pacific,  Southern  Pacific, 
Tehuantepec,  and  other  railroads  that  will  make  new  steam  connections 
across  our  continent. 

Regarding  our  slope  in  its  geographical,  rather  than  in  its  political  rela- 
tions, we  treat  as  imports  all  merchandise  brought  to  us  from  either  the 
Atlantic  Slope  of  our  Republic  or  from  Europe;  and  a  shipment  to  New 
York  is,  for  our  purpose,  as  much  an  exportation  as  one  to  London. 

The  San  Francisco  Journal  of  Commerce  in  its  annual  review  for  1881, 
estimated  the  value  of  dry-goods  sold  in  San  Francisco  during  that  year  at 
$9,500,000,  of  furnishing-goods  at  $6,000,000,  of  clothing  at  $4,500,000,  of 
bags  and  bagging  at  $3,000,000,  of  carpets  at  $3,000,000,  making  a  total  of 
$26,000,000  for  the  chief  productions  of  textile  fabrics  against  $24,250,000 
in  1880  and  $20,200,000  in  1879.  The  sales  of  groceries  and  other  pro- 
visions were  estimated  at  $32,854,000;  of  metals,  hardware,  and  agricul- 
tural implements,  at  $17,810,000;  of  wines,  spirits,  and  malt  liquors,  at 
$8,700,000;  of  drugs  and  chemicals,  at  $6,310,000;  and  of  boots  and  shoes, 
at  $5,000,000. 

The  value  of  woolen  goods  made  up  in  the  Atlantic  States  and  forwarded 
annually  to  the  American  portion  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  is  estimated  at  from 
$5,000,000  to  $6,000,000.  The  quantity  imported  from  foreign  countries  is 
very  inconsiderable.  The  consumption  of  articles  known  under  the  general 
title  of  furnishing-goods  (apart  from  woolens)  is  not  short  of  $7,000,000, 
and  one  fourth  of  the  supply  is  manufactured  on  this  coast,  though  the 
stamp  on  them  is  often  that  of  an  Eastern  or  foreign  factory. 

The  imports  of  merchandise  of  all  descriptions  (apart  from  treasure)  at 
San  Francisco  were  estimated  for  1881,  at  $67,61 5,000;  of  which  $16,400,000 


ii 


208 


COMMERCE,  ETC. 


worth  came  overland  by  rail;  $12,000,000  from  the  Eastern  States  by  sailing- 
vessel;  $560,000  worth  of  Eastern  merchandise  by  the  Panama  steamers; 
and  $38,655,000  from  foreign  countries  by  steamer  and  sailing-vessel.  Of 
the  foreign  imports  for  the  year  $11,000,000  were  credited  to  China  and 
Singapore;  $6,868,000  to  Japan;  $6,407,000  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands;  $3,860,- 
000  to  England;  $1,883,000  to  Central  America;  $1,708,000  to  the  East 
Indies;  $1,104,000  to  Australia;  $1,065,000  to  British  Columbia;  $840,000 
to  France;  and  $4,084,000  to  other  countries.  The  custom  duties  on  foreign 
imports,  for  1881,  amounted  to  $7,446,000,  against  $5,942,000  for  1880,  and 
$5,528,000  for  1879. 

With  the  exception  of  linens,  the  dry  goods  consumed  on  the  Pacific 
coast  are  mostly  manufactured  on  the  Atlantic  slope  of  the  Atlantic  States, 
and,  not  being  subject  to  import  duty,  their  character,  quality,  and  value 
arc  not  recorded.     The  importation  of  dry  goods  from  Europe  to  this  coast 
is  rapidly  decreasing,  partly  because  the  people  are  becoming  more  eco- 
nomical, but  principally  because  the  American  factories  arc  producing  finer 
goods  every  year,  and  thus  competing  with  France,  England,  Irelcvnd,  and 
Germany  in  branches  new  to  American  industry.     It  may  be  stated  in  gen- 
eral terms,  that  the  finer  the  class  of  the  article,  the  greater  its  value  in 
proportion  to  the  cost  of  raw  material,  and  the  more  complex  the  ma- 
chinery required  for  its  production,  the  larger  the  proportion  of  the  impor- 
tation from  Europe.     Thus  in   silks,  the  importation  of  which,  including 
satins  and  ribbons,  amounts  to  $1,000,000  annually,  90  per  cent,  of  the 
fancy  dress  silks,  80  per  cent,  of  the  black  dress  silks,  50  per  cent,  of  the 
tailoring  silks,  and  25  per  cent,  of  the  ribbons  are  from  Europe.     The  satins 
are  all  from  Europe;  one  third  of  them  coming  from  Germany,  and  two 
thirds  {torn  ^wiss  and  French  looms.     The  European  silks  pay  an  import 
duty  o(  60  \\zr  cent,  and  in  many  instances,  are  no  better  in  quality  than 
those  r  *"  .'^.mcrican  manufacture.     The  European  silks,  satins,  and  ribbons 
purcli.isc'J  annually  on  our  coast  cost  $725,000;  including  $400,000  shipped 
directly  from  France  to  San  Francisco,  and  $325,000  brought  by  way  of 
New  York.     The  American  silks  sold  here  arc  worth  $275,000.     Nearly 
one  third  of  our  silk  supply  passes  through  auction  houses;  the  stock  being 
sent  from  New  York,  with  instructions  to  dispose  of  them  to  the  highest 
bidder.     Half  of  the  retail  houses  that  deal  in  silks  on  the  Pacific  coast,  lay 
in  their  stocks  at  the  San  Francisco  auction  houses.     In  no  other  branch  of 
business  does  the  importation,  for  sale  by  auction,  approach  that  of  silk 
goods  in  relative  magnitude.     The  imports  of  silks  manufactured  in  China 
amount  in  value  to  about  $150,000  a  year,  and  consist  mostly  of  handker- 
chiefs.     A  considerable  portion  of  them  arc  sent  to  the  Atlantic  slope  by 
rail. 


MERCHANDISING. 


209 


The  value  of  ready-made  clothing,  made  up  in  the  Atlantic  States  and 
fonvarood  annually  to  the  American  portion  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  is  esti- 
mated at  $6,000,000.  None  comes  from  foreign  countries.  The  consump- 
tion of  articles  known  under  the  general  title  of  "furnishing  goods"  is 
about  equal  in  value  to  that  of  clothing,  and  one  fourth  of  the  supply 
comes  from  Pacific  Coast  factories,  though  the  stamp  on  them  is  often  that 
of  an  Eastern  or  foreign  factory.  The  weaving  of  flannels  in  the  mills  of 
California  and  Oregon,  and  the  pcssibility  of  making  up  the  flannel  cloth 
into  underwear,  by  the  aid  of  Chinese  labor,  at  a  cost  of  8  or  10  per  cent, 
of  the  value  of  the  fabric,  gives  chances  for  a  profit  in  the  local  production 
of  woolen  underclothing. 

The  silk  and  felt  hats  used  on  this  coast,  to  the  value  of  $1,500,000 
anually,  are  all  made  in  Europe  or  the  Atlantic  States,  but  the  silk  hats  are 
shaped  and  trimmed  here.  China  supplies  us  every  year  with  "cork"  hats 
worth  $100,000,  most  of  them  to  be  sent  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

Sheet-iron  comes  from  England  and  Pennsylvania;  tin-plate  from  Eng- 
land; block-tin  from  Australia;  brass,  zinc,  solder,  stoves,  and  pumps  from 
the  Eastern  States.  Of  locks,  tools,  cutlery,  and  builders'  hardware,  one 
tenth  may  come  from  England  and  the  remainder  from  the  East. 

Importers. — Among  the  San  Francisco  importers  for  the  wholesale  trade 
are  MuRPHV,  Grant  &  Co.,  M.  Heller  &  Brothers,  B.vCHman  Broth- 
ers, Sachs,  Heller  &  Co.,  Levi  Strauss  &  Co.,  and  Kahn  Brothers  & 
Co.,  in  dry  goods;  W.  J.  Steinhart  &  Co.,  Fechheimer,  GOODKIND  Si  Co., 
A.  B.  Elfelt  &  Co.,  Brown  Brothers  &  Co.,  J.  Baum  &  Co.,  Colman 
Brothers,  and  Banner  Brothers,  in  clothing;  Greenebaum,  Sachs  & 
Freeman,  Schweitzer,  Sachs  &  Co.,  and  Neustadter  Brothers,  in  fur- 
nishinggoods;FRiEDLANDERBROTHERs,LouisKLiNE,KLiNE&  Co.,  Meyer 
Brothers,  and  Triest  &  Co.,  in  hats  and  caps;  HoLBROOK,  Merrill  L 
Stetson,  G.  H.  Tay  &  Co.,  VV.  W.  Montague  &  Co.,  and  J.  De  La 
MONTANYA,  in  house-furnishing  hardware;  TliOMAS  H.  Selby  &  Co., 
Geo.  W.  Gibbs  &  Co.,  and  I.  S.  Van  Winkle  &  Co.,  in  iron  and  steel; 
Dunham,  Carrigan  &  Co.,  Baker  &  Hamilton,  Huntington,  Hop- 
kins &  Co.,  M.  C.  Hawley  &  Co.,  Carolan,  Cory  &  Co.,  The  Gordon 
Hardware  Company,  and  W.  W.  Montague  &  Co.,  in  hardware;  Red- 
INGTON  &  Co.,  LANGLEY  &  MICHAELS,  J.  J.  Mack  &  Co.,  and  C.  F. 
Richards   &  Co.,    in  drugs;  and    L.    Feldman '&    Co.  in  woodenware. 

Among  the  importing  grocers  are  CASTLE  BROS.  &  LouPE,  Albet  Mau 
&  Co.,  Wellman,  Peck  &  Co.,  F.  Daneri  &  Co.,  Haas  Brothers, 
Taber,  Harker  &  Co.,  Newton  Brothers  &  Co.,  Tillman  &  Bendel, 
W.  W.  Dodge  &  Co.,  RountrEe  &  McClure,  Lohman  &  Coghill, 


tum 


IM 


!IO 


COMMERCE,   ETC 


Jones  &  Co.,  Hyman  Brothers,  Kruse  &  Euler,  M.  &  C.  Mangels, 
Thomas  Jennings,  Root  &  Sanderson,  and  A.  E.  Sabatie  &  Co. 

The  list  of  carpet  importers  includes  the  houses  of  VV.  &  J.  Sloane  & 
Co.,  D.  N.  &  E.  Walter,  C.  M.  Plum  &  Co.,  J.  Fredericks  &  Co.,  and 
I-I.  Hevneman  &  Co. 

Main  &  Winchester,  J.  C.  Johnson  &  Co,  and  Hecht  Brothers 
nrc  leading  importers  of  leather;  H.  P.  GREGORY,  Tatum  &  BOWEN, 
I'ARKE  &  Lacy,  and  J.  Hendy  of  machinery;  John  Taylor  &  Co.,  R. 
A.  Swain  &  Co.,  Wangenheim,  Sternheim  &  Co.,  O.  Lawton  &  Co., 
J.  Cerf  &  Co.,  B.  Nathan  &  Co.,  and  Strauss,  Kohnstamm  &  Co.,  of 
crockery  and  glassware;  MAIN  &  WINCHESTER,  J.  C.  JOHN.SON  &  Co., 
John  O'Kane,  R.  Stone,  and  O.  F.  Willey  &  Co.,  of  harness  and  sad- 
dlery; Blake,  Roubins  &  Co.,  H.  S.  Crocker  &  Co.,  A.  L.  Bancroft 
&  C;o.,  Cunningham,  Curtis  &  Welch,  Pavo'  ,  Upham  &  Co.,  and  Le 
Count  Brothers,  of  paper  and  stationery;  and  GEORGE  W.  Clark,  F. 
G.  Edwards,  Gumpertz  &  Brooks,  and  D.  N.  &  E.  Walter,  of  paper- 
hangings. 

Most  of  the  above  importing  houses  devote  themselves  exclusively  to 
wholesale  business;  many  others  import  for  nle  by  retail,  and  .some  of  the 
latter  are  very  extensive  establishments,  rivaling  the  wholesale  houses  in 
the  aggregate  of  their  business.  Other  houses  do  an  extensive  wholesale 
business  in  the  produce  of  our  slope  v,-ithout  being  importers. 

Among  the  leading  business  houses  in  Los  Angeles  arc  EUGENE  Mever 
in  dry-goods;  H.  Newmark  and  Hellman,  Hass  &  Co.  in  groceries; 
Brown  &  Mattiie\VS  and  C.  Ducommon  in  hardware;  M.  W.  CllILDS 
and  Harper,  Reynolds  &  Co.  in  stoves  and  house  hardware ;  H. 
Heinsch  and  S.  C.  FoY  in  harness;  Levy  &  Co.  and  E.  Martin  &  Co. 
in  wholesale  liquors;  L.  J.  ROSE,  KoHLER  &  Frohling,  and  B.  DREY- 
FUS in  wines;  J.  Lankershim  &  Co.  and  Deming,  PALMER  &  Co.  in 
flour  milling;  and  Perry,  Woodworth  &  Co.  and  J.  M.  Griffith  in 
building  materials. 

The  wholesale  houses  prominent  "in  the  business  of  Portland  are  White, 
Goldsmith  &  Co.  in  dry-goods;  Fleischner,  Mayer  &  Co.  in  dry- 
goods  and  furnishing  goods;  Wadhams  &  iClliott,  Du  Bois,  King  & 
Co.,  KLosTI■R^L\N  Brother.s,  CoRBiiT  &  Macleay,  Allen  &  Lewes, 
and  J.  McCraken  in  groceries;  D.  J.  Malarkey  &  Co.  in  groceries,  pro- 
visions, and  country  produce;  J.  K.  GiLL  &  Co.  in  books  and  stationery; 
l'Li:CKENSlEIN  &  MaYER,  K.  SEELIG  &  CO.,  MARX   &  JoRGENSEN,  A.   P. 

IloT.VLiNG  &  Co.,  v..  Martin  &  Co.,  A.  L.  Grand,  Scina'MAN  l\:  Bote- 
FUHR,  Van  Schuyver  &  Co.,  and  C.  A.  Burchakd  in  liquors; 
Charles  H,  Dodd  &  Co.,  Frank  Brothers,  Newhurg,  Hawthorn 


ii 


MERCHANDISING. 


211 


&  Co.,  Seymour,  Sabin  &  Co.,  D.  M.  Osborn  &  Co.,  J.  J.  Case  &  Co., 
and  Knapp,  Burrell  &  Co.  in  agricultural  implements,  etc.;  CORBITT, 
Failing  &  Co.,  Thompson,  De  Hart  &  Co.,  and  Foster  &  Robert- 
son in  hardware;  Dayton,  Hall  &  LAMBER.SOiN  in  hardware  and 
powder;  H.  P.  GREGORY  &  Co.  in  machinery  and  rubber  good.s;  Hexter 
&  May  in  stoves  and  tinware;  Hodge,  Davis  &  Co.  in  drugs;  Walter 
Brothers  in  carpets,  etc.;  J.  A.  Strowbridge  in  leather  and  shoe  find- 
ings ;  Everding  &  Farrell  in  general  produce ;  JACOBS  BROTHERS  in 
clothing;  SiiiNDLER  &  Co.,  THE  OREGON  Furniture  Manufactur- 
ing Company,  and  F.  S.  Chadbourne  &  Co.  in  furniture;  George  L. 
Hibbard  &.  Co.,  F.  A.  Akin,  George  B.  Capin  &  Co.,  and  Hecht, 
Martin  &  Co.  in  boots  and  shoes. 


General  Exports. — The  most  remarkable  feature  in  the  business  of  this 
coast  during  1881,  was  the  great  increase  in  the  volume  of  exports,  which, 
including  merchandise  and  treasure  forwarded  East  from  the  interior,  may 
be  estimated  for  the  entire  Pacific  Slope  at  little  short  of  $1 50,000,000.  Ex- 
ports of  treasure  and  the  leading  articles  of  merchandise  from  San  Francisco 
alone  were  $106,200,000,  against  $80,854,000  in  1880;  a  gain  of  more  than 
30  per  cent,  in  a  single  year.  Of  the  total  amount,  $48,000,00.0  represents 
the  value  of  goods  sent  abroad  to  foreign  countries;  $40,350,000,  that  of 
merchandise  .sent  East  by  water;  and  $11,850,000  was  the  amount  of  treas- 
ure forwarded  to  various  destinations.  The  value  of  merchantlise  shipped 
East  by  rail  includes  that  of  tea,  coffee,  silk,  and  other  commodities,  which 
passed  through  San  Franci  ,-:o  in  transit. 

lixports  of  all  commodities  from  California  may  be  estimated  at  over  $130 
for  each  of  her  inhabitants ;  and,  in  common  with  tho.sc  of  other  portions 
of  our  coast,  belong  mainly  to  the  class  of  raw  materials.  The  commercial 
records  tell  us  that  during  1881  shipments  by  .sea  and  rail  from  San  Fran- 
cisco included,  among  other  items,  wheat,  worth  $30,800,000;  wool,  worth 
$7,000,000;  flour,  $3,600,000;  lead  and  base  bullion,  $1,050,000;  quicksilver, 
$1,030,000;  wine,  $825,000;  canned  and  pickled  salmon,  $670,000;  barley, 
$550,000;  lumber,  $400,000;  borax,  $350,000;  refined  sugar,  $326,000;  pow- 
der, $205,000;  brandy,  $137,000;  leather,  $117,000;  and  bread,  $107,000. 

The  goxls  shipped  by  rail  from  San  iMancisco,  during  1881,  had  a  gross 
weight  of  89,400  tons,  including  13,800  tons  of  wool,  12,700  tons  of  barley, 
8,300  tons  of  canned  and  1,100  tons  of  pickled  salmon,  8,000  tons  of  tea  (in 
transit  from  China  and  Japan),  5,000  tons  of  beans,  4,950  tons  of  wine,  4,400 
tons  of  canned  goods  other  than  fish  and  fruit,  2,950  tons  of  sugar,  1,450 
tons  of  lumber,  1,350  tons  of  coffee,  1,260  tons  of  hides,  1,1  «o  tons  of  silk, 
1,120  tons  of  canned  fruit,  980  tons  oi  borax,  890  tons  of  hops,  840  tons  of 


212 


COMMERCE,  ETC. 


I 


rice,  770  tons  of  furs,  750  tons  of  leather,  and  17,610  tons  of  other  com- 
modities. 

The  goods  shipped  from  Sacramento  weighed  14,000  tons,  and  consisted 
mainly  of  fruit,  vegetables,  canned  salmon,  wool  and  \/ine;  San  Josd  dis- 
palclicd  about  9,900  tons,  chiefly  of  barley,  fruit,  and  canned  goods;  Oak- 
l.itid,  4,500  tons,  principally  of  fruit  and  canned  goods ;  Stockton,  1,500  tons, 
principally  of  barley;  Marysville,  1,300  tons,  mostly  jf  HoMr  and  wool;  and 
Los  Angeles,  about  1,100  tons  of  barley,  flour.  ti"!%  \.'  ■■  'i;de'-,  nuts,  raisins, 
honej',  wine,  brandy,  and  other  commodities. 

Wheat  and  Flour  Exports. — The  most  important  a  tide  of  export, 
considered  from  a  commercial  point  of  view,  is  wheat,  ihc  shipments  of 
which  from  San  Francisco,  including  flour  expressed  as  wheat,  amounted 
for  1 88 1  to  880,000  tons.  It  has  often  happened,  of  late  years,  that  the 
high  freights  caused  by  a  scarcity  of  shipping  have  contributed  much  to 
diminish  the  profits  of  wheat-growing  in  California.  A  large  portion  of  the 
harvest  of  1881,  estimated  according  to  the  best  authorities  at  750,000  tons, 
was  left  over  for  lack  of  tonnage. 

It  is  a  matter  of  regret  that  Hour  could  not  be  exported  instead  of  wheat, 
one  third  of  which  is  converted  into  middling.s,  shorts,  and  bran,  articles 
much  inferior  in  value  to  fine  flour.  A  ton  of  wheat  i)roduccs,  besides  fine 
flour,  4jjO  pounds  of  bran,  worth  $2.65  in  San  Francisco  and  $4  1:1  Liver- 
pool, and  215  pounds  of  middlings  and  shorts,  worth  $1.90  in  .Sn.,  i'Van- 
cisco  and  $5  in  Liverpool.  The  bran,  middling.s,  and  shorts  togc;'"—  ■'^'[^h 
645  pounds,  or  ncarl)'  one  third  of  the  ten  of  wheat,  and  at  $1  .  cost  •'!;.84 
for  tHMisportation,  while  the  excess  of  their  market  \alue  in  iv>r,i,  >tl  over 
that  in  San  Francisco  is  $4.45.  To  grind  a  ton  of  wheat  CvJts  .iU."ii  $l 
less  in  Englanil  than  in  California.  Flour  is  more  likclv  t'.  .'.  i>il  on 
the  voyage;  though  it  is  less  injured  than  wheat  by  iinmersion  in  ■.■  1, 
as  when  a  ship  springs  a  leak.  The  production  of  flour  promi.ses  to  assume 
much  larger  proportions  in  the  future.  Receipts  in  San  Francisco  between 
July  I,  1.S81,  and  April  15,  1.S82,  were  65,200  tons,  against  45,450  tons  be- 
tween July  I,  1880,  and  April  15,  iSSi,  a  gain  of  more  than  43  per  cent. 

Great  Ikitain  and  Ireland  took  from  us  in  1881  844,300  tons  of  Californian 
wheat,  and  only  35,700  tons  of  Californian  flour;  while  Cl'.ina  took  about 
25,600  tons  of  flour,  and  only  14  tons  of  wheat.  I'^or  lack  of  better  freight, 
steamers  frequently  carry  flour  to  Hong-Kong  at  extrf  1.  low  rates; 
sometimes  as  low  as  25  cents  a  barrel.  It  is  i)robablc  th  s,  '  'O  "cry  dis- 
tant day,  Asia  will  consume  largely  of  our  wheat  and  flon  ••  limc  <he 
Hindoo  and  Chinaman  will,  no  doubt,  learn  to  use  bread,  if  n"t  lo  prefer  it 
to  rice. 


MERCHANDISING. 


=  '3 


The  opening  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Raih'oad  wrought  an  immediate 
benefit  to  all  branches  of  commerce,  and  to  none  more  than  to  the  export 
trade  in  wheatand  flour.  The  railroad  company  carries  wheat  to  New  Orleans 
or  Galveston  at  $i  3  a  ton.  It  is  not  expected  that  when  the  cost  of  freight 
from  those  points  to  Europe  is  added,  there  will  often  be  much  margin  in 
favor  of  shippers  by  the  overland  route,  but  in  other  respects  the  railroad 
may  be  of  great  advantage.  The  fluctuations  to  which  the  prices  of  wheat 
and  charters  are  liable,  and  the  delay  in  loading  a  vessel  for  Liverpool, 
coupled  with  the  length  of  the  voyage  round  the  Horn,  are  great  draw- 
backs. By  establishing  uniform  rates  of  frer'jht,  by  shortening  the  time 
needed  to  lay  down  wheat  and  flour  in  European  ports,  by  opening  a  mar- 
ket in  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and,  perhaps,  in  some  of  the  Gulf  States,  the 
railroad  company  may  deprive  the  business  of  much  of  its  speculative  ele- 
ment, and  open  new  outlets  for  our  surplus  stock. 

Treasure. — Shipments  of  treasure  from  San  Francisco  on  mercantile  ac- 
count, through  the  Custom-house  to  foreign  ports,  and  overland  by  express 
to  Eastern  destinations,  amounted  for  1881  only  to  $11,874,000,  being  the 
smallest  ever  known,  and  only  $1,381,000  in  excess  of  treasure  imports. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  amount  forwarded  through  the  San  I'rancisco  post- 
oflTice  was  unusually  large,  amounting  to  nearly  $6,ySo,ooo,  and  making  a 
total  on  mercantile  account  of  $18,854,000.  Of  this  sum  $13,442,000  con- 
sisted of  gold  coin,  $34,000  of  gold  dust,  $3,5J9,ooo  of  silver  bullion, 
$2,415,000  of  American  and  foreign  silver  coin,  and  $424,000  of  currency. 
Most  of  the  gold  coin  and  all  the  currency  were  sent  to  New  York,  and 
most  of  the  silver  bullion  and  foreign  silver  coin  to  Hong-Kong. 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland  were  the  best  of  our  foreign  customers,  taking 
from  us,  during  1881,  produce  and  merchandise  to  the  value  of  about  $28,- 
640,000,  including  wheat  and  flour,  estimated  at  $28,217,000,  barley  at 
$71,000,  canned  and  pickled  salmon  at  $280,000,  manufactured  wood  at 
$67,500,  ready-made  clothing  at  $3,500,  and  Californian  wine  at  $1,000. 
China  took  from  us  $530,000  of  inerchanili.se,  chiefly  flour,  and  $3,755,000 
of  trea.surc.  The  Hawaiian  Kingdom  purchased  from  us  to  the  extent  of 
$2,640,000,  including  considerable  quantities  of  canned  fish,  flour,  and  other 
provisions,  but  consisting  mainly  of  manufactured  iron,  wood,  leather,  and 
duck  and  denim  goods  of  dyed  Eastern  cotton,  made  up  into  overalls  and 
suits  in  San  I''rancisco.  Mexico  took  $2,450,000,  chiefly  of  ciuicksilver  and 
mining  machinery;  Belgium,  $2,425,000,  and  Trance,  $1,978,000,  chiefly  of 
wheat;  British  Columbia,  $1,130,000  of  provisions  and  manufactures; 
Australia  and  New  Zealand,  about  $1,000,000,  principally  of  canned  fish 
and  manufactured  wood  and  iron ;   Central  America,  $760,000,  chiefly  of 


^mumm 


mmmim'mmmm 


214 


COMMERCE,  ETC. 


flour;   Japan,  $485,000  of  provisions  and  manufactured  goods;  and  other 
countries,  about  $1,189,000  worth  of  various  articles  of  merchandise. 

Business  Failures. —  The  number  of  faihires  in  California,  Oregon, 
Nevada,  and  Washington  Territory  was  reported  by  Jay  Lugsdin,  the 
San  Francisco  manager  of  J.  G.  DUN  &  Co.'s  mercantile  agency,  at  444; 
the  amount  of  liabilities  at  $3,625,000;  of  assets  at  $1,933,000.  In  San 
Francisco  the  number  of  failures  was  129,  with  $1,131,000  of  liabilities, 
against  $509,000  of  assets.  The  average  of  liabilities  on  this  coast  is  much 
smaller  than  in  other  portions  of  the  United  States.  For  i88i  the  average 
on  the  Pacific  Slope  was  about  $8,200;  in  the  United  States  it  vas  $14,500. 

Southern  California. —San  Diego  (the  only  port  of  entry  ir.  Talifornia, 
with  the  exception  of  San  Francisco),  and  Wilmington,  about  100  miles 
north  of  San  Diego,  on  the  bay  of  San  Pedro,  are  coming  into  prominence 
as  commercial  seaports.  During  1881  the  foreign  imports  of  San  Diego 
amounted  to  $351,000,  including  $259,000  worth  of  steel  rails  and  other 
materials  for  railroad  construction.  Exports  for  the  year  amounted  to 
$234,000.  The  arrivals  at  Wilmington  included  (for  1881)  35  foreign  ves- 
sels from  different  ports  in  ICuropc,  British  Columbia,  and  Australia;  and 
among  them  was  T//i:  Three  Brothers,  one  of  the  largest  sailing-.ships  en- 
gaged in  the  California  trade.  Their  cargoes  included  5,200  tons  of  steel 
rails  and  1,800  tons  of  coal.  Ten  of  these  vessels  reloaded  there  with  car- 
goes of  produce  for  Europe,  and  9  were  dispatched  to  San  I'Vancisco  and 
one  to  San  Diego  for  the  .same  purpo.se.  Exports  included  17,000  tons  of 
wheat,  73  tons  of  flour,  and  78  tons  of  honey.  It  is  probable  that  Wil- 
mington will  soon  be  declared  a  port  of  entry. 

Trade  vrith  Australia. — The  trade  between  California  and  the  British 
colonies  of  Australia  and  New  Zealand  must,  for  several  reasons,  become 
active  and  large  at  no  distant  time  in  the  future.  Our  coast  has  many  prod- 
ucts which  the  insular  continent  of  the  South  P.icific  can  not  obtain  .so 
cheaply  from  any  other  market.  The  traffic  has  already  assumed  impor- 
tance, and  has  been  greatly  aided  by  the  subsidy  given  by  the  colonies  of 
New  South  Wales  and  New  Zealand  to  the  Pacific  Mail  line.  Exports  to 
Australia  and  New  Zealand  amounted,  for  1881,  to  about  $1,000,000,  and 
included  $327,000  worth  of  canned  fish,  $53,000  of  hops,  $68,000  of  refined 
sugar,  $40,000  of  quicksilver,  $148,000  of  manufactured  wood,  and  $174,000 
of  manufactured  iron.  That  we  should  ship  raw  produce  to  Australia  is  not 
remarkable,  but  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  wc  should  export  so  largely  of 
manufactures,  in  which  we  have  to  compete  for  the  Australian  trade  with 
the  factories  of  Great  Britain  and  the  Eastern  States. 


MERCHANDISING. 


aiS 


Oregon's  Trade.— The  first  chapter  of  this  book  contains  a  statement  of 
the  amount  of  business  done  in  various  departments  of  wholesale  mer- 
chandising by  Portland,  which  is  the  commercial  metropolis  of  an  extensive 
region,  including  portions  of  Washington  and  Idaho,  in  addition  to  Ore- 
gon. The  city  has  6  banks,  22  real  estate  agencies,  26  insurance  agencies, 
besides  local  life  and  local  fire  insurance  companies,  29  periodical  publica- 
tions, including  several  good  daily  newspapers,  29  hotels,  and  about  60 
wholesale  mercantile  houses.  Among  these  are  7  dealing  in  groceries,  and 
as  many  in  hardware,  10  in  liquors,  and  6  in  tobacco,  3  each  in  boots,  cloth- 
ing, hats,  dry-goods,  jewelry,  and  crockery,  2  each  in  paper  and  in  books, 
and  one  in  drugs. 

In  addition  to  her  traffic  with  portions  of  the  United  States,  Oregon  has 
already  a  considerable  commerce  with  foreign  countries,  mainly  with  Eng- 
land, Ireland,  and  British  Columhia,  but  to  a  smaller  extent  with  France, 
Belgium,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  Australia,  and  China.  During  1S81,  the 
exports  of  Oregon  amounted  to  $8,049,000,  against  $4,318,500,  in  1880,  a 
gain  of  89  per  cent,  in  a  single  year,  i  Portland  exported  to  foreign 
countries  $5,324,000  worth  of  commodities,  including  $3,765,000  worth  of 
wheat,  $1,484,000  of  flour,  and  $75,000  of  other  merchandise.  Wheat  to 
thewakic  of  $3,741,000  was  shipped  to  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  flour 
to  the  value  of  $1,453,000  to  England.  In  carrying  this  amount  of  go-  ' ;, 
there  were  er;.ploycd  140  vesssls,  of  which  i  iG  were  British,  20  American 
(including  19  sailing-vessels  and  one  steamer),  2  were  French,  one  was 
Spanish,  and  one  German.  Eighty-one  of  the  cargoes  were  for  Queenstown 
(for  orders),  38  for  Liverpool,  3  for  Cork  (for  orders),  3  for  Hong-Kong,  one 
each  for  Victoria  (British  Columbia),  Fleetwood,  Bordeaux,  Honolulu,  and 
Melbourne,  and  8  for  destinations  which  have  not  been  ascertained. 

Washington  and  British  Columbia.— The  commerce  and  commercial 
prospects  of  Washington  and  British  Columbia  have  already  been  stated  in 
the  first  chapter  of  this  book.  To  a  considerable  extent,  Washington  Ter- 
ritory, in  common  with  Oregon  and  British  Columbia,  is  still  commercially 
dependent  on  San  I'Vancisco ;  but  yi..ar  by  year  the  north-west  is  gradually 
asserting  its  commercial  independence,  and,  at  no  distant  time,  will  have  a 
large  import  and  export  trade.  During  1880  considerable  shipments  of 
flour  were  made  from  Walla  Walla  to  Liverpool,  and  160,000  cases  of  sal- 
mon were  shipped  to  foreign  countries  from  the  Washington  side  of  the 
Columbia  Riv or.  About  170,000,000  feet  of  lumber  were  .shipped  to  San 
Franci.sco,  the  Sandwich  Island.s,  and  Australia;  and  200,000  tons  of  coal 
were  shipped  to  various  destinations.  The  population  of  the  Territory  has 
doubled  within  2  or  3  years,  and  the  lowest  estimate  of  the  value  of  its 
property  is  $35,000,000. 


"■ 


2l6 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


Utah's  Trade. — The  value  of  the  imports  and  exports  of  Utah  Territoiy 
was  estimated,  for  1881,  at  $16,000,000,  and  the  freight  traffic  of  the  Utah 
Central  Railroad  at  222,000  tons,  against  149,000  tons  in  1880.  The  traffic 
in  1 88 1  was  49  per  cent,  larger  than  in  1880,  and  the  traffic  in  1880  was  con- 
siderably greater  than  for  any  preceding  year,  with  the  exception  of  1877, 
when  it  was  of  equal  amount.  It  is  claimed  that  since  the  completion  of  the 
Overland  Railroad,  the  volume  of  imports  and  exports  has  increased  in  a 
tenfold  ratio.  About  one  third  of  the  imports  consists  of  machinery  and 
supplies  for  use  in  the  mines.  The  Zion's  Co-operative  Mercantile 
Institution,  founded  at  Salt  Lake  City  in  1881,  with  branches  at  Ogden 
and  Logan,  with  800  stockholders  and  a  paid-up  capital  of  $750,000,  im- 
ports about  one  third  of  all  the  goods  brought  into  the  Territory.  During 
the  first  4  years  of  its  existence,  the  institution  paid  cash  dividends  of  78 
per  cent,  and  stock  dividends  of  52  per  cent.  There  are  similar  establish- 
ments on  a  smaller  scale  in  every  important  settlement  in  Utah,  and  many 
of  them  purchase  their  goods  of  the  establishment  in  Salt  Lake  City,  fre- 
quently making  payment  in  produce.  The  entire  cooperative  system 
includes  about  10,000  stockholders,  out  of  an  adult  male  population  not 
exceeding  30,000. 

By  shipping  in  through  cars,  direct  from  the  Eastern  States  or  from  Cali- 
fornia without  break  or  change  of  bulk,  the  leading  grocers  and  diy-goods 
merchants  are  enabled  to  sell  at  such  low  rates  that  the  smaller  dealers  in 
Utah  and  in  Eastern  Nevada,  Idaho,  Arizona,  and  Western  Wyoming  can 
purchase  of  them  to  better  advantage  than  by  importing  their  own  stocks. 

W.  T.  Coleman. — If  any  old  resident  of  San  Francisco  were  asked  to  give 
the  name  of  the  leading  merchant  of  the  city,  he  would  probably  mention 
William  T.  Coleman.  Perhaps  others  have  done  as  much  business,  and 
have  as  much  capacity  and  experience,  but  no  other  has  been  made  .so 
prominent  by  a  succession  of  circumstances.  Mr  COLEMAN,  a  Kentuckian 
by  birth,  arrived  in  California  in  1849,  at  the  age  of  25.  Having  been  a 
merchant's  clerk  in  St.  Louis,  lie  opened  a  store  at  Placervillc,  and  in  1850 
he  established  himself  as  a  merchant  in  San  Francisco.  Husincss  prospered 
and  he  gained  many  friends.  He  had  a  prepossessing  appearance,  a  good 
address,  could  talk  well,  and  took  much  interest  in  public  affairs.  Such  a 
man  could  not  long  remain  in  the  background  in  a  city  where  public  meet- 
ings were  so  numerous,  and  had  business  so  important  as  in  San  Francisco. 
When  the  Vigilance  Committee  of  1851  was  organized,  Mr.  COLEMAN 
was  one  of  the  leaders,  and  member  of  the  Executive  Committee.  He 
participated  actively  in  its  labors  to  punish  crime,  and  at  the  same  time 
to   shield    the   innocent.     That   Committee   had    been    so   efficient,   and 


m 


i. 


warn 


1^ 


MERCHANDISING. 


2l'7 


SO  prudent  in  protecting  tlie  cause  of  justice,  that  when  there  was  a 
general  demand  in  1856  for  the  organization  of  a  similar  committee,  Mr. 
Coleman  was  called  to  preside  over  it,  and  again  by  a  system  of  man- 
agement for  which  there  is  no  parallel  elsewhere,  the  people,  in  disregard  of 
the  forms  of  law,  drove  rogues  from  office,  executed  and  banished  criminals, 
protected  society,  and  purified  the  municipal  administration.  The  result  was 
so  satisfactory  that  for  nearly  20  years,  the  people  continued  to  elect  local 
officers  as  representatives  of  what  was  called  the  Vigilance  Committee  Party, 
though  the  Committee  itself  had  been  dissolved  after  a  few  months  of  exist- 
ence. In  1856  Mr.  Coleman  established  a  line  of  clipper  ships  between 
San  Francisco  and  New  York,  and  for  a  long  time  it  occupied  a  consider- 
able place  in  the  shipping  of  the  port.  Mr.  COLF.MAN,  at  57,  is  a  man  of 
very  active  habits,  and  will  probably  be  prominc  f  in  business  for  many 
years  to  come. 

W.  P.  Baboook.— William  F.  Babcock,  a  native  of  Massachusetts, 
became  clerk  in  a  mercantile  house  of  New  York  at  the  age  of  16,  and  stuck 
to  his  place  9  years,  until  the  firm  sent  him  at  the  age  of  25  to  take  charge 
of  a  branch  establishment  in  New  Orleans.  In  1852  he  came  to  San  Fran- 
cisco as  agent  of  Davis,  Brook.s  &  Co.,  the  firm  which  had  given  their  full 
confidence  to  him  for  years.  In  1854,  when  the  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Com- 
pany found  that  it  was  to  have  a  troublesome  competitor  in  the  Nicaragua 
route,  under  the  management  of  VanderhILT  and  GARRISON,  it  .selected  Mr. 
Babcock  to  be  its  agent  in  association  with  A.  B.  FoRBES,  and  for  8  years 
he  had  that  difficult  and  responsible  position.  THE  SPRING  VALLEY  WATER 
COMPANV  elected  him  to  its  presidency  in  1864,  when  its  water  supply  was 
6cX),cxx3  gallons  a  day;  and  he  retained  the  place  for  upwards  of  10  years, 
retiring  after  the  company  could  furnish  1 2,000,000  a  day.  Under  his  presi- 
dency it  was  necessary  to  construct  a  durable  conduit  1 2  miles  long,  to  bring 
water  from  the  San  Andreas  reservoir  to  San  Francisco,  with  capacity  to 
bear  a  pressure  of  300  feet.  Mr.  BABCOCK  sent  Mr.  ScHUSSLER,  the  engineer, 
to  examine  the  wrought-iron  pipes  used  in  the  hydraulic  mines,  and  against 
angry  protest  and  confident  predictions  of  failure,  it  was  decided  to  adopt 
wrought-iron  pipe,  which  had  at  that  time  never  been  used  for  such  a  length 
or  for  the  supply  of  a  town.  After  some  discouraging  breaks,  which  were 
mere  trifles  as  compared  with  the  general  result,  the  pipe  was  a  success,  ami 
it  made  a  new  epoch  in  the  water  supply  of  towns.  In  1866  Mr.  Babcock 
entered  the  firm  of  Al.sop  &  Co.,  as  manager  of  the  house  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  when  the  partnership  expired  by  limitation  in  1870,  it  was  suc- 
ceecded  by  Parrott  &  Co.,  in  which  Mr.  BABCOCK  and  TiBURCIO  Parro  1 T 
were  general  partners,  and  JOHN  Parrott  a  special  partner.    The  present 

a 


<WK«1 


2l8 


COMMERCE,  ETC. 


firm  consists  of  W.  F.  Babcock,  W.  Babcock,  and  Louis  B.  Parrott.  In 
the  wide  range  of  their  transactions,  the  firm  of  Parrott  &  Co.  are  not  sur- 
passed by  any  commercial  house  of  San  Francisco.  W.  F.  Babcock  was 
President  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  in  1874,  re-elected  in  1875,  and  has 
been  its  president  for  the  last  3  years. 

J.  S.  Taber. — The  firm  of  Taber,  Harker  &  Co.,  prominent  in  the 
wholesale  grocery  trade  of  our  coast,  is  the  successor  of  the  housrc  of  Phil- 
lips, Taber  &  Co.,  Irvine,  Harker  &  Co.,  and  George  McMillan  & 
Co.  The  senior  partner,  JACOB  S.  Taber,  who  has  been  engaged  in  the 
same  line  of  business  in  San  Francisco  since  1852,  has  been  president  of 
the  San  Francisco  Board  of  Trade  for  the  last  5  years,  and  was  one  of  the 
founders,  as  he  is  now  one  of  the  active  members,  of  THE  IMMIGRATION 
Association  of  California. 

Wellman,  Peck  &  Co. — The  importing  and  wholesale  grocery-house  of 
Wellman,  Peck  &  Co.  had  its  foundation  in  San  Francisco  in  1849,  when 
the  senior  partner  started  business  on  Kearny  Street.  Having  been  burned 
out  in  1851,  he  resumed  business  on  Front  Street.  In  i860  he  formed  a 
partnership  with  P.  Veuplanck,  who  was  succeeded  in  1863  by  J.  M. 
Peck,  and  for  the  last  20  years  the  firm  name  has  been  Wellman,  Peck 
&  Co.  The  house  imports  teas,  coffees,  and  groceries  generally,  sells 
largely  to  all  parts  of  01. r  slope,  and  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  leading 
mercantile  establishments  of  San  Francisco,  doing  a  business  of  about  $2,- 
cx>o,ooo  annually.     Mr.  Wellm.\N  is  a  native  of  Massachusetts. 

P.  Daneri  &  Co. — Among  the  commercial  houses  founded  in  California 
by  Italian.s,  that  of  F.  Daneri  &  Co.,  importers  and  wholesale  grocers, 
occupies  a  leading  place.  The  Italians  are  a  numerous  and  industrious 
class  in  California,  and  liave  a  prominent  place  in  its  business.  They  pre- 
serve a  taste  for  the  wine,  the  oil,  the  macaroni,  the  cheese,  various  fruits, 
and  many  other  products  of  their  native  land — products  which  are  also  de- 
manded by  other  inhabitants  of  our  coast;  and  F.  DANERI  &  Co.  import 
the  supplies,  and  also  import  French  wines  and  Central  American  sugar  and 
coffee.  They  are  agents  for  this  coast  of  the  Casa  Maritima,  of  Genoa, 
and  of  the  Registro  Italiano.  The  senior  partner  is  in  Italy;  the  junior 
partner,  HENRY  CasANOVA,  is  resident  manager  in  San  Francisco.  The 
firm  began  business  in  i860  on  Jackson  .Street,  moved  to  Front  Street,  and 
thence  to  their  present  site,  at  27  and  29  California  Street,  where  they  oc- 
cupy a  building  4  stories  high. 

Welch  &  Co.— Andrew  Welch,  doing  business  under  the  firm  name  of 
Welch  &  Co.,  at  109  California  Street,  has  been  an  importer,  and  shipping 


I*' 


li 


MHaH 


MERCHANDISING. 


219 


and  commission  merchant  in  San  Francisco  since  1866.  He  commenced  busi- 
ness on  a  small  scale,  but  has  gradually  enlarged  it  until  now  he  has  extensive 
mercantile  relations  with  Great  Britain,  British  Columbia,  the  Australasian 
Colonies,  China,  Japan,  and  the  Philippine  and  Hawaiian  islands.  He  is 
largely  interested  in  sugar  cultivation  in  the  latter  group,  being  a  part 
owner  in  several  plantations;  and  the  products  of  10  plantations  are  con- 
signed, through  the  house  of  C.  BREWER  &  Co.,  in  Honolulu,  to  WELCH 
&  Co.  He  is  senior  partner  in  the  firm  of  Welch,  Rithet  &  Co.,  in 
Victoria,  who  are  the  agents  for  the  leading  canneries  of  THE  DELTA 
Canning  Company  ("Maple  Leaf"  brand),  Laidlaw  &  Co.  ("Dominion" 
brand),  and  Adair  &  Co.  ("  Eagle"  brand),  on  the  Fraser  River.  He  is 
also  a  large  shareholder  in  The  Moodyville  Sawmill  Company 
(limited),  of  Burrard  Inlet,  B.  C,  and  is  its  chairman.  WELCH,  RiTHET 
&  Co.,  in  Victoria,  and  WELCH  &  Co.,  in  San  Francisco,  are  the  sole 
agents  of  the  mill.  WELCH  &  Co.  are  also  agents  of  the  Planter's  Line 
of  packets  plying  between  Honolulu  and  San  Francisco.  They  are  repre- 
sented in  Liverpool,  England,  by  R.  D.  WELCH  &  Co.,  Tower  Chambers. 

D.  N.  and  B.  Walter  &  Co.— D.  N.  and  E.  Walter  &  Co.  are  known 
principally  as  a  carpet-house,  and  sell  to  the  trade  only.  Besides  carpets, 
they  import  upholstery  goods,  such  as  coverings  for  furniture,  curtain 
materials,  paper-hangings  of  all  descriptions,  oil-cloths  for  tables  and  floors, 
American  lineolcums,  China  mattings,  which  latter  they  import  direct  from 
China,  and  handle  to  a  much  greater  extent  than  any  other  house  on  this 
coast.  Their  establishment,  dating  from  1857,  is  the  oldest  in  its  depart- 
ment in  California  and  the  most  complete  in  the  wholesale  business  of  San 
Francisco. .  It  occupies  a  building,  owned  by  the  firm,  4  stories  and  a  base- 
ment, situated  on  the  corner  of  Market  and  Battery  streets,  and  has  a  front- 
age of  48  feet  on  the  former  and  24  feet  on  the  latter  street,  with  a  depth 
of  137^  feet,  all  of  which  is  used  for  the  display  of  their  stock.  They 
have  a  branch  house  in  Portland,  Oregon,  started  in  1861,  and  one  in  New 
York,  both  under  the  name  of  WALTER  Brother.S.  D.  N.  WALTER,  the 
founder  of  the  house,  who  came  to  California  in  1852,  resides  at  Frankfort, 
Germany,  and  attends  to  the  purchases  of  English,  French,  and  German 
carpets  and  furniture-coverings  for  the  3  houses;  H.  N.  and  J.  N.  WALTER 
reside  in  San  Francisco,  and  E.  and  M.  WALTER  give  their  attention  to  the 
New  York  business.  Their  interests  are  permanently  attached  to  San 
Francisco  and  the  Pacific  Coast  by  a  prosperous  business  that  has  lasted 
over  a  quarter  of  a  century,  and  by  investments  in  the  real  estate  of  the 
city  and  State. 


220 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


Baker  &  Hamilton.— The  firm  of  J?.\ker  &  H.\MiLTON  have  occupied  a 
prominent  place  in  the  business  of  California,  for  a  quarter  of  a  century,  as 
dealers  in  hardware  and  agricultural  implements,  which  latter  they  have 
manufactured  on  a  large  scale,  as  may  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  mention 
of  The  Bexicia  Agricultural  Works  in  the  chapter  on  iron.  They 
lia\c  a  large  capital,  and  their  annual  sales  amount  to  about  $2,000,000. 
They  occupy  part  of  McCre.VRY'.S  new  stone,  brick,  and  iron  building, 
on  the  corner  of  Pine  and  Davis  streets,  137^2  feet  long  by  100  wide, 
w  itli  4  stories  and  a  basement,  onc;  of  the  finest  wholesale  stores  in  San 
Francisco.  They  deal  in  all  knds  of  agricultuio'  implements  and 
hardware,  and  supply  all  portions  of  the  coast.  They  have  a  branch 
house  in  Sacramento  City,  whc;e  they  occupy  48,000  square  feet  of 
floor  room,  with  frontages  on  J,  Second,  and  Front  streets,  all  connected 
by  a  bridge  over  a  narrow  street.  The  members  of  t*ie  firm  are  L.  L. 
Baker  and  R.  M.  Hamilton,  the  former  a  native  of  Portland,  Maine,  and 
the  latter  of  Scotland.  Both  came  to  California  in  1849,  and  spent  several 
years  as  miners  and  clerks  for  mercantile  houses.  In  1854  they  formed 
their  partnership  in  Sacramento,  and  beginning  with  a  small  capital,  built 
u[)  their  business  to  its  present  magnificent  proportions. 

Gordon  Hardware  Company.— The  Gordon  Hardware  Company 
at  250  and  252  Market  Street  and  12  and  14  F'ront  Street,  San  Francisco, 
was  incorporated  July  i,  1880,  to  do  a  hardware,  jobbing,  and  commission 
business,  and  to  manufacture  any  or  all  articles  pertaining  thereto,  being 
the  first  jobbing-house  on  this  coast  to  adopt  the  incorporated  plan  of 
doing  business,  which  had  hitherto  been  confined  exclusively  to  manufac- 
turing concerns.  They  succeeded  to  the  business  of  James  K.  GORDON  & 
Co.,  established  in  1875  as  James  E.  Gordon,  when  the  latter  succeeded 
by  purchase  to  the  business.of  Marsh,  Pilsburv  &  Co.  (a  branch  of  May 
&  Co.,  Boston),  established  in  1863.  They  are  the  only  house  on  this  coast 
who  make  a  specialty  of  representing  Eastern  manufacturers;  and  they 
handle  as  agents  the  products  of  over  40  leading  hardware  factories  on  the 
Atlantic  Slope,  selling  at  wholesale  only,  to  the  local  and  coast  trade,  also 
to  British  (.'olumbia,  Australia,  Sandwich  Islands,  Mexico,  and  Central 
America.  They  aim  to  carry  a  general  stock  of  hardware,  but  their  spe- 
cialty is  what  is  known  to  the  trade  as  shelf-hardware,  in  which  they 
occupy  a  leading  place.  They  publish  a  monthly  paper  known  as  the 
Hanhvare  Salesman,  the  only  publication  on  this  coast  devoted  to  the 
interests  of  the  hardware  business.  It  has  a  large  and  rapidly  increasing 
circulation. 


■Hk 


GORDON  HARDWARE  COMPANY,  SAN  FRANCISCO, 


MHiMMHBM 


MERCHANDISING. 


22t 


Dunham^  Carrlgan  &  Co.— The  firm  of  Dunham,  Carrigan  &  Co. 
commenced  business  in  January,  1875,  by  purchasing  the  stock  of  the 
pioneer  house  of  CONROY,  O'CONNOR  &  Co.,  and  have  since  continued 
the  iron  and  hardware  trade  at  the  old  stand,  Nos.  107,  109,  and  1 1 1  Front 
Street,  extending  through  to  Nos.  io8,  no,  and  1 12  Pine  Street.  Their 
stock  of  merchandise  is  among  the  largest  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  in  their 
line  of  trade,  and  their  annual  ssles  are  correspondingly  large,  having 
.steadily  increased  from  year  to  year  since  the  establishment  of  the  house 
under  its  present  management.  Their  premises  cover  a  ground  area  of 
over  1 5,000  square  feet,  in  addition  to  which  they  occupy  for  storage  pur- 
poses a  warehouse,  in  another  part  of  the  city,  covering  over  6,000  square 
feet.  They  deal  in  all  the  varieties  of  bar  and  plate  iron,  steel,  and  other 
metals,  hardware  in  all  its  branches,  comprising  tools  and  supplies  for 
machinists,  engineers,  blacksmith.s,  plumbers,  steam-fitters,  carpenters, 
miners,  railroad  and  ship  builders,  etc.  Their  large  stock  of  iron-pipe,  of 
all  sizes,  for  water,'  gas,  and  steam,  is  a  prominent  feature  of  their  business; 
and  they  are  sole  agents  on  this  coast  for  the  well-known  "  Black  Diamond" 
American  steel,  which  in  point  of  quality  is  now  regarded  as  not  inferior 
to  the  best  English  brands.  An  agency  for  the  purchase  of  their  supplies 
is  maintained  in  New  York,  under  the  management  of  B.  Hayden,  one  of 
the  partners.  The  members  of  the  firm  residing  in  San  Francisco  are  B. 
Frank  Dunham,  W.  L.  McCormick,  Andrew  Carrigan,  and  E.  W. 
Playter. 


Oeorge  H.  Tay  &  Co. — The  San  Francisco  house  of  George  H. 
Tay  &  Co.,  importers  of  metals,  and  importers  and  manufacturers  of 
stoves,  ranges,  and  house-furnishing  hardware,  was  founded  in  1848  by 
Samuel  Sanborn,  who  came  to  California  with  Stevenson's  regiment. 
O.  J.  Backus  and  C.  J.  Fox  were  admitted  as  partners  in  1849,  and  after 
the  firm  name,  having  been  O.  J.  BACKUS  &  Co.,  then  Gordon,  Brooks, 
Backus  &  Tay,  finally  in  1873  took  its  present  form  of  George  H.  Tay 
&  Co.  The  partners  now  are  George  H.  Tay,  O.  J.  Backus,  H.  B. 
Brooks,  and  G.  L.  Goud.  Mr.  Backus  made  the  first  deep-pressed  tin- 
ware, and  the  firm  now  use  3  deep-tinware  presses  of  his  invention,  and 
expect  to  erect  new  presses  soon.  Mr.  BACKUS  is  the  inventor  of  a  water 
motor  valuable  for  driving  dentists'  machinery,  sewing-machines,  church 
organs,  lathes,  etc.;  and  has  taken  out  several  other  valuable  patents.  In 
their  San  Francisco  factory  they  have  a  tinshop,  3  special  rooms  for  can- 
work,  room  for  steam-presses,  a  machine-shop,  a  japanning-room,  and  a 
stamping  and  engine-room.  In  their  different  departments  they  give  em- 
ployment to  125  men,     The  firm  have  a  stove  foundry  at  Alvarado  (men- 


222  COMMERCE,   ETC 

tioncd  in  Chapter  XXXIV.)  under  the  management  of  G.  L.  GOUD.  Their 
manufacturiiiij  establishment  in  San  Francisco  is  at  614  to  618  Battery 
Street,  and  their  store  at  105  and  107  California  Street. 

J.  De  La  Montanya.— jAMES  De  La  Montanya,  importer  of  stoves 
and  metals,  and  manufacturer  of  tinware,  at  214  to  220  Jackson  Street  and 
6o(j  and  608  Battery  Street,  has  one  of  the  oldest  and  best  known  mercan- 
tile houses  of  San  Francisco,  and  is  a  pioneer  in  his  line  of  business.  He 
ha.s  occupied  his  present  site  since  1850,  and  he  erected  the  building  3 
stories  of  brick,  fronting  75  feet  on  Jackson  and  46  on  Battery,  with  a 
depth  of  140  feet.  Mr.  De  La  IMontanya  keeps  a  large  stock  of  ranges, 
.stoves,  and  pressed  ware  of  all  kinds,  and  most  of  the  articles  which  he  re- 
cei\'es  from  the  East  come  from  the  leading  New  York  liouse  of  PHELPS, 
Dodge  &  Co. 

Linforth,  Rice  &  Co.— The  firm  of  LlNFORTli,  Rice  &  Co.,  composed 
of  James  Lixfcjutii,  W.  A.  Rice,  and  Edward  W.  Lini\)Rtii,  importers 
of  hardware,  agricultural  and  mining  tools,  iron  and  steel,  .sugar  machinery, 
steam-engines,  bells,  etc.,  is  well  known  all  over  the  Pacific  Coast;  the  senior 
member  having  been  also  the  senior  in  the  firm  of  LiNEORTII,  Kei.LOGG 
&  Co.,  until  the  dissolution,  in  1877,  of  that  firm,  which  enjoyed  not  only  a 
large  domestic  trade,  but  .'■okl  largely  to  Mexico,  Ccncral  Ameri-:a,  etc.  It 
was  the  first  fi'm  here  to  make  a  consignment  of  agricultural  implements 
and  wagons  to  Australia  at  the  time  when  commercial  relations  were  begin- 
ning to  be  established  with  that  British  Colony.  The  ])resent  firm  are  the 
special  rcprosentati\es  on  this  coasi  ot  the  Black  Diamond  File  Works,  of 
Philadelphia;  TiiK  Blymyer  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  of  Cincinnati; 
The  Chester  &  Harui.s  Manufacturing  Company,  of  St.  Louis;  and 
the  Cannon  Steel  Works,  of  Sheffield.  The  Black  Diamond  I'"ilc  Works,  one 
of  the  largest  factories  in  the  world,  turns  out  nearly  1,000  dozen  files  a  day. 
This  enterprise  w  as  commenced  when  it  was  difficult  to  .sell  any  but  the  best 
jMigiish  brands,  yet  now  the  ;\ineri(;an  make  has  almost  triumphed  over  its 
English  rivals,  and  to  none  is  the  credit  of  this  change  more  justly  due  than 
to  G.  and  II.  H.\RNi:rT,  the  manufacturers  of  the  Black  Diamond  files,  who 
have  conscientiously  and  persistently  labored  on  until  their  goods  not  only 
have  a  national  reputation,  but  arc  shipped  to  Russia,  Germany,  Sjiain,  and 
other  European  countries,  the  Canadas,  Australia,  and  even  distant  Ciiina, 
The  Bi.ymyi;r  Manuf.vcturing  Co.mI'ANY,  are  largely  engaged  in  the 
ni.unifacture  of  steam-engines,  sugar  machinerx',  bells,  etc.  In  sugar  ma- 
chinery they  have  the  largest  and  most  complete  line  made  in  the  world. 
It  was  awarded  a  medal  at  t!ie  Centennial  I'^xposition.     Besides  the  demand 


!| 


MERCHANDISING. 


223 


from  all  parts  of  this  continent  where  sugar-cane  .iiid'  sorgo  arc  grown, 
ofders  have  been  received  from  Hawaii,  New  Zealand,  Australia,  France, 
Austria,  India,  and  Africa.  They  publish  an  annual  called  The  Sorgo 
Hand-book,  which  is  the  authority  on  Chinese  and  African  sugar-canes. 
LlNFORTH,  Rice  &  Co.  have  this  pamphlet  for  dis*^ribution  to  parties  inter- 
ested, and  it  is  of  great  service  to  the  many  who  are  i.ow  turning  their  atten- 
tion to  the  growing  of  canes  on  this  coast  and  in  Mexico.  LiNFORTlI, 
Rice  &  Co.  arc  the  first  to  provide  here  for  the  wa.its  of  this  new  Pacific 
Coastenterpri.se.  This  factory  also  manufactures  a  superior  church  and  fire 
bell — the  Blymycr  Bell,  of  which  LiNEORTll,  RlC^  &  Co.  have  sold  nearly 
200  in  4  years.  TiiE  Chester  &  II.\rris  Manufacturing  Company 
turn  out  more  ax,  pick,  and  sledge  handles  than  any  other  similar  factory 
in  the  United  States.  LlNFORTil,  RiCE  &  Co.  have  the  mining  and  other 
steels  of  the  Cannon  Steel  Works,  of  .Sheffield,  England. 

The  senior  member  of  this  fiiin,  jAMES  LiNFORTll,  now  one  of  the 
oldest  merchants  in  this  city,  is  an  Englisiunan,  and  came  to  this  State  in 
1857,  having,  with  his  family,  "crossed  the  plains"  and  participated  in  more 
than  the  usual  hardships  of  many  of  the  "  pioneers,"  having  been  caught  in 
the  snows  of  the  mountains  and  without  provisions  for  the  completion  of 
the  journey.  After  a  few  months  sojourn  at  Salt  Lake  the  journey  to  San 
Franci.sco  was  completed  via  the  southern  route  and  Los  Angeles.  Several 
years  were  spent  in  the  employ  of  others,  and  then  he  commenced  as  a 
commission  merchant,  and  had  a  very  lucrative  business  until  1868.  lie 
then  embarked  in  the  hardware  business,  the  firm  succeeding  the  old  and 
well-known  firm  of  L.  B.  BencmlEY  &  Co.,  which  line  of  business  has  en- 
gaged his  .iLLcntion  ever  since.  Mr.  LiNFORTll  early  began  to  take  a  deep 
interest  in  the  welfare  of  his  adopted  State,  although  never  actively  in  poli- 
tics. I  le  has  been,  for  many  years,  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
served  as  one  of  its  trustees,  and  in  1873  was  appointed,  in  company  with 
the  late  James  Otis,  a  delegate  to  the  National  Board  of  Tratle.  He  was 
one  of  the  original  projectors  and  stockholders  in  the  New  Merchants'  Ex- 
change building  on  California  Street;  president  of  the  old  Commercial 
Association  for  some  years  until  it  went  out  of  existence;  anil  a  director  in 
the  old  California  Immigrant  Union;  for  many  years  he  has  been  one  of 
the  trustees  of  the  California  Prison  Commission  and  of  the  San  Francisco 
Lying-in  Hospital  and  Foundling  Asylum.  He  is  a  member  of  the  I'.pisccipal 
Church,  was  long  one  of  the  v.ardons  of  St.  John'.s,  and  for  jears  has  served 
as  a  trustee  of  St.  Augustine's  College,  one  of  the  church'.s  educational 
establishments.  These,  with  a  number  of  other  duties,  have  shared  with  his 
business  the  time  of  an  active  life  since  his  arrival  in  San  Francisco. 

The  other  members  of  the  firm,  F.  VV.  LiNFORTll,  a   son   of  Jamks 


p= 


224 


COMMERCE,  ETC 


LiNFORTir,  is  also  a  native  of  England,  and  W.  A.  RiCE,  a  native  of 
Boston,  Massachusetts,  but  both  have  been  raised  in  California,  and  in  the 
line  of  business  in  which  they  are  now  engaged. 

Richards  &  Snow, — A  leading  house  on  our  slope  in  the  sale  of  iron 
pipe  and  plumbers'  stock,  all  imported  from  the  East,  is  that  of  RiciIARDS 
&  Sxow,  who  have  been  established  in  San  Francisco  for  8  years,  and  have 
branch  establishments  at  Portland  and  Los  Angeles,  as  well  as  a  rep- 
resentative in  New  York  City.  Their  trade  extends  not  only  to  every  town 
on  the  coast  supplied  with  gas  or  with  water  through  pipes,  but  also  to 
China,  Japan,  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  For  the  ir.iormation  of  the 
plumbing  trade  they  publish  monthly,  The  California  Plumber.  They  are 
agents  for  TiiE  AMERICAN  Tacic  Company  and  The  Yale  Lock  Man- 
FACTURINc;  Co.MP.VNV,  and  keep  in  stock  50  tons  of  tacks,  including  700 
different  kinds,  for  the  use  of  carpenters,  box-makers,  trunk-makers,  up- 
holsterers, shoemakers,  etc.  The  Yale  Company  makes  Yale  locks — the  best 
for  outer  doors  and  closets  containing  valuables — standard  locks  for  room- 
doors,  post-office-box  locks,  post-office  boxes,  bank  locks,  bronze  locks, 
sash-fasteners,  drawer-pulls,  bell-pulls,  hinges,  differential  pulley-blocks, 
and  double-lift  hoists.  It  .seems  singular  that  post-office  bo.xcs  should  not 
be  made  in  the  town  where  used,  yet  Europe,  Japan,  Australia,  Mexico, 
Central  America,  Washington,  Oregon,  and  California  have  paid  tribute  to 
the  mechanical  ingenuity  of  Connecticut  by  obtaining  post-office  boxes 
and  locks  from  the  Yale  Company. 

A.  I.  Hall  &  Son.— A.  I.  Hall  &  Son,  528  and  530  Market  and  27  and 
29  Sutter  streets,  San  Francisco,  commission  merchants  and  manufacturers' 
agents,  are  engaged  in  liandling  the  products  of  half  a  dozen  large  Eastern 
factories,  which  have  a  capital  of  several  millions.  They  export  extensively, 
and  in  their  dealings  on  this  coast  sell  e.\clusivcl)'  to  wholesale  hou.ses.  A 
large  business  has  been  done  in  exporting  American  manufactures  to  Asia 
and  Australia  in  British  ships  by  the  Isthmus  of  Suez,  and  Messrs  IlALL  & 
Son  have  made  it  their  aim  to  bring  this  trade  through  San  {''rancisco,  so 
that  i\nierii.an  merchants  and  American  shipownei-s  .shall  obtain  the  direct 
and  indirect  profits  of  the  transportation.  Their  efforts  have  not  been  witl;- 
out  influence,  and  they  have  received  orders  from  China,  Japan,  and  Aus- 
tralia, but  the  rales  of  freight  by  way  of  San  I'"rancisco  are  .so  high  that 
most  of  their  shipments  arc  still  made  by  other  routes.  They  are  confident, 
however,  that  the  ila>'  is  not  very  far  distant  when  .San  I'rancisco  will  under- 
bid London  for  freights  between  New  York  and  Hong-Kong.  IlALI.  & 
Son  represent  The  Wateriiury  Clock  Company  and  The  Watekbuky 


m 


MERCHANDISING. 


225 


Watch  Companv,  large  institutions  employing  many  hundreds  of  hands 
and  turning  out  3,000  clocks  and  900  watches  daily.  The  watch  known 
throughout  the  world  as  "The  Watcrbury"  is  the  cheapest  article  of 
its  kind,  and  besides  is  a  reliable  timepiece.  The  Waterbury  clocks  are 
found  in  all  quarters  of  the  world,  and  as  far  in  the  interior  of  China  as  any 
American  has  traveled.  Hall  &  SoN  represent  SiMP.SON,  IlALL,  MiLLF.R 
&  Co.,  manufacturers  of  silver-plated  hollow-ware,  and  who  have  a.ssociated 
with  them  VVm.  ROGERS,  the  only  surviving  member  of  the  old  firm  of 
Rogers  Brothers.  They  manufacture  the  most  extensive  line  of  silver- 
plated  spoons,  forks,  knives,  etc.,  manufactured  in  the  United  States,  and 
the  brand,  Wm.  Roger.S,  stamped  on  each  article,  guarantees  its  excellence. 
Hall  &  Son  also  control  for  this  coast  THE  Yale  Clock  Comi'anv's 
novelty  clocks,  the  pocket-knives  and  steel  pens  of  TllF.  MILLER  BROTHERS 
Cutlery  Company,  and  the  solid  nickel  silver  goods  of  Hall,  Vj  ion  & 
Co.  The  senior  member  of  the  firm,  A.  I.  Hall,  came  to  Calif' unia  in 
1849,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  firm  of  Newhall  &  Had  .  which 
was  succeeded  by  H.  M.  NewhaLL  &  Co.  He  now  conducts  the  New 
York  office  at  5  2  Walker  Street,  while  the  San  Francisco  house  is  in  charge 
of  his  son,  E.  A.  Hall. 


Fairbanks  &  Hutohlnson.  The  house  of  Fairbanks  &  TTijtchin- 
soN  111  .^,111  IVancisco,  utid'  ■  ih.  management  of  HENin  L.  Huii  HIN.SON, 
ri'siii.  lit  partner,  is  a  branch  of  .i  great  manufacturing  and  commercial  es- 
tablishment, which  li  16  branch  houses  in  the  United  States,  and  one  in 
Londot).  and  sells  mci  Iiandise  to  the  amount  of  millions  annually.  They 
are  the  agents  for  the  s.iU-  i.t  the  I'airbanks'  Standard  Scales,  invented  and 
patented  in  1830,  by  Thai  >r:rs  Faiiuiank.s,  at  St.  Johnsbury,  Vermont, 
where  the  factory  1-  situated,  and  where  the  inventor  still  resides.  Thirty 
tons  of  ])ig-iron  arc  used  every  day  in  making  castings  to  supply  the  im- 
mense demand,  not  only  from  the  United  States,  but  also  from  Europe  and 
other  parts  of  the  world,  and  this  demand  continues  to  increase,  for  these 
scales  are  still  accepto''  is  the  standard,  and  are  unsuri)assed  for  general 
mercantile  use.     In  1   the  factory,  besides  manufacturing  many  thou- 

sands of  other  ni^avs  o(  300  different  sizes  and  patterns,  made  500  rail- 
road-track scales,  capable  of  weighing  from  30  to  100  tons  each.  The 
San  l""rancisco  house  has  the  agency  of  the  Fairbanks'  scales  for  all 
the  territory  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  also  has  the  agev  1.  of 
The  Sanderson  Brothers'  Steel  Company,  of  Sheffield,  Enj  ad, 
and  of  The  Sweet's  Manufacturing  Company,  of  Syracuse,  N.  Y., 
and  deals  in  store  and  warehouse  trucks,  grocers'  supplies,  steel  harrow- 
*9 


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I 


I 


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226 


COMMERCE,  ETC. 


teeth,  steel  crowbars,  etc.     The  firm  have  been  established  in  San  Francisco 
since  1865,  and  have  their  office  at  401  Market  Street. 

Japanese  Art  Exhibition. — By  reason  of  her  geographical  situation,  San 
Francisco  is  the  natural  American  entry-port  for  importations  from  Japan  and 
China,  and  for  many  years  has  been  looked  on  by  tourists  as  the  mart  in 
uliich  to  buy  the  manufactures  of  those  Oriental  countries.  The  Chinese  have 
opened  stores  in  the  Pacific  metropolis  of  our  continent,  as  have  the  people 
of  other  nationalities,  mostly  foreign,  for  the  sale  of  Asiatic  curios ;  but  in 
most  cases,  they  have  adopted  the  penny-wise  policy  of  depending  for  their 
profits  on  selling  at  an  enormous  cadvancc  over  the  cost  price,  thus  repelling 
purchasers,  decreasing  the  amount  of  business,  and  causing  persons  of  lim- 
ited means  to  regard  their  signs  as  bugbears  of  extravagance.  In  1880 
Shattuck  &  Fletcher,  pioneer  manufacturers  of  printers'  inks  in  San 
Francisco,  while  making  large  shipments  to  China  and  Japan  of  material 
with  which  to  record  the  progress  of  a  new  civilization  there,  received  a  few 
invoices  of  general  merchandise  in  return,  by  way  of  reciprocal  trade. 
They  attempted  to  dispose  of  these  invoices  to  the  retailers,  but  found  that 
the  prevalent  methods  were  unjust  to  the  business;  and  invited  their 
friends  to  inspect  the  goods  displayed  in  a  sample-room  over  their  office,  in 
Commercial  Street.  The  \isitors  were  delighted.  ..nd  told  their  friends, 
who  thronged  to  the  narrow  thoroughfare,  which  was  blocked  with  people 
after  the  arrival  of  every  steamer  with  a  new  consignment  from  Asia. 
What  was  intended  for  a  sample-room  becan.e  a  store  with  a  rapid  increase 
of  business,  compelling  the  proprietors  to  move  again  and  again,  until  now 
their  establishment,  known  as  the  "  Ichi  Han,"  at  22  and  24  Geary  Street, 
San  Francisco,  occupies  more  than  10,000  square  feet  of  floor  room,  and  is 
the  grandest  free-sale  exhibition  of  Oriental  goods  on  the  continent. 

H.  Brlokwedel  — One  of  the  old  and  well-known  merchants  of  San 
Francisco  is  IIlONKV  HuiCKWl'.Di;!,,  a  native  of  Cerman)',  who  came  to  the 
United  States  in  1841,  and  engaged  in  mercantile  business  in  California  in 
1852.  In  1S58  he  cstablisheil  the  house  of  llr.NRV  HUICKWKDEL  &  Co., 
importers  and  jobbers  in  wines  and  liquors,  and  they  have  been  14  years 
in  the  building  which  they  now  occupy  at  208  anil  210  Front  .Street.  Mr. 
HUICKWEDEI,  is  otherwise  a  ijromincnt  man  in  the  business  of  .San  Fran- 
cisco, being  a  sharehnliler  in  the  California  Sugar  Refinery  and  TlIE  HA- 
WAIIAN CoMMERCiAi,  CoMi'ANV,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  THE  Giant 
I'()\vni:u  Company,  of  which  he  was  manager  for  ye, '-s,  and  is  still  a 
trustee.  Iliscoursr  is  city  supervisor  in  1877  adiled  to  his  re])utation;  and 
in  1880  he  was  elected  city  auditor,  the  most  responsible  office  in  the  finan- 


wmm 


wmmm 


MERCHANDISING.  237 

cial  department  of  the  municipal  government,  and  one  for  which  men  of 
excellent  reputation  are  generally  selected. 

A.  P.  Hotaling  &  Co.— A.  P.  Hotaling  &  Co.,  importers  and  whole- 
sale dealers  in  wines  and  liquors,  at  431  Jackson  Street,  San  Francisco,  have 
one  of  the  largest  establishments  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States,  and  not 
inferior  to  any  other  on  our  coast.  Their  house  is  also  one  of  the  oldest  in 
the  State,  having  stood  for  30  years  without  change  in  the  firm  name.  They 
occupy  a  brick  building  3  stories  high  above  the  basement,  50  feet  front  by 
100  deep,  and  besides  have  a  storehouse  of  equal  size  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  street.  They  import  sherries  from  Spain,  ales  and  porters  from  England 
and  Scotland,  and  whiskies  from  Kentucky,  being  general  agents  for  the 
Pacific  Coast  of  the  great  house  of  MOORMAN  &  Co.,  Louisville.  They 
have  a  branch  house  in  Portland,  Oregon.  Mr.  HOTALING  is  extensively 
engaged  in  other  business,  being  part  owner  in  the  Clipper  Gap  Iron  Mine 
(the  town  there  is  named  after  him),  owner  of  real  estate,  and  leading  share- 
holder in  a  bank  at  San  Rafael,  and  proprietor  of  a  ranch  near  Gov.  STAN- 
FORD'S at  Menlo  Park. 

Iiivingaton  &  Co. — The  firm  of  Livingston  &  Co.  are  successors  of 
Livingston  &  IIickev,  founded  in  1864,  and  occupy  the  same  place  at 
222  California  Street,  San  Francisco,  as  importers  and  wholesale  dealers  in 
wines  and  liquors.  They  import  sherry  from  Spain,  port  from  Portugal, 
wines  from  France  and  Germany,  rum  from  the  West  Indies  and  Boston, 
and  other  liquors  from  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Ohio,  and  Ken- 
tucky, in  which  last  State  they  have  a  branch  hou.se  on  the  corner  of  Front 
and  Scott  streets,  Covington.  They  also  have  branch  hou.ses  on  this  coast 
in  Los  Angeles  and  Portland.  For  the  convenience  of  handling  their  large 
stock  they  have  3  elevators  in  their  San  Francisco  house.  In  1866  Mr. 
IIlcKKV  sold  out  his  interest  to  LsAAC  Lkvv,  and  in  1873  A.  P.  WILLIAMS, 
and  in  1875  JOSKPH  Mav,  were  admitted  into  the  firm. 

LUienthal  &  Co.— Lilikntiial  &  Co.,  prominent  as  wholesale  liquor 
merchants  in  San  Francisco,  have  a  house  under  the  .same  name  in  Cin- 
cinnati, and  another  under  the  name  of  LlLIENTIIAI.  RrotmEUS  in  New 
York  City.  They  are  the  owners  of  the  noted  CVRUS  NoiiLE  Distillery, 
of  Lynchburg,  Ohio;  and  of  the  Boone  County  Distilleiy,  of  Petersburg, 
Kentucky.  The  San  Francisco  house,  which  was  established  in  1870,  for 
the  purpose  of  maintaining  a  leading  agency  for  the  productions  of  those 
di.stilleries  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  has  also  agencies  of  W.  &  A.  GiLDEY, 
London;  DANIEL  VissER  ZoNEN,  Schiedam;  and  TlIE  CoNRAD  SeipP 
Brewing  Company,  Chicago.     Besides  their  liquor  trade  they  do  an  ex- 


MmUmaaimBm 


228 


COMMERCE,   ETC. 


tensive  commission  business  in  Caiifornian  agricultural  products,  and  have 
taken  the  lead  in  shipping  barley  and  hops  to  the  large  breweries  east  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  They  liave  exported  as  much  as  1,500  carloads  of 
barley  in  a  season,  and  have  been  the  pioneers  in  sending  wheat  through  to 
Now  York  City.  They  ship  all  kinds  of  Caiifornian  products  demanded 
by  the  New  York  market  to  their  house  there.  The  prosperity  of  their 
finn  finds  a  reflex  in  the  remarkably  handsome  finish  and  furniture  of  their 
CDunting-rooms  at  100  and  102  Front  Street. 

A.  Vignier. — A.  Vignier,  importer  of  wines,  liquors,  brandies,  sweet  oil, 
preserves,  and  French  and  Swiss  goods,  at  429  Battery  Street,  has  been  a 
resident  of  California  since  185 1,  and  is  the  successor  of  the  house  of  ICd. 
DE  Rutte,  long  prominent  in  the  trade  of  San  Francisco.  He  is  proprie- 
tor of  a  factory,  which  produces  1 2  tons  of  cream  of  tartar  monthly,  at 
968  and  970  Bryant  Street.  He  is  also  part  owner  in  a  distillery,  which 
turns  out  100  barrels  of  spirits  a  week,  at  Covington,  Kentucky. 

Corbitt  &  Maoleay.— C(:)RIUTl'  &  Macle.W,  established  in  1866,  are 
extensive  importers  and  wholesale  dealers  in  groceries,  and  export  wheat, 
flour,  timber,  salmon,  and  wool.  Their  trade  extends  to  Alaska,  British 
Columbia,  Washington  Territory,  Idaho,  and  a  portion  of  Montana.  The 
firm  carries  on  a  branch  commission  hou.se  in  San  I''rancisco.  They  do  not 
confine  themselves  to  merchandising;  but  are  also  producers  upon  a  largo 
scale,  being  the  proprietors  of  Tmi'.  Anc;M)-Ami;kic.\n  1'.\ckinc;  Comp.vnv 
of  Astorii,  Oregon,  and  of  Tiir,  Ji:iFKRSO\  CiTV  Fi.oURiNt;  MiLl.s,  at 
Jefferson,  Oregon,  extensive  establishments  mentioneil  in  other  chapters  of 
this  work.  Messrs.  CORlilTT  &  M.\CI,EAV  are  also  agents  for  canneries  and 
mills,  and  do  a  large  and  increasing  commission  business.  In  connection 
with  their  mercantile  business,  they  are  general  agents  for  Oregon,  Wash- 
ington, and  Idaho,  of  4  of  the  largest  Knglish  fire  insurance  companies,  viz., 
the  "  Iinpcrial,"  "  London,"  "  Xorthern,"  and  "  Oucen,"  and  besides  tloing  a 
large  business  in  Portland,  ilirect  the  operation.s  of  the  numerous  subagents 
under  their  control. 

Charman  Sl  Son.— One  of  the  notable  mercantile  houses  in  Oregon  is 
that  of  T.  ClIARMAN  &  Son,  at  Oregon  City.  Mr  ClIARMAN  arrived  in 
the  .State  in  1853,  and  by  devoting  himself  to  business,  made  an  enviable 
success  in  gaining  the  iespect  and  patronage  of  his  neighbors.  He  has 
been  elected  mayor  of  his  town  sever.il  limes,  and  now  holds  that  position; 
and  besides  is  president  of  the  Bank  of  Oregon  City.  The  busiticss  done 
by  his  mercantile  house  has  been  estimated  to  amount  to  $100,000  annually. 


It 


MMMHlaHiiMiMMMMliteMiaMMMMIIM^ 


■MMii 


MERCHANDISING. 


229 


J.  K.  Gill  &  Co. — The  leading  house  in  the  book  and  stationery  busi- 
ness is  that  of  J.  K.  and  JOHN  GiLL  (J.  K.  GiLL  &  Co.),  who  opened  their 
establishment  in  1871,  and  liave  gradually  increased  their  sales  and  credit 
until  they  have  surpassed  all  local  competition.  Much  of  their  success  is 
doubtless  due  to  their  thorough  knowledge  of  their  merchandise,  to  which  the 
senior  partner  has  devoted  his  attention  since  he  left  school.  A  native  of 
England,  educated  in  Massachusetts,  now  40  years  of  age,  he  settled  in 
Oregon  in  1866,  and  has  been  a  resident  of  Portland  since  1867. 

Fleokensteln  &  Mayer.— Fleckenstein  &  MAYER,  at  24  and  26  Front 
Street,  Portland,  are  generally  recognized  as  the  leading  importers  and 
wholesale  dealers  in  wines  and  liquors,  in  Oregon,  and  they  also  deal  in 
cigars.  They  import  their  wines  and  liquors  directly  from  the  Eastern 
States  and  Europe,  and  get  most  of  their  native  wines  from  the  vineyards 
direct.  The  senior  partner,  Mr.  HENRY  Fleckenstein,  has  been  promi- 
nent in  the  business  of  Portland  since  1865,  and  the  firm  was  established 
in  1876. 

K.  Seellg  8l  Co.— K.  Seelig  &  Co.  (K.  Selmg  and  E.  Zeitfuchs), 
at  163  Second  Street,  Portland,  are  among  the  prominent  wholesale  liquor 
stores  on  the  coast,  and  have  an  extensive  custom  in  the  adjacent  terri- 
tories, as  well  as  in  their  own  State.  They  are  exclusive  agents  in  Oregon 
of  the  J.  W.  D.\NTS  Old  Bourbon,  a  brand  which  finds  much  favor  in  the 
Willamette  Valley,  especially  among  the  descendants  of  Kentuckians. 
They  import  directly  from  distilleries  on  the  Atlantic  Slope,  and  from  lead- 
ing wine-houses  in  California,  and  invariably  pay  cash  for  their  purchases, 
so  as  to  be  able  to  sell  again  at  the  lowest  figures.  Tiiis  house  was  estab- 
lished in  1873. 

S.  W.  Peroival.— One  of  the  pioneer  residents  and  merchants  of  Olympia 
is  SA^JUEL  VV.  Percival,  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  59  years  of  age  in  1882. 
After  receivir.g  a  common-school  education  and  doing  some  clerking,  he 
went  to  sea  at  the  age  of  19,  visited  many  toreign  ports,  and  soon  became  a 
master  mariner.  He  arrived  at  San  Francisco  in  1849,  and  stuck  to  the  sea 
on  this  coast  until  1853,  when  he  visited  Puget  Sound,  and  attracted  by  the 
wonderful  advantages  for  inland  commerce,  sought  a  place  to  make  a  home, 
and  selected  a  donation  claim  of  320  acres  at  Olympia.  His  judgment  was 
soon  afterwards  approved  by  the  action  of  the  Government  in  .selecting 
Olympia  for  the  capital  of  Washington.  The  territory  grew  slowly,  but  it 
prospered  steadily.  Mr.  PERCIVAL  had  faith  in  the  future.  He  built  a 
wharf,  warehouse,  and  store;  reared  a  family  residence  that  did  credit  to 
him  and  the  community,  and  is  now  a  member  of  the  firm  of  T.  N.  FoRD  & 


230 


COMMERCE,   ETC 


' 


Co.,  one  of  the  leading  mercantile  houses  in  Washington.  His  extensive 
observation  and  pioneer  experience  give  weight  to  his  opinion  that  the  basin 
of  Pugct  Sound  is  to-day  one  of  the  best  places  on  our  continent  for  ambi- 
tious young  men  with  small  capital,  seeking  an  opportunity  to  grow  up  with 
a  new  community  and  share  its  prosperity  and  business  expansion. 

Sch-wabaoher  Brothers  &  Co. — Among  the  mercantile  firms  of  Western 
Washington,  that  of  ScilWABACHER  BROTHERS  &  Co.,  established  in 
Seattle  since  1869,  occupies  a  leading  position.  They  deal  in  general  mer- 
chandise at  wholesale  and  retail,  import  their  main  stock  directly  from 
Atlantic  cities,  and  with  an  average  stock  of  $150,000,  sell  to  the  amount  of 
about  $400,000  annually. 

M.  V.  B.  Stacy . — M.  V.'B.  Stacy,  dealer  in  real  estate,  and  owner  of 
much  water-front  in  Seattle,  is  one  of  the  leading  business  men  of  Wash- 
ington Territory. 

Henry  Saunders. — One  of  the  leading  business  men  of  Victoria  is 
Henry  Saunders,  who  established  himself  there  in  i860  as  an  importer 
and  dealer  in  groceries,  provisions,  and  liquors.  He  is  part  owner  of  TlIE 
Windsor  Canning  Company,  and  agent  for  the  sale  of  its  pack ;  agent 
of  the  steamer  Grapplcr  and  tug-boat  Pilot,  and  part  owner  and  agent  of 
the  steamer  plying  between  Victoria  and  Wrangel. 

Thomas  Shotholt. — Among  the  successful  business  men  of  British 
Columbia,  TllO.MAS  SlIOTBOLT,  importing  druggist  and  manufacturing 
chemist,  deserves  mention.  He  has  been  established  in  Victoria  since  1862, 
and  has  a  branch  house  in  Yale.  Mr.  SlIOTBOLT  is  also  part  owner  of  the 
salmon  cannery  at  Oweekaynoo,  on  one  of  the  Queen  Charlotte's  Islands. 

Turner,  Beeton  &  Co.— TURNER,  Beeton  &  Co.,  merchants  of  Victoria, 
are  engaged  in  a  general  commission  business,  arc  agents  for  fire  and  ma- 
rine insurance  companies,  and  are  importers  of  hardware  and  liquors.  They 
are  agents  for  the  Duncan  Metlahkah  Cannery,  and  arc  represented  in 
London  by  the  associate  house  of  H.  C.  BEETON  &  Co.  Mr.  TURNER  has 
been  mayor  of  Victoria  for  3  years. 


ggl_ 


i 


HORTICULTURE. 


231 


DIVISION  III.-AGRICULTURE. 


CHAPTER   XIII.— HORTICULTURE. 

Fruit-trees. — Among  the  industries  of  our  slope,  horticulture  has  a 
peculiar  prominence.  The  opportunities  offered  by  genial  climates  and 
fertile  soil  in  California  and  Oregon  were  promptly  seized  by  enterprising 
people,  who  within  a  few  years  had  large  areas  of  orchard  and  vineyard 
planted  with  the  best  varieties,  and  cultivated  with  high  skill.  California 
excels  in  its  grapes,  pears,  peaches,  plums,  prunes,  apricots,  nectarines, 
cherries,  figs,  olives,  oranges,  and  lemons ;  Oregon  in  its  apples  and  plums. 
There  are  about  2,400,000  apple-trees  in  California,  and  1,300,000  in  Ore- 
gon; 800,000  peach-trees  in  California,  and  44,000  in  Oregon;  and  350,000 
pear,  260,000  plum  and  prune,  130,000  cherry,  250,000  apricot,  50,000  fig, 
1,000,000  orange,  and  140,000  lemon  trees  set  out  in  orchards  in  California. 
The  total  orchard  products  of  Oregon,  according  to  the  national  census  of 
1880,  were  worth  $547,000  in  that  year;  the  corresponding  figure  for  Cali- 
fornia has  not  been  published,  but  it  is  probably  not  less  than  $3,000,000. 
California  has  6,000,000  fruit-trees,  or  more  than  6  on  an  average  for  every 
inhabitant,  and  20  for  every  adult  male ;  and  60  cents  is  a  low  estimate  for  the 
average  net  value  of  the  crop  of  each  tree.  A  mature  tree  of  good  variety, 
in  a  propitious  soil  and  situation,  should  yield  100  pounds  of  fruit  on  an 
average  annually ;  but  if  we  assume  that  the  crop  is  only  half  so  much,  we 
have  about  a  pound  of  fruit  every  day  in  the  year  for  every  inhabitant  of 
the  State.  The  trees  of  Oregon  bear  2,000,000  bushels  of  apples,  peaches, 
plums,  and  pears  annually,  enough  to  supply  every  inhabitant  with  2  pounds 
of  those  fruits  for  every  week  day  in  the  year. 

The  temperate  fruit-trees,  including  the  apple,  pear,  peach,  plum,  prune, 
apricot,  nectarine,  and  cherry,  grow  rapidly,  and  bear  early  and  abundantly  in 
California,  and  are  cultivated  in  great  number  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  The  peo- 
ple demand  the  handsomest  and  best  varieties,  and  are  willing  and  able  to  pay 
the  highest  prices.  The  early  bearing  has  facilitated  the  improvement  of 
the  orchards ;  when  a  tree  did  not  prove  a  success,  it  was  dug  up  or  grafted 


iiHliiiiiiiiiia^^ 


232 


AGRICULTURE. 


with  something'  better.  The  apples  are  remarkable  for  lar^c  size  and  brill- 
iant colors,  but  since  1S77,  like  the  pears,  many  have  been  damaged  by  the 
codling  worm,  which  has  greatly  injured,  and  threatens  to  destroy,  the  value 
of  many  orchards.  The  apples  grown  in  the  Californian  valleys  are  not  so 
juicy  or  well  flavored,  and  do  not  keep  .so  well  as  those  grown  in  the  dis- 
tricts where  the  winters  are  cold.  The  best  varieties  of  apples,  if  not 
troubled  by  the  moth,  arc  expected  to  yield  $100  net  an  acre  annually,  in 
situations  convenient  for  cheap  shipment  to  .San  Francisco. 

The  climate  and  soil  of  California  are  peculiarly  favorable  to  the  pear,  and 
some  of  the  old  trees,  planted  long  before  the  American  conquest,  bear  more 
than  a  ton  eacJi  in  an  average  \'ear.  The  Bartlett  pears  have  been  the  most 
profitable,  and  have  yielded  $300  net  to  the  acra 

The  apricot,  which  is  almost  unknown  on  the  .'\tlantic  side  of  our  conti- 
nent, is  produced  in  large  quantity  by  California.  The  delicious  flavor  of 
the  fruit  makes  it  a  great  favorite  for  eating  fresh,  and  for  canning  and  dry- 
ing, anil  as  it  bears  abundantly  and  commands  a  ijood  price,  it  has  )iclded 
some  fine  profits.  An  orchard  near  I  lay  wards,  in  1879,  bore  "55  tons  on  12 
acres,  and  when  the  fruit  ripened,  the  wholesale  price  for  it  was  S  cents  a 
pound,  making  $i,2Cxd  an  acre  for  the  gross  receipts.  As  a  fruit  for  canning, 
the  apricot  is  unsurpassed,  unless  by  the  nectarine,  one  variety  of  which  is 
most  delicious. 

The  banks  of  the  Sacramento  River,  about  20  miles  below  Sacramento 
City,  ha\c  numerous  profitable  peach  orchards  which,  in  good  jcars,  yield 
1, 200  baskets  (23  pounds  net  in  each),  or  27,000  pounds  of  fruit  from  each 
acre.  In  1881  the  average  price  was  75  cents  a  basket,  making  a  money 
yield  of  $900  gross,  and  $(xx)  net  to  the  acre. 

The  w(:  ;tcm  portions  of  Washington  and  British  Columbia  have  a  climate 
like  that  01  Western  Oregon,  and  will  piuduce  apples  and  plums  with  equal 
abundance,  excellence,  and  regularity.  Nevada,  Idaho,  Utah,  Eastern  Ore- 
gon, anil  Eastern  Washington  have  severe  frosts  late  in  the  spring  occasion- 
ally, so  that  tlie  fruit  crop  will  sometimes  be  nipped  in  the  bud;  but  the 
flavor  of  the  apples,  peaches,  ]icars,  and  other  tree  fruits  is  fme,  and  tiie 
yield  is  often  large.  Arizona  has  few  otchanls,  but  it  can  produce  the  tem- 
perate fruits  m  the  mountains,  and  the  subtropical  fruits  in  it:,  valleys. 
Mexico  and  Central  America  have  tropical  and  subtropical  fruits,  including 
the  orange,  lemon,  lime,  chiriino)a  or  custard-apple,  zapote,  tufla  or  prickly 
pear,  and  aguacate  or  alligator  pear. 

One  of  the  important  advantages  of  the  Californian  horticulturist  is  the 
length  of  the  season  for  the  ripening  of  fruits.  Cherries  are  in  the  market 
i'rom  Ma\  15th  till  October  ,^ath.  In  the  valleys,  as  far  north  as  latitude 
40^  the  apple  and  pear  arc  vcrj-  seldom  if  ever  injured  by  frost  before  Decern- 


BE 


SE 


HORTICULTURE. 


233 


ber,  and  it  is  not  until  that  month  that  the  orange  ripens.  That  fruit  is  so 
protected  by  its  thick  rind  and  the  density  of  the  foliage,  that  it  has  less 
danger  from  cold  than  the  apple.  As  the  various  products  cf  the  citrus 
trees  ripen  from  November  to  April,  and  will  remain  in  good  condition  on 
the  tree  for  9  months  or  more  after  maturity,  the  season  for  picking  fruit 
never  ends  in  California. 

The  citrus  orchards  arc  nearly  all  south  of  parallel  35°;  and  north  of 
that  line  the  time  for  gathering  the  bulk  of  the  fruit  crop  closes  in  Octo- 
ber. Since  there  is  no  place  where  fruit  keeps  so  well,  or  can  be  kept  so 
cheaply  as  on  the  tree,  it  is  a  great  help  to  the  Californian  orchardist  that 
he  can  leave  it  there  till  near  the  beginning  of  winter,  in  case  he  should  not 
see  more  profit  from  an  early  sale. 

Perhaps  a  still  greater  advantage  is  in  the  larger  number  of  species 
which  he  can  cultivate  with  success.  Among  his  most  productive  fruits 
are  the  apricot,  nectarine,  olive,  and  fig,  which  do  not  thrive,  or  at  least  are 
not  grown  in  large  quantity  elsewhere  on  the  continent.  They  are  among 
the  most  valuable  products  of  horticultural  industry  and,  on  account  of 
their  rarity  elsewhere,  are  of  great  commercial  value  for  exportation.  Ore- 
gon and  Washington  share,  with  California,  the  exemption  from  the  curcu- 
lio,  enabling  them  to  grow  the  plum  and  prune  in  great  abundance,  and  of 
excellent  quality. 

Besides  the  advantages  of  the  longer  .season  and  greater  variety  of  fruits, 
the  horticulture  of  our  coast  has  a  greater  area  of  orchard,  in  proportion  to 
population,  a  more  intelligent  and  enterprising  class  of  orchardists,  includ- 
ing men  possessing  the  skill  of  all  civilized  lands,  and  a  climate  favoring 
early  bearing,  so  that  varieties  can  soon  be  changed  when  found  unprofit- 
able after  a  brief  trial. 

The  curculio,  the  great  enemy  of  the  cherries,  plums,  prunes,  and  kindred 
fruits,  has  not  made  its  appearance  in  California  or  Oregon.  Cherries  com- 
ing in  early  have  frequently  paid  more  than  $1,000  an  acre.  Prunes  and 
plums  have  paid  $400.  The  dried  prunes  of  I'alifornia  compare  favorably 
in  appearance  and  flavor  with  those  of  luiro[)e,  ^nd  command  as  good  a 
price,  except  the  best  of  France  packed  in  glass. 

Frult-drylng. — The  great  surplus  of  fruit  has  induced  the  Californians 
to  de\ote  much  attention  to  drying;  and  as  the  drjing  in  the  sun  exposes 
the  fruit  to  dust  and  insects,  and  is  especially  objectionable  for  apples, 
pears,  peaches,  and  apricots,  which  must  be  cut  to  get  them  into  pieces 
small  enough,  various  patterns  of  kilns  have  been  tried,  and  at  least  a  ilu/eii 
arc  in  use.  The  orchardists  are  not  agreed  which  is  the  best,  and  [jrobably 
years  will  elapse  before  they  all  accept  the  same  kiln. 


^34 


AGRICULTURK. 


The  hot  summer  sun  and  the  dry  atmosphere  of  the  fruit  and  grape  dis- 
tricts of  California  are  pccuUariy  favorable  to  sun-drying,  which  is  used 
almost  exclusively  in  drying  raisin  grapes,  figs,  and  prunes.  The  product 
of  these  fruits  for  drying  is  already  large,  and  promises  to  rapidly  increase. 

Fresh  Fruit  Shipment. — The  shi[5ment  of  fresh  fruit  by  rail  to  the  At- 
lantic Slope  is  an  important  business  in  California,  and  promises  to  increase 
in  magnitude.     The  European  grape  (especially  the  White  Muscat  and  the 
I'lame  Tokay  varieties),  the  pear,  and  the  plum  have  been  .sent  in  large, 
and  the  peach,  apricot,   nectarine,  and  orange,  in  small  quantities.      The 
profit  depends    mainly  on    the  judgment    in    the    selection    of  the    fruit, 
the  time  and  care  of  picking  and  packing,  and  the  management  on  the 
road.     The  weather  and  the  condition  of  the  market  are  subordinate  influ- 
ences.    Some  shippers  always  get  their  fruit  through  in  marketable  condi- 
tion, and  never  fail  to  make  a  profit.     From  the  beginning  of  July  to  the 
end  of  September  the  prices  are  low  in  Californian  and  high  in  the  Eastern 
cities,  and  any  one  who  knows  how  to  make  the  connection  between  the  two, 
can  pocket  a  considerable  percentage.     Much  has  been  lost  by  injudicious 
\-enturcs,  but  much  has  also  been  gained ;  and  the  business  continues  to  in- 
crease, from  4  to  lo  cars  leaving  Sacramento  every  summer  day  with  fruit  to 
cross  the  mountains.    There  arc  2  methods  of  conveyance:  one  is  by  freight 
train,  which  reaches  New  York  usually  in  18,  but  in  21  ilays  at  the  latest, 
from  San  iM-ancisco,  at  a  charge  of  $514  a  carload,  or  $.:.57  for  100  pounds. 
The  other  is  by  the  passenger  train,  which  makes  the  trip  within  8  days, 
and  charges  $1,028  a  carload,  or  $5.14  f^""  'O'^  pounds.     Lemons,  oranges, 
apples,  ciuinces,  and  a  few  varieties  (jf  late  grapes  and  late  jiears,  can  go  by 
freight  trains ;  but  cherries,  early  pears,  early  grapes,  and  peaches,  must  go  by 
fast  freight  or  passenger  trains,  if  they  are  to  go  through  in  good  condition. 
The  fresh  fruit  shipments  from  California  to  points  beyond  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  most  of  them  to  points  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains,  amountcil 
to  1,690  tons  in  1871;  1,070,  in  1872;   1,400,  in  187^;  2,500,  in  1874;  1,440, 
in   1875;  3,390,  in   187O;  2,6go,  in   1877;  2,400,  in   1878;  3,590,  in   1879; 
1,560,  in   1880;  and  5,000,  in   1881;  making  a  total  of  21,750  tons  in   lo 
j'cars.    Of  this  aggregate,  Sacramento  supplied  10,000  tons,  San  Jos(5  9,500, 
Stockton  1,000,  San  l-'ranciscn  500,  and  Marj'sville  1,740  in  round  numbers, 
'i'hosc  were  the  points  at  which  carloails  were  made  up,  some  of  the  fruit 
having  been  grown  at  ct)nsiderable  distances.     The  shipments  extend  from 
l'"ebruary  te.  November  inclusive,  being  most  abundant  in  July,  August,  and 
September.     In    1881   the  shipment  was  5,000  tons,  the  freigiu  charges  on 
which  were  more  than  $300,000, 


HORTICULTURE. 


23S 


Nut  Trees. — California  has  1 10,000  English  walnut  trees,  and  the  crop 
for  1 88 1  was  estimated  to  be  less  than  500  tons,  or  about  10  pounds  on  the 
average  to  the  tree.  It  does  not  come  into  full  bearing  until  1 5  or  20  years 
old,  is  subject  to  blight,  and  few  trees  have  been  set  out  wilhin  the  last  5 
years. 

The  almond  has  been  cultivated  more  extensively  than  the  walnut,  and 
has  proved  very  unprofitable.  The  trees  arc  healthy  and  bloom  with  great 
luxuriance,  but  in  most  places  there  is  no  crop;  and  some  of  the  largest 
orchards  have  not  paid  the  current  expense  of  cultivation. 

Oranges. — From  1870  to  i88o  Southern  California  was  pervaded  by  a 
mania  for  planting  orange  orchards.  Oranges  sometimes  sold  for  $40  a 
1,000,  and  never  for  less  than  $20;  and  it  was  supposed  that  the  price 
would  never  fall  below  the  latter  figure,  unless  during  a  few  weeks  of  ex- 
ceptional glut.  The  best  orchards  when  5  years  old,  produce  200  oranges 
to  the  tree;  when  10  years  old,  1,000.  There  are  100  trees  to  the  acre  in 
many  orchards ;  at  200  oranges  to  the  tree,  20,000,  or  $400  to  the  acre. 
All  expenses,  including  boxes  and  interest  on  the  investment,  do  not 
exceed  $100,  leaving  $300  net  for  each  acre.  That  was  certainly  an 
encouraging  prospect  to  the  man  who  could  manage  to  get  lO  acres 
of  orange  orchdrd;  much  more  encouraging  to  him  who  could  get  20  or 
50  acres.  The  trees  for  planting  an  acre  cost  about  $100;  the  planting  and 
cultivating  about  $20  an  acre  for  each  year  for  5  years ;  land  with  water 
about  $100 an  acre;  and  interest  and  incidentals  for  5  years  on  entire  invest- 
ment $1 50  an  acre,  making  the  cost  $450  an  acre  at  the  end  of  the  fifth  year. 

The  orange  at  San  Gabriel  has  paid,  in  many  cases,  $500  an  acre  net  an- 
nually. The  number  of  Californian  orange-trees  in  bearing  in  the  spring  of 
1880,  was  about  200,000,  according  to  the  figures  given  in  the  report  of  the 
Surveyor-General  for  that  year,  including  192,900  in  Los  Angeles,  9,050  in 
San  Bernardino,  3,000  in  Sonoma,  2,517  in  San  Diego,  2,287  '"  Santa  Clara, 
1,038  in  Placer,  315  in  Santa  Barbara,  and  150  in  Ventura.  The  number  of 
trees  set  out  in  orchard  is  probably  5  times  as  great  as  that  of  the  bearing 
trees.  The  chief  orange  center  is  San  Gabriel,  which  has  probably  more 
bearing  tiees  than  all  the  remainder  of  the  State  together.  Next  in  impor- 
tance is  Riverside,  which  has  the  cleanest  trees  and  the  handsomest  fruit, 
though  most  of  the  orchards  are  not  yet  in  bearing.  The  town  has  in 
orchard  209,000  orangc-trces,  of  which  28,000  are  in  bearing;  20,000  Icmon- 
trccs,  and  8,000  limc-trce.s.  In  1881-82  the  crop  included  9,550  bo.\es  of 
oranges,  3,800  of  lemons,  and  5,000  of  limes.  Pasadena,  Anaheim,  Santa 
/".na,  Tustin  City,  Orange,  Westminster,  San  Bernardino,  San  Diego,  Santa 
Barbara,  and  Santa  Paula  have  .set  out  numerous  orchards. 


nil 


23C 


AGRICULTURE. 


The  crop  for  1881-82,  ripening  from  December  till  April,  numbered  about 
20,000,000  oranges ;  and  there  will  probably  be  a  large  increase  every  year 
for  the  next  10  jears. 

Among  the  nr.table  orange  orchards  of  California  arc  those  of  E.  J. 
Baldwin,  200  acres;  TiiE  Mutual  Orchard  Company,  200  acres; 
Wilson  &  Shorb,  105  acres;  L.  J.  Rosk,  100  acres;  A.  B.  Chapman,  Oo 
acres;  Lazard  Frisres,  60  acres;  and  L.  II.  TiTUS,  in  San  Gabriel 
Valley;  j.  W.  WOLI'HKILL,  I  ID  acres;  and  Mrs.  Dr.  Cklls,  72  acres,  at 
Los  Angeles  City;  CoMSTOCK  &  HUNIINGTON,  120  acres,  at  Orange; 
and  H.  K.  .SNOW,  60  acres,  at  Santa  Ana.  The  cultivation  of  the  orange 
is  not  confined  to  Southern  California,  but  the  tree  thrives  in  the  valleys  as 
far  north  as  the  northern  end  of  the  Sacramento  Valley.  In  the  foothills 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  an  elevation  of  1,000  feet  above  the  sea,  the 
orange  ripens  earlier  than  in  Los  Angeles,  and  several  orchards  have  been 
set  out  with  it  in  Placer  County. 

An  arrangement  has  been  made  for  sending  tiie  surplus  oranges  of  the 
crop  of  1882  to  the  Mississippi  Valley,  from  Los  Angele.s,  at  a  charge 
of  $joo  by  the  carload. 

Olive,  etc. — The  olive  is  thrifty  and  prolific  in  California,  which  has  a 
large  area  of  dry  hill  land,  unfit  for  tillage,  and  of  little  value  for  pasturage, 
well  adapted  to  it.  The  tree  docs  not  come  into  bearing  for  10  j'cars,  and 
that  is  the  main  reason  why  it  has  not  been  cultivated  more  extensively.  It 
has  yielded  $500  profit  per  acre,  to  .several  of  tho.sc  who  have  trees  in  bear- 
ing; and  the  C;'.lifort)ian  picUlcd  olives  are  [)referre(l  by  m.my  persons  to 
the  Si)anish.  The  State  has  13,000  trees  in  orchard.  California  has  as 
much  land  suited  to  the  olive  as  Ital}',  which  has  an  annual  oil  crop  worth 
$30,000,000. 

The  fig  is  healthy  and  prolific  in  California,  and  the  State  has  50,000 
trees,  including  the  best  varieties.  Most  of  the  fruit  dried  hitherto  is  the 
Black  Turkey,  not  so  large  or  handsome  as  the  Smyrna,  but  palatable. 

Kitchen  Vegetables. — The  cultivation  of  kitchen  vegetables  on  the 
Pacific  (^D.isl  li.is  many  interesting  features,  but  we  ha\c  not  the  space  for 
a  full  discussicjn  of  them.  No  market  is  supplied  with  larger  vegetables  or 
a  greater  variety  than  that  of  .San  I'rancisco.  The  gardeners  arc  mostly 
(icnoese,  PortUgut:se,  and  t"hincse,  and  their  gardens  ,ire  tilled  with  care  and 
skill.  The  windmills  used  for  irrigation  are  prominent  objects  in  the  sub- 
urban lantlscape.  The  Californian  potatoes  arc  immense  in  si/e,  but  in 
flavor  are  inferior  to  those  of  Utah,  Oregon, .and  Washington,  and  in  several 
districts  they  ha\e  been  su'iject  to  disastrous  blights,  which  have  not  troubled 
the  States  and  Territories  on  the  i'acific  with  less  genial  climates.    The  coun- 


HORTICULTURE. 


237 


ties  footing  on  the  ocean,  from  Humboldt  to  Monterey,  have  taken  the  lead 
in  California  in  growing  the  potato,  cabbage,  and  cauliflower;  the  sweet 
potato  comes  from  the  banks  of  the  Lower  Sacramento,  and  the  Lima  bean 
is  a  specialty  of  Carpcntcria,  in  Santa  Barbara  County. 

The  strawberry  and  blackberry  are  cultivated  extensively.  San  Josd  has 
300  acres  of  strawberry  fields  to  supply  the  San  Francisco  market.  The 
land  is  irrigated,  and  the  tillage  is  usually  done  by  Chinamen  on  shares. 
In  1869  Mr.  Boots,  of  Santa  Clara  Valley,  obtained  100  tons  of  straw- 
berries from  34  acres. 

Orohardists. — Among  the  orchardists  of  California,  the  names  of  JOHN 
Lewellixg,  William  Meek,  L.  J.  Rose,  William  Wolf.skill,  and 
G.  G.  Briggs  deserve  special  mention  in  so  brief  a  space  as  can  be  granted 
to  horticulture.  In  1847  Hender.SON  Lewelling,  a  native  of  North 
Carolina,  crossed  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Oregon  ,<'ith  a  wagon  load  of 
well-selected  fruit-trees  packed  in  soil  and  carefully  attended,  so  that  they 
should  not  die  on  the  long  journey.  That  was  the  first  stock  of  fine 
varieties  of  temperate  fruits  on  the  Pacific  Slope;  and  it  led  to  the  planting 
of  a  great  number  of  valuable  orchards.  John  Lewelling,  a  brother  of 
Henderson,  came  overland  to  California  in  185 1 ;  and  having  satisfied  him- 
self that  he  had  found  a  good  place  for  fruit,  he  went  to  Oregon  for  a  sup- 
ply of  young  trees,  with  which  he  started  a  nursery  and  orchard  on  50 
acres  of  land  leased  from  E.  L.  BEARD.  T\vo  years  later  he  moved  to  San 
Lorenzo,  where  he  made  specialties  of  cherries  and  currants,  both  of  which 
proved  very  productive  and  profitable.  He  wa.->  a  ;-'-illful  orchardist,  and 
made  the  business  a  success  from  the  start.  Ik  now  resides,  an  old 
gentleman  of  70,  with  a  son,  at  St.  Helena,  while  another  son  man- 
ages the  San  Lorenzo  orchard.  WoLESKlLL  was  the  leader  in  jilanting 
oranges  in  Los  Angeles  County.  When  he  had  passed  middle  age  he  set 
out  the  first  orange-trees  in  the  town  of  Los  Angeles.  His  neighbors 
ridiculed  him  for  setting  out  trees  which  would  not  come  into  bearing  until 
after  his  dea  h;  but  he  lived  to  ei.joy  his  oranges  for  20  years,  and  many 
of  those  who  laughed  at  his  supposed  folly  lived  to  see  him  get  $i,ooq  an 
acre  from  his  land,  while  the>'  thought  they  were  lucky  to  get  $100  from 
the  most  i^roductive  of  Iheir.s.  L.  J.  Rose,  a  native  of  Germany,  came  as  a 
poor  man  to  California,  and  by  economy,  persistence,  prudence,  hard  work, 
and  strict  attention  to  business,  took  the  lead  in  the  planting  of  orange- 
trees  aljout  15  years  ago,  until  his  fruit  crop  was  the  largest  and  most 
profitable  in  the  State.  G.  G.  Brigg.s  has  been  especially  notable  as  a  cul- 
tivator of  the  peach,  the  apricot,  the  prune,  and  the  raisin  grape. 


233 


AGRICULTURE. 


Subtropical  Imports. — The  American  Republic  obtains  from  Southern 
Europe  many  subtropical  agricultural  products,  which  California  can  supply 
in  great  abundance.  The  following  list  of  imports  in  1879  is  compiled 
from  the  national  commercial  s):atistics : 


Imports. 


Quantities. 


Still  Wines,  gallons 

.Sparkling  Wines,  cases. , 

liiandy,  gallons 

]<.aisins,  tons 

Figs,  tons 

Zante  Currants,  tons . . . 

Prunes,  tons 

Olive  Oil,  gallons 

Almonds,  tons 

Canary  Seed,  tons 

Caraway  Seed,  tons 

Citric  Acid,  tons 

Fruits,  i)rcser\'ed 


4,000,000 

140,000 

500,000 

19  000 

1,500 

8,500 

14,000 

300,000 

1,300 

33 
380 

3 


Value. 


$3,000,000 

1,600,000 

1,000,000 

2,000,000 

250,000 

520,000 

1,200,000 

430,000 

370,000 

105,000 

47,000 

3,800 

300,000 


Duty. 


40  cents  1?  gallon. 
$6  V  case. 
$2  '^  g.iUon. 
$50  V  ton. 
$50  V  ton. 
$20  li*  ton. 
$20  1?  ton. 
25  cents  ^gallon. 


10  cents  VVy. 


In  addition  to  the  articles  mentioned  in  the  above  list,  the  importations 
of  that  year  included  240,000,000  oranges,  without  counting  120,000,000 
spoiled  on  the  way,  and  3 1 5,000,000  lemons,  exclusive  of  1 1 3,000,000  thrown 
overboard  at  .sea.  The  total  value  of  these  subtropical  products  of  Europe 
imported  into  the  United  States  in  one  jear,  and  that  presumably  an  aver- 
age year,  was  about  $14,000,000,  and  probably  50  per  cent,  must  be  added 
to  the  ilcclared  value  for  duties,  freight,  insurance,  commissions,  and  allow- 
ances for  undervaluation,  making  the  total  cost  to  the  importers  about 
$20,000,000. 

Fruit-canning. — One  result  of  the  abundance,  excellence,  and  cheapness 
of  fruits  and  kitchen  vegetables  in  California,  has  been  that  they  arc  canned 
on  a  large  scale  for  use  at  distant  times  and  places.  The  process  of  canning, 
one  of  the  important  industrial  discoveries  of  nur  century,  preserves  the 
flavor  and  nutritious  quality  of  edible  fiber  from  the  tendencies  to  decom- 
position, and  enables  man  to  keep  for  years,  what  in  the  ordinary  course  of 
nature,  would  go  to  ilecay  in  a  few  days.  Thus  the  perishable  becomes 
practically  imperishable,  and  the  fruits  of  the  temperate  zone  can  be  enjoyed 
in  their  delicious  juices  amidst  the  ice  of  the  Arctic  or  the  sands  of  the 
Sahara. 

The  quality  of  the  Californian  canned  fruits  stands  high.  As  competition 
among  canncrs  becomes  close,  there  is  a  temptation  to  defraud  the  customer 
by  the  less  careful  selection  of  fruit,  the  use  of  glucose  instead  of  cane  sugar, 


HORTICULTURE. 


239 


by  not  giving  good  weight,  and  by  using  inferior  tin.  Our  Californian  can- 
ncrs  all  claim — and  we  believe  with  justice — that  they  have  not  yielded  to 
any  of  these  temptations.  They  use  the  best  refined  sugar — of  which  the 
standard  allowance  is  from  5  to  $}-2  pounds  to  the  case — and  give  full 
weight  in  each  can.  Their  jams  and  jellies,  also,  contain  nothing  but  the 
juice  of  the  fruit  and  pure  cane  sugar.  No  gelatine  or  other  similar  substance 
is  used.  So  long  as  they  maintain  this  standard,  and  retain  the  advantage 
of  the  large  size,  handsome  color,  freedom  from  insects,  and  delightful  flavor 
which  our  fruits  now  possess,  we  see  no  reason  why  they  may  not  find  mar- 
ket for  all  the  fruit  which  the  slope  can  produce. 

We  can  undersell  Southern  Europe  in  everything  save  apricots  and  nec- 
tarines, or  at  least  those  are  the  only  canned  fruits  in  which  we  are  under- 
sold in  the  London  market,  our  competitors  in  those  being  the  French  and 
Portuguese. 

Amount  Canned. — The  quantity  of  fruit  canned  fluctuates  from  year  to 
year  with  the  crops  and  prices,  but  there  has  been  a  rapid  increase  in  the 
capacity  of  the  canneries  and  in  the  production  of  the  orchards  which  ob- 
tain a  considerable  part  of  their  revenue  from  the  canneries.  It  has  been 
estimated — for  there  are  no  official  statistics — that  in  1875  California  packed 
4,500,000  cans  (2  pounds  in  each)  of  fruit  and  vegetables;  in  1876,  6,500,- 
000;  in  1877,  4,900,000;  in  1878,6,000,000;  in  1879,  7,000,000;  in  18S0, 
6,600,000;  and  in  1881,  11,400,000.  The  last  figure  includes 6,000,000  cans 
of  tree  fruits  and  berries,  700,000  of  jams  and  jellies,  and  4,700,000  of 
kitchen  vegetables,  including  3,000,000  of  tomatoes  and  500,000  of  peas. 
Of  the  1 1,400,006  cans  in  1881,  San  Francisco  is  credited  with  nearly  8,000,- 
000,  San  Jose  with  nearly  2,000,000,  and  other  places  with  the  remainder. 
Among  the  tree  fruits  canned  in  the  largest  quantities  are  peaches,  pears, 
apricots,  and  plums.  The  most  profitable  fruit  for  orchardists  who  wish  to 
supply  canneries  is  the  apricot,  in  situations  well  adapted  for  its  growth. 
The  best  peaches  and  apricots  received  in  San  Francisco  for  canning  come 
from  the  banks  of  the  .Sacramento  River,  and  from  Pleasant  and  Vaca  val- 
leys ;  the  best  plums  from  Napa  and  Sonoma,  and  the  best  cherries  from 
Alameda. 

The  prices  in  large  lots  in  1881  were  from  $1.85  to  $2.50  for  table  fruit 
by  the  dozen  cans  of  2j,4  pounds  each;  pic  fruits,  $1.40  to  $1.60,  2jj 
pounds  in  a  can;  and  tomatoes,  85  cents  to  $1.10,  in  cans  of  z'^j  pounds. 
The  prices  paid  by  the  canneries  for  fruits  in  1880,  an  average  year,  were 
from  $40  to  $50  a  ton  for  pears;  $40  to  $60  for  plums  and  peaches;  $70  to 
$80  for  apricots;  $100  to  $120  for  cherries. 

The  fruits  canned  most  extensively  are  peaches,  pears,  plums,  apricots, 
and  cherries.     The  Atlantic  States  grow  peaches  abundantly,  and  in  ordi- 


mm 


240 


AGRICULTURE. 


dinary  seasons  can  enough  to  supply  all  their  local  demand.  In  the  other 
fruits  mentioned,  California  has  so  little  competition,  that  the  consumption 
is  almost  world-wide,  and  may  be  said  to  be  limited  only  by  the  inability  of 
the  people  to  purchase,  or  by  their  ignorance  of  the  quality  of  our  products. 
We  can  also,  but  less  extensively,  nectarines,  apples,  Muscat  grapes,  straw- 
berries, blackberries,  and  raspbcriies.  The  apples,  peaches,  and  berries  are 
canned  only  for  the  local  market,  unless  when  a  short  crop  on  the  Atlantic 
.Slope  makes  an  exceptional  demand  there.  The  vegetables  canned  arc 
tomatoes,  corn,  peas,  string-beans,  and  asparagus;  the  sale  of  which  is 
mostly  confined  to  the  local  market,  as  the  prices  at  which  consumers  will 
take  them  will  not  justify  extensive  shipments  at  high  frc'-^hts. 

The  Cutting  Packing  Company,  who  have  the  oldest  fruit  cannery  on 
this  coast,  at  17  Main  Street,  San  Francisco,  have  another  fruit  cannery  at 
Santa  Rosa,  and  salmon  canneries  on  the  Columbia  and  Eel  rivers,  and  at 
Sitka,  and  have  branch  houses  for  the  sale  of  their  products  in  St.  Louis, 
Chicago,  Cincinnati,  New  York,  and  London.  In  the  busy  half  of  the  year 
they  employ  600  persons,  and  in  the  other  half  200.  In  1881  they  used 
1,650  tons  of  fresh  fruits  and  1,100  tons  of  vegetables.  In  18S0  the  pack  of 
all  their  canneries,  included  85,000  cases  of  salmon,  51,000  of  fruit,  20,000 
of  vegetables,  1 5,000  of  preserves,  jams,  and  jellies,  and  7,Soo  of  meat,  mak- 
ing a  total  of  188,000  cases,  more  than  4,000,000  cans,  equivalent  to  4,500 
tons.  They  also  made  20,000' casks  and  kegs  of  pickles,  and  15,000  quarts 
of  champagne  cider,  and  after  extracting  165  tons  of  honey  from  the  comb, 
put  it  in  jars  for  the  market. 

The  cannery  of  King,  MorSE  &  Co.,  on  the  corner  of  Broadway  and 
Sansomc  streets,  San  Francisco,  packs  about  100,000  cases  annually  of  fruits, 
vegetables,  and  salmon,  and  employs  from  400  to  600  persons  in  the  busy 
season.  The  establishment  was  conducted  for  10  years  by  C.  James  King 
OK  \Vm.,  under  the  firm  name  of  C.  JAMES  KiNG  OF  Wm.  &  Co.,  until  the 
present  partnership  was  organized  in  1881. 

A.  LusK  &  Co.  have  a  cannery  with  a  capacity  of  150,000  cases  in  San 
Francisco. 

The  cannery  of  THE  BANNER  PACKING  COMPANY  (M.  BANNER  and  F. 
Tui'LITZ)  has  a  capacity  of  1 50,000  cases. 

Sol.  Wangenueim  &  Co.  have  a  cannery  in  San  Franci-sco  with  a 
branch  on  the  bank  of  the  Sacramento  River.  They  can  about  100,000 
cases  annually  in  the  aggregate. 

Code,  Fli'ELDT  &  Co.,  office  at  314  Washington  Street,  San  Francisco, 
packed  1,250,000  cans  in  1881. 

The  SxAND/Uiu  Packing  Company  (Henry  Schammel,  W.  L.  Botte, 
and  F.  B.  Reynolds)  can  from  50,000  to  100,000  cases  annually. 


ip 


HORTICULTURE. 


241 


The  cannery  of  The  Spafford  Packing  Company,  in  San  Francisco, 
employs  about  225  persons  in  tlic  busy  season. 

Ail  the  canneries  mentioned  above  arc  in  San  Francisco,  and  others  in 
the  same  place  arc  those  of  THE  Red  CROSS  COMPANY  and  N.  GOETJEN. 

The  J.  LusK  Canning  Company,  of  which  Josiah  Lusk  is  president, 
has  its  cannery  at  Temcscal,  near  Oakland,  and  has  a  capacity  to  pack 
200,000  cases  (4,800  tons)  in  a  season,  and  in  1881  packed  150,000  cases, 
including  60,000  cases  of  tomatoes.  The  company  occupy  about  400  acres 
in  the  vicinity  of  their  cannery  for  growing  their  own  vegetables. 

In  1881  The  San  Jos£  Packing  Company  packed  1,200,000  cans  at 
San  Josd,  and  250,000  cans  at  Colton. 

The  Dawson  Packing  Company  has  a  large  cannery  at  San  Jos6. 

James,  Pariser  &  Co.  have  a  factory  at  608  Seventh  Street,  San  Fran- 
cisco, in  which  they  make  10,000  pounds  annually  of  candied  fruits  (the 
French  call  them  ^/aa'),  1,000  pounds  of  candied  citron,  lemon,  and  orange 
rind,  25,000  pounds  of  jellies,  and  20,000  pounds  of  mince  meat.  They 
complain  that  the  rind  of  the  Californian  lemons  generally  has  little  value 
for  their  process  of  candying. 

Grapes. — California  has  80,000  acres  in  grape-vines,  with  an  average  of 
800  vines  to  the  acre,  making  a  total  of  64,000,000  vines.  Of  these,  prob- 
ably 35,000,000  are  not  in  bearing,  and  5,000,000  of  those  in  bearing  are 
troubled  by  the  phylloxera,  so  as  to  reduce  their  production,  are  of  poor 
varieties,  or  are  not  cultivated,  and  therefore  yield  little  or  nothing.  After 
making  these  deductions,  34,000,000  vines  in  good  bearing  condition  remain, 
perhaps  half  of  the  Mission,  and  the  others  of  the  varieties  classed  as 
European,  including  principally  Alexandrian  Muscat,  Zinfandel,  Golden 
Chas.selas  or  Gutcdcl,  Riesling,  Berger,  Black  Malvoisic,  and  Flame  Tokay. 
These  varieties  are  all  prolific  in  bearing,  and  their  average  yield  is  prob- 
ably 7  pounds  to  the  vine,  equivalent  to  1 19,000  tons  for  the  average  crop. 
yVllowing  60,000  tons  to  be  used  in  making  wine,  2,000  tons  to  be  sent  fresh  to 
the  Atlantic  Slope,  and  5,000  tons  to  be  made  into  raisins,  there  would  re- 
main 52,000  tons,  or  more  than  100  pounds  of  grapes  for  each  resident  of 
California,  including  children,  to  be  consumed  fresh  or  wasted.  The  leading 
counties  in  grape  cultivation  are  Sonoma,  Napa,  Los  Angeles,  Santa  Clara, 
Solano.  Sacramento,  San  Joaquin,  TA  Dorado,  Yolo,  and  San  Bernardino. 
The  principal  centers  of  wine  manufacture  are  Los  Angeles,  St.  Helena, 
Sonoma,  San  Gabriel,  Anaheim,  San  Josd,  Santa  Rosa,  and  Yountville. 
The  places  most  noted  for  the  production  of  raisins  are  Pleasant  Valley, 
Davisville,  Woodland,  Fresno,  and  Riverside;  and  Pleasant  Valley  is  prom- 
inent in  the  production  of  early  table  grapes. 
31 


242 


AGRICULTURE. 


Since  1879  a  new  grape  fever  has  raged  in  California,  and  has,  perhaps, 
not  yet  cidminatcd.  It  is  estimated  that  lO.cxxD  acres  of  new  vineyards  were 
set  out  in  the  winter  and  spring  of  1880-81,  and  20,000  in  iS8i-2.  In  the 
latter  season,  Napa  County  claimed  to  have  planted  4,000  .icres,  and  IVcsno 
3,000.  The  new  vineyards  are  mostly  set  out  with  the  European  varieties 
most  prized  for  wine  and  raisins. 

Many  features  of  the  Californian  methods  of  training  and  cultivating  the 
vine  and  making  wine  and  raisins,  are  the  original  outgrowths  of  peculiar 
circumstances.  Most  of  our  vineyards  are  on  level  land,  because  it  is  easier 
to  cultivate  and  irrigate.  The  vines  are  trained  low,  the  stalks  being  usually 
about  18  inches  high.  They  are  set  8  feet  apart  so  as  to  leave  room  for 
plowing,  which  is  the  cheapest  method  of  cultivation.  Instead  of  digging 
a  pit  with  the  spade  for  the  cutting,  it  is  usually  put  down  into  a  hole 
punched  with  a  crowbar.  The  vineyards  are  intersected  at  short  distances 
by  wagon  roads,  .so  that  the  grapes  shall  be  carried  only  short  distances  by 
men ;  the  wagons  arc  drawn  by  lively  hor.ses :  the  grapes  arc  crushed  by 
machinery,  and  at  every  step,  from  laying  out  the  vineyard  to  sending  the 
wine  to  market,  human  muscle  is  spared  whenever  horses,  steam-power,  and 
the  best  of  tools  and  machinery  can  be  used  witli  economy. 

The  main  drawbacks  to  the  cultivation  of  the  grape  in  California  arc  the 
phylloxera,  the  mildew,  and  the  thrip  or  grape  fly.  The  last  is  checked  by 
turning  sheep  into  the  vineyard  after  the  crop  is  gathered  and  letting  them 
eat  the  leaves  to  which  the  eggs  of  the  fly  are  attached.  The  mildew  is 
arrested  by  shaking  flowers  of  sulphur  over  the  vine,  about  50  pounds  to  the 
acre.  The  phylloxera  exists  in  .Sonoma,  Napa,  .Solano,  Yolo,  Sacramento, 
Santa  Clara,  Placer,  El  Dorailn,  and  San  Joaquin  counties.  The  area  de- 
stroyed is  1,000  acres;  that  infected  probably  10,000  acres.  Flooding  vine- 
yards, the  cheapest  and  most  convenient  remedy  in  France,  is  applicable  to 
many  of  the  Californian  vineyards;  and  perhaps  one  reason  why  the  pest 
has  not  been  observed  in  Southern  California  is  that  the  vines  there  arc 
generall)'  irrigated. 

The  peculiar  fitness  of  California  for  the  grape  is  indicated  by  the  large 
size  often  reached  by  the  vines.  There  arc  now  half  a  dozen  vines  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  State,  each  with  trunks  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  with  branches 
sufficient  to  cover  an  arbor  80  feet  square,  and  producing  a  ton  or  more  of 
grapes  in  an  average  season.  Montecito,  Stockton,  Coloma,  San  Uucna- 
ventura,  Blakcs  in  Xapa  Count)-,  and  the  Cajon  Valley  in  -San  Diego  County, 
have  samples  of  the  great  \  ines  of  C^alifornia. 

It  has  been  estimated  that  a  \ineyard  in  the  fourth  year  will  produce  2 
tons  to  the  acre;  2yi  in  the  fifth;  3^2  in  the  sixth;  and  4  in  the  seventh. 
Many  vineyards  have  yielded  10  tons  to  the  acre  for  year  after  year.     The 


HORTICULTURE. 


243 


grapes  are  usually  sold  by  the  vincyardists  to  the  wine-makers,  and  the 
com:  on  prices,  in  1880,  were  $20  a  ton  for  Mission,  and  $22  to  $30  for 
the  lorcign.  In  1881,  the  foreign  grapes  commanded  from  $25  to  $32. 
There  is  an  upward  tendency  now  in  the  prices  of  grapes;  five  years  ago 
the  price  was  40  per  cent.  less.  Accepting  the  jield  as  stated  above,  the 
gross  money  yield  of  the  acre  wi.;  be  $60  in  the  fourth  year  for  foreign 
grapes;  $75  in  the  fifth  year;  $105  in  the  sixth,  and  $120  in  the  seventh. 
The  table  grapes  often  command  10  cents  a  poun^'  wholesale,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  season  in  San  Francisco,  and  from  3  to  5  for  months.  The  cost 
of  a  vineyard  4  years  old,  when  it  becomes  a  source  of  profit,  may  be  esti- 
mated at  $60  per  acre,  exclusive  of  the  land ;  and  the  annual  expense  of 
cultivation,  picking,  and  hauling  may  be  $25. 

The  first  vines  of  California  were  planted  about  1772  at  San  Gabriel,  and 
arc  of  a  Spanish  variety  known  here  as  the  Mission,  because  lhe\-  were  cul- 
tivated at  all  the  missions,  and  the  only  kind  in  the  Mission  vineyards.  It 
is  harilv,  early  in  bearing,  prolific,  and  well  adapted  to  the  system  of  short 
pruning  The  grape  is  dark  red  or  black,  though  it  often  has  a  light  bluish 
bloom  or  down  on  the  untouched  surface;  the  skin  is  thin,  and  the  pulp  rich 
in  a  juice  that  has  much  sweetness,  but  little  other  flavor  or  bouqdd  The 
grapes  brought  to  San  Francisco  in  1850  and  185 1  sold  for  50  and  75  cents 
a  pound,  paying  large  profits  to  the  owners  of  the  few  vineyards,  and  as  late 
as  185O  the  common  retail  price  was  37  cents,  most  of  the  grapes  being 
brought  from  Los  Angeles  packed  in  sawdust.  The  Los  Angeles  vine- 
yards were  the  most  productive  property  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State, 
and  their  area  began  to  extend.  A  grape  fever  started  in  a  mild  form  there, 
and  soon  affected  the  reporters  and  i  ditors  of  the  metropolitan  press.  The 
most  glowing  statements  were  made  of  the  superior  advantages  of  Califor- 
nia, as  compared  with  IVance,  for  the  production  of  the  finest  wines.  The 
organization  of  the  German  company  which  supplied  Anaheim  with  water, 
planted  it  and  colonized  it,  gave  a  great  impulse  to  the  fever,  and  in  1858 
the  planting  of  vineyards  began  extensively  in  Los  Angeles,  Sonoma,  .Santa 
Clara,  Napa,  Solano,  Sacramento,  and  the  placer  region  of  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada, using  the  Mission  grape. 

Until  that  time  nearly  all  the  vines  set  out  were  of  the  Mission  variety, 
although  the  French  horticulturists  at  San  Jose,  and  perhai)s  others,  had 
obtained  cuttings  from  France.  Mr.  DelMAS  began  in  1854  to  import 
vines,  and  he  introduced  the  Black  Malvoisie  and  the  Charbonneau  or  Char- 
bono.  At  a  later  date  CHARLES  Le  Franc  was  the  first  to  obtain  the 
Mataro,  Grenache,  and  Sauvignon  Verte.  In  subsequent  paragraphs,  mention 
will  be  made  of  other  men  wlio  have  been  prominently  associated  with  the 
grape  industry  of  California. 


244 


AGRICULTURE. 


Varieties. — The  yield  varies  in  the  different  varieties  and  districts;  the 
Zinfandel,  Bergcr,  Alexandrian  Muscat,  Mission,  White  St.  Peter's,  Mal- 
voisie,  Charbonneau  or  Charbono,  and  Seedless  Sultana  being  among  the 
most  prolific.  The  early  grapes,  appearing  in  July,  are  the  White  St. 
Peter's,  Madeleine  Blanche,  Black  July,  Sweetwater,  Early  (Hatif)  Chassc- 
las,  and  Fontaineblcau ;  and  those  abundant  in  the  market  from  October 
till  December,  inclusive,  are  the  Alexandrian  Muscat,  Muscatel,  White 
Malaga,  Rose  of  Peru,  Red  Tokay,  and  Cornichon.  The  Cornichon,  shaped 
like  a  little  cucumber,  ripening  late,  and  keeping  well,  is  the  last  in  the 
market,  but  has  a  poor  flavor.  A  score  of  other  varieties  arc  commonly 
sold  for  tabic  use  from  August  to  October,  inclusive,  while  an  equal  number 
not  well  suited  for  marketing  fresh  are  reserved  for  wine.  The  Riesling  is 
insipid  when  eaten,  but  makes  a  delicate  wine.  All  the  grapes  most  prized 
for  the  table,  for  wine,  and  for  raisins  are  European  varieties ;  and  the  term 
European,  as  generally  used  in  California,  excludes  the  Mission,  which  is  of 
European  origin.  The  American  vines,  including  the  Catawba,  Isabella, 
and  Concord,  are  rare  in  most  of  the  Californian  wine  districts,  and  do  not 
occupy  one  per  cent,  of  the  vineyard  area.  They  are  disliked  because 
they  are  considered  unfit  for  making  fine  wine,  and  long  pruning  is  neces- 
sary, making  the  training  expensive,  and  the  yield  is  inferior  to  that  of  the 
European  grape.  About  iSGo,  Martin  Alhoff  planted  a  large  vineyard 
with  Catawba  grapes,  near  Coloma,  but  the  investment  was  not  profitable. 
The  American  grapes,  the  Vitis  Riparia,  and  ALstivalis  are  attracting  atten- 
tion as  grafting  stocks  not  injured  by  the  phylloxera. 

Large  Vineyards. — The  largest  vineyards  in  California  and  presumably 
on  the  globe,  were  planted  in  the  winter  of  1881-82.  That  of  Leland 
Stanford  at  Vina,  in  Tehama  County,  occupies  1,000  acres,  and  the  vines 
are  nearly  all  of  the  Zinfandel,  Charbornneau,  Berger,  Black  Malvoisie,  and 
Blaue  Elben  varieties.  The  rancho  has  an  area  of  9,100  acres,  and  the 
owner  expects  to  set  out  1,000  acres  in  fruit-trees  soon,  and  according  to 
rumor  is  considering  whether  he  shaii  plant  another  1,000  acres  of  vines  in 
1882-83.  At  his  country  residence  near  Belmont,  and  his  farm  near  the 
Mission  San  Jos6,  Mr.  STANFORD  has  several  hundred  acres  more  of  vines 
The  vineyai  J.  of  R.  Nadeau  near  Florence,  set  out  in  1881-82,  has  about 
1,300  acres.  G.  G.  Briggs  has  nearly  1,000  acres  in  raisin  vineyards  near 
Davisvillc,  Woodland,  and  other  places.  Before  1881,  the  largest  vineyard 
in  the  State  was  that  of  L.  J.  ROSE,  containing  560  acres,  at  San  Gabriel. 
He  set  out  240  acres  additional  in  1881-82. 

R.  Barton  has  380  acres  in  vines  at  Fresno;  H.  J.  GLENN  has  300  at 
Jacinto;  Mrs.  BoURN,  265  acres  at  St.  Helena;  B.  DREYFUS  &  Co.,  240 
acres  at  Anaheim,  and  260  at  Cucamonga;  J.  GUNDLACH  &  Co.,  240  acres 


Bi 


HORTICULTURE. 


245 


at  Sonoma.  The  Fresno  Vineyard  Company  at  Fresno,  and  G. 
Groezinger  at  Yountvillc,  have  each  230  acres;  H.  W.  CRABB  at  St. 
Helena,  TllE  CALIFORNIA  Raisin  Company  at  Rocklin,  and  Shorb  and 
Wilson  at  San  Gabriel,  have  each  225  acres;  F.  T.  ElSEN  has  240 
acres  at  Fresno;  and  J.  F.  CUANK  at  Pasadena,  G.  H.  ECGERS  at 
Fresno,  P.  McDoUGAL  at  Santa  Rosa,  W.  SCIIEFFLER  at  St.  Helena,  and 
E.  J.  Baldwin  and  George  Stoneman  at  San  Gabriel,  have  each  200 
acres.  Among  the  vineyards  of  more  than  100  and  less  than  200  acres, 
are  those  of  ATKINSON  &  Co.,  Charles  Krug,  John  Benson,  J.  C. 
D.vvis,  S.  C.  Hastings,  J.  Lewelling,  and  J.  D.  Fry,  in  Napa  County; 
those  of  KoHLER  &  Froiiling  and  N.  Carriger,  in  Sonoma  County; 
of  Keller,  Rowland,  and  Bricewaller,  in  Los  Angeles  County; 
of  G.  H.  Eggers,  a.  B.  Butler,  and  M.  T.  Kearny,  in  Fresno 
County;  of  J.  L.  BEARD,  in  Alameda  County;  of  Charles  Le  pRiVNC 
and  of  Doyle  and  William;:,  in  Santa  Clara  County;  and  of  Robert 
Chalmers,  in  El  Dorado  County.  The  vineyards  between  50  and  100 
acres  include  those  of  L.  H.  Werder,  John  P.  Zeyn,  William  Allen. 
A.  Bridgen,  J.  E.  Hollenbecj  ,  j.  Kahn,  F.  Sabrichi,  W.  H.  Work- 
man, John  Wilson,  Kewen's  Estate,  M.  J.  Wicks,  F.  Hartung,  A. 
LangenbergER,  and  J.  Dalton,  in  Los  Angeles  County;  C.  P.  Adamson, 
Amsbury  &  Davis,  John  Batemax,  C.  Crochat  &  Co.,  S.  Ewer,  G. 
K.  Gluyas,  John  Green,  W.  Harker  &  Son,  T.  H.  Ink,  C.  Lemme,  L. 
Sander,  J.  Stecker,  T.  Van  Vleet,  M.  Van,  J.  C.  Weinberger,  and 
E.  M.  Falk,  in  Napa  County;  J.  C.  Palmer  and  L.  Stanford,  in  Ala- 
meda County;  J.  N.  Bailhache,  and  A.  F.  Haraszthy,  in  Sonoma 
County;  Dr.  J.  D.  B.  Stillman,  Dr.  Barton,  and  S.  C.  Evans,  in  San  Ber- 
nardino County;  T.  VachE,  in  San  Benito  County;  and  J.  B.  J.  PORTAL, 
of  Santa  Clara  County.  R.  B.  BLOWERS  has  a  large  v'neyard  in  Yolo 
County,  and  there  arc  many  other  considerable  vineyards  from  which  there 
is  no  recent  precise  report  within  reach.  Lachman  &  JACOBI  arc  inter- 
ested largely  in  vineyards  in  Sonoma,  Napa,  and  J'resno  counties.  The 
Bucna  Vista  vineyard,  containing  450  acres,  for  many  y;ars  the  largest  in 
the  State,  has  been  surpassed  in  size  by  several  others ;  and  being  seriously 
damaged  by  the  phylloxera,  has  lost  the  prominence  which  it  long  held  in 
the  wine  industry. 


Agoston  Karaszthy. — One  of  the  most  prominent  men  in  the  develop- 
ment of  Californian  viticulture  was  the  late  Colonel  AGOSTON  HAR- 
ASZTHY, who  arrived  in  California  in  November,  1849,  and  settled  at  San 
Luis  Rey,  where  he  planted  a  garden  and  set  out  fruit-trees  in  February  of 
the  next  year.     Having  been  elected  sheriff,  he  made  his  residence  in  the 


246 


AGRICULTURE. 


^ 


city  of  San    Dicgi'   where  he  devoted  his  hours  of  leisure  to  horticulture, 
;ind  in  I'"ci)riiary,  i'\ii,  he  finished  tiic  planting  of  a  wine  vinyard,  j^arden, 
and  an  orchard,  on    160-acre  lot  No.  3  of  Poole's  survey,  the  planting^  of 
which   was  hc|_;iin   in   the  jjrevious  .March.      His  election  to  the  Assembly 
in    iiSjJ  took  him  away  from   that  enterprise,  and  the  (jrchard  anil  vine- 
yard were  neglected.      Hut  he  did  not  lose  sight  of  his   favorite  occupa- 
tion.    In  that  same  \car  he  took  possession  of  a  considerable  tract  of  land 
near  Crystal  .Springs,  30  milos  from  San  h'rancisco,  securing  the  title  with 
school  warrants,  and  in  1853  set  out  a  strawberry-patch,  an  orchard,  and  a 
large  number  of  vines  obtaiiicil  for  him  from  the  Eastern  .States  and  luiropc 
through  (ieneral  I..  Mi;s/.ARO.s,  one  of  his  Hungarian  compatriots.    He  put 
many  of  his  trees  and  vines  in  nursery,  and  obtained  a  good  profit  from 
their  sale.     .Among  the  foreign   \ines  which  he  im[)orted  in  that  year  was 
thr  Zinfandel,  then   first   introduced   into  California.      He   appreciated  it.s 
merits,  and  ever   after  recommended   it  as   the  best  grape  for  wine.     In 
1855  he  madip  an  offer  for  the  Kelsey  or  Buena  Vista  vineyanl   in  Sonoma 
Valley,  and  the    next   year   he    succeeded    in  buying   it.      This  was   the 
oldest   vineyard  and  then  the  largest  north  of  San    Pablo   Hay,  and  its 
possession    made   him    one   of   the    most    prominent   vincyardists  in    the 
State.     At   that    time,  however,  general   opinion   looked   to   Los  Angeles 
as   the    onK'   count\-    where    the   grape   could    be    cultivated    extensively, 
because  it  alone  hai.1  an  abundance  of  water  for  irrigation,  which  was  con- 
sidered itidispensable.     Colonel   Hau.\sZTIIY,  immediately  after  bu)-ing  at 
Sonoma,  began  to  transfer  vines  and  trees  from  Crj-stal  Springs,  and  hi.s 
vines  planted  in  that  year  numbered  80,000.     This  was  the  most  extensive 
single  plantation  of  the  kind  ever  made  in  the  State  up  to  that  time.     He 
claimed  that  irrigation  was  not  necessary  for  the  production  of  the  grape 
in  any  part  of  Calil»jrnia;   and  for  Sonoma  Valley  he  proved  it  by  the 
thcifty  growth  and  fecundity  of  vines  which  he  set  out  there  on  land  not 
susceptible  of  irrigation.      Soon    after   establishing   himself  there,  he  in- 
duced a  score  of  his  personal  friends  to  follow  him,  and  get  viney-irds,  some 
of  which  he  planted  for  them.     Between  1856 and  1864  he  had  planted  804 
acres  with  vines  for    himself  and    others.     Colonel    H.XRASZI'MV  did   not 
content  himself  with  working  and  talking,  but  wrote  for  the  daily  press,  and 
he  contributed   to  the  report  of  the  State  vVgricultural  Society  for  1858,  a 
valuable  ])apcr  gi\  ing  practical  instruction  in  the  i)ro])cr  methoils  of  plant- 
ing and  culti\ating  the  vine,  ;uid  making  wine  and  brandy.     His  example, 
conversation,  and  writings  had  much  influence  to  attract  general  atten- 
tion to  the  grape,  ami  to  stimulate  the  planting  of  vineyards,  which  from 
that  ycnv  began  to  multiph-  with  great  ra[iidit)-.     Recognizing  the  defects 
of  tlie  Mission  grajie  he  obtainctl  an  appointment  from  the  Governor  in 


HOKTICUI.TL'RK. 


347 


1860,  as  one  of  a  board  of  commissioners  aiithori/cd  to  go  to  I ".u rope  to 
study  the  cultivation  of  the  vine  there,  lie  went  in  1.S61,  paying  all  the 
expenses  out  of  his  own  pocket,  traveled  throuj^h  all  the  leading  wine 
countries,  and  returned  with  200,cX)0  cuttinf;s  and  rooted  vines  of  4.S7 
different  varieties,  including  the  best  wine  grapes  of  France,  Germany, 
Ilunpjary,  Italy,  Spain,  .'ind  Portugal.  Resides  briiii^nn,;  the  vines  he  wrote 
an  elaborate  report  wh.ch  IiARPKli  &  Brothkus  published  in  an  oct:'.vo 
volume  of  about  500  pagei  These  vines  were  distributed  throughout  the 
State,  and  formed  the  nucleus  of  il'.o  most  important  plantations  of  im- 
ported vines  we  now  possess.  Colonel  II.\R.\.'^ZI'I1V  has  been  calle<l  the 
father  of  the  vine  in  California,  and  certainly  no  one  had  more  confidence 
in  the  future  of  Californian  wine,  or  expressed  it  with  more  enthusiasm, 
or  did  more  to  promote  its  interests.      He  died  in  N'i'  aragua  in  18C9. 

Wine  Product. —  The  annual  wine  yield  of  (.dlifoniia  is  variously  esti- 
mated from  7,cxx3,ooo  to  10,000,000  gallons.  ArI'.M)  HakasZTIIY,  Presi- 
dent of  the  State  ]5oard  of  Viticul'.ural  <  ommissionens,  in  his  official  report 
for  1880,  estimated  the  wine  yield  of  that  year  at  I  2,o<X3,ooo  gallons ;  and 
the  newspapers  generally  made  similar  estimates  for  the  yield  of  each  of 
the  4  <>r  5  preceding  years.  In  this  total,  the  wine  converted  into  brandy 
is  inclu<led.  The  annual  brandy  pf'i<luct  is  300,000  gallons,  and  it  is  made 
from  1,500,000  gallons  of  wine,  or  5  gallons  to  one.  Of  the  wine  re- 
ceived at  San  Francisco  al)out  one  fourth  comes  from  Nap.i,  as  much  from 
Sonoma,  a  fifth  iVom  .Soutlxvn  California,  and  the  remainder  from  other 
parts  ol"  the  State. 

The  wine  received  in  S.tn  Franci.sco  was  4,885,000  gallons  in  lR8r; 
3,737,000  in  1880;  3,337.0  "Jin  1877;  and  smaller  figures  in  previous  years. 
LachMAN  &  Jacobi,  who  deal  extensively  in  Californian  wines,  think  that 
60  per  cent,  of  the  product  comes  to  San  Francisco;  and  if  that  estimate 
be  correct,  the  annual  wine  yield  is  about  8,foo,iX)0  gallons,  exclusive  of  the 
quantity  converted  into  brandy.  The  latter  quantity  should  not  be  in- 
cluded, as  it  is  used,  and  in  many  cases  is  designed,  from  the  first  for  a  differ- 
ent production.  Theairiount  exported  by  sea  in  1881  was  1,500,000  gallons, 
and  1,650,000  gallons  wi're  shipped  by  rail.  Of  the  wine  sent  by  rail,  San 
I'-rancisco  supplied  1,260,000  gall<ns,  Sacramento  nearly  ,  ki,ooo,  and  Los 
Angeles  about  40,000.  Of  the  3,150,000  gallons  exportcil,  more  than  9H 
per  cent,  went  through  San  Francisco. 

A  good  yield  is  4  tons  of  grapes  to  the  acre,  about  10  pounils  to  the 
vine;  but  old  vineyards  ha\e  borne  twice  as  much  year  after  year  without 
apparent  injury,  and  even  16  tons  of  grapes  have  often  been  gathered  from 
an  acre,  equivalent  to  2,000  gallons  of  wine.     The  amount  of  clarified  wine 


MMKEunaa 


248 


AGUICL'l/rUKIi. 


.1 

i 

t    : 


from  a  ton  of  grapes  is  usually  cstiinntcd  to  be  130  gallons,  or  one  gallon 
from  I S  l^ounds. 

On  the  basis  of  i'j  tons  of  grapes  to  the  acre,  and  15  pounds  of  grapes 
to  the  gallon  of  wine,  each  acre  will  yield  on  an  average  466  gallons;  and 
at  that  ratio,  the  60,000  acres  of  vineyard  could  make  28,000,000  gallons  of 
\\'.'\c  annuall)-;  a  large  amount  for  a  State  only  30  )ears  old,  but  small 
as  compared  with  J'r.mci',  which,  before  the  da)"s  of  the  phylloxern,  pro- 
duced 2,000,000,000  gallons,  worth  $400,000,000,  annually,  and  sustained 
5,000,000  peo|)Ie  with  her  grape  industry. 

According  to  Mr.  ll.\K.\szril\',  of  the  10,200,000  gallons  m.idc  in  1880, 
700,000  (less  than  7  per  cent.J  were  sweet  wines,  worth,  on  the  average,  60 
cents  a  gallon,  and  9,500,000  dr\'  wines,  worth  25  cents,  ma!"  ■ .,  ..  total  of 
$2,795,000  as  the  price  paid  to  the  producers  for  tlic  wine. 

The  price  of  25  cents  a  gallon,  mentioned  by  Mr.  II.VRASZrilV,  is  the  figure 
which  the  producer  receives  from  the  wine  mercliant,  who  usually  buys 
within  10  months  after  the  vintage,  most  of  the  lees  having  settled  by  that 
time.  At  25  cents  a  gallon,  without  the  cask,  grapes  containing  1 30  gallons 
to  the  ton  arc  worth  $32.50  by  the  ton,  without  allowance  for  the  cost  of 
making  the  wine,  including  the  labor,  attention,  interest,  and  wear  of 
cellar,  casks,  etc.  The  common  price  paid  for  grapes  delivered  in  188 1  was 
$25  a  ton,  leaving  $7. 50  for  the  expenses,  of  making  the  wine  after  the  re- 
ception of  the  grapes  at  the  press,  and  the  profits,  A  large  portion  of  the 
grape  crop  is  now  sold  to  jirofessional  wine-makers,  some  of  whom  are  also 
wholesale  wine-dcalcrs.  The  price  of  the  wine  as  sold  by  the  wholesalers  is 
pinbably  50  cents  a  gallon  on  the  average,  a  considerable  part  of  the  ad- 
vance being  ncccs.sary  to  pay  for  casks,  freights,  storage,  leakage,  interest, 
handling,  etc. 

C.  Kohler,— CHARr,i:s  Kohlkr,  a  native  of  Germany  and  a  violini.st, 
arrived  in  San  Francisco,  in  1853,  when  he  was  22  years  of  age.  He  played 
in  orchestras  and  bands,  managed  conccrt.s,  and  took  an  active  part  in  or- 
ganizing various  ("icrman  musical  and  other  sfieieties,  which  nourished  and 
became  permanent  features  of  the  social  life  of  the  city.  His  intelligence, 
activity,  enterprise,  tact,  and  public  spirit  soon  .secured  for  him  general 
recogniti<in  as  an  influential  citizen.  In  1854  he  conceived  or  adopted 
the  idea  that  the  vine  was  destined  to  Ix)  a  success  in  California,  and 
formed  a  partnership  with  a  brother  musician,  JoilX  Froiii.INC,  to  buy  a 
vineyard  at  Los  Angeles,  and  maintain  a  cellar  for  the  sale  of  the  wine  in  .San 
Francisco.  i'"ROllI,IN(:  bought  .1  vineyard  at  Los  .Angeles  in  1854,  and  de- 
voted himself  to  its  cultixation,  while  Koiii.iCR  managed  tlie  cellar,  which 
was  opened  in  1855  ;  but  as  the  undertaking  was  beset  with  many  diflkultics, 


HORTICULTURE. 


249 


ami  pr()\cd  unprofitable,  for  ,i  limo  lie  continued  to  ply  the  bow  in  the  even- 
ings, lie  talked  up  the  grape  ami  the  \\  ine  to  all  who  would  listen,  and 
had  a  considerable  part  in  getting  up  the  wine  lever  which,  in  I.S58,  began 
to  pervade  the  .State,  anvl  letl  to  the  planting  of  numerous  vinej-ards.  The 
house  of  KoiILLU  &  FuoilMNG  preserves  its  original  name,  ami  sells  tVuui 
700,000  to  1,000,000  gallons  of  wine  annually. 

Sparkling  California,— .\bout  1  5,o<.X)  eases  of  sparkling  wine  arc  pro- 
duceil  in  California  ,uinu.ill\'  !))■  the  natural  process  (in  which  all  the  effer- 
vescing gas  is  developed  bj- fermentation)  as  distinguished  from  the  artificial 
process  in  which  the  gas,  made  from  marble  dust  and  sulphuric  acid,  is 
forced  into  the  wine  by  machinery.  This  entire  product  comes  from  the 
house  of  Ari'AI)  II.\U/\s/.rnv  &  Co. 

About  icS57.  Don  I'KDRO  Sanskv.MN,  a  native  of  France,  an  early  pio- 
neer of  California,  who  had  married  into  a  Spanish  family,  and  whose 
Christian  name  had  been  changed,  by  custom,  to  the  Spanish  form,  under- 
took to  make  sparkling  California  from  Los  Angeles  wine,  which  had  a 
ground  taste,  and  besides  was  so  rich  in  sug.ir  that  it  hioke  a  large  propor- 
tion of  his  bottles.  After  bringing  Mr.  Dlili.WNi:,  a  skillful  ecllar-ma.ster 
from  France,  and  suffering  severe  pecuniary  losses,  he  was  compelled  to 
abandon  the  business. 

While  .S.\Nst:v.\IN'  was  still  struggling  with  llic  difllculties  of  pro- 
ducing a  beverage  similar  to  sparkling  champagne  from  the  Mission 
grapes  grown  on  the  low  lands  of  Los  Angeles,  Colonel  AOOSTON  ri.\K- 
ASZI'IIV  made  some  experiments  with  Soncma  wint-,  and  he  directed  his 
son  ArI'.M),  then  in  Fnrope  for  his  education,  to  le.arn  the  ait  "f  making 
sparkling  wines  before  returning.  With  much  difilculty  the  )(iung  man 
obtaineil  admission  into  a  first-class  champagno-cellar  at  l'4)eriiay,  paying 
the  proprietor  well  for  the  privilege,  and  then  mukiiig  a  second  libenil  pay- 
ment to  the  cellar-master  for  instruction,  for  which  he  had  been  prepared 
by  the  study  of  agricultural  chemistry.  After  his  meinory  antl  notc'-books 
had  been  filled  w  ilh  the  knowledge  there  obtainable,  by  j  years  of  assiduous 
labf)r,  he  returned  to  California,  confident  that  he  cnuld  make  gootl  spark- 
ling wine,  lie  iminediatel)- entered  his  father's  cellar  at  .Scjnoma  and  made 
a  lot  of  100  bottles.  The}'  all  sparkled  and  had  a  good  fiavor;  and  the  re- 
sult was  considered  a  success.  Another  lot  of  200bottle.i  turned  out  equally 
well.  Shortly  after  the  .second  experiment,  the  Ihiena  Vista  Com|)an_\-, 
which  had  in  the  mean  time  purchased  his  father's  vineyard  and  cellar, 
employed  hiiti,  and  he  bottled  1,000  dozen  bottles  of  Sonoma  wine.  Un- 
fortunately not  a  bottle  of  it  sparkled.  The  result  was  a  loss  of  $5,000, 
which  his  father  paid.     ArI'AI)  could  not  understand  the  cause  of  the  failure, 


250 


AGRICUI-TUUi:. 


resigned,  and  in  1X63,  became  senior  partner  in  a  Sonoma  house,  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  still  wines  and  brandies. 

The  Buena  Vista  Compan)^  employed  Mr.  Dkd.WNI;,  who  put  up  30,000 
bottles  (jf  sparkling  wine  in  1.SG4,  and  only  3,000  sparkled.  The  ne.xt  year 
they  put  up  60,000,  and  lost  two  thirds  by  breakage,  the  gas  being  too 
strong  for  the  bottles.  Out  of  40,000  bottles  in  18G6,  only  5,000  sparkled. 
Mr.  Dkuannic  made  another  attemiH  in  1S67,  and  left  the  company's  serv- 
ice. They  then  procured  a  new  cellar-master  from  luu'ope,  and  subse- 
(juently,  .several  other.s,  until  they  had  tried  6  in  all,  including  French, 
Germans,  and  Swiss.  Sometimes  they  made  passable  wine,  but  the  ex- 
pense of  the  sparkling  wine  department  exceeded  its  income  by  $100,000 
in  the  16  years  of  its  maintenance,  with  some  interruptions. 

Arpad  Haraszthy  &  Co.— In  1865  Aur.VD  IIakaszthy  became  a  part- 
ner in  the  firm  of  I.  L.WD.siil'.RtU'.U  &  Co.,  dealer  in  still  wines  in  .San 
Francisco.  He  had  confidence  that  he  could  make  a  good  sparkling  wine; 
but  he  had  found  that  many  experiments  would  be  required  to  learn  how 
to  secure  the  regularitj'  of  sparkle  and  the  desirable  flavor.  The  ^lission 
wine  pure,  was  not  adapted  to  the  purpose,  and  suitable  varieties  were  not 
easily  obtainable.  15ut  he  would  not  abandon  or  neglect  his  hope;  for 
j'cars  he  worked  at  it,  and  converted  his  home  into  a  laboratory,  and  his 
kitchen  walls  were  lined  with  racks  to  hold  champagne-bottles. 

At  last,  in  1869,  he  felt  confident  that  he  had  overcome  the  difficulties, 
and  he  proposetl  to  put  up  a  lot  of  sparkling  wine  for  the  market.  Mr. 
LANDsr.l'.RGKR  objected,  but  finally,  to  get  rid  of  importunity,  as  he  said, 
consented  that  one  cask  of  wine  should  be  wasted.  It  was  made  in  Mr. 
llAK,\szrilv'.S  parlor — the  carpet  having  been  taken  up — and  was  a  success. 
The)-  then  engaged  in  the  business  permanently.  VV.  C.  Rai.STON  heard 
of  it,  and  being  a  stockholder  in  the  Buena  Vista  Company  and  familiar 
with  its  losses,  sent  for  Mr.  Landsukruer  and  told  him  that  if  he  intendetl 
ti)  in.uuif.icture  sjiarkling  wine,  his  creuit  in  the  Bank  of  California  would 
be  withdr.iwn.  It  was  withdrawn;  and  as  their  capital  was  small,  the  firm 
had  m.my  ilifficullies  to  encounter  on  that  account,  but  they  pcr.'>cvered, 
and  the  wine  continued  to  improve  in  (juality  and  ca-dit. 

In  the  manufacture  of  the  finest  brands  of  l-'rcnch  champagne,  it  is  the 
custuiH  of  the  cellar-masters  to  add  brandy,  tannin,  and  alum  to  the  grape 
juice,  and  also  to  aild  flavors  made  from  pineapple,  quince,  pear,  and  otlirr 
fruits,  each  brand  having  its  peculiar  mixture  and  flavor,  which,  in  man, 
cajcs,  arc  concealed  from  the  public,  though  their  general  character  i.-:  itiitmi; 
in  the  trailc.  The  quantities  thus  added  are  small,  but  the  effect  is  to  y>ve 
a  taste  which  docs  not  come  Irom  the  grape.     In  corisc(|uence  of  the  cp>l<:lcr 


HORTICULTUUn. 


251 


autumn  in  the  champagne  district  and  the  incomplete  or  irrci^ular  ripcnini; 
of  the  grape,  these  adchtidns  may  be  neeilful  tlicrc.  Mr.  IlARASZTllv  lor 
years  imitated  his  teachers;  but  gradually  he  has  abandoned  brandy,  tan- 
nin, alum,  and  all  flavors,  save  that  of  the  grape  itself;  and  he  is  eonlident 
that  the  connoisseurs,  when  they  fully  understand  the  question,  w  ill  agree 
with  him  that  in  sparkling,  as  in  still  wines,  the  natural  flavor  of  a  delicate 
variety  of  grai)e  can  not  be  improved  by  adding  to  it  the  juice  of  any  other 
fruit. 

The  process  of  champagne  making,  as  conducted  by  IIarasztiiv  vC 
Co.,  and  which,  with  the  exceptions  noted,  is  substantially  the  [iroccss  of 
the  great  champagne  establishments  of  France,  is  exceedingly  interesting. 
The  still  wine,  for  the  purpose,  is  purchased  in  all  parts  of  the  Slate.  The 
varieties  mostly  used  arc  Riesling,  Bergcr,  Gutedel,  Muscatel,  and  Zin- 
fandel.  They  are  purchased  from  the  vineyards,  when  the  second  fermen- 
tation is  complete,  and  shipped  to  San  I'rancisco.  When  ready  for  making 
into  champagne  they  are  about  a  year  old.  The  firm  being  among  the 
largest  dealers  in  still  wines  on  the  coa.st,  have  excellent  opportunities  to 
bccnne  acquainted  with  the  qualities  of  wines  throughout  the  .State.  Each 
wine  is  selected  on  account  of  some  peculiar  qualil)'  which  it  po.ssesses, 
and  from  all  the  wines  purchased  by  the  house,  those  having  the  most  ex- 
quisite flavor  and  aroma  are  carcfull>'  selected  and  combined  with  others 
which  possess  the  requisite  fermenting  qualities,  strength,  and  bod)'.  The 
fact  that  neither  drug  nor  flavoring  material  i.s,  under  any  circumstances, 
to  be  added,  makes  the  task  of  selection  doubly  difllcult,  but  the  result, 
when  perfect,  much  more  satisfactory.  13y  the  use  of  flavoring  materials 
the  absence  of  good,  or  the  presence  of  evil  qualities  may  be  overcome. 
Unfortunately,  however,  they  also  may  overpower  the  most  delicate  [ler- 
4itmes  of  the  wine  itself.  The  flavor  and  bouquet  produced  by  the  proper 
Wending  of  pure  wine  alone  is  much  more  delicate,  and  to  the  educated 
taste,  more  agreeable  than  that  produced  by  any  extraneous  flavor. 
Besides,  the  flavored  chan'.pagncs  cloy  upon  the  palate  and  disturb  ihc 
.sensiti\e  stomach,  which  tr,  >>ic  put  up  witliout  flavoring  will  not  tlo.  HaR- 
ASZTiiy  &  C<J.  make  t,  'jr.'mds  of  champagne  or  sparkling  California; 
Eclipse,  for  which  the  mo^t  delicate  and  costly  wines  arc  selected  ;  the 
Grand  Prize,  second  in  qu.ility  and  price;  and  .Sillery  Mous.scux,  third. 
The  Eclipse  is  either  dry  or  extra  dr)-,  to  suit  the  taste  of  the  purchasers, 
the  extra  dry  having  a  smaller  proportion  of  syrup.  The  wines  have 
gencrall)-  lieen  sold  before  being  a  year  in  the  bottle,  l)Ul  thc>-  have 
ample  means  now  to  keep  a  stock  on  hand  until  it  reaches  4  years,  wK.vh  is 
the  aye  of  the  best  French  brands  when  put  upon  the  market;  and  they 
expect   to  adopt  the  same   rule.     Alihough    -pnrkling   Culjfornia  is  their 


252 


AGRICULTURE. 


specialty,  they  deal  extensively  in  native  still  wines  and  brandies.  Their 
office  is  at  530  Washinffton  Street,  and  their  vaults  occupy  a  large  part 
f)f  the  block.  Mr.  L.\.\DS1!I:kgi;r  has  withdrawn  from  the  business,  and 
Mr.  11.\k.\.s/.T1IY'.s  only  partner  is  Henry  Kpstein. 

Raisins. — The  production  of  Californian  raisins  for  the  market  began 
about  1872.  In  1875  the  crop  was  i8,ocX)  boxes  (20  pounds  each);  in  1876,  33, 
ooo;  in  1877,  27,000;  in  1878,  44,000;  in  1879,  64,000;  in  1880,  65,000;  and 
in  1 88 1,  160,000.  Large  vineyards  planted  out  with  the  raisin  grapes  have 
nf)t  yet  come  into  bearing,  and  a  great  increase  in  the  near  future  is  to  be 
expected.  The  consumption  of  our  coast  is  about  60,000  boxes,  leaving  the 
surplus  for  shipment  to  the  Atlantic  Slope.  The  net  annual  j'icld  in  a  good 
raisin  vineyard  is  from  .$200  to  $300  an  acre.  The  crop  from  a  vineyard  of 
6  acres  in  Riverside  yielded  1,190  boxes  in  1881,  worth  $2,275,  and  the 
expenses  were,  for  picking,  $120;  handling,  hauling,  and  incidental  expenses, 
$200;  boxes,  .$164;  paper,  labels,  and  packing,  $221;  total,  $775.  The  net 
yield  was  $1,500  for  6  acres,  and  $250  for  each  acre.  The  white  Muscat  is 
gericrally  preferred  for  raisins,  but  many  other  varieties  are  used.  The  Cali- 
fornian raisins  are  dried  in  the  sun,  but  instead  of  being  kept  on  the  ground  or 
on  an  earthen  or  stone  bed  prepared  ;;pecially  for  the  purpose,  they  are  placed 
on  light  wooden  trays  3  feet  long  and  2  wide.  After  10  days,  2  men  come 
along  with  a  tray,  lay  it  on  top  of  the  grapes,  lift  up  the  trays,  turn  them 
over  (]aickly,  lay  the  under  tray  with  its  grapes  on  the  ground,  and  thus 
I>ass  through  the  vineyard,  turning  thcni  all.  In  2  weeks  they  are  ready  to 
go  into  swcat-bo.xes,  and  then  for  packing. 

It  seeins  prejbable  that  an  area  of  at  least  20,000  square  miles  in  Califor- 
nia is  perfectly  adapted  to  the  raisin.  The  two  raisin  centers  of  Davisville 
and  Riverside  are  400  miles  apart,  and  Fresno,  another  center,  is  half  way 
between  them.  The  chief  raisin  district  of  Spain,  that  of  Malaga,  with  an 
area  of  450  scjuare  miles,  fronting  75  miles  on  the  Mediterranean,  and  ex- 
tending iahmd  6  miles,  produces  about  20,000  tons  of  raisins  annually,  and 
of  these  10,000  usually  come  to  the  United  States.  Unless  the  phyllo.xcra 
sliduUl  make  unexi)cctcd  pro;';ress  in  California,  our  State  will  be  able  to 
siipj)])-  the  entire  yXmerican  demand  at  no  distant  time.  Among  the  notable 
men  in  the  r.iisin  business  are  R.  H.  Rl.OWl'.RS  of  Woodland,  who  was  the 
first  to  make  a  success  on  a  large  scale,  and  G.  G.  BRIGiiS  of  Davisville, 
who  has  about  1,000  acres  in  raisin  vineyards  at  different  places,  most  of  his 
\ines  being  j-oimg. 

CaKfornia  has  also  made  a  few  Zante  currants  ("currant"  in  that  sense  is 
a  corruption  of  Corinth,  the  name  of  a  small  grape)  of  superior  quality, 
'The  seedless  white   Sultana  is  the  best  grape  for  that  use.     The   Ionian 


HORTICULTURE. 


253 


Islands  produce  90,000  tons  of  Zante  currants  annually,  and  California  may 
come  into  competition  with  them. 

Brandy. — Nearly  cvcrj'  largo  wine-cellar  in  the  ;;rapc  districts  has  a  dis- 
tillery ■connected  with  it,  but  few  have  gained  a  reputation  for  that  pnxluct, 
and  many  of  the  distillers  have  neither  the  skill,  the  a[)plianccs,  the  capital, 
nor  the  high  rcgaril  for  ultimate  success,  retpiisitc  in  the  manufacture  of  the 
best  brandy.  Besides,  there  has  al.so  been  a  scarcity  of  material.  The 
Mi-ssion  grape  is  rich  in  sugar,  but  it  lacks  the  bouquet  and  delicacy  of  flavor 
which  are  as  necessary  for  the  finer  qualities  of  brandy  as  of  wine;  and  the 
prices  paid  for  foreign  grapes  by  the  wire-makers  were  so  high  that  the 
distillers  gci.erally  considered  it  unsafe  to  outbid  them,  and  contentcdjhcin- 
selvcs  with  the  Mission  and  other  grapes  not  in  demand  for  other  purposes. 
Those  who  adopted  the  more  costly  plan  of  selecting  the  best  gra|)es,  em- 
ploying skillful  distillers,  buj.ing  new  casks,  making  a  good  wine  before 
distillation,  and  keeping  their  brandy  until  it  could  ripen  with  time,  have 
produced  a  superior  article. 

The  distillation  of  Californian  brandy  began  in  a  crude  way  and  on  a 
small  scale  in  the  la.st  century,  and  continued  to  be  an  obscure  branch  of  local 
industrj'  until  1857,  when  it  shared  the  attention  then  given  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  grape.  There  was  a  prospect  that  it  would  soon  rise  to  much 
importance  when  it  was  struck  down  by  the  internal  revenue  ta.x  of  $2  on 
every  galloi?  produced,  and  the  business  has  not  yet  recovered  from  the  de- 
pression, though  the  tax  has  been  reduced  to  90  cents.  One  effect  of  this 
burden,  however,  has  been  to  discourage  the  production  of  an  inferior 
brandy,  such  as  was  made  in  early  days  from  pomace,  piquet,  unsalable  wine, 
and  other  refuse.  The  better  the  brandy,  the  les.s,  relatively,  is  the  tax.  The 
quantity  of  brandy  distilled  in  1880  was  about  450,000  gallon.s,  estimated 
to  be  worth  $1.15  a  gallon. 

Among  t'lc  leading  producers  of  Californian  brandy  are  H.  M.  Naglee, 
at  San  Jose,  E.  J.  BALDWIN,  at  Santa  Anita,  L.J.  RoSE,  at  San  Gabriel,  and 
the  Johnson  Distillery,  at  Sacramento.  The  only  person  who  has  made 
brandy  his  chief  specialty  is  General  Naglee.  lie  produces  6,000  gallons 
annually  and  keeps  it  7  years.  The  JollN.SON  Distillery  in  1880  made  37,- 
000  gallons  of  brandy,  besides  60,000  of  wine.  The  Brighton  Distillery, 
near  Sacramento,  cru.shed  250  tons  of  grapes  in  1880,  and  made  10,000 
gallons  of  brandy,  employing  7  men.     The  owners  are  J.  I.  Felti.R  &  Co. 

Some  additional  matter  about  horticulture  will  be  found  in  the  appendix. 


254 


AGRICULTURE. 


I 


I ! 


CHAPTER  XIV.— DOMESTIC  ANIMALS. 

Abundant  Herds. — The  mildness  of  the  winters  west  of  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada and  Cascade  Mountains  is  favorable  to  the  growth,  health,  and  early 
maturity  of  farm  animals;  and  they  do  not  anywhere  multiply  more 
rapidly  without  shelter  or  cultivated  food  than  in  the  valleys  of  California. 

Our  coast  north  of  Mexico  has  about  11,000,000  farm  animals  of  the 
quadruped  class,  including  sheep,  neat  cattle,  horses,  swine,  and  goats. 
They  furnish  every  year  4,500,000  lambs,  30,000  tons  of  wool,  500,000 
calves,  200,000  colts,  1,000,000  pigs,  and  50,000  kids;  and  these  animals,  as 
they  arc  brought  into  use  with  their  wool,  butter,  and  cheese,  are  worth 
$40,000,000  a  year. 

The  number  of  domestic  animals  is  very  large  on  our  coast  as  compared 
with  that  of  the  population.  For  each  100  inhabitants  Great  Britain  has 
40  cows,  France  has  16,  Prussia  has  20,  the  American  Union  has  75i  and 
our  slope  has  130.  For  100  inhabitants  Great  ]3ritain,  France,  and  the 
United  States  have  each  100  sheep,  and  our  coast  has  600.  We  have  rela- 
tively 4  times  as  many  swine  as  France  and  6  times  as  many  as  Great 
Britain.  If  we  admit  that  our  domestic  animals  are  inferior  to  those  of 
Europe  in  some  important  respects,  the  fj'cts  still  remain  that  most  of  them 
arc  of  good  blood,  well  adapted  to  the  conditions  in  which  they  are  kept; 
and  that  we  have  relatively  a  much  larger  supply  of  butchers'  meat,  wool, 
and  draught  animals  than  Europe  and  the  Atlantic  States. 

Sheep. — The  number  of  sheep  on  our  coast,  north  of  Mexico,  is  presuma- 
ably  about  10,000,000,  including  6,500,000  in  California,  and  1,500,000  in  Ore- 
gon. Of  the  total,  one  half  are  ewes,  whic'i  under  favorable  circumstances 
should  rear  4,500,000  lambs  every  season  Many  are  slaughtered,  many 
lost  in  the  mountains  and  deserts,  eaten  by  carnivorous  animals,  and  killed 
by  cold  and  starvation.  There  is  no  room  for  more  in  California,  under 
the  present  circumstances,  but  the  net  increase  in  other  portions  of  the 
coast  is,  probably,  not  less  than  1,000,000  annually.  The  dry  climate  and 
o[)cn  \allc)'s  of  t^alifornia,  like  those  of  .Spain,  arc  well  adapted  to  the 
sliccp,  especially  the  Spanish  merino  variety,  which  does  much  better  than 
the  heavier  French  and  English  breeds.  When  irrigation  and  horticulture 
supersede  the  present  .system  of  wheat-fanning  on  dry  soils  in  California, 


DO.MKSTIC   ANIMALS. 


255 


the  long  wool  sheep  will  come  hito  more  favor.  It  is  the  custom  in  Ca'i- 
fnrnia  to  shc.if  twice  a  year,  the  spring  llcece  averaging  4,  and  the  fall  lleecc 
3  pounds  "in  the  grease;"  and  scouring  maki;s  a  retluction  of  62  per  cent, 
in  the  spring,  and  69  per  cent,  in  the  fall  clip.  The  Oregon  annua'  fleece 
weighs  6  pounds,  and  loses  60  per  cent,  in  scouring.  The  Oregon  wool  has 
a  longer  staple  than  the  Californiati,  but  is  not  so  fine,  anil  both  arc  steadily 
improving,  or  at  least  the  wool  of  Eastern  Oregon  is  growing  liner  in  fiber, 
while  that  of  Western  Oregon  is  growing  coarser,  and,  probably,  also  longer. 
A  very  serious  (.Iniwback  to  the  Californian  wool  is  the  bur,  which  detracts 
10  per  cent,  from  its  value. 

The  general  estimate  is  that  5  Spanish  merino  sheep  will  live  on  the 
land  required  for  one  cow ;  that  2  acres  of  an  average  sheep  ranch  on  the 
southern  coast  of  California  are  enough  for  a  sheep;  and  that  an  acre  of 
alfalfa,  properly  managed,  will  support  12  sheep.  The  coast  of  keeping  a 
sheep  is  $1.25  a  year;  its  wool  sells  for  $1.50;  and  for  each  100  there  arc 
45  lambs,  worth  75  cents  each.  The  profit,  therefore,  on  each  sheep  is 
nearly  50  cents,  on  the  average,  aimually.  The  fluctuations  of  the  wool 
market,  the  occurrence  of  droughts,  which  have  killed  off  more  than  1,000,- 
000  sheep  in  a  year,  and  mistakes  in  the  selection  of  shepherds  or  sheep 
ranges  may,  in  a  few  months,  counterbalance  the  anticipated  profits  of 
years.  Notwitlistanding  occasional  losses,  however,  no  other  branch  of 
agriculture  has  been  so  profitable  to  most  of  tho.se  engaged  in  it  for  a  suj- 
ccssion  of  years.  The  sheep  increased  with  great  rapidity  from  1853,  when 
W.  W.  HOLLISTER  made  the  first  experiment  in  Californian  wool-growing 
after  the  gold  discovery,  until  1876,  when  the  number  began  to  e.xcccd  the 
capacity  of  the  wild  pasture  to  support  them.  According  to  the  tables 
kept  by  Emile  Grisak,  the  highest  authority,  the  production  of  Califor- 
nian wool  was  150  tons  in  1855,  1,500  in  i860,  4,470  in  1865,  10,000  in  1870, 
21,700  in  1875,  28,000  in  1876,  26,500  in  1877,  20,400  in  1878,  23,000  in 
1879,  23,000  in  1880,  and  21,500  in  1881.  The  average  price  was  I4ccnts 
a  pound  in  1870,  26}^  in  1871,  29  in  1872,  18  in  1873,  ig^.  in  1874,  18  in 
1875,  i4>/2  in  1876,  17^  in  1877,  16  in  1878,  17  in  1879,  and  22  in  1880; 
the  average  of  the  1 1  years  being  19^  cents.  The  aggregate  value  of  the 
wool  product  of  California,  for  the  1 1  years,  was  $78,652,830. 

Oregon  produces  about  3,000  tons  of  wool  annually.  The  c.xpcn.scs  of 
sheep  kept  on  national  land  arc  about  35  rents  a  head,  and  as  there  is  a 
great  demand  for  ewe  lambs,  the  profits  have  amounted  to  more  than  $2 
for  each  ewe  in  recent  years. 

Wool-growing  receives  very  little  attention  in  Pacific  Mexico. 

W.  W.  HolUster. — Among  the  wool-growers  of  California,  the  first  place 
unquestionably  belongs  to  VVlLLlAAt  WELLS  HoLLISTEK,  a  native  of  Ohio, 


i  ! 


i  :    I 


I; 


2e,6 


AGRICULTURE. 


now  63  years  of  age,  and  a  descendant  of  a  Puritan  family  lonfj  established 
in  Connecticut.  He  came  to  California  in  1852,  and  having' satisfied  him- 
self that  it  was  a  good  State  for  wool,  lie  returned  to  Ohio  and  started  in 
May  of  the  next  year  with  6,000  sheep  across  tiic  continent.  After  an 
arduous  journey,  in  the  course  of  which  4,000  sheep  were  lost,  he  arrived  by 
way  of  Salt  Lake,  San  Bernardino,  Los  Angeles,  and  Santa  Barbara,  in 
the  valley  of  San  Benito,  which  he  selected  for  his  home.  There  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  care  of  his  herd.  His  debts  exceeded  the  value  of  all  his 
property,  but  ho  had  faith  in  his  sheep,  and  he  stuck  to  them.  He  bought 
land  for  pasturage;  his  herds  increased  rapidly;  he  bought  more  land,  and 
the  wool  and  the  land  combined  to  make  a  millionaire  of  him.  At  one 
time  he  owned  150,000  acres  of  land  and  80,000  sheep,  and  his  gross 
aimual  income  from  his  herds  was  $100,000.  He  was  the  first  person  to 
breed  sheep  for  their  wool  in  California  after  the  gold  discovery,  and  his 
success  led  others  to  follow  his  example  until  the  Californian  wool  crop  of 
187C,  23  years  after  he  drove  his  sheep  across  the  mountains  and  deserts, 
amounted  to  28,000  tons. 

The  growth  of  the  State  and  the  spread  of  cultivation  made  his  ht^d  in 
the  valley  of  San  Benito  more  valuable  for  tillage  than  for  pasturage,  so  he 
sold  out  his  rancho  there  to  a  company,  which  paid  him  more  than  $500,- 
000,  including  $370,000  of  principal  and  the  remainder  of  interest,  made  a 
large  profit  on  the  purchase,  and  laid  off  the  town  of  Hollister  on  the  land. 
He  afterwards  sold  the  tract  on  which  the  town  of  Lompoc  was  built. 
From  San  Benito  he  moved,  in  18C9,  to  Santa  Barbara,  where  he  bought 
part  of  the  Di:x  rancho.  He  spent  $425,000  ii  planting  orchards,  erect- 
ing buildings  and  fences,  and  otheiwise  improving  the  land;  and,  besides, 
he  undertook  to  build  up  Santa  Barbara,  bring  it  into  notice,  and  make 
it  attractive  as  a  health  resort.  It  needed  a  fine  hotel,  a  wharf,  a  daily 
paper,  and  college;  and  he  furnished  most  of  the  money  for  all  these 
things.  His  example  induced  Elwoou  Coopkr  to  purchase  the  adjacent 
tract  of  about  2,000  acres  from  the  Dkn  estate,  and  to  expend  $150,000  in 
])!anting  extensive  orchards  of  walnuts,  almonds,  and  olives,  and  a  grove  of 
eucalyptus.  W.  W.  StowIl  followed  HOLLISTER  and  Cooi'KR,  buying  an 
extensive  tract  near  by,  and  expending,  perhaps,  $100,000.  The  invest- 
ments brought  to  Santa  Barbara,  directly  and  indirectly,  by  HoLMSTER, 
and  the  improvements  which  owed  their  inception  and  completion  to  him, 
gave  prominence  and  attractiveness  to  the  town,  drew  thousands  of  visitors 
to  it  every  year,  trcblctl  its  population,  and  quadrupled  the  value  of  its 
property. 

Mr.  HOLLI.SI'ER  will  occupy  a  permanent  and  prominent  place  in  the  in- 
dustrial history  of  our  slope.     His  pioneership  in  bringing  the  first  large 


sssssssssm 


DOMISTK     ANIMALS. 


Slock  of  mciiiiuos  across  tlic  CDiitiiictit,  aiul  in  bioicliii_i4  sliccp  tnf  lino  wool 
in  the  Golden  State,  contiibutccl  iiiatciially  to  the  development  of  its  agri- 
cultural resources.  His  business  called  his  atlciUion  to  the  contlicting 
interests  of  pasturage  and  cultivation,  lie  found  that  the  tillei'  of  the  soil 
had  no  rights  which  the  cattle-uuner  was  bouml  to  respect.  'I'Ik-  owner  of 
the  wheat-field  could  recover  no  damages  for  injury  done  hiui  b)-  trespass- 
ing cattle.  He  must  maintain  a  strong  fence  or  suffer  the  conseciuenccs. 
HOLLISTER  demanded  a  trespass  law,  making  the  owner  of  the  cattle  re- 
sponsible. The  superior  importance  of  tillage  and  the  high  cost  of  fencing 
furnished  preponderating  evidences  and  arguments  for  his  side;  but  for 
years  evidence  and  argument  were  unable  to  overcome  the  strongholds  of 
custom,  prejudice,  and  large  adverse  private  interests.  I  Ic  did  not  content 
himself  with  one  expression  of  opinion,  or  give  uj)  the  question  with  one 
defeat.  He  agitated;  he  published  letters  and  pamphlets;  he  urged  the 
editors  to  keep  the  matter  before  the  people ;  and  he  brought  the  subject 
before  the  legislature,  which,  after  long  hesitation,  made  an  experiment  with 
a  small  district.  Land  rose  in  value,  becau.se  crops  could  be  grown  without 
fences;  and  gradually  the  area  was  extended,  until  now  the  whole  agricul- 
tural portion  of  the  State,  or  nearly  all  of  it,  has  this  beneficent  trespass  law. 

Sbropshires. — As  California  becomes  more  thickly  settled,  there  is  an  in- 
creasing demand  for  the  longer  fleece,  the  more  savory  mutton,  and  what 
may  be  called  the  more  domestic  habits  of  the  English  sheep.  The 
best  variety  of  these  for  crossing  with  the  Spanish  merino,  in  the  opinion  of 
some  well-informed  persons,  is  the  Shropshire,  a  hardy  animal  which  matures 
early,  and  produces  a  cross  yielding  a  heavy  fleece,  commanding  a  high 
price  and  a  ready  sale  in  the  San  Francisco  market,  and  the  local  woolen- 
mills.  The  leading  breeder  of  the  Shropshires  on  the  Pacific  Slope  is  J.  I?. 
HoVT,  of  Suisun.  In  1873  he  selected  his  Shropshires  in  England,  and  his 
herd,  after  8  years  in  California,  is  in  excellent  condition,  the  pure  bloods 
born  here  showing  the  peculiar  points  of  the  Shropshires  as  strongly  as  do 
the  imported  animals,  thus  indicating  the  adaptatif)n  of  the  climate  to  the 
varietj'.  Mr.  HoVT's  herd  contains  200  Shropshires  of  pure  blood,  yielding 
from  7  to  14  pounds  of  wool  each,  annuall)',  and  worth  .$40  a  head,  besides 
650  head  of  ewes  crossed  with  the  Spanish  merino.  At  the  California  State 
Vaiy  of  1881,  he  showed  26  sheep,  12  pure  Shropshires,  and  14  cross-breds 
from  Spanish  merino  ewes  by  Shropshire  rams,  and  his  exhibit  attracted 
special  attention,  and  received  premiums  for  excellence. 

Strobrldge's  Merinoes. — The  Spanish  merino,  which  has  been  the  most 
profitable  in  California  of  all  the  wool  producers,  is  the  oldest  of  what  may 
'     called    the   high-bred    varieties  of   the  domestic   animals.      It  is,  un- 
33 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  SttllT 

WIBSTH.N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)«7a-4»03 


f 

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258 


ACKlCLLTLKi;. 


doubtcdly,  the  same  breed  that  was  piized  for  the  superiority  of  its  wool  in 
Spain  before  the  Cliristian  era.  Wlien  Cl.AUDIUS  was  lunperor,  CoL- 
U.MliLl.A,  one  of  the  distinj^uishcd  lionian  a,L;riculturists,  devoted  himself  to 
the  wool  business  in  the  Spanish  peninsula,  and  took  sjiccial  pride  in  the 
inii)roveinent  of  his  flocks.  The  conquest  of  Spain  by  the  Vandals,  the 
(;(jths,  ;ind  tile  Arabs,  ijreatl)'  reduced  the  number  of  sheep;  but  the  Moors 
aiii)reciated  their  value,  bred  them  with  care,  anil  spun,  wove,  and  dyed  the 
wool  with  skill  UnVf^  uncqualcd  in  an\'  other  p.ut  of  i-.uropc,  deriving  a 
lari^e  rexeiuie  from  their  manufacturinj^r  jndustr)-.  In  the  ihirteenth  century 
the  cit)'  of  -Seville  hatl  16,000  looms  employed  in  wea\in^"  woolen  cloth. 
The  Castilian  concpierors  of  the  last  Moorish  kin^rdom  were  not  blind  to 
the  merits  uf  the  merino,  and  they  i^ave  wool-i;rf)W'inj.j  superior  privik\L;cs, 
whicii  lia\e  seriousl)'  interfered  with  other  br.inches  of  a^'ricultural  in- 
dustr)'.  Certain  it  is  that  no  other  country  has  shown  such  a  dependence 
on  one  breed  of  tlomeslic  animals,  or  cherished  it  so  f^renerall)',  and  for  such 
a  lon^'  succession  of  cenluiies.  The  hrst  .Spanish  merinoes  were  brouj,'ht  to 
the  United  States  about  the  be^'innin^'  of  this  century,  and  most  of  those 
imported  were  taken  to  Vermont,  which  tlicn  became  the  chief  seat  of  the 
best  merino  bloixl  in  North  America,  and  it  has  ever  since  mamtaineil  its 
position.  I'hou^h  other  American  States  have  lar^'er  nimibers  of  pure- 
blood  merino  sheep,  and  proiluce  far  more  merino  wool,  in  no  other  ha\e 
.such  skill,  judgment,  thought,  and  care  been  given  to  the  preservation  and 
impro\enient  of  the  merino  stocks,  anil  consequently  all  the  best  merino 
flocks  on  the  continent  trace  their  origin  to  Vermont. 

I'erliaps  the  l.u'gest  flock  on  our  coast  of  |)ure  .Spanish  merino  shee[), 
bred  with  special  care  from  the  liest  blood  for  stock  i)urposes,  is  that  of  J. 
II.  S'lKOUUIDiii:,  at  Ilayw.irils,  Cilifornia.  In  1K70  he  brought  100  ewes 
from  Aildison  Count)-,  Vermont,  and  though  he  has  sold  many  in  the  me.iii 
time,  his  llock  now  luuubers  l.CXX) sheep,  including  400  breeding  ewes,  which 
compare  fa\oral)l)'  with  the  best  in  the  (iieeu  Mountain  State,  or  in  any 
part  (if  the  world,  in  size  and  form,  in  absence  of  wrinkles,  and  in  white- 
ness, length,  evenness,  densii)-,  ■mil  weight  of  lleece.  The  .uerage  weight 
of  his  annual  lleece  unwashed  is  reported  b)-  him  to  be  jo  pounds.  The 
flock  is  ki\nwn  by  repute  from  .Arizona  to  British  C'olumbia,  and  there  is 
.such  a  demand  for  its  increase  th;it  the  s.iles  in  1881  amoinited  to  ,$iJ,ot.K), 
an  average  of  ,"|i50  for  each  l)reeiling  ewe. 

Neat  Cattle.  -In  1S70,  according  to  tln'  national  census,  the  .American 
States  and  I'erriiories  on  our  slope  had  i,V"»0,ooo  neat  cattle,  including 
f)rK),c)Oo  in  Califiirnia,  ii)ii,ooo  in  Ut.ih,  1 50,oiK)  in  Oregon,  SJ.ocx)  in  Wash- 
ington, 60,000  in  Idaho,  and  41,000  in  Nevada.    In  1880  <  )rcgon  had  435,000, 


DOMESTIC    AMMAI.S. 


-59 


and  the  number  had  prolwhl)-  incieascd  in  the  Territories  enons^h  to  bring 
the  total,  for  the  coast  north  of  Mexico,  up  to  j,ooo,ooo,  worth  $40,ooo,000._ 
I'acific  Mexico  and  Central  America  may  liave  as  many  more,  i>ut  this  is 
mere  matter  of  surmise.  The  herds  north  of  latitude  32"  are  5;enerall)- 
"American,"  a  stock  good  lor  beef,  milk,  butter,  and  cheese,  and  decidedly 
better  for  the  ordinarj-  pastiue  than  the  Durham  anti  Jersc)-,  thou;j;h  much 
inferior  to  either  for  special  i)ur|)(jses,  in  places  where  there  is  an  abundant 
and  constant  supply  of  fresh  yrass. 

Jesse  D.  Carr. — Ji:ssK  D.  Carr,  for  many  )'ears  prominent  in  California 
as  an  official,  contractor,  farmer,  breeder  of  fine  cattle,  land-ouner,  banker, 
and  successful  ])ioncer,  is  a  native  of  Tennessee,  where  he  recei\etl  a  com- 
mercial traininj^r  and  made  a  start  in  business.  He  was  ;i  merchant  for  6 
j'cars  in  Memphis;  and  the  fust  brick'  Ivuise  in  that  cit)'  was  built  In'  him. 
After  6  years  in  New  Orleans,  lie  left  June  10,  i''^4>_),  for  California,  and 
laiKled  .■\u;.,'usl  iSth  in  San  I'rancisco,  where  he  inunediately  became  dep- 
iit)-  collector  of  the  ])ort  under  ]''.  II.  Il.\HKlso.\,  militar)'  collector,  who 
lift  the  management  of  the  unorganized  custom-house  to  .Mr.  Cauu.  The 
Inter  had  to  systematize  ovcry  department.  The  first  civilian  collector, 
Ja.mi;s  CiU.l.lI'.l'i,  arrived  in  October,  1849,  and  ha\'ing  never  been  in  a  cus- 
tom-house, was  glad  to  retain  his  predecessor's  de|)ul)-,  and  intrust  the 
administration  to  him.  After  the  lapse  of  15  months,  Mr.  Caru  left  the 
re\enue  service  and  was  elected  member  of  the  State  As.sembly.  Ife  was 
Chairman  of  the  Connnittceon  Commerce,  and  acting  Chairman  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Ways  and  Means  for  most  of  the  session.  lie  introduced  and  passetl 
the  first  San  I'rancisco  funding  Act,  which  proved  to  be  a  most  beneficent 
measure,  and  created  the  onl)'  municipal  department  that  was  ,du'.i,\'s  ad- 
ministered in  a  creditable  manner,  making  a  remarkable  contr.ist  to  other 
l).irlions  (if  the  city  government  iVom  I.S5J  to  1S50.  Mr.  (.'AUK  also  intro- 
duced the  bill  which,  with  the  ;ilil  of  his  Irienil,  Judge  l''n.l.ii,  became-  the 
lirsi  di\iirce  law  of  Californi.i.  In  the  f,dl  of  I.S5J,  Mr.  C'ARR  moved  to 
the  I'ulgas  rancho,  in  what  is  now  San  Mateo  t'ount\,  and  de\iited  him- 
self to  farming  and  stock-breeding,  which  h.i\e  been  his  favorite  .ud  coii- 
slain,  though  not  exclusive  occupations,  ever  since.  His  knoukdge  of 
horses  and  men  enabled  him  to  taki:  mail  contracts  with  profit;  and  he  did 
so  from  1.SO6  to  1872,  being  for  a  time  the  leading  mail  contractor  on  the 
l';icific  Sloi)e.  llis  routes  included  tlio.se  frnm  Omville  to  I'drtl.md,  and 
from  Virginia  City  to  lioise  City,  lie  discovered  the  fr.uuls  under  the  r.o- 
called  "star  routes,"  and  in  iiS/.S  called  the  attention  of  the  I'n'.tmaster- 
Ciencral,  Ki;S',  to  the  matter,  but  that  gtMitlem.in  undersalucil  the  inform. i- 
tion,  and  the  Government  lost  $10,000,000  by  his  mistake      In   187J  Mr. 


\\ 


260 


AGRICl'LTURE. 


CAUR  importetl  from  Kentucky  a  carload  of  pure-blood  shorthorns  and  a 
fine  stallion  from  the  stable  of  tlic  famous  Dr.  IlKRR;  and  since  then  he- 
has  made  frequent  im[)ortations,  including  a  carload  of  pure-blood  neat 
cattle  from  Minnesota,  another  from  the  iicrds  of  the  Hon.  M.  II.  Cocil- 
K.\.\,  of  Canada,  3  carloads  o(  pure  Spanish  mcrinocs  from  the  herds  of 
Mr.  Hammond,  of  Middlebury,  Vt.,  and  many  smaller  lots,  always  taking 
cire  to  purchase  animals  of  the  purest  race  and  finest  quality.  Mr.  Cark 
has  3  lanchos:  The  (jabil.in  rancho,  in  Monterey  and  .San  Benito  counties, 
contains  about  47,000  acres,  and  is  his  home.  His  Aromas  rancho,  in  San 
Henito,  has  about  4,000  acres.  Mis  rancho  near  Clear  antl  Rhctt  lakes  in 
Modoc  County,  has  15,000  acres  of  patented  land,  and  is  so  situated  with 
reference  to  water  that  his  herils  have  the  e.vclusive  pasturage  of  150,000 
acres  more.  His  live  stock  includes  30,000  head  of  graded  merino  sheep, 
2,000  pure  Si)anish  merinoes,  3,000  graded  neat  cattle,  60  pure  Dcvons,  100 
thorotighbreil  horses,  .md  several  thousand  other  farm  animals.  Since  its 
organization,  in  1873,  Mr.  C.\RR  has  been  president  and  a  leading  stock- 
holder of  the  .Salinas  City  Hank,  which  has  a  capital  of  $200,000,  a  reserve 
fund  of  ,$50,000,  and  ;m  excellent,  if  not  a  very  prominent  ]5osition,  among 
the  finaiii:ial  institutions  of  the  Pacific  .Slope.  The  Californian  pioneers 
have  been  distinguished  for  business  acti\ity  and  vcr.satilit)-,  but  few  have 
been  so  continuously  successful  in  so  many  varied  occupations  as  Mr.  C.VRU. 

Coi,i;.M.\.\  Y(ii;nc'.i:u,  of  San  Jose,  has  80  Uurhams,  .iml  has  occupied 
a  leading  position  in  importing  and  breeding  Durhains  on  our  coa.st  for  23 
)ears.  Another  noted  owner  of  Durham  stock  is  John  Hidwkli.,  of 
Chico.  Cii.iiKCK  Bi;mi:nt,  of  Redwood  City,'  has  32  Ayrshires.  ri;ii;R 
Coui  TS,  of  Mayficld,  has  Ayrshires  and  Holsteins.  The  estate  of  M. 
HUVTK  has  Ayrshire's  and  Durhains  in  V'olo  Count)-.  I'.  J.  SIIAITICR,  of 
Olema,  and  R.  N'oKLL,  of  Grass  Valley,  have  Jerseys.  P.  A.  FiNNKJAN,  of 
I'Vuit  Vale,  has  Jerse_\'s  and  fine  horses. 

For  1  I  years,  i'KTKR  S.WI',  has  mailc  it  liis  business  to  bring  doinestic 
animals  of  pure  blood  from  the  celebrated  stock  farms  in  Kcntuck)',  for 
sale  to  breeders  in  California.  His  leading  s[)ecialties  have  been  Herkshires, 
Cotswolds,  ;ind  .Shorthorns,  of  which  last  he  has  brought  962  head  across 
the  continent,  lie  has  sf)ld  extensively  to  Japan,  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
Mexico,  ,111(1  Cenlr.il  America, 

Dairy, — The  fanners  of  our  slope  have  not  neglected  the  enviable  re- 
wards offereil,  in  the  most  higlily  ci\'ili/ed  countries,  for  skillful  dair)'  man- 
agement, '{"lie  experience  of  luigland,  Switzerlaiul,  Hollaiul,  .Sweden, 
Ital)',  and  New  \'ork  in  the  production  of  butter  and  cheese,  as  well  as 
the  cows  which  gi\e  the  richest  milk  and  the  most  of  it,  the  Jerseys,  Hoi- 


DOMLSTU     ANIMALS. 


261 


Steins,  Diirh.ims,  and  /Xmcricans,  arc  if)  be  found  hero.  California  makes 
7,000  tons  of  butter,  anil  1,500  tons  of  cheese,  at  present,  annually,  and 
other  portions  of  the  coast  north  of  AFexico  jjrobably  half  as  tniich  butter, 
and  one  eicjhth  as  mucli  cheese.  Most  of  our  cheese  is  j^ood ;  much  of  the 
butter  excellent  There  is  no  important  novelty  in  the  ]iroces.ses  used  by 
our  dairymen ;  but  some  of  the  features  of  dairy  manafjtemcnt  are  peculiar 
in  con.scquence  of  the  quality  and  situations  of  our  pastures.  C'alifornia 
has  some  excei)tionally  lartje  dairies;  those  within  2  hours  of  San  I-'ran- 
cisco  produce  milk;  those  farther,  but  within  a  day's  travel,  butter;  those 
still  farther,  cheese. 

The  relative!)-  small  area  of  land  moist  throuL,d(  the  year,  the  hi^jh 
value  of  su^^h  soil  for  the  cultivation  of  fruits  and  kitchen  veijetables,  and 
the  difficult)-,  anil  in  many  places  the  impossibilit)-,  of  getting  a  continu 
ous  growth  of  green  and  nutritious  grass  in  the  summer  and  fall  from  the 
dry  lields,  have  iniluced  the  Californian  il,iir)'meti,  generall)-,  to  depend 
entirely  on  the  imligenous  ])asture  for  fceiling  their  cows.  The  fall  and 
early  winter  ;ire  a  |)erioil  of  greatly  diminished  proiluction.  The  condition 
of  the  wild  grasses  has  so  much  inlluence  on  the  siippl)-  of  milk  that  good 
butter,  which  usually  sells  for  24  cents  a  pound,  from  April  to  June,  at  San 
Francisco,  is  in  demand,  from  October  to  December,  inclusive,  at  .|o  cents, 
an  increase  of  66  [icr  cent.  Many  of  the  milk  and  butter  dairi(;s  near  the 
cities  have  fielils  of  maize,  lo  be  cut  and  fed  green,  ami  culti\rited  grasses, 
besides  hay,  beets,  .-tnil  bran,  for  feeding  in  stables  in  the  winter. 

y\mong  the  large  dairies  which  sui>ply  Tuilk  to  San  I'^'ancisco  are  those 
of  R.  AsilliUUM.K,  SAMfKl.  (iooDiii:!:,  and  I).  C).  Mil.t.s,  all  in  San 
Mateo  County.     The  last  has  400  cows. 


Jersey  Farm. — The  greater  part  of  the  milk  consiuncd  in  San  Fran- 
cisco is  supplieil  by  cows  ke[)l  in  atid  near  the  cit)-,  and  led  maiiil)'  with 
exhausted  malt,  which  has  been  used  to  make  beer,  and  thus  deprived  of 
its  starch  .-md  soluble  sails,  the  chief  materials  valuable  for  nutrition  in  the 
barlc)-.  'I'he  brewery  refuse,  when  (cd  to  the  cows,  is  in  the  vinous  stage  of 
fermentation,  and  similar,  in  general  character,  to  distiller)-  swill,  which 
.seems  lo  have  the  effect  of  stimulating  the  secretion  of  milk,  and,  being 
mucii  clieaper  tlian  either  grass,  grain,  or  iiay,  is  pieferreil  by  those  dair)-- 
nien,  whose  customers  1  to  tiie  quanlily  and  price  of  the  milk  without 

regard  lo  its  iiualit)-.  The  cows  fed  on  brewers'  grains  and  distiller)-  slops 
do  not  li\e  so  long  as  country  cows,  on  account  of  lluir  imwliolesome  diet, 
and  generall)-  go  lo  the  butcher  after  a  few  \-ears  of  service. 

The  most  notable  milk  rancho  of  California  is  the  Jersey  l-'arm  Uair)-,  of 
R.  Ci.  SNr.A'ni,  at  San  Bruno,  14  miles  south  of  .San  h'rancisco.     It  lias  an 


ftr 


ft 


262 


AGRICULTURE. 


area  nf  3,700  acres,  cxte:irlin!:j  across  the  peninsula  from  the  ocean  to  the  bay. 
Its  herd  of  neat  catllc  numhers  about  1,000,  and  from  500  to  600  cows  are 
milked  dailw  It  lias  about  20  bulls  and  50  cows  of  pure  Jersey  blood,  and 
about  i  50  half-breed  Jerseys,  and  50  three-quarter  bred.  None  but  pure 
Jcrsc)- bulls  arc  used  on  the  place.  The  milk  product  of  iSSoand  1881, 
amounted  to  400,000  gallons  for  each  year,  of  which  about  380,000  gallons 
were  .sold  yearly  in  San  Trancisco,  and  the  remainder  used  in  rearing  calves. 
Tiiis,  so  far  as  wc  know,  is  the  largest  fresh-milk  dairy  f)n  the  globe.  Each 
cow  gives  milk  for  about  7  months,  and  comes  in  on  an  average  at  intervals 
of  10  to  16  months.  In  order  to  have  a  continuous  ami  uniform  supply  of 
milk  during  each  month  of  the  year,  of  nearly  the  same  quality,  great  care 
and  constant  attention  are  required.  Two  thousand  acres  of  lanil  are  now 
in  cultivated  grasses,  mostly  rye  grass  and  orchard  grass,  both  of  which 
are  considered  preferable  to  alfalfa.  The  main  reliance,  however,  is  grain 
and  hay,  and  about  1,500  tons  of  each  are  fed  yearly.  The  grain  is  ground 
upon  the  place,  and  consists  of  corn,  barley,  and  wheat;  and  each  cow  gets 
from  6  to  14  pounds  c/f  fme  grain  meal,  and  from  10  to  16  pounds  of  hay, 
daily,  which,  with  good  grass,  makes  a  .sound,  heavy-bodied  milk,  with  an 
Cvcellcnt  flavor,  and  rich  in  cream.  The  Jersey  cow  gives  from  3  to  6 
gallons  of  milk  daily,  and  the  half  and  three-quarter  breeds  rather  more, 
but  not  so  rich,  although  the  quantity  and  quality  depend  largely  on  the 
quantity  and  quality  of  the  food  given. 

The  milk  is  .sent  [o  the  city  in  large  thoroughbrace  wagons,  containing 
200  cans  of  3  gallons  each,  and  dr.awn  by  6  large  mules.  The  14  miles  is 
made  in  2^'.j  liours,  twice  daily;  and  about  100  men,  and  as  many  horses 
and  inules,  find  almost  constant  em|)loymcnt. 

l\Ir.  Sni:.\TI1  makes  the  business  a  matter  of  pride,  and  spares  no  ex- 
pense in  securing  the  most  wholesome  purity  and  uniform  richness  of  milk, 
and  thus  expects  in  time  to  establish  a  character  and  reputation  for  his 
milk  that  will  make  it  unrivaled  and  anxiously  sought  for.  In  fact,  his 
supjily  at  present  is  not  equal  to  the  demand,  lie  has  a  large  milk  depot 
at  837  Howard  Street,  from  which  l.is  milk  is  distributed  by  his  own  small 
wagons  to  consumers  in  all  parts  of  the  city.  At  the  deix)t  butter  is  mailc 
daily;  and  butter,  buttermilk,  cream  and  milk  are  alwaj's  on  hand  for 
sale.  Hundreds  of  people  call  there  daily  to  purchase;  and  the  superior- 
ity of  the  milk  has  attracted  the  attention  of  many  leading  physicians  of 
the  city,  who  prescribe  it,  in  many  ca.ses,  when  no  other  remedy  is  effective. 

R.  O.  Sneath.— Ruii.XRD  G.  Sni:.\TII,  a  native  of  Maryland  and  now 
56  years  okl,  arrived  in  California  in  1850.  He  estal)lishcd  a  store  in  Dry- 
town,  Amador  Count)-,  afterwards  another  in  Sacramento  in  1852  under  the 


DOMr.STlC    ANIMALS. 


2G3 


name  of  SN'EATH,  Arnold  &  Co.,  one  in  Red  Bluff  under  the  name  of 
S.MC.XTH,  BoAK^L\^'  &  Co.,  one  in  San  I'lanci.sco  under  the  name  of 
SNK.vni  &  Aknoi.I),  and  others  in  I'orthmd,  Salt  Lake  City,  and  Virginia 
City— all  bcint;  whcjlcsale  i^rocery  hou.ses. 

He  has  always  been  one  of  the  foremost  men  in  the  State,  hut  never 
politically,  lie  was  in  the  City  Council  from  1856  to  1859,  directly  after 
the  Vif^ilance  Committee,  and  the  first  under  the  Consolidation  Act;  and 
being  on  the  Finance  and  Jutliciary  committees,  and  specially  .lutlior- 
izcd  to  examine  into  the  financial  affairs  of  the  city  and  her  officers,  it  be- 
came liis  duty  to  pass  on  the  boi^us  claims  and  warrants  that  p;rcw  out  of 
the  corrupt  government  of  ante-Vigilance  days,  and  clean  out  the  Augean 
stables,  which  was  well  and  thoroughly  done.  During  that  ]ieriod  the  ])o- 
sition  of  mayor  of  the  city  was  repeatedly  offered  to  him  by  the  People's 
Party,  which  was  equivalent  to  an  election ;  but  on  account  of  iiis  extensive 
personal  business  he  had  to  decline  the  honor.  I  le  was  the  treasurer  of  the 
U.  S.  Sanitary  Commission,  and  one  of  its  most  active  promoters  from 
the  first;  and  under  the  guidance  and  magiietic  infiuence  of  IiiOMA.S 
St.VKR  KiN'Ci,  assisted  materially  in  forming  tin;  patriotic  Union  sentiment 
that  existed  in  California  during  the  war.  Twice  he  was  elected  president 
of  the  San  FrancLsco  Chamber  of  Commerce;  and  it  w;is  niainl)-  owing  to 
his  efforts  that  the  Merchants'  F^xchange  building  on  Californi.i  .Street  w.is 
erected  at  a  cost  of  $400,000,  to  aeeommod.ite  the  mercantile  waiUs  of  the 
city.  Before  the  construction  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad,  the  trade  be- 
tween Salt  Lake  City  anil  San  Francisco  was  grcatl\'  hampered  by  the 
high  cost  of  transportation;  and  there  was  a  decided  impro\enient  after 
Mr.  Sneath  shippetl  his  goods  by  water  to  Callville,  and  thence  sent  tiiem 
by  wagons  to  the  capital  of  the  Latter  Day  Saints.  Mis  was  the  first  ex- 
tensive and  successful  venture  by  a  San  FVancisco  merchant  on  that  route. 
In  i86y  he  was  compelled  to  give  up  his  commercial  business  on  account 
of  his  health;  but  after  a  few  jears  of  travel  and  opcn-;iir  emploj-ment,  he 
regained  his  health,  and  then  assisted  as  manager  in  establishing  the 
Anglo-Californian  Bank,  of  San  I'rancisco,  a  solid  institution.  In  1S75 
he  opened  the  Jersey  Dairy  F'arm,  and  in  the  same  j'car  was  called  u|)on 
to  manage  the  affairs  of  the  Merchants'  I'lxchangc  Bank.  As  the  business 
was  not  profitable-,  under  his  advice  the  bank  was  ckised ;  and  as  it  was  in- 
cumbered with  mines,  timber-lands,  and  other  property,  which  could  not  be 
sold  at  short  notice  without  great  sacrifice,  he  has  been  employed  for  years 
in  saving  as  much  as  possible  from  the  wreck,  and  managing  the  large 
properties  belonging  to  it — properties  on  which  several  luuiilred  men  are 
constantly  employed.  Mr.  SNIi.VTIl  lives  on  iiis  farm  and  gives  it  his 
attention  morning  and  evening,  but  devotes  business  hours  to  f)thcr  matters. 


,..j...."iL. mini 


!l! 


264 


ALiRICLLTUkE. 


Butter.— Most  of  the  dairies  of  California  are  cnpfagcd  in  the  production 
of  bullcr,  and  the  leading  butter  districts  are  in  Marin,  Santa  Cruz,  Santa 
Clara,  and  Humboldt  counties,  and  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra 
Ncvaila. 

Many  of  the  dairjmen  of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys  leave 
their  homes  when  the  grass  has  turned  yellow  in  the  middle  of  May,  and 
move,  with  or  without  their  wives  and  children,  to  the  high  Sierra,  6,ckx)  or 
7,000  feet  above  the  sea,  where  the\'  remain  till  September  or  October, 
when  they  return.  By  this  system  of  migration,  they  enable  their  cows  to 
enjoy  green  pasture  through  9  months  of  the  year,  whereas  they  would  not 
have  more  than  5  months  of  it  in  the  low  land.  The  milk  is  all  made  into 
butter,  which  is  packed  in  salt,  to  be  sold  when  prices  arc  highest,  in  the 
early  winter.  Many  alfalfa  fields,  supplied  with  an  abunilance  of  water  by 
irrigation  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  are  used  for  dairy  purposes  in  the 
.southern  part  of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley. 

The  large  butter  dairies  near  .San  I'rancisco  generally  u.se  Almon's 
.squarc-bo.x  churn  to  make  the  butter,  Allen'.S  table  to  work  it,  and 
Al.l.KN's  mold  to  shape  it  for  the  market — all  invented  by  Olivkr  Ali.KX, 
of  Marin  County. 

The  largest  Californian  dair)'  property  used  in  the  production  of  butter, 
is  that  of  Josi'.l'II  Rl's.'^,  w'^--  'las  13,739  acres  of  land  and  2,16/  cows  in 
21  dairy  farms  in  Humboldt  County.  One  of  these  farms  he  manages  in 
person;  the  others  arc  leased  with  buildings,  dair)-  fi.\tiires,  and  cows  for 
rates  varying  from  $IJ  to  $15  for  each  cow.  These  farms  are  all  contig- 
uous, and  make  up  a  large  tract  on  both  sides  of  Bear  River.  The  cows, 
which  are  of  the  Durham  stock,  receive  no  cultivated  food,  and  depend  en- 
tirely on  the  wild  pasture,  which  remains  green  about  9  months  in  the  year. 
The  a\erage  annual  product  of  butter  is  150  pounds  from  each  cow,  and 
the  gross  money  yield  to  each  cow  in  that  region  is  about  $44.  In  1881 
Mumboklt  Count)'  made  about  500  tons  of  butter,  worth  $275,000. 

Among  the  notable  dairies  of  Santa  Cruz  County  arc  those  of  BALDWIN 
Wii,I)1;r,  who  has  260  cows  and  4,000  acres  of  land  ;  and  Mr.  Laiko,  who 
has  200  cows  and  2,200  acres. 

Joseph  Russ. — Among  the  many  Californians  who  have  aciiievcd  an 
honorable  triumph  in  the  battle  of  life,  JCSKPH  Rus.s,  of  Ferndalc,  deserves 
to  be  I  unted.  llis  l,>irthday  was  December  19,  1S25,  and  his  native  .State 
Maine,  where  he  remained  till  his  iSth  )ear.  When  the  time  came  that  he 
must  cam  his  living,  he  went  to  Massachu.sctts,  where  he  became  teamster, 
trader,  and  partner  in  a  sawmill  and  grocer)-,  tr)'ing  his  fortune  successivel)- 
in  3  town.s,  as  well  as  in  different  occupations.      In   1849  the  gold  fever 


w 


s 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


265 


seized  him,  and  after  a  voyage  of  5  niDiitiis  b)'  way  nf  Cape  Horn,  lie 
landed  in  San  I"rancisc(j  March  15,  1850.  His  first  work  in  California  was 
the  management  of  a  steam  sawmill  in  I'A  Dorado  County.  Then  lie  be- 
came successively  contractor  for  the  first  bridge  across  the  American  Rixir; 
Ijuilder  of  a  bridge  across  tlie  Cosumnes;  partner  in  a  store  at  \*olcano,  un- 
profitable becau.se  it  gave  too  much  trust;  owner  of  a  dni\e  of  i'cef  catlio, 
whicli  he  .sold  in  the  Yuba  Mines;  a  miner  there;  owner  of  a  ]ia>-\ard  at 
Colusa;  and  freighter  with  jiis  own  wagons  ap  I  teams  to  Shasta,  until  the 
fall  (jf  185J,  when  he  took  a  drove  of  cattle  to  Humboldt  Ha}.  Having 
dispo.sed  of  them,  he  explored  Eel  River,  and  spent  llie  next  winter  in  its 
valley.  The  ne.\t  spring,  witii  a  partner,  he  brought  another  droxe  of  cattle 
from  the  Sacramento  Valley,  and  oi)ened  a  meat  market  in  lunxka.  After 
several  jears  in  that  busine.s.s,  he  went  to  Salmon  River,  in  what  is  now 
Siskiyou  County,  and  was  a  miner  there  for  3  years.  Leaving  the  mines, 
he  went  to  Oregon,  bought  a  herd  of  stock  cattle,  drove  them  to  ilumboUlt 
Coutity,  and  there  .settled  down  with  tiie  multifarious  occuiialiuns  of 
farmer,  cattle-breeder,  butcher,  dairyman,  wool-grower,  and  luml)erman. 
At  the  age  of  56  we  find  him  the  owner  of  50,000  acres  of  land,  including 
10,000  of  timber  (mostly  redwood),  of  2,000  dairy  cows,  which  letpiire 
14,000  acres  of  land  for  their  pasturage,  of  large  herds  of  sheep  and  beef 
cattle,  of  a  controlling  interest  in  the  large  sawmill  of  Kiss  &  Co.,  and 
of  an  e.\tensi\e  lumber-yard  in  .San  Diego,  He  gives  (.•niplo)  inent  tci  alK>ut 
350  men.  The  educational  and  religious  institutions  of  his  county,  espe- 
cially the  Congregational  Church,  which  his  family  attends,  recojrui/c  him 
as  a  generous  friend;  and  when  .San  Diego  needed  a  new  school-house-,  he 
supplied  lumber  to  the  value  of  $i|,ooo.  While  lie  was  in  the  .Salmon 
Mines,  he  was  elected  Justice  of  the  Peace;  and  when  his  legal  learning 
was  insufficient,  .sound  judgment  and  quick  perception  hel|)etl  him  out  in 
iiis  decision.s.  Genial  in  his  manners,  trusted  in  ciiaracter,  and  successful 
in  his  business,  iiis  neighbors  have  repeatedly  called  on  him  to  take 
part  in  the  management  of  public  affairs.  Humbcjldt  .sent  him  to  the 
As.sembly  in  1873  and  1877,  and  tried  to  elect  him  to  the  Senate  in  1875, 
but  was  defeated  by  the  D'-mocratic  ])reponderancc  in  the  associate  couiUy 
of  Mendocino.  Mr.  Russ  is  an  ardent  Republican,  and  was  one  of  the  tlele- 
gates  from  California  in  the  National  Convention  wiiich  noininatcfl  Ja.MICS 
A.  GarI-IKLD.  In  excellent  liealth,  of  active  habits,  with  a  business  ex- 
panding rather  than  contracting,  and  a  famil)-  of  10  li\ing  children  anjunil 
him,  Mr.  Russ  can  look  upon  the  future  as  well  as  the  past  with  satisfaction. 

Point  Reyes. — The  Point  Reyes  district,  between  Tomales  l!a\'  and  the 
ocean,  near  latitude  38°,  about  50  miles  north-west  from  .San   i'Vancisco,  is 
34 


-66 


ACRICULTURK. 


li     i 


notcc'  for  its  lar!:;c  butter  ratichos.  Tlic  distance  from  the  city  is  too  great 
at  present  1o  iicrmit  sending  tlie  milk  to  market,  and  Ijutter  is  more  profit- 
able than  cheese.  The  artiual  rainfall  averages,  perhaps,  30  inches,  and  the 
Togs  are  abundant  and  heavy,  so  that  the  wild  pasture  continues  green 
until  late  in  the  summer.  la  natural  fitness  for  dair)-  purposes,  the  situa- 
tion is  the  best  in  California.  A  few  years  since  a  rancho  of  54,000  acres, 
extending  from  Tomalcs  Point,  20  miles  south-eastward,  was  held  by  the 
.Sii.\I'T1;r  LSkotiucks  and  Ciiaklks  \\'i:i:i5  How.xud,  in  undivided  owner- 
ship under  one  management,  as  dairy  property.  This  land  has  since  been 
divided  into  6  tracts.  J.\.Mi:s  M.  SlI.\l"Ti;K  has  a  tract  of  i3,G6o  acres, 
com])rising  7  tenant  farms,  with  1,000  dairy  cows,  and  a  tract  of  5,257  acres, 
oinprising  3  farms,  with  300  cows.  The  estate  of  the  late  O.  I  S">  iTER 
has  a  tract  of  11,135  'icres,  comprising  7  farms,  with  1,360  cows,  ami  the 
Bolin-is  tract  of  6,712  acres,  with  2  farms  and  250  cf  Mr.  Howard 

has  ih:  Olema  tract  of  7,739  acres,  v.ith  5   farms  and  525  cows,  and  the 
Point  Reyes  tract  of  9,849  acres,  with  7  farms  and  1,350  cow.s. 

The  total  area  of  the  6  dairy  tracts  is  54,250  acres,  comprising  31  tenant 
farms,  with  4,785  dairy  cows,  an  average  of  about  1 1  acres  to  a  cow. 
rive  i'.cres  of  wild  grass  arc  sufficient  for  a  cow,  and  in  some  portions  of  the 
Point  R<)cs  district  2  acres;  but  a  considerable  portion  of  the  land  con- 
sists of  timber,  chaparral,  steep  canyon,  and  rock)'  hill.  A'\  these  farms 
are  lea.sed  on  the  same  general  system.  The  cows  belong  to  the  land,  and 
the  tenant  pays  from  $20  to  $25  for  each  cow  annually.  The  proprietor 
supplies  tile  buildings;  the  tenant  must  have  his  own  horses,  wagons,  and 
implements,  but  is  not  allowed  to  keep  any  domestic  animals  on  the  land, 
save  pigs  and  his  work-lK)r.ses ;  and  is  not  allowed  to  sell  anything  from  the 
land  save  jiigs,  calves,  and  dairy  produce.  He  must  rear  one  tcntii  of  the 
calves,  and  deliver  them  to  the  proprietor;  the  other  calves  he  can  sell. 
lie  gets  nearly  200  pounds  of  butter  from  each  cow  in  a  season,  and  he 
.sells  at  prices  ranging,  of  late  years,  from  20  to  40  cents  a  pound,  mak- 
ing from  $40  to  $50  from  each  cow.  His  calves  bring  him  aliout  $3,  ami 
his  pigs  :ji4  for  each  cow,  on  the  average.  His  gross  receipts  may  be  $50  or 
$60,  his  running  expenses  are  $15  or  $20,  and  his  net  receipts  from  $5  to 
$15  per  cow.  It  takes  from  18  to  25  pounds  of  milk,  averaging  22,  to 
make  a  pound  of  butter,  leaving  21  pounds  of  buttermilk  for  each  pound 
of  butter,  to  be  useil  in  fattening  pig.s.  The  calves  are  usually  sent  to 
ni.ulsct  when  not  more  than  a  month  old,  as  there  is  less  profit  in  them 
than  in  the  butter  or  pigs.  The  milk  is  allowed  to  stand  from  36  to  48 
hours,  at  a  temperature  of  6}°,  before  skimming,  and  the  cream  is  churned 
separately  in  a  square  box-churn,  without  a  dasher,  turned  by  horse-power. 
Si)  long  as  there  are  young  calves,  they  get  some  of  the  skim-milk;  the 


ThiMISTK     AMNfALS. 


267 


remainder  and  the  buttermilk  '^n  to  the  pigs.  These  fii^ures  are  olitaiiicd 
fromW.  II.  AuisoTT,  superintendent  fur  CllARI.KS  Wi;r.l!  I  loWARli,  am!  are 
doubtless  trustworthy. 

Nearly  all  tiic  feed  is  wild  grass,  but  about  8  acres  are  planted  with 
maize  and  beets,  and  16  with  oats  or  barley  for  h:iy  for  100  cows,  the  niai/.c 
being  cut  and  fed  green  (oc  fodder.  The  cows  arc  of  the  common  .Ameri- 
can stock  mixed  with  Durham.  It  is  expected  that  at  the  end  of  each 
dair}' year,  in  September,  about  10  in  100  of  the  cows  will  be  rejected  by 
the  tenant  and  .sold  by  the  proprietor  for  beef,  so  that  the  average  dairy 
hfe  of  tile  cow  is  10  years,  though  there  arc  cases  in  which  they  ha\c  been 
very  good  milkers  for  i.S  years. 

Cheese. — The  cheese  production  of  our  coast  has  few  pecii'i.ir  features. 
Most  of  the  cheese-makers  are  in  San  Luis  Obispo,  Monterc)',  Lake, 
Mendocino,  Sonoma,  and  Santa  Clara  counties,  in  situations  not  will 
adapted  tv.  '.he  jiroiluction  of  butter.  Most  of  the  C'alifornian  cheese  is 
made  by  the  owners  o(  the  cows,  and  is  produced  without  skimming  the 
milk.  It  is  sold  while  new,  usually  for  more  than  14,  but  often  as  low  as 
10  cents  a  pound  at  wholesale.  There  arc  a  few  factories  wlilcli  take  tlie 
milk  from  a  number  of  farmers  in  the  \icinity  ari'!  make  it  into  cheese  fi,r 
them;  but  many  of  the  cheese  dairymen  havi;  so  many  rows  that  thc_\-  pro- 
duce as  much  as  does  an  average  factory.  Good  imitations  of  Limbergcr 
and  Swiss  cheese  arc  made  in  Sonoma  Coimty.  Oregon,  Washington, 
and  Utah  make  cheese,  but  offer  little  material  for  remark.  The  largest 
cheese  dair}-  on  our  coast,  and  perhaps  anywhere,  is  that  of  the  .Sri;i;i.i', 
I5ROTm;i'is  in  San  Luis  Obispo;  but  efforts  to  obtain  a  recent  report  about 
the  number  of  its  cows,  and  the  amount  of  its  production  have  been  fruit- 
less. It  is  said  that  they  milk  1,500  cows  which,  with  3,000  other  neat 
cattle,  arc  pastured  on  45,000  acres  of  land. 

Beef. — A  large  business  is  done  b)-  most  of  the  I'acific  American  States 
and  Territories  in  breeding  neat  cattle  for  beef  exclusi\ely.  They  .ire  not 
tamed,  fed  with  cultivated  food,  nor  kept  in  fields.  'The  cows  are  ne\er 
milked.  Roaming  over  the  open  countr\-,  the  different  herds  mingle,  and 
the  owners  recognize  their  property  by  brands  and  earmarks.  Lvery  fall 
the  herdsmen  have  rodeos  to  mark  the  calves,  each  calf  being  presumed  to 
beloni;  to  the  cow  which  it  follows.  Nevada  has  about  250,000  head  '>f 
neat  cattle  nearly  all  bred  in  this  manner,  most  of  them  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  State;  and  Oregon  has  about  as  many  more,  bcsiiles  nearly 
200,000  kept  on  the  farms  of  Western  Oregon  as  "domestic  animals,"  a 
title  that  can  scarcely  be  given  with  propriety  to  the  half-wild  beef  herds  of 
Eastern  Oregon. 


268 


AC.KICliLTUUi:. 


'  15 


In  the  fertile  vallcj-s  near  tlie  ocean  5  acres  of  indigenous  grass  will  sup- 
port a  cow;  but  the  Sacramento,  San  Joaquin,  Salinas,  and  Santa  Ana 
valleys,  taken  on  the  average,  will  not  support  more  than  one  cow  on  10 
acres.  The  report  of  the  National  Land  Commissioner,  for  iSSo,  says  that 
VAkn  County,  Nevada,  has  5  head  of  cattle  to  the  scpiarc  mile,  and  can  not 
sujjport  more.  Idaho  can  sustain  5  times,  and  Oregon  and  Washington  10 
times  as  many.  It  is  estimated  that  a  family  dependent  on  the  breeding  of 
beef  cattle  in  Nevaila  must  have  not  fewer  than  2CXD  cows  to  make  both 
ends  meet,  and  at  5  cows  to  the  .square  mile,  each  famil)-  should  owi;  40 
scjuare  miles.  The  white  sage  ot  the  Ne\ada  deserts  is  good  pasture,  in 
the  winter,  for  neat  cattle. 

Of  the  meat  slaughtered  for  consumption  on  the  Tacific  Coast  we  have 
no  definite  statistics,  save  from  San  Francisco,  which  consumes  annu 
ally  96,000  beeves  averaging  575  pounds  of  clean  weight,  34,000  calves  av- 
eraging 150  jiounds,  440,000  shee[)  averaging  50  pounds,  225,000  lambs 
■  ixcraging  jS  pounds,  anil  150,000  hogs  .iveraging  140  pounds.  This  fur- 
nishes 65,200,000  pounds  of  licef,  3,600,000  jwiuids  of  veal,  22,000,000 
jiuunils  of  mutton,  6,300,000  ])ounds  of  lamb,  and  21,000,000  pounds  of 
])ork,  making  a  total  of  I  iS, 100,000  ])ounds  of  meat,  or  490  pounds  for 
each  of  the  240,000  inhabitants.  IV-rhajis  18,000,000  pounds  are  packed 
for  c'xportalion ;  but  San  Francisco  purchases  considerable  (]uantitics  of 
hams,  bacons,  and  canned  meats  brought  from  the  .Atlantic.  In  addition 
to  this,  the  city  consumes  large  quantities  of  fish,  shellfish,  iioullry,  and 
game;  so  it  does  not  seem  that  her  citizens  have  much  reason  to  complain 
of  the  scarcity  of  animal  food. 

The  steers  sl.iughtered  in  San  I'rancisco  arc  generally  3  years  old,  and 
if  of  Durham  blootl,  weigh  800  ,^ounds;  of  American  blood,  700;  of  half 
Spanish  and  half  Durham,  625;  and  of  pure  S|)anish,  525.  Most  of  the 
neat  cattle  bred  for  beef  in  California  ne\er  receive  any  cultivated  food, 
and  thev  fatten  from  March  to  Jul)-  inclusive,  and  lo.sc  in  weight  from  Au- 
gust to  I'"ebruarj-  in  the  average  seasons,  sometimes  dying  of  starvation  in 
the  winter.  The  business  of  breeding  beef  for  the  market  is  ])rofitabic  to 
but  fi'w  <if  the  fanners  in  the  \alle)s  of  California,  the  high  price  of  land 
■iiul  thr  small  crojjs  of  wild  pasture  being  unfavorable  to  the  business. 

;\s  liieeders  of  beef  cattle  of  common  stock,  the  firm  of  Mii.I,i:k  6v-  I.l'.V 
have,  probably,  no  ecpials  aiiyuheie.  Thee  remarkable  men  began  life 
as  butcher  bo)'s,  and  both  aie  natives  of  (iermany.  (.'ll.\kl.l".s  lx\  says 
he  owes  his  fortune  to  an  antipathy  \>  "  the  tiade  of  the  uheelwright.  His 
father  followed  that  occupation  in  an  Alsatian  \illage,  and  put  C  harli's  to 
work  in  his  .sl.oi).  Tlu'  boy  dislikeil  the  spokeshave,  and  as|iirc(l  tf)  handle 
a  butcher  knife;  but  he  coukl  not  gratify  his  ambition  till  he  landed  at  the 


"'.*"'^£5^M| 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


269 


iL'e  of  16  in  Xcw  V 


oi-l 


I-, 


soon   roiiinl  a  [)lacc  ar<  an   approiiticc 


at  $6 


ith.      lie  was  stronL',  active,  zealous,  attcnti\c,  and  creiiial.     lie 


stuck  to  his  \V( 


learned  his  business,  anil  made  frier 


Hi 


iiploy( 


put  him  in  charfje  of  a  shop  for  the  sale  of  butchers'  meal  in  the  aristo- 
cratic (]uarter  of  the  city,  lie  saved  money,  j;aineil  confidence  in  himsijlf, 
and  :ame  to  San  I'rancisco,  where  he  soon  fouml  empio) ment,  and,  after  a 
brief  del.ny,  had  a  shop  of  his  own.  Then  he  established  a  slauj^hter-house, 
and  to  f)blain  su])plies  for  it,  went  out  into  the  country  l)U)-ini;  c.allle. 
Mis  purchases  proved  i)rofital)le,  and  he  enlariied  his  business.  In  1856  he 
formeil  a  parlnerslu'i)  with  lli:.\KV  .MlI.I.i;i<,  who  had  h.ul  a  somewhat  sim- 
ilar career;  and  the  fiini  has  now  existed  for  a  quarter  of  a  century.      The)' 


b(5uir 


ht 


for    their   liei 


improved    the    land.     MlI.I.I'.U   to 


charge  of  the  cauntr\-  property  and  \J'\  of  tiie  cit)-  business.      riie\-  m.i 


it  their  rule  to  watch  the  detail 


lo.sely  as  possible 


for  tl 


rposc  ol 


avoicluvj  w 


aste.     I,f  there  was  any  offal  suitable  for  feeilint;  hoj^rs  on  a  fan 


the  hof^s  must  be  kept  there.  If,  after  the  neat  cattle  had  pastureil  down  a 
field,  there  was  anythiny^  left  that  shec|)  would  cat,  then  sheep  must  be 
driven  to  it.  If  the  men  employed  in  taking  care  of  the  heiTls  had  any 
surplus  tiine,  they  must  give  it  to  farming.  If  any  de|iarlmeiit  failed  to 
pay  a  pnjfit,  an  examination  was  made  to  find  whether  the  land,  the  sys- 
tem, or  the  manager  was  to  blame.  Men  were  selected  w  ilh  care  and  held 
to  a  strict  discipline;  ranchos  were  bou,;,ht  .ifter  careful  consideration  oi' 
their  capabilities.  I'".\er}'thing  like  wild  speculation  was  avoided;  but  after 
a  success  the  partners  were  never  afraid  to  take  other  steps  in  the  s.ime 
direction.     'Vhcv  devoteil   themselves  to  their  business,  ;uul   contiiuietl   to 


enlarge  it  wi 


th 


lid  sir 


They 


ii\ed   economically;   lhe\'  m.ide   1100 


Icntation,  ami  showed  no  anxiet)'  to  lie  countenanced  bv  aii\-  fashionable 
circle.     Respecting  themselves  ami  resijccted  by  others,  the)'  are  content 


that  cver)'body  should  know  that  tl^.y 


fe  as  butcher  boys.     They 


pa 


re  the  leading  cattle   princes  of  California;  ;md   if  the\-  ha\e  been  sur- 
>sed  in  the  race  for  wealth  by  the  railroad  and  silver-mine  princes  <i 


iif  S, 


iU\ 


k'nuicisco,  they  can  claim  that  there  was  no  (iovernmcnt  subsitly,  no  lucky 
slinnbling  on  a  bonanza  that  enriched  them.  There  is  no  public  ,nil 
authentic  reconl  of  their  possessions ;  but  it  is  said  bj'  those  who  pnteml 
to  know  something  of  the  matter,  that  they  own  7cx3,cxx)  acres  of  land 
(including  2  cattle  ranci  s  .-uul  S  main  farms,  with  6,cxxi  acrt.-s  of  irrig.ited 
alfalfa,  and  I4,0CX)  acre  cultivated  'n  grain  with  the  help  of  irrigation), 
95,000  sheep,  60,000  neat  cattle,  5,000  pigs,  ;md  j,ooo  horses.  They  own 
all  the  l.md  on  the  west  bank  of  tlie  .San  Joa<|uin  River  for  50  miles,  and 
nearl)'  all  mi  the  opposite  side.  1  he  men  ui  tluii  employ  numl)er  .(50, 
of  whom  20  luv  engagetl  ;it  the  slaughter-house  in  .San  I'r.uicism.      In  i.SSi 


AGRICULTURE. 


they  slaughtered  ^13,332  animals  for  the  San  Francisco  market,  including 
I2,8i8  steers,  2,682  cows,  6,564  calves,  32,435  sheep,  21,202  lambs,  and 
7,63  I  lioj^s.     The  a;^gregate  value  was  probably  nearly  $700,000. 

Wm.  Dunphy. — W'lLM.VM  DUM'UV,  one  of  the  pioneers  of  California, 
c.une  to  this  State  iVoni  UrowiisviUc,  Tc.vas,  in  the  year  1849,  crossing 
through  Mexico  to  Mazallan,  and  thence  by  sailing-vessel  to  San  Francisco, 
lie  went  direct  to  the  gold  mines  in  Tuolumne  County,  where  he  engaged 
in  business  as  a  merchant  for  about  3)'ears;  he  then  removed  to  San  I'^an- 
cisco  and  to  Los  Angeles,  but  soon  returp.ed  to  Tuolumne  County,  and  en- 
gaged in  business  as  a  cattle  dealer,  i  le  remained  there  about  5  years  more, 
until  the  )ear  1857,  when  he  again  removed  to,  and  became  a  permanent 
resident  of,  San  I'rancisco.  In  1855  he  formed  a  partnership  with  TlloNtAS 
I  Ill.DRETlI,  both  being  at  that  time  in  the  cattle  business.  l'\ir  a  (juarterof 
a  century  the  firm  of  DUNI'IIV  &  HiLDRETlI  were  known,  throughout  Cal- 
ifornia and  Nevaila,  as  one  of  the  principal  cattle  firms  of  our  coast.  In 
iS.Si  Mr.  DuNi'iiv  bought  out  his  partner's  interest,  and  now  continues  the 
business  alone.  Like  many  of  the  energetic  pioneers  who  helped  to  build 
iij)  California,  Mr.  DUNl'lIV  has  accumulated  a  handsome  fortune.  He 
owns,  in  .San  I'rancisco,  numerous  pieces  of  valuable  city  propertj' ;  anil 
in  Nexaila,  large  and  well-improved  stock  rrmches,  comprising  about  40,- 
0CK1  acres  of  l.uid,  so  situaletl  in  the  3  adjoining  counties  of  Lander, 
Lurek.i,  and  IClko,  that  they  control  the  jiasturage  of  very  extensive  stock 
ranges,  upon  which  graze  his  20,000  neat  cattle,  ami  a  large  herd  of  horses. 
I'rom  these  ranches  he  ships  his  l)eef  cattle,  by  the  Central  Tacific  Railroad, 
direct  to  his  slaughter-houses  in  South  .San  I''rancisco,  or  to  his  ranch  in 
Monterey  County,  California,  where  he  has  12,000  acres  under  fence,  and 
where  the  cattle  are  placed  in  the  fall,  on  reserveil  feed,  to  await  the  spring 
m.irkct  for  earlj-  beef  I  le  slaughters,  in  San  Francisco,  and  sells  to  the 
retail  markets,  about  1,000  cattle  per  month. 

Goo:lacre  &  Dooley.--  The  Oui'.l.N's  MAin\i;r,  situated  on  Govcrmnent 
Street,  corner  of  JcjJinsun,  is  the  oldest  established  meat  market  in  Victoria; 
founded  in  1858  by  Tlio.s.  ILVRUls,  and  at  present  the  projjcrty  of  Ml'.ssRS. 
(i(ini)Ai  ui',  S:  Dddl.I'V.  The  fiuantit>'  of  meats  consumed  in  Victoria — • 
considering  the  ])opnlalion-- is  enormous,  this  firm  alone  estinuUing  their 
amnial  eonsmnptinn  al  1,100  bullocks,  5,000  sheep,  400  calves,  anil  500  hogs. 
To  ciury  on  successfully  this  large  establishment,  ne.irl)-  2,000  acre.>  of  l.md, 
for  |)asturage  and  crops,  are  required;  25  horses  .ind  \\  men  are  eonsiantl)' 
employed,  and  in  the  p.icking  season  double  the  munber.  I'his  firm  are, 
and  long  ha\e  bei'n,  the  contractors  by  appointment  for  all  siipi)lies  of  fresh 
and  sail  meats,  vegetables,  etc.,  reipiireil  b)    the  British  Navy  on  this  sta- 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


271 


tion.  The  merchant  shipping,  also,  is  a  large  feature  of  their  trade,  the 
quality  and  cheapness  of  GoODACUE  &  Dooi.EY's  salt  meats  being  well 
known  to  captains  and  owners  of  vessels  pl)ing  in  the  l^ritisli  Cohnnbia 
trade.  Over  1,000  barrels  of  salt  beef  were  dispt  scd  of  in  [SSi,  and  ]irep- 
arations  are  being  made  for  curing  twice  this  ([i  antit;-  in  I.S,S2.  All  salt 
meats  prepared  by  this  firm  are  guaranteed  to  keep  2  )ears  in  an)-  climate. 

Van  Volkenburgh  &  Co.— Among  the  large  stock  farms  on  the  main- 
land of  British  Columbia,  one  of  the  most  prominent  is  that  of  Van  Voi.- 
KEMJIJKG  &  Co.,  who  have  7,036  acres,  wliich,  as  well  as  adjacent  tracts  of 
public  land,  are  used  for  pasturing  their  henls  of  neat  cattle  and  sheep. 
Victoria,  being  a  seaport  where  many  merchant  vessels  get  their  supplies, 
and  having  in  its  suburb  of  Esquimalt,  the  chief  station  of  the  l!riii,h 
Navy  on  our  coast,  furnishes  an  excellent  market  for  fresh  antl  salt  meats. 
For  the  purpose  of  disposing  advantageousl)-  of  their  stoek,  \' AN  \'(il.Kl'.\- 
MURi;  &  Co.  have  a  wholesale  and  retail  meat  market  in  the  .Alh.imbra 
building,  corner  of  (iovernmcnt  and  \'ates  streets,  Victoria,  for  which  the)- 
slaughter  100  beef  cattle,  100  calves,  400  sheep,  and  100  hogs,  nidtuhl)'. 
The  yearly  amount  of  their  sales  of  meat  to  the  Canadian  I'acilk  Railroad 
is  $90,000,  and  f(jr  the  Cariboo  mines,  $15,000. 

Horses. — C)ur  slope  north  of  Mexico  has  700,000  horses,  mostlj-  of  com- 
mon stock  and  not  worth  more  than  $.4.0  or  $50  each  on  the  average,  but 
man_\-  of  them  animals  of  strains  highly  prized  for  diflereiU  (iualiti(;s  of 
strength,  speed,  gait,  endurance  and  beauty,  'riioroughbreds  are  luuneious, 
anil  California  is  making  strenuous  efforts  to  excel  I'.ngland  and  Kentucky 
in  breeding  fast  horses.  The  warm  winters  are  extreinel)-  favor.vble  U>  the 
continuous  growth  and  training  nf  the  horse,  antl  these  are  of  much  service 
in  developing  speed  as  tested  imder  the  rules  (if  the  turf  While  the  trot- 
ters and  thoroughbreds  arc  in  special  favor,  the  Norman  and  (  Is-dodali! 
horses,  needed  to  obtain  a  stock  of  large  and  active  horses,  serviceable  fur 
heavy  draught,  have  not  been  neglected.  Nearly  ever)'  valued  breed  in 
any  jwrt  of  Euro|)e  or  the  United  Staters  fur  the  saddle  or  the  wagun,  fur 
the  farm  or  the  cart  is  to  be  foinid  here  The  most  noted  ln)r'.e  farms  are 
Palo  Alto,  to  be  mcntioneil  hereafter,  ;md  those  nf  L.  J.  Rnsi;,  ujui  has 
about  200  fine  animals,  at  San  (iabricl;  \\'.\|.  Ci  lUiii'.ir,  of  San  Maten,  who 
has  300;  TiiiioDoKi',  Win  ii:ks,  of  ^■olo,  who  has  100;  Coi'nt  \'aii:n- 
SIEN,  of  S.'icramcnto,  who  h,is  Jtm  ;  11i:nrv  Sr,.\!.i;s,  of  Mayfield,  who  has 
150;  1'.  A.  I'INNICAN,  of  Alameda,  who  has  150;  I'ITKR  Coll'l'.s,  of 
Mcnlo  I'ark,  who  lias  lOO;  and  \i.  J.  BALDWIN,  who  has  100  near  San 
Gabriel, 


AGRICULTURE. 


Palo  Alto.— The  Palo  Alto  farm  of  LelAND  STANFORD,  at  Mcnlo 
Park,  j2  miles  south  of  .San  Francisco,  where  he  has  his  country  residence, 
is  in  some  respects  the  most  notable  estate  on  the  globe  for  the  brccdiiiLj 
and  training  of  fast  horses.  It  has  the  largest  number  of  fine  trotters  and 
thiirouy;hbreds,  and  has  been  distinguished  by  remarkable  enterprise  and 
judgment  in  its  management,  and  also  by  wonderful  success  in  developing 
sjjeed  within  a  brief  experience.  It  is  apparently  the  object  of  the  owner's 
ambition  to  beat  England  and  Kentucky  on  their  own  ground,  to  take  from 
them  their  preeminence  of  reputation  for  possessing  the  best  blood  and  the 
best  trainers,  and  to  share  the  vast  profits  which  they  have  drawn  from  the 
superior  speed  of  their  hor.scs. 

So  soon  as  the  plan  was  adopted,  preparations  were  made  to  provide  the 
best  accommodations  for  them.  Commodious  r.tables  were  built,  and  there 
are  now  box-stalls  for  300  horses,  single  stalls  for  150  more,  and  sheds  for 
the  remainder.  Three  hundred  acres  were  fenced  off  into  paddocks  vary- 
ing in  area  from  a  quarter  of  an  acre  to  2  acres,  for  the  brood  mares,  so 
that  they  should  not  be  crowded.  These  paddocks  abound  with  alfalfa, 
which  is  considered  the  best  pasture  for  dams  with  colts.  Trainers  of  e.K- 
pcricncc  in  trotting  and  running  horses  were  found,  and  now  75  men  arc 
cmjiloycil  to  attend  to  the  horses;  one  man  being  required  to  take  special 
care  of  2  of  the  most  valuable  animals.  Each  trainer  for  the  general  stock 
trains  10  horses  a  day;  and  55  horses  are  trained  daily  in  the  saddle  or 
harness.  These  horses  subjected  to  daily  training,  include  4  3-year-old  and 
5  j-ye;ir-old  thoroughbreds ;  and  5  .].-year-old,  1 1  3-year-old,  and  30  2-ycar- 
old  trotters.  The  preponderance  of  very  young  horses  is  caused  by  the  new- 
ness of  the  farm,  and  also  by  Mr.  .S'l'.Wl'OKlJ'.S  theory  that  the  horse  should 
be  subjected  to  training  while  still  very  young.  IJcsides  the  55  that  must 
go  under  the  saddle  or  in  harness  every  tlay,  1 5  thoroughbred  ami  70  trotter 
yearlings  are  practiced  c\cry  day  in  the  training  paddock,  which  w.is  fust 
devised  and  u.sed  on  the  Palo  Alto  farm.  Of  such  j  '  )cks,  Mr.  Stan- 
I'ORD  has  2:  in  one  the  circuit  is  the  si.Ktecnth,  in  the  othfr  the  tenth  of  a 
mile  long,  and  of  an  oval  shape,  with  an  inner  fence  to  keep  the  colt  on  the 
track,  lie  is  turned  in  loose,  and  trainers  stand  inside  of  the  iiiner  circuit 
to  drive  him  around  the  paddock  at  his  best  speed  until  he  is  tired,  for  i)er- 
haps  J  or  3  minutes.  If  the  paddock  practice  of  the  yearlings  is  counted 
as  training,  then  44  thoroughbreds  ;uul  116  trotters  are  trained  every  da\', 
Mr.  .S I  ANl'DKD  has  the  pecuniary  means  to  accomplish  nnich,  and  he  did 
not  stint  the  supplies  of  his  horse  farm.  He  set  aside  1,400  acres  for  its 
use,  including  900  acres  of  fertile  valley  land,  of  which  750  are  irrig.ited,  so 
that  there  shall  be  an  abundant  supplj'  of  green  grass.  Carrots  are  culti- 
\ated   on  40  .icres;  and    a   boiler  steams  ground  oats  every  daj-  for  the 


M 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


273 


young  colts,  which  begin  to  receive  such  feed  at  the  age  of  4  months,  and 
are  accustomed  to  it  when  they  arc  weaned  at  5  or  6  months ;  so  tliat  they  do 
not  lose  flesh  on  green  grass.  Having  determined  to  do  his  worlc  on  a 
grand  scale,  he  needed  a  first-ratc  manager,  thoroughly  familiar  with  the 
breeding  and  training  of  race-horses,  and  for  that  purpose,  selected  H.  R. 
Covey,  who  seems  so  far  to  have  justified  the  choice.  The  plan  was 
adopted  in  1877,  and  the  farm  is  very  new;  but  already  it  has  500  horses, 
all  of  the  finest  blood,  including  the  best  representatives  obtainable  of 
every  strain  most  esteemed  in  Kngland  and  Kentucky,  either  fur  running 
or  trotting.  Two  of  his  horses  cost  him  .$25,000  each;  ami  probabl)-  many 
$5,000  each.  He  has  bought  at  every  good  opportunity  and  has  sold  noth- 
ing. Of  his  500  horses,  85  arc  thoroughbreds,  including  45  brood  marcs; 
and  415  trotters,  including  1 19  brood  marcs.  The  inmibcr  of  colts  Ijorn  or 
to  be  born  in  1882  is  100;  so  that  there  will  be  a  rapid  increase  until  the 
policy  of  selling  is  adopted. 

For  the  horses  trained  under  the  saddle  or  in  harness  there  are  2  tracks, 
one  a  mile  and  the  other  three  quarters  of  a  mile  long.  There  is  also  a 
sandy  lane  called  the  winter  track,  where  the  horses  can  be  driven  within  a 
few  minutes  after  the  heaviest  rain.  The  tracks  are  graded  and  prepared 
with  great  care,  and  are  harrowed  every  day  so  thai  they  shall  be  in  the 
best  possible  condition.  The  common  training  system,  of  driving  the  horse 
at  a  slow  gait  for  an  hour  or  two  and  then  pushing  him  for  a  mile,  has  been 
abandoned  here,  at  least  for  the  )-oungcr  horses;  and  instead,  ihey  arc 
dri\cn  at  their  best  for  a  quarter  of  a  mile  soon  after  reaching  the  track, 
and  after  resting  a  little,  put  through  another  (puu-ter. 

The  peculiar  features  of  the  Palo  Alto  farm  art;,  first,  its  large  size;  .second, 
its  system  o{  paddock  practice,  so  that  the  colt  shall  try  his  speed  every 
day,  except  during  rain,  after  he  is  6  months  old;  third,  its  "short  work"  in 
training  ;  fourth,  the  .system  of  feeding  steamed  grain  to  the  colts;  and  fifth, 
the  great  care  taken  of  the  brood  marcs,  including  the  paddock  b)'  day  and 
the  stall  by  night. 

It  would  perhaps  be  unreasonable  to  expect  any  noteworthy  results  even 
under  the  best  management,  from  a  training  farm  only  5  )'ears  did  that  is, 
the  results  mainl)-  of  the  liaining— but  there  have  been  noteworthy  results 
here.  The  best  ICastern  record  for  a  2-year  old  trotter  is  2:31;  but  Sl'.W- 
I'OKIi's  ll'i/i/jAruvr  has  made  hv:  mile  in  .':2I,  I'wnilit  in  2;24'.^,  and 
Fictl.  Civck-i-r\\\  2:25;,^.     .V  reduction  of  10  secomls  in  the  record  is  a  great 


event  in  the  hislor)-  of  the  turf.     Again  the  best  h'.astei'n  reeciK 


ling  w:is  2:56'^, 
ing  a  reduction 


am 
<if  . 


.S  IAN"  I'XiU  It's  ///W(r   Kosc  has  trotted 


y.i(\ 


a  jear- 
',  mak- 


;i)  seconds. 


11 


lese  are  joung  horses,  hut   the  l,i'-m  is 


not  old  cniAigh  to  have  trained  old  hor.ses,     lincouraged  by  these  results,  Mr. 
35 


274 


ACKICULTURK. 


Stanford  will  give  his  horses  opportunities  in  1882  to  show  their  speed 
at  Xcw  York,  Lexington,  and  Louisville,  as  well  as  in  California.  Sixty 
will  take  pari  in  the  races  of  the  season,  including  4  thoroughbred  and  10 
truttcr  3-ycar-olds;  5  thoroughbred  and  20  trotter  2-ycar-olds;  and  8 
trotter  yearlings  in  California;  and  6  3-year-old  and  7  2-year-old  trotters 
cast  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Swine  and  Goats. — While  California  has  one  eighth  of  the  sheep,  she 
has  only  one  fiftieth  of  the  swine  in  the  United  States.  Her  winters  arc 
too  warm  for  packing  pork  without  great  danger  of  spoiling;  her  pastures 
arc  dry  and  .soil  hard  for  much  of  the  year;  and  maize  i.s  not  abundant. 
On"  account  of  these  circumstances  she  will  probably  never  excel  in  the 
production  of  pork.  The  temperature  is  favorable  to  the  growth  of  suinc, 
but  some  varieties  mentioned  in  Chapter  XXX L  thrive  better  than  others. 
The  northern  coast  will  probably  do  better  than  California  with  swine. 

The  mountains  and  the  chaparral  of  California  arc  better  suited  to  the 
gn.it  than  to  any  other  domestic  animal.  The  Angora  goat  has  been  im- 
porlL'!.!  direct  from  Asia  Minor,  and  the  coast  has  probably  2,cx30  of  pure 
blood ;  but  after  20  years  of  experience  with  them,  the  opinion  prevails 
generally  that  there  is  no  profit  in  breeding  them  for  the  fleece.  The  lead- 
ing man  in  the  breeding  of  Angora  goats  on  our  slope  is  C.  1'.  BailEV, 
who  has  a  herd  of  7,000  near  Wadsworth,  Nevada.  • 

Poultry. — The  breeding  of  poultry  has  no  peculiar  features  on  our  coast, 
and  it  is  not  conducted  in  very  extensi\e  e;-.tablishments.  The  most  nota- 
ble is  that  of  \Vm.  Sharon,  at  his  country  residence,  near  Belmont.  lie 
has  30  acres  set  apart  for  his  chickens,  of  which  he  has  many  varieties, 
each  in  a  separate  yard.  The  farm  sends  1,200  do/cn  eggs  monthly  to  his 
Palace  I  lotel,  which,  in  the  spring  of  1S82,  consumed  4,000  dozens  a  month. 
He  lias  artificial  incubators  to  hatch  the  eggs,  and  artificial  mothers  to 
keep  them  warm. 

Till-.  I'.vciKlc  Poultry  Company  has  an  artificial  hatching  establish- 
ment  at  the  corner  of  Folsom  and  Eighteenth  streets.  South  San  I'rancisco, 
in  a  building  formerly  used  as  a  woolen-mill.  About  March,  1S82,  2,500 
chickens  were  hatched  monthlj',  but  the  capacity  is  to  be  increased  to  6,000 
a  month.     Oakland  has  also  an  establishment  of  a  similar  character. 

Bees. — Much  of  California  resembles  Greece,  the  classic  land  of  the  bee, 
and  some  of  the  honey  m.ade  on  our  coast  mountains  has,  it  is  said,  the 
same  peculiar  flavor  as  that  of  ll)-mettus,  consiilcred  the  best  of  Greece. 
The  number  of  hives  or  stanils  in  California  is  about  75,000,  and  the  honey 
yield  ranges  from  400  to  2,000  tons.     The  expenses  of  one  "bee  ranch"  for 


DOMESTIC  ANIMALS.  275 

a  year  are  thus  stated,  viz.:  400  patent  stands,  $800;  550  boxes  for  honey, 
$165;  wages  and  board  equal  to  one  man  for  18  months,  .$630;  liauling 
hives  and  honey,  $195;  packing-cases,  $165;  sundries,  $.^.5;  total,  ^2,000. 
The  receipts  were  $4,950  from  comb-honey;  $550  from  strained  honey  and 
wa.K ;  and  400  new  hives,  worth  $6,000 ;  leaving  a  profit  of  $7,500  for  the  year. 
Apiaries  are  found  in  Oregon,  Utah,  Washington  Territory,  and  i\Ie.\ico, 
but  present  no  features  of  special  interest. 

SilkTVorms. — Silkworms  have  been  bred  in  California  for  21  years,  the 
first  lot  of  worms  having  been  hatched  in  1861  by  Louis  Prevost,  a 
French  nnrseryman  of  San  Jose,  who  had  pecuniary  aid  from  Hl'.NRV 
Hent.scii,  a  Swiss  banker  of  San  Francisco.  Ignorance,  enthusiasm,  and 
some  foolish  prizes  offered  by  the  Legislature  led  to  a  mania,  which  re- 
sulted in  a  loss  of  $500,000.  More  than  50  cocooneries  havj  been  maintained, 
at  various  times,  in  the  State,  and  not  $100  have  ever  been  obtained  from 
the  sale  of  raw  silk,  and  probably  not  $500  from  eggs  sold  out  of  the 
State.  Such  profits  as  were  made  came  from  the  purchase  of  eggs  and 
cuttings  for  use  in  California.  The  principal  breeder  of  silkworms  is  J.  A. 
Garuarini,  of  Jackson,  Amador  County.  It  is  the  general  opinion  of 
those  who  have  carefully  considered  both  sides,  that  the  business  can  not 
amount  to  much  on  our  coast  until  wages  shuU  be  considerably  lower  than 
at  present. 


276 


AGRICULTURE. 


CHAPTER  XV.— FARMING. 

Agricultural  Production. — Pacific  North  America  has  territory  in  all 
the  zones;  in  all  altitudes  up  to  the  level  of  perpetual  snow;  in  extensive 
regions  where  the  annual  rainfall  measures  8  feet,  and  in  others  where  it 
docs  not  measure  2  inches;  in  dense  forests,  in  grass-covered  valleys,  and 
in  deserts  that  have  been  desolate  from  a  remote  geological  period.  There 
is  scarcely  a  climate  in  any  other  part  of  the  globe  without  its  parallel  here. 
The  annual  agricultural  products  of  the  Pacific  side  of  our  continent,  north 
of  Mexico,  are  worth  about  ."{i 1 00,000,000,  including $50,000,000  from  cereals, 
$40,000,000  from  domestic  animals,  and  $10,000,000  from  horticulture. 
These  figures  arc  intended  to  represent  the  average  of  the  present  area 
under  cultivation,  about  10,000,000  acres,  and  the  number  of  persons  now 
employed  in  agriculture  in  1S81,  about  100,000.  The  last  figure  is  an 
estimate  subject  to  much  plausible  objection,  and  beyond  the  reach  of 
demonstration,  but,  perhaps,  as  near  the  actual  fart  as  arc  the  average  of 
carefully  prepared  official  statistics  on  such  points.  If  it  be  correct,  then  it 
follows,  the  average  annual  production  for  each  person  is  $1,000,  and  for 
each  acre  $10,  the  latter  figure  being  much  smaller,  and  the  former  much 
larger  than  would  be  obtained  from  the  agricultural  statistics  of  any  Euro- 
pean country. 

Our  coast  may  justly  claim  to  do  more  work,  in  proportion  to  the  men 
employed,  than  any  other  part  of  the  globe.  We  have  100  per  cent,  more 
horses  than  England,  and  50  per  cent,  more  than  New  York.  In  1871 
ICnglaiul  (including  Wales)  had  1,560,000  agricultural  laborers,  i4,Gi6,ooo 
acres  in  crops  and  fallow  land,  and  1,200,000  acres  in  permanent  cultivated 
pasture.  If  we  base  our  calculation  only  on  the  land  worked  every  year, 
wc  have  about  9  acres  to  the  person  ;  while  in  1870,  California  had  3,000,- 
000  acres  under  similar  cultivation,  and  48,000  laborers  employed  in  culti- 
vation, or  one  pcr.soii  to  62  acres.  From  the  figures  of  "  improved  land,"  and 
the  number  of  agricultural  laborers  given  in  the  American  census  of  1870, 
we  learn  that  there  were  in  that  year  130  acres  to  the  laborer  in  California, 
85  in  Oregon,  Co  in  Washington,  46  in  Nevada,  20  in  Id.iho,  14  in  Arizona, 
and  12  in  Utah;  and  a  calculation,  made  in  a  similar  manner,  gives  32  in 
tiu'  Unitetl  .States,  15  in  luigland,  and  5Jj  in  France.  In  other  words,  the 
Californian  farmer  is  expected  to  gather  the  crops  from  24  times  more  land 


w 


FARMING.  377 

than  the  Frenchman,  8  times  more  than  the  Englishman,  and  4  times  more 
than  the  \e\v  Yorlccr.  The  following  tabic,  from  the  national  census  of 
1870,  the  latest  official  table  of  the  kind  now  obtainable,  shows  the  luiinbcr 
of  "acres  improved"  in  farms  in  that  year,  the  average  number  of  acres  in 
a  farm,  the  number  of  persons  engaged  in  agriculture  in  the  American 
States  and  Territories  wholly  belonging  to  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  the  aver- 
age number  of  acres  to  'ic  agricultural  laborer,  deduced  from  the  census 
figures: 

i~  Acres  Average  Acres     Agricultural         Acres  to 

■    ^  '^'  '^  "^  Iniproveil.  to  Karin.  Laborers.  Person. 

California 6,218,133  482  47.863  130 

Oregon 1,116,290  315  13,248  85 

Washington 192,016  208  3,771  60 

Utah •  iS,7S5  30  10,428  12 

Nevada 92,644  201  2,070  46 

Idaho 26,603  186  1,462  20 

Arizona I4.5^S  ^~7  '--^5  '4 

Total 7,779,026  80, 1 27 

There  has  been  a  large  increase  in  the  number  of  acres  improved,  and  of 
agricultural  laborers,  since  1870,  but  the  proportion  between  the  2  has  not 
changed  much. 

California  has  6,000,000  acres  under  cultivation,  including  about  3,000,000 
in  wheat,  700,000  in  barley,  120,000  in  maize.  72.000  in  o.its.  70,000  in  vine- 
yard, and  45,000  in  orchard.  She  has  6,000,000  sheep,  700,000  neat  cattle, 
300,000  horses,  and  86,000  wagons.  Among  her  annual  productions  are 
10,000,000  gallons  of  wine  and  450,000  of  brandy;  and  7,000  tons  u{  butter, 
1,500  of  cheese,  350  of  honey,  1,500,000  of  grain,  200,000  of  gr.iiJes,  ant! 
80,000  of  tree  fruits.  There  are  50  grapevines,  5  fruit-trees,  aiul  5  sheep 
for  ever)'  person  residing  within  its  limits.  In  the  iiroiiorlion  of  agricultu- 
ral property  and  production  to  farming  population,  she  stands  high. 

Oregon  is  rich  in  varied  agricultural  resources,  and  in  an  industrious  anil 
intelligent  farming  population,  most  of  whom  are  established  on  their  ou  n 
land.  It  is  the  only  portion  of  the  American  territory  from  which  we  have 
the  agricultural  statistics,  g.ithered  by  the  National  Census  of  1880.  In 
that  year  Oregon  had  16,466  farms,  of  which  14,050  were  cultivated  by  the 
owners,  and  2,416  by  renters.  The  total  value  of  the  farm  |)roducts  was 
$12,800,000.  The  number  of  acres  tilled  was  1,229,000,  including  440.000 
in  wheat,  150,000  in  oats,  and  5.500  in  maize.  The  apjile  trees  number 
1,300,000,  the  peach  44,000,  and  the  orchard  products  in  1879  were  wwrth 
$547,000.     The   State  had    1,260,000  sheep,   435,000  neat  cattle,    124,000 


278 


AGRICULTURE. 


horses,  and  made  1,300  tons  of  butter,  and  84  of  cheese  in  the  preceding 
year. 

Utali  cultivates  223,000  acres,  including  72,000  in  wheat,  19,000  in  oats, 
iC,ooo  in  maize,  14,000  in  bailey,  10,000  in  potatoes,  3,600  in  alfalfa,  1,400 
in  sutjar-cane,  200  in  broom-corn,  antl  113  in  cotton.  The  total  value  of 
the  annual  crop,  exclusive  of  fruit,  is  $7,500,000.  The  number  of  acres  in 
orchard  and  vineyard  is  7,920  including  3,935  in  apples,  2,687  in  peaches, 
and  544  in  grapes ;  and  the  fruit  crop  is  valued  at  $1,000,000.  The  Territory 
had  303,000  sheep  in  1879,  107,000  neat  cattle,  and  45,206  horses  and 
mules;  and  the  total  value  of  the  domestic  animals  was  $6,500,000.  The 
sheep  are  increasing  at  the  rate  of  about  20  per  cent,  annually.  Utah  is 
rich  in  the  industry,  economy,  and  mutual  helpfulness  of  its  people,  but 
poor  in  agricultural  [M'opcrty  and  production.  The  Mormons  fled  to  the 
desert,  and  though  they  have  made  it  blossom  like  the  rose,  it  has  been  at 
great  expense.  In  proportion  to  population,  they  have  less  than  half  the 
cultivated  area,  crops,  and  herds  of  Oregon. 

AgriculUiral  Progress. — The  Maya  and  Nahua  nations,  who  occupied 
the  regions  now  known  as  Mc.\ico  and  Central  .\merica,  before  the  days  of 
Columbus,  had  a  system  of  agriculture  that  .seems  to  have  been  the  indige- 
nous ])i  xluct  of  the  country.  It  was  far  superior  to  the  agricultural  indus- 
try of  the  aborigines  to  the  northward,  and  different  in  many  res[)ects  from 
that  practiced  under  the  Incas.  Maize  was  their  chief  article  of  diet  and 
cultivation,  and  next  in  im[)ortance  to  it  came  the  bean  and  the  sweet  po- 
tati).  The  red-pepper  antl  \anilla  bean — the  latter  obtained  from  wild  as 
well  as  from  culti\atetl  ])lants — wore  favorite  flavors  then,  as  now.  The 
plantain,  ])ine-api)le,  zapote,  and  various  other  tropical  fruits,  were  set  out, 
tilled,  and  carefully  guarded  b}'  watchmen  in  some  places,  and  protected  by 
fences  in  others.  The  root  of  the  agave  was  used  extensively  for  food. 
The  cocoa  furnished  chocolate  and  other  warm  drinks  at  a  time  when  the 
Europeans  took  their  table  beverages  cold.  The  juice  of  the  agave  and 
infusions  of  maize  prepared  in  different  methods,  were  fermented  to  supply 
exhilarating  or  into.vicating  drinks.  Honey  was  obtained  from  bees  kept 
in  hi\es.  The  wild  turkey,  goose,  duck,  and  rabbit  of  the  country  had  been 
tlomesticated,  and  were  bred  in  large  numbers.  The  dog  was  fattened  for 
the  table,  anil  considered  a  delicacy.  Cotton  was  cultivated  extensively 
for  purposes  r^f  clothing.  The  leaves  of  the  agave  furnished  material  for  a 
kind  of  paper.  Irrigating  ditches  carried  water  to  fields  tiiat  were  too  dry 
by  iiature.  The  chief  implement  of  tillage  was  a  sharpened  stick,  used  for 
loosening  the  soil. 

The  .Spaniiids  introduced  into  Mexico  the  hor.sc,  the  cow,  and  the  sheep; 


FARMING. 


279 


the  wagon,  harness,  and  yoke;  the  plow,  hne,  anti  steel  tools;  the  whcnt, 
barle}-,  rye,  and  flax;  the  apple,  pear,  peach,  apricot,  phini,  and  gr.ipe ;  the 
cabbage,  pea,  onion,  sugar-cane,  and  coffee,  llnis  doing  much  to  counter- 
balance the  -  Lructivc  influence  of  the  conquest  on  Aztec  art  and  imlustr)-. 
The  conquerors,  however,  were  primarily  soldiers,  and  considered  it  bene.ith 
their  dignity  to  devote  themselves  to  manual  labor,  and  especially  to  toil  m 
the  field.  Their  plows  and  wagons  were  made  on  patterns  similar  to  those 
used  in  Asia  2,ocX)  years  ago;  they  had  no  dairy,  no  fine  breeds  of  horses, 
neat  cattle,  or  sheep;  no  valuable  varieties  of  fruit;  no  light  wagons  or 
skillful  teamsters;  no  progressive  agricultural  industry. 

The  American  concjucst  caused  an  agricultiual  revolution  in  California, 
almost  as  great  as  that  made  in  Mexico  by  the  Spanish  conquest.  It  was 
the  opinion  of  the  pioneer  gok!  hunters,  when  they  came  down  the  western 
slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  on  their  journey  across  the  continent,  or  when, 
after  rounding  Cape  Horn,  they  cros.sed  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin 
valleys  on  their  way  from  the  Golden  Gate -to  the  gold  digging.s,  that  tlic 
country  generally  w.is  unfit  for  tillage.  The  dry  soil  and  brown  landscape 
looked,  to  those  accustomed  to  the  moist  climate,  and  verdant  summer  and 
autumn  prairies  and  pastures  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  continent,  as  if 
condemned  to  perpetual  desolation. 

The  very  high  prices  paid  for  potatoes,  onions,  cabbages,  carrots,  and 
other  kitchen  vegetables  gave  a  great  stimulus  to  gardening  in  1S50,  antl  5 
or  10  acres  well  cultivated  in  that  year,  or  the  next,  neai  .S.m  I'"rancisco 
were  sufficient  to  lay  the  foundation  of  a  nice  fortune.  The  luxuriance  of 
the  growth,  when  an  abundant  supply  of  water  was  a[)plied  judiciously  on 
a  good  soil,  was  surprising.  From  every  valley,  where  the  huul  was  culti- 
vated, reports  came  of  wonderfully  large  crops.  Wheat,  barley,  potatoes, 
tomatoes,  cabbages,  cucumbers,  carrots,  pears,  and  grapes  were  extremely 
prolific.  While  many  persons  failed  for  lack  of  experience,  others  proved 
the  possibilities  of  general  success.  Frenchmen,  Italians,  Hungarians, 
•Germans,  Englishmen,  and  Americans  contributed  their  knowledge,  skill, 
and  enterprise.  The  finest  varieties  of  fruits,  flowers,  and  ornamental 
plants  were  imported,  after  a  few  years,  from  the  Atlantic  States  and  F.u- 
rope,  and,  in  a  congenial  clime,  they  pri  spered  and  multiplied,  until  Cali- 
fornia bids  fair  to  take,  if  it  has  not  already  taken,  a  leading  place  in  horti- 
culture. 


Californian  Wheat. — Wheat  is  the  leading  product  of  California,  occu- 
pying, in  1881,  3,000,000  acres,  and  producing  1,500,000  tons,  worth 
about  $32,000,000.  The  yield  amounts  to  more  than  a  ton  and  a  half  to 
each    inhabitant,  and    as    the   pverage  consumption  of  each  is  3  centals 


I 


■I! 


I 

! 

Jl 


280 


AGRICULTURE. 


(equivalent  to  a  barrel  of  flour),  and  the  secdintr  requires  70  pounds  an 
acre,  llic  surplus  for  exportation  is  about  a  ton  and  a  quarter  for  each  Cal- 
ifornian.  The  amount  exported  has,  however,  never  been  so  much  in  any- 
one )X'ar,  jiartly  because  portion  of  the  crop,  not  fit  for  shipment,  's  used 
for  distillation,  or  fjround  up  into  horse  feed.  The  amount  unfit  for  ship- 
ment depends  on  the  season,  sometimes  rising  to  25  per  cent.,  but  not  aver- 
a;4in_t;  more  than  10  per  cent.  When  prices  are  low,  the  quantity  taken  for 
distillation  increases,  and  may  rise  t(3  50,000  tons  in  a  year. 

The  wheat  of  California  is  usually  harvested  with  a  header,  which  cuts 
off  so  little  of  the  straw  that  it  is  impossible  to  bind  the  wheat  into 
sheaves.  From  the  header  the  grain  is  carried  by  a  moving  apron  either 
to  a  header-wagon,  which  deposits  it  in  a  loose  stack,  or  to  a  thrcshing- 
niach'ue.  It  re(|uires  3  header-wagons,  or  one  small  threshing-machine,  for 
an  ordinary  header,  cutting  12  feet  wide,  with  which  swath  it  will  cut  20 
acres  a  day,  or  4  acres  to  each  man  emploj-ed.  But  there  are  larger 
headers  cutting  16,  2.4.,  and  even  34  feet;  and  the  prevailing  ii  ression  is 
that  the  wiiler  swaths  are  better  and  cheaper  on  level  land.  The  34-foot 
iM.'ader  sweeps  over  60  acres  in  a  day.  Not  content  with  this,  some  of  the 
farmers  have  double  shifts  of  men,  and  work  at  night  with  the  calcium 
light. 

y\s  there  is  no  fear  of  rain  from  July  to  September  inclusive,  it  is  not 
necessary  to  cut  the  grain  so  soon  as  it  is  ripe,  and  on  account  of 
the  immcn.se  areas  to  be  harvested,  and  the  small  number  of  men  em- 
ployed, the  headers  are  often  at  work  for  more  than  2,  and  sometimes  for  3 
months  steadily,  so  that  much  of  the  grain  is  exposed,  in  an  overripe  con- 
dition, for  weeks,  if  not  months,  to  high  winds.  The  berries  are  thus 
beaten  out,  and  many  of  them  are  shaken  out  by  the  header.  The  short 
stalks  and  low  heads  escape  the  sickle.  The  loss  of  grain  is  considerable. 
GeoUc;i;  D.WIDson  took  the  trouble  to  measure  off  a  square  yard  in  a 
Yolo  stubble-field  after  a  header  had  passed  over  it,  and  gather  up  all  the 
wheat  grains;  and  they  indicated  that  the  loose  grain,  lying  on  a'l  acre, 
amounted  to  iiS  pounds,  worth  in  San  Francisco,  at  the  average  price, 
$2.36. 

Wheat  Profits. — In  Oregon,  Eastern  VVa.shington,  and  Utah,  the  yield 
of  wheat  is  more  regular  than  in  California,  where,  on  the  other  hand,  there 
is  a  higher  i)rofit  in  exceptionally  favorable  years.  After  making  allow- 
ance for  the  labor,  at  the  average  market  rates,  the  average  annual  net  in- 
come from  the  wheat-fields  in  the  Golden  State  will  not  exceed  4  per  cent. 
Relatively  few  of  the  men  who  have  devoted  themselves  to  wheat  have 
grown  rich,  and  much  of  the  land  which  was  planted  with  it  every  year. 


FARMING. 


281 


from  i860  to  1870,  is  now  used  for  other  purposes.  The  Icadinj;  wheat 
county  in  18S1  was  Stanislaus.,  which  harvested  18,000  tons,  or  more  th.m 
20  for  each,  inhabitant,  wiiiic  Tehama  had  9,  and  CoUi.sa  7. 

Voluntear  Wheat. — One  of  the  pccuHar  features  oi  Californian  ac;ri- 
cukurc  is  tiie  e.\tensi\e  rehancc  of  some  districts  on  vokmtcer  cro[)s.  The 
wheat  and  barley  arc  so  dry  when  cut  that  much  of  the  grain  falls  to  the 
ground,  whicli,  in  certain  classes  of  soils,  abounds  with  cracks  too  narrow 
and  deep  for  mice  and  birds  to  reach  the  bottom.  In  these  the  berry 
remains  until  the  winter  rains  begin,  and  then  it  sprouts  an  I  makes  a  crop. 
If  the  soil  has  no  cracks,  the  farmer  may  scratch  his  fields  with  a  harrow, 
or  scrape  off  an  inch  of  tl";C  surface  with  a  chi.sel  cultivator,  so  that  the  grain 
is  covered,  and  thus  [jrepared  to  get  a  start  when  the  moisture  comes. 
The  entire  cost  of  putting  in  a  volunteer  crop  with  the  harrow,  is  50  cents 
an  acre;  aiul  one  field  near  iJi.xon,  Solano  Count)-,  bore  4  successive 
volunteer  crops  of  barley  in  every  season  frcjm  1877  to  1880  inclusive.  The 
yield  in  the  last  )car  was  30  bushels  to  the  acre.  Such  success,  however  is 
very  rare;  the  general  result  with  volunteering  is  a  very  small  profit. 

H.  J.  Glenn. — The  first  place  among  the  whcat-groWers  of  California 
belongs  incontestably  to  Dr.  Ilucil  J.  Gl-KNX,  who  in  person  superintends 
and  manages  the  cultivation  of  50,000  acres  of  iiis  own  lancho,  u  hich  con- 
tains 55,000  acres,  and  fronts  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Sacramento  River  for 
16}^  miles  in  Colusa  Count}'.  The  fencing  measures  150  miles,  and  divides 
the  rancho  into  7  main  fields,  the  largest  cont.iining  12,000  acres.  In  1880 
Dr.  Glknn  shipped  to  England,  on  his  own  account,  27,000  tons  of  wheat 
grown  ill  that  year  on  his  rancho,  and  received  not  less  tiiaii  $800,000  for 
it.  He  came  to  California  in  1849  with  very  little  money,  but  a  good  edu- 
cation and  eminent  business  capacity.  His  career  has  been  marked  by 
great  industry,  which  still  continues  though  his  fc/rtune  places  iiim  among 
the  millionaires.  Among  the  great  number  of  persons  engaged  in  wheat- 
growing  in  California,  lie  is  the  only  one  generally  reputed  to  have  m.ide  a 
large  fortune  in  that  business.-  Besides  managing  his  wheat  farms,  he  has 
set  out  a  vineyard  of  300  acres,  half  in  wine  and  half  in  raisin  grapes.  He 
has  also  a  large  number  of  cattle  in  Nevada.  Dr  GLENN  is  about  55  years 
of  age. 

John  Bid-well.— John  Bidwell  is  the  owner  of  one  of  the  noted  Cali- 
forniaaj  wheat  ranchos,  which  covers  an  area  of  22,000  acres  on  the  eastern 
bank  of  the  Sacramento  River  in  Dutte  County.  He  has  made  much  effort 
t(j  diversify  his  crops;  and  has  a  large  orchard,  a  vineyard,  and  herds  of 
neat  cattle,  sheep,  horses,  and  swine.  He  has  also  made  special  efforts  to 
36 


; 


282  AGRICULTURE. 

lioaiitify  the  {^rounds  abo  it  his  residence,  and  has  contributed  much  to 
iiKikc  the  adjacent  town  of  Chico  one  of  the  most  liomclike  antl  pros[)crous 
of  tlie  Sacnimcnto  Valley.  Mis  grain  crop  averages  about  3,000  tons  an- 
nually. Mr.  RlDWliLL  was  in  tiic  first  party  which  crossed  by  land  from 
the  Missouri  River  directly  to  California,  in  1 841 ;  and  within  a  few  years 
after  his  arrival  he  obtained  the  rancho  which  he  still  holds.  The  Repub- 
lican I'arty  sent  him  to  the  National  Conyress  in  1S64;  and  in  1S75  the 
Independent  Anti-Monopoly  Party  nominated  a  full  State  ticket  with  Mr. 
BlD\Vi;i,L  as  the  canditlate  for  Governor.  lie  receivetl  about  30,000  out  of 
120,000  votes.     lie  is  much  respected,  and  is  still  an  active  man. 

Oregon  Wheat. — Very  soon  after  the  American  settlers  began  to  farm  in 
the  Willamette  Valley,  about  1843,  it  became  evident  to  observant  men 
that  Oregon  would  have  a  large  surplus  of  wlieat  at  no  distant  time.  The 
Oregon  .S/tr/tz/o/- of  January  7,  1847,  estimated  the  )  icUl  of  the  previous  year 
to  be  1  50,000  bushels  in  Champoeg  (now  Marion),  Tualatin  (now  Washing- 
ton), Yamhill,  I'olk,  Clackainas,  Vancouver,  Clatsop,  and  Lewis  counties; 
and  as  not  more  than  100,500  bushels  were  needed  for  home  consumption, 
there  were  50,000  for  exportation.  The  Willamette  Valley  now  proiluces 
about  220,000  tons  of  wheat  annually;  antl  the  grain  has  a  size,  plumpness, 
color,  and  strength  that  enable  it  to  command  the  highest  price  in  the  Liv- 
erpool market. 

Oregon  ranks  next  to  California  now  in  the  exportation  of  wIk  ,it  on  our 
slope,  but  within  a  few  )ears  will  probably  be  equaletl,  if  not  surpassed,  by 
W^ishington.  .Sonora  grows  no  more  wheat  than  is  needed  for  home 
consumption,  but  it  has  the  capacity  to  produce  a  large  surplus.  Utah  is 
very  successful  with  its  wheat,  and  senils  thousands  of  tons  of  flour  to  the 
adjacent  Territories  annually. 

Barley,  etc. — Barley  thrives  better  than  wheat  in  a  drj'  climate,  and 
much  better  than  oats;  and,  as  it  is  excellent  for  horse  feed  antl  good  for 
brewing,  it  has  been  cultivated  extensively  on  our  coast  .south  of  latitude 
42°.  Before  i860  California  produced  in  average  years  nearly  is  much 
barley  as  wheat,  and,  in  some  sea.sons,  even  more;  but  the  price  being  less 
than  that  of  wheat,  it  has  taken  possession  of  few  of  the  new  acres  brought 
into  cultivation  within  the  last  20  years.  It  is  estimated  that  California 
needs  210,000  tons  for  home  consumption,  including  32,500  for  brewing, 
and  the  remainder  for  horse  feed,  seetl,  etc.  There  is  usually  a  small 
sur[)lus  for  exportation.  Calaveras,  Mariposa,  Modoc,  Siskiyou,  Sacra- 
mento, San  Mateo,  and  San  Bernardino  counties  grew  more  barley  than 
wheal  in  1871;.  Oregon,  Washington,  and  British  Columbia  produce  very 
little  barley;  Nevada,  Utah,  Arizona,  and  Mexico  none  for  exportation. 


FARMING. 


283 


The  out  does  iiDt  thrive  in  tlic  drier  portions  of  the  State,  and  is  ciilti- 
\'.'Ucd  to  a  \er)-  small  extent,  except  in  Humboldt,  Mendocino,  San  Mateo, 
and  Sonoma  counties. 

W'Jiile  the  oni  may  have  one  per  cent,  of  the  cultivated  area  of  the  State, 
maize,  anotlier  cereal  to  which  the  climate  and  soil  of  the  greater  part  of 
California  are  not  propitious,  has  one  and  a  half  per  cent.  The  Icadinj^ 
counties  arc  Sonoma,  Ventura,  Los  Angeles,  Alameda,  and  Sacramento. 

Doora,  or  Egyptain  corn,  promises  to  become  an  important  article  of 
cultivation  in  California,  Arizona,  and  Sonora;  but  the  farmers  generally 
have  had  little  experience  with  it,  and  the  area  cultivated  in  it  is  small.  Its 
chief  advantage  is  that  it  ripens  with  less  moisture  than  wheat  or  barley; 
that  it  produces  20  or  30  jier  cent,  greater  weight  of  grain  to  the  acre  than 
any  other  cereal  tried  on  our  coast;  and  that  if  cut  green  it  su[)pliesa  large 
quantity  of  nutritious  forage.  As  drouglit  is  the  chief  danger  of  the 
cereal  cro])s  in  California,  it  is  important  to  have  every  year,  at  least  a 
small  area  in  some  grain  that  will  be  almost  certain  to  produce  something. 
The  disachantages  of  doora  are  that  it  is  not  in  demand  for  exportation, 
for  bread-making,  or  for  beer.  It  is  considered  good  for  feeding  horses 
and  cattle,  but  its  value,  as  compared  with  wheat  and  barley,  has  not  been 
fixed,  not  enough  having  been  produced  to  give  it  a  definite  ]il;ice  in  tiic 
market.  The  white  variety  is  preferred  to  the  red  by  mcwt  farmers  who 
have  tried  both. 


Cotton. — Cotton  was  indigenous  to  Mexico,  or  at  least  was  cultivated  by 
the  Aztecs  before  the  Spanish  conquest,  and  is  still  grown  there  exten- 
sively, the  seed  being  now  of  the  same  stock  as  it  was  4  centuries  ago,  and 
the  fiber  of  good  quality.  The  plant  was  tried,  as  ;i  matter  of  curiosity,  by 
many  American  farmers  in  California  at  various  times  from  1850  to  1.S70, 
but  it  was  not  till  the  latter  year  that  serious  experinigits  were  made  to 
grow  it  on  an  extensive  scale.  The  results  were  not  very  encouraging;  and 
the  area  de\'oted  to  cotton  w;is  less  in  I1S78  than  in  1S73,  but  the  cultiva- 
tion is  now  increasing  a  little.  The  are.i  devoted  to  it  in  iSjij  was  242 
acres,  iiuluiling  -'40  in  Merced,  and  2  in  Kern;  in  i.SSo  the  area  was  l,-.rger 
in  Kern,  and  095  .icrcs  in  Merceil ;  ami  in  1881,  550  acres  were  jilanted  in 
the  latter  county.  The  Merced  crop  in  1880  was  85  tons,  or  a  ton  to  S 
acres,  and  the  tpLility,  as  com|)ared  with  Southern  cotton,  was  median, 
selling  in  .San  I'rancisco  for  12  cents  a  |)ounil.  Utah  rai.ses  from  J9  to  40 
tons  of  cotton  in  ;i\eragc  years. 

.So  long  as  the  production  did  not  exceed  the  eonstnnption  of  oih'  local  mills, 
the  cultivation  was  profitable;  but  when  there  was  ,1  sin|)lus  over  the  local 
demand,  cspecinlls-  after  the  rinsing  of  the  cotton-mill  in  liasl  O.ikland,  the 


284 


AGRICULTURE. 


land  previously  devoted  to  cotton  was  occupied  with  something  else.  With 
the  increasing  area  under  irrigation,  cotton  is  coming  into  favor  again;  and 
in  I1S80,  55  tons  of  l)alcd  cotton  fiber  were  exported.  The  following  are  re- 
ported to  be  the  e.xpeiises  of  a  field  of  60  acres  in  Kern  County:  Plowing, 
$104.50;  irrigating,  $120.50;  hoeing,  $295.50;  picking,  $578;  ginning  and 
baling,  $99.61  ;  rope  and  twine,  $32.78  ;  burlap,  $23.05  ;  .seed,  $33.48  ;  total, 
$1,287.42.  The  cost  per  acre  to  make  and  bale  was  !^2i.y/,  and  the  net 
profit  i)cr  acre  was  $9.24.  The  c.xpcn.scs  of  importation  and  exportation 
are  influential  considerations  under  the  present  circumstances,  and  the  pro- 
duction of  cotton  on  our  coast  will  jsrobably  keep  even  pace  with  the  con- 
sumption in  Pacific  mills. 

Flax.— The  industrious  Mormons  have  spun  and  woven  much  flax, 
grown  in  the  irrigated  fields  of  Utah,  and  have  made  all  the  linen  cloth 
])roduced  on  our  slope.  Oregon  has  a  small  twine-mill  at  Albany,  and 
several  hunilrcd  acres  in  the  vicinity  are  cultivated  in  flax  to  supply  the 
fiber;  but  el.sewhcre  on  the  coast  flax  is  grown  merely  for  the  seed,  which, 
in  favorable  seasons,  has  netted  $20  an  acre  to  farmers  in  California.  The 
leading  fla.xsecd  comities  are  San  Mateo  and  San  Luis  Obispo.  The  Willa- 
mette Valley  has  the  best  climate  for  flax  on  our  slope,  and  u  ill  probably 
produce  the  plant  in  large  quantity  within  a  few  years.  The  fiber  grown 
there  generally  exceeds  4  feet  jn  length,  or  50  per  cent,  longer  than  a  good 
ipialit)'  of  Irish  flax. 

Hops. — Our  coast  produces  in  average  years,  about  17,000  bales  of  hops, 
weighing  170  pounds  each  on  the  average,  or  auout  1,400  tons;  of  which, 
700  tons  are  grown  in  California,  500  in  Washington,  and  200  in  Oregon. 
The  principal  hop  ilistricts  are  in  the  counties  of  Menilocino,  .Sonoma,  and 
Santa  Clara,  California;  in  the  Puyallup  V.illey,  Washington;  and  the 
Willamette  \'alte}',' Oregon.  The  Puyallup  hoi)-fiekls  are  the  most  regu- 
larl)'  profitable  on  the  coast.  In  1881  450  acres  were  cultivated  there;  the 
average  yield  was  1,557  P«iiiuls  to  the  acre  in  weight  and  $342  in  money. 
One  exceptionally  favorable  season  like  that  will  console  the  farmers  for 
several  bad  j'e.irs. 

Tobacco.— Tobacco  is  cultivated  in  small  jiatches  for  home  use  on  the 
western  slopes  of  Mexico  and  Central  America,  and  will  doubtless  obtain  a 
permanent  foothold  in  Arizona,  which  has  a  favorable  eliniale  in  some  of  its 
Nalk')s.  British  Columbia  and  western  Oregon  ami  Washington  are  too 
moist  anil  cold  for  the  weed ;  and  the  Mormons  arc  averse  to  its  use. 
About  200  acres  are  plantcil  with  tobacco  every  year  in  California,  but  it  is 
generally  regarded  b)'  farmers  as  an  unprofitable  crop,  although  an  excite- 


■i 


I* 


FARMING. 


285 


mcnt  for  it  pcn-adcd  the  State  in  1873,  when  a  wealth)'  company  cultivated 
1,000  acres,  and  announced  the  purpose  of  drivin;^'  Cuban  tobacco  and 
Havana  cigars' from  the  American  market.  Having  purchased  the  ingen- 
ious CaHforni.ui  patent  of  J.  D.  CULI'  fur  curing  the  weetl  b)'  processes  of 
successive  drjing  and  sweating  perioils,  it  rushed  into  the  busiiK'ss  with  ex- 
cessive confidence;  and  by  inexperience  and  incompetcne\-  in  cultivation 
and  curing,  by  mistakes  in  giving  credit  for  its  products,  anti,  perhaps,  by 
defects  of  its  proces.ses,  lost  $1,000,000. 

Forage. — ?*Iuch  attention  has  been  given  to  the  question,  w  helher  some 
jjlant  can  not  be  found  to  produce  a  large  supply  of  succulent  antl  nutri- 
tious forage  for  domestic  herbivorous  animals  in  the  dry  valleys  and  hills  of 
California,  where  the  indigenous  grasses  are  th)'  from  June  to  Ueceinbcr. 
Among  the  plants  tried  are  teosinite  (Kra/ia  luxKriaiis),  angohi  p.iiiic,  ])earl 
millet,  prickly  comfrey,  and  various  kinds  of  sorghum.  The  carob,  mul- 
berry, and  malva  trees  have  not  been  overlooked.  So  far,  no  result  gener- 
ally accepted  as  satisfactory,  has  been  reached,  though  different  persons 
have  declared  that  they  did  not  expect  to  find  anything  better  than  teosin- 
ite, panic,  or  comfrey.  Among  the  gras.scs  recommended  for  soils  not  very 
dr)',  are  the  mesquit  and  Dernuida. 

Alfalfa. — Alfalfa,  lucerne,  or  Chile  clover,  as  it  is  differently  termed,  is 
the  fa\orile  cultivated  jiasturc  of  Californa;  and  in  soils  we'll  adapted  to  it, 
supplied  with  abundant  irrigation,  its  annual  yield  is  estimaleil  to  be  worth 
from  $30  to  $100  per  acre.  One  farmer,  who  had  a  field  of  lO  acres,  cut 
Go  tons  of  hay,  worth  $600  from  it;  sold  3,000  pounds  of  seed  for  $450, 
and  had  pasturage  worth  $150,  making  a  total  or$i,joo;  and  after  tlediict- 
ing  all  the  expenses  of  cutting,  baling,  threshing,  and  marketing,  he  had 
$60  an  acre  of  jirofit.  Another  farmer  cut  5  tons  of  lia\'  from  an  acre,  antl 
hail  J  months  of  pasturage,  estimated  to  be  worlh,  in  all,  $50.  The  hay 
and  green  pasturage  (jf  an  acre  well  supplied  with  irrigation,  are  consid(,'red 
sufficient  to  maintain  5  cows,  or  15  sheep.  Catlk.'  prefer  most  otluM-  culti- 
vated gra.sses  to  alfalfa,  and  the  milk  made  ficiiii  il  ha.  an  unpleasant 
flavor.  l'"or  mares  suckling  their  colls,  it  is  considered  txcellenl.  K)'e 
grass  anil  orchard  grass  are  preferred  to  it  for  general  dairj- purposes  by 
Mr.  .SNi:.\rii,  who  has  made  a  careliil  trial  of  all  in  lii-^  .San  lirunn  dairy. 

Sugar.  -The  African  sugar-cane  is  eulli\atcd  in  all  ihe  .Stales  on  the 
western  slope  of  Mexico  and  l.'eiitral  .\inerica,  usuall)'  in  small  patches,  imt 
for  the  [iroduction  of  sugar,  but  lor  Ihe  direct  use  of  the  cane  by  eheuing. 
'I'lie  sweet  juice  is  refreshing  in  the  Imi  weather,  ,nid  piece,  of  the  Iresli 
cane  are  sold  liki:  friiil      C'nnsiderable  (luanfities  df  the  c.me  are  .ilso  nianu- 


286 


AGRICULTURE. 


tl   i 


facturcd  into  a  coarse  dark  sugar  for  local  consumption ;  and  there  are  a 
few  mills  which  produce  a  respectable  article  of  marketable  sugar.  At 
Los  Angeles,  and  other  towns  in  Southern  California,  the  cane  is  cultivated 
for  chewing;  but  its  growth  is  not  luxuriant  enough  to  justify  the  hope  that 
California  will  make  much  sugar  from  the  African  cane. 

Utah  has  made  a  little  sugar  and  much  syrup  from  amber  sorghum,  and 
California  has  also  made  some  syrup,  but  the  experiments  ha\c  not  been 
satisfactory  enough  to  promise  much  development  for  the  business.  The 
sorghums  are  prized  more  for  fodder  than  for  their  capacity  to  produce 
sugar  or  syrup. 

The  sugar-beet  thrives  in  California,  and  has  been  cultivated  here  exten- 
sively for  the  purpo.sc  of  supplying  sugar-mills  at  Alvarado,  Soquel,  Sacra- 
ment City,  antl  Islcton.  The  general  results  of  the  experiences  in  that 
manufacture  have  not  been  very  encouraging,  and  an  account  of  those  enter- 
prises will  be  found  in  Chapter  XXXI. 

Tea. — The  tea  plant  has  been  tried  unsuccessfully  in  California,  but  no 
good  account  has  been  published  of  the  reason  of  the  failures.  The  most 
notable  tea  plantation  was  made  near  Coloma,  in  1 868,  by  a  German,  who 
brought  a  number  of  experienced  Japanese  tea-growers  across  the  Pacific, 
and  .set  out  a  large  field,  with  high  confidence  in  the  result.  The  ccjnditions 
of  the  countr}-  were  novel,  expenses  were  high,  antl  the  end  was  disappoint- 
ment. The  vigor  of  growth  and  the  flavor  of  the  leaves  did  not  come  up 
to  the  anticipation,  and  within  3  years  the  plants  and  planters  had  disap- 
peared. An  American  experiment  at  Calistoga  was  equally  disastrous. 
\Miethcr  the  main  difficulty  is  in  the  climate,  which  is  entirely  different  from 
that  of  the  Asiatic  tea  regions,  or  in  the  high  rate  of  wages,  is  a  question 
upon  which  more  light  is  needed. 

Seeds. — The  production  ot  thoroughly  matured  and  healthy  seeds  of 
kitchen  plants  is  becoming  an  important  agricultural  department,  to  which 
the  long  summers  and  mild  winters  of  California  arc  admirably  adapted. 
The  g.irileners  of  I'rance,  Italy,  Germany,  r.ngland,  the  y\llantic  .States, 
and  China  have  here  combined  their  skill  to  produce  the  handsoincst  and 
mi)st  palatable  vegetables  for  the  abundance,  superior  size,  bright  colors,  and 
great  variety  of  which  the  .San  I'"rancisco  market  is  reiujwned.  To  supply 
that  demand  it  is  necessary  to  have  a  large  supply  of  trustworthy  seeds, 
carefull}'  grown,  so  as  to  keep  each  kind  pure,  and  to  this  business  luuch 
attention  has  been  given.  Califi)rnian  .seed-growers  have  succeeded  in 
gaining  the  confidence  (jf  purch.isers  abroad  as  well  as  at  home,  and  a  con- 
siderable business  is  done  in  shipping  to  the  Etistcrn  States. 


;^i 


FARMING. 


287 


E.  J.  Bowen. — The  leading  seed  house  on  our  coast  is  that  of  E.  J. 
BowEX,  at  Si 5  and  817  Sansonic  Street,  San  I-'rancisco.  Although  not 
directly  engaged  in  tlie  cultivation  o{  the  ground,  lie  may  be  said  to  grow 
the  seeds  indirectl)',  for  he  makes  extcnsi\e  contracts  in  advance,  and  thus 
determines  how  and  where  the  seeds  shall  be  produced,  lie  imports  from 
Germany,  I'rance,  lingland,  and  the  l'2astern  States,  but  obtains  large 
stocks  from  the  seed  farms  of  California,  especially  beet,  carrot,  onion, 
tomato,  ccler)',  cauliflower,  beans,  lima  beans,  peas,  flower  and  Canary  seed. 
Mr.  DOWIiX  not  only  supplies  the  demand  of  the  entire  slope,  but  ships  to 
Australia  and  New  Zealand.  The  Californian  lettuce  seed  has  a  high 
repute  for  its  very  superior  quality.  The  principal  seed-growing  counties 
of  California  arc  Alameda,  Santa  Clara,  Sonoma,  Humboldt,  Santa  IJar- 
barjx,  and  Los  Angeles.  besides  the  seed  of  kitchen  vegetables  and 
flowers,  Mr.  BOWEN  deals,  also,  in  those  of  grasses,  especially  clover,  from 
Chicago,  and  alfalfa,  in  the  growth  of  which  California  has  taken  the  lead. 

Various  Plants. — Our  coast  yields  about  400  tons  of  broom-corn,  cut  in 
the  form  suitable  for  manufacture,  in  average  years.  It  is  cultivated  in 
various  parts  of  California,  cs[)ccially  in  Butte  and  Colusa  counties,  and  in 
Utah.     The  climate  is  too  colil  for  it  in  Western  Washington  and  Oregon. 

The  castor  bean  thrives  in  California,  and  occupies  about  500  acres 
annually.  Comparatively  few  situations  are  ada[)ted  to  it,  and  the  tlem.inil 
for  it  is  limited  to  a  single  oil-mill,  so  there  is  no  probability  that  the  culti- 
vation will  become  important.  It  ripens  its  crop  on  land  too  dry  for 
wheat,  and  while  it  yields  as  much,  sells  for  a  higher  price.  About  500  acres 
are  planted  with  it  every  year. 

The  Persian  flea-powder  plant  ( Pyrcthniiii  ciiicranrfoliinn),  called  also 
buhach,  introduced  into  California  by  fi.  N  Mir.cci,  a  IJahnatian,  has 
proved  a  success  in  growth,  ami  the  (piality  of  its  leaves.  The  powder 
made  from  these  is  fatal  to  fleas  ,ind  other  insects,  and  the  buhach  flea- 
])owdcr  is  better  than  that  iTuporled,  because  fresher,  as  the  strength  is  in 
a  volatile  oil.  The  protliiction  is  not  large,  but  will  probably  increase 
rapidl)'. 

R.imie  has  been  cultivated  cxtensi\'ely  in  California,  but  has  be(-n  in- 
jured so  nuich  by  the  frost  that  it  never  yielded  much  fiber,  and  if  it  li.id, 
wouhl  prob.ibly  have  been  unprofitable,  as  all  the  confident  assertions  that 
machines  have  been  iiwented  to  prep.ire  the  fiber,  at  small  cost,  for  weav- 
ing, still  lack  proof 

Coffee  is  another  of  the  Californian  failures.  A  l.irge  plantation  of  it 
was  set  out  a  few  years  since,  in  Los  Angeles  County,  and  the  frost  dis- 
patched those  shrubs  which  had  not  been  blasted  bj-  the  sun. 


mmmm 


J    Si 


388  AGRICULTURE, 

t 

Among  the  Californian  products  are  chiccory,  peanuts,  canary  seed,  cori- 
ander, and  bamboo.  The  chiccory  root,  dried  and  prepared  for  the  market, 
is  worth  $200  a  ton,  and  the  area  cultivated  in  it  is  300  or  400  acres, 
mostly  in  San  Joaquin  County.  The  profit  has  sometimes  risen  to  $300  an 
acre.  The  peanut  occupies  500  acres,  mostly  in  Los  Angeles  County.  It 
yiekls,  in  a  fair  season,  half  a  ton  from  an  <icre,  and  sells  at  5  cents  a  pound 
gross.  Smyrna  sends  2,500  tons  of  canary  seed  annually  to  the  United 
States,  and  California  could,  probably,  cultivate  it  with  more  profit  than 
wheat. 

Timber  Cultivation. — The  question  of  the  best  tree  to  plant  for  timber, 
is  one  of  mucli  interest  to  California,  and  especially  in  the  valleys,  where 
fuel  aiul  shade  arc  scarce.  The  Mexicans  (jlantcd  the  willow,  the  sycamore, 
and  Cottonwood,  which  grow  readily  from  cuttings,  large  or  small,  and  pro- 
duce a  large  amount  of  fuel  in  a  .short  time  if  set  near  running  streams. 
The  wood  of  the  willow  and  cottonwood  is  light  and  weak;  that  of  the 
sycamore  is  hard  and  iicavy,  but  it  is  not  very  tough,  and  it  warps  badly. 
No  attempt  has  been  made  to  plant  the  Eastern  white  oak  or  hickory;  or, 
at  least,  no  success  has  been  reported.  The  black  locust  does  not  thrive 
well  in  some  parts  of  the  State,  and  is  objectionable  on  account  of  the 
.sprouts  that  spring  from  ihc  roots,  where  they  are  broken  by  plowing. 
The  O.sage  orange,  the  pecan,  and  the  catalpa  have  been  recommended  as 
timber  trees,  but  have  not  been  cultivated.  The  only  tree  extensively 
planted  for  its  timber  has  been  the  blue  gum  or  Encahflus  globulus,  which 
grows  rapidly,  makes  a  tall,  handsome  tree,  and  |)roduces  excellent  fuel. 
The  wood  of  the  old,  indigenous  tree  in  Australia  is  tough,  and  is  jMJzed 
for  tool-handles  and  wagon  lumber;  but  the  wood  of  the  Californian  blue 
gum  has  never  been  u.sed  for  such  purposes,  perhaps  because  it  has  not  yet 
reached  a  sufficient  age.  Tile  first  field  of  blue  gums  planted  for  tim- 
ber was  set  out  in  Castro  Valley,  near  Ilaywards,  in  Alameda  County,  in 
1869,  and  had  an  area  of  10  acres.  The  land  had  a  clay  soil  that  might 
have  rented  for  $5  an  acre,  certainly  not  more,  The  trees  were  set  out  so 
thickly  that  there  were  about  1,000  to  an  acre.  In  1877  the  trees  were 
thinned  out,  leaving  100  trees  tw  the  acre.  The  wood  taken  off  included 
600  telegraph-poles,  50  railroad-ties,  and  149  cords  of  fuel.  The  cordwood 
sold  for  $(3  a  cord,  and  the  cxpcn.se  of  cotting,  chopping,  and  hauling  was 
$1.10,  Iciiving  $4.9.1  as  the  net  yield  for  caci:  cord,  at  which  |irice  the  j'icld 
was  $920.  The  rent  of  the  land  for  cultival'on  in  grain  would  not  have 
been  more  than  $5  an  acre,  or  $350  for  the  whele  tract  for  7  years;  so  the 
blue  gums  paid  .$570  in  the  7  years,  or  $8  a;i  acre  annually  more  tlian 
wheat  would  have  paid, 


GOLD   MINING. 


:&9 


DIVISION  IV.-MINING. 


CHAPTER   XVI.— GOLD   MINING. 


Mineral  Wealth.— The  Pacific  .side  of  North  America  i.s  rich  in  a 
variety  of  minerals.  From  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  to  the  shores  of  the 
Arctic,  precious  as  well  as  the  base  metals  arc  found  in  nearly  every  polit- 
ical division.  Guanajuato  and  Sonora,  bclonginj;  entirely,  and  Zacatecas, 
Durango,  and  Chihuahua  partly,  to  the  western  slope  of  Mexico,  include 
the  richest  mines  of  that  republic;  and  passing  to  the  northward  we  find 
numerous  valuable  mineral  deposits  in  Arizona,  California,  Utah,  Oregon, 
Idaho,  Washington,  and  in  the  Pacific  portions  of  British  Columbia, 
Montana,  and  New  Mexico.  In  each  of  these  political  divisions,  the  most 
valuable  mineral  products  are  the  precious  metals;  the  metallurgical  pro- 
duction of  the  useful  metals  being  of  much  less  importance,  if  not  entirely 
neglected.  The  third  metallic  product  of  our  coast  is  quicl<silvcr,  ex- 
tracted from  a  score  of  mines  in  the  Coast  Mountains  in  California,  most 
of  them  within  loo  miles  of  the  Golden  Gate. 

Several  iron  mines  have  been,  and  others  will  soon  be,  opened.  Lead 
is  obtained  in  large  quantities  from  argentiferous  galena,  but  unless 
associated  with  a  more  precious  metal,  can  not  be  smelted  profitably. 
Antimony  has  been  produced  incidentally,  aiul  its  ores  have  also  been 
mined  for  their  own  sake.  Platina,  osmium,  and  iridium  have  been  ob- 
tained in  smrdl  quantities  from  alluvial  golil  washings,  but  have  nev(.'r  liecn 
found  as  the  exclusive  or  i)reilominant  metals.  Ores  of  cop[)er,  manga- 
nese, and  chronn'c  iron  ha\e  been  e.xportetl  in  large  quantity;  and  some 
copper  has  been  extracted  from  its  ores. 

Of  the  valuable  non-metallic  minerals,  there  is  a  great  variety  <in  the 
Pacific  Coast.  Coal-beds  have  been  found  at  many  places  near  tlic  ocean, 
from  San  Francisco  Day  to  Hehring's  Strait.  Among  the  most  notable  coal 
districts,  with  mines  now  productive,  arc  Mount  Diablo,  Coos  lia\',  the 
Seattle,  Tacoma,  and  Nanaimo  mines.  Horax,  carbonate  of  .soda,  .salt, 
gypsum,  hydraulic  cement,  graphite,  diamond,  corundum,  granite,  marble, 
roofing  slate,  steatite  or  .soapstonc,  mineral  soap,  and  many  kinds  of  rock, 
Valuable  for  building  purposes,  are  found. 
J7 


.-?90 


MINING. 


Gold  Yield.— According  to  the  report  of  J.  J.  VALENTINE,  the  yield  of 
gold  dust  and  gold  bullion  on  our  slope,  north  of  Mexico,  amounted  in 
1881  to  $21,482,434,  including  $17, 166,676  from  California;  $1,456,548  from 
Idaho;  $1,140,931  from  Oregon;  $872,600  from  ]?ritish  Columbia;  $528,- 
929  from  Arizona;  $110,295  from  Utah;  $100,963  from  Washington;  an& 
$95,492  from  Nevada.  This  gold  contains  some  .silver,  which  latter  make' 
up,  perhaps,  2  per  cent,  of  the  value.  On  the  other  hand,  the  silver  bullior. 
contains  about  ^^  per  cent,  in  value  of  gold,  .so  that  the  annual  gold  yield 
of  the  entire  slope  is  nearly  $30,000,000.  Of  this  sum  more  than  a  fourth 
comes  from  hydraulic  placers;  less  than  a  fourth  from  other  placers;  moro 
than  a  fourth  from  silver  mines;  and  less  than  a  fourth  from  auriferous 
quartz  mines. 

The  Californian  State  Mincralogical  Museum  or  Mining  Bureau  (which 
is  open  in  San  Francisco,  without  charge  to  visitors,  and  contains  an  ex- 
tensive and  interesting  collection)  has  a  gilt  cube  measuring  4j^  feet  each 
way,  designed  by  Prof  H.  G.  Hanks  to  represent  the  amount  of  gold  pro- 
duced by  the  Californian  mines  from  1848  to  1880  inclusive;  such  a  inass 
would  be  worth  $1,017,476,065,  equal  to  a  yield  of  more  than  $30,000,000 
for  each  of  the  first  33  years  after  the  bcgining  of  gold-mining  on  the  west- 
ern slope  of  the  .Sierra  Nevada.  The  first  placers  of  California,  those  ol 
San  Francisquito,  40  miles  north  of  Los  Angeles,  were  discovered  in  1842, 
and  for  6  years  yielded  about  $2,000  annually.  The  richer  placers  on  the 
western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  discovered  at  Coloma  on  January  19, 
1848,  soon  became  more  productive  than  any  previously  known.  In  1853 
the  estimated  )ield  was  $60,000,000,  and  from  that  )'ear  the  production 
declined. 

The  experience  of  California  and  Idaho  agrees  with  that  of  Victoria, 
New  South  Wales,  and  New  Zealand,  to  prove  that  when  an  Anglo-Saxon 
community  discovers  a  iilacer-mining  region,  and  obtains  governmental  con- 
trol of  it,  with  convenient  means  of  acces.s,  the  clima.x  of  productiveness  will 
he  reached  within  5  )-ears,  and  will  be  followed  by  a  decline  that  will  last 
for  at  least  an  equal  period,  and  after  this  will  come  a  term  nearl)'  station- 
ary. California  and  Idaho  are  both  in  the  stationary  condition  now;  Ijut 
whereas  not  one  tenth  of  their  yield  came  from  ;iurifennis  cinart:'.  in  the 
first  5  j'cars,  now  the  former  deri\'es  one  third,  and  the  latter  about  as 
nuich,  frum  that  soiu'ce. 

Although  a  placer  mine,  or  claim,  of  aurifcrnus  alluvium,  can  Ije  worked 
with  greater  r;q)idity  and  exhausted  sooner  than  a  quartz  mine,  yet  a  placer 
mining  district,  as  cumpared  with  a  region  of  auriferous  or  argentiferous 
t|uru'tz,  lias  usuall_\-  a  nuKh  greater  extent  <>f  mining  ground  and  moro  uni' 
formily  in  the  richness  or  poverty  of  its  mineral  deposits;  ;inil,  therefore. 


(ii)I.I)    MIMNC. 


291 


will  probably  not  \ary  so  iniicli  iti  its  jMcki  uitliin  averriLjr  ])cricHls  of  5  or 
10  j'cars.  This  remark  is  true  as  observed  in  the  relation  of  the  ])lacer  to 
the  quartz  of  California  antl  of  Idaho;  and  to  the  relation  of  t'alifornia  as 
predominantly  jilaecr  in  its  mines,  to  Nevada  almost  eNxliisively  (]iiartz. 
The  production  of  the  Californian  placers  may  decline  to  insii^niificance 
within  half  a  century,  while  that  of  the  Nevada  silver  veins  may  be  as  lart^e 
in  1930  as  in  1880;  but  it  is  not  probable  that  there  will  ever  be  a  decrease 
of  66  per  cent,  in  California's  ijold  yield  within  4  )-ears,  as  there  has  been 
in  Nevada's  yield  from  1877  to  1880. 

Hydraulic  Pipe. — Most  of  the  present  gold  j-iclcl  of  California  is  ob- 
tained by  hydraulic  washing,  a  process  invented  in  California,  and  probably 
better  adapted  to  the  dce[)  auriferous  gravel  deposits  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
than  to  those  of  any  other  country.  Let  us  visit  one  of  the  great  hydraulic 
mines.  Here  we  are,  at  an  elevation  of  3,000  feet  above  the  sea,  with  a 
canyon  of  the  Yuba  l<.iver  1,000  feet  deep  at  each  side  of  the  ridge  on  which 
we  arc.  The  mine  is  a  bed  of  gravel  and  bowlders  300  feet  deep,  half  a 
mile  wide,  and  a  mile  long  across  the  ridge.  A  hole  with  an  area  of  sev- 
eral acres  I. as  been  washeil  out  to  the  bedrock',  and  on  3  .sides  of  us  the 
gra\el  rises  in  high,  steep  banks.  l'"rom  the  top  of  one  of  these  banks  an 
iron  pipe  2  feet  in  diameter  comes  down,  and  after  various  tiu-ns,  terminates 
in  an  immense  iron  nozzle,  the  mouth  of  which,  6  inches  in  diameter,  is 
turned  a  little  above  a  liorizontal  direction,  towards  the  gravel-bank,  60 
yards  distant.  Through  this,  a  stream  of  water  under  a  pressure  of  400  ver- 
tical feet,  rushes  out  against  the  bank,  which  it  tears  down  with  great 
rapidity  and  carries  off  through  a  llume,  or  artificial  channel,  6  feet  wide 
and  a  foot  deep,  ])aved  with  cobble-stones.  The  current  here  is  so  strong 
that  bowlders  a  foot  in  diameter  a[)pear  to  move  as  fast  as  the  stream, 
which  is  thick  with  clay,  sand,  and  gravel.  Such  a  nozzle  will  <lischarge 
about  20,000,000  gallons  a  day,  and  will  do  more  execution  in  moving 
gra\'cl  than  100,000  men  could  do  with  picks,  shovels,  and  wheelbarrows. 
In  some  h}'diaulic  mines,  the  expense  of  washing  auriferous  gravel  does 
not  exceed  10  cents  a  ton;  and  in  many,  2i  cents  leaves  a  nice  profit. 
The  expenses  \ar_\-  greatly,  however,  and  perhajjs  th(;  average  expense  is  40 
cents.  Most  of  the  g<  Id  is  usually  found  in  a  stratum  about  5  feet  deep, 
next  to  the  betlrock,  where  there  is  often  .$5  and  sometimes  .$iO'j  to  the 
ton.  If  the  gra\el  above  that  level  pays  for  the  expense  of  washing,  the 
result  is  considered  satisfactory.  The  abundant  supply  of  water  obtainable 
by  mining  ditches  on  the  top  of  auriferous  ridges,  the  position  of  the  gold- 
bearing  gravel,  mlilway  up  on  the  side  of  a  steep  and  high  m(;untain  chain, 
with  numerous  great  ravines  to  carry  away  the  vast  mass  of  refuse,  and  the 


<  i 


!fl 


392 


MIXIN'G. 


extensive  bods  of  cjravcl  accumulated  there  in  channels  300  feet  deep  and 
half  a  mile  wide,  form  a  combination  of  circumstances  that  have  no  par- 
allel elsewhere;  and  make  a  peculiar  demand  for  the  hydraulic  process. 
The  auriferous  strata  of  Australia  have  no  sucli  opportunities  for  drainatje, 
and  not  only  lack  the  thickness  of  the  Californian  gra\els,  but,  unlike  the 
latter,  if  not  near  the  surface,  arc  almost  invariably  covered  at  a  considera- 
ble depth  by  barren  matter,  below  the  level  of  any  natural  channel  in  the 
vicinity;  so  that  if  water  were  abundant  for  washinif,  and  it  is  not,  the 
hydraulic  process  could  not  be  used,  for  lack  of  an  outlet. 

Many  persons  imagine  that  hydraulic  mining,  if  not  checked  by  law,  is 
only  in  its  infancy  in  California;  but  there  are  many  reasons  for  doubting 
this  statement.  The  business  is  not  increasing  in  extent,  and  its  profits  arc 
rapidly  decreasing.  Many  of  the  places  that  a  few  j'cars  since  had  the 
most  productive  hjxlraulic  mines  now  have  none.  Their  gravel  has  been 
washed  away,  if  not  to  the  bedrock,  then  to  strata  so  hard  that  it  is  like  a 
solid  conglomerate  rock.  Ail  of  the  most  productive  hj'draulic  mines  have 
been  on  4  dead  rivers  or  streams  buried  in  a  remote  geological  age.  The 
accessible  gravel  of  these  dead  rivers— some  of  it  is  buried  .so  deep  un- 
der lava  that  the  hydraulic  proccsss  is  not  applicable — has  been  greatly 
reduced  in  quantity.  No  new  stream  has  been  discovered  within  the  last 
23  years,  nor  is  there  reason  to  expect  an\'  important  discovery  of  that 
kind  in  the  future.  The  reduction  in  wages  will  not  help  hydraulic  mining, 
bccau.se  human  labor  is  a  small  item  in  the  expense.  The  cheapening 
of  water  would  aid  it,  but  there  is  not  much  probability  of  a  considerable 
diminution  in  the  ditch  charges.  i\Iorcover,  hydraulic  washing  is  threat- 
ened by  litigation.  The  owners  of  farms  in  the  valleys  have  brought  suit 
to  recover  damages  for  injury  done  to  their  land  by  .sand  and  gravel  from 
the  hydraulic  mines;  and  if  their  right  to  recover  damages  should  be  rec- 
ognized, the  result  might  be  ctiuivalent  to  practically  closing  the  lij-tlraulic 
mines. 

Gold  Quartz.^Auriferous  quartz  mines  jield,  perhaps,  one  third  of  the 
gold  ol  California.  The  rock  or  ore,  extracted  in  the  same  manner  as  that 
from  lodes  containing  base  metals,  is  throw  n  into  a  battery  or  iron  bo.x,  in 
which  5  iron  stamps,  each  weighing  500  pounds,  fall  a  distance  of  a  foot  40 
times  in  a  minute.  ()n  tiie  lower  sitle  of  the  battery  is  a  wire  screen  that 
IJcrniits  the  quartz  to  pass  when  reduced  to  particles  .so  small  that  150  in  a 
line  will  not  occupy  an  inch.  (.Juicksilver  in  the  battery  catches  some  of 
the  gold  there;  and  a  stream  of  water  [louring  into  the  battery  carrie.i  the 
pulverized  material  from  the  screen' to  a  copper-j)late  covered  with  quick- 
silver, and  there  most  of  the  gold  not  caught  in  the  battery  is  arrested. 


GOLD    MINING. 


293 


These  arc  the  ordiiian-  features  of  reducing  auriferous  quartz,  though  tlicre 
are  _Ljrcal  diversities  of  detail. 

Gold  Quartz  Mines. — Mininjr  in  auriferous  quartz  in  California  has  been 
a  fickle  business,  conferrini;-  larye  fortunes  on  a  few,  ami  inflictin;^'  serious 
losses  on  many.  The  majority  of  the  mills  have  been  unprofitable  invest- 
ments, and  most  of  the  mines  which  have  been  worked  at  various  times  since 
1851,  when  quartz  minini,'  bc^Mn  on  the  western  sIojjc  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
are  now  abandoned.  Only  one  prominent  cjuartz  mine  in  the  .State  has 
been  worked  continuously  for  25  years,  and  that  is  the  Sierra  Huttes. 
There  are  probably  60  or  80  yold-quartz  mines  that  arc  now  worked  with  a 
profit  in  California;  but  in  i88i,only  12  bclonginLj  to  incorporated  com- 
panies paid  dividends.  Of  these,  the  most  profitable  was  the  Stantlard 
Consolidated,  of  Bodie,  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada;  the  amount  distributed 
among  the  stockholders  in  the  year  being  $975,000.  In  the  3  years 
ending  I'ebruary  I,  1SS2,  the  dividends  amounted  to  $2,475,000,  and 
the  gross  yield  to  $5,500,000.  Next  in  value  to  the  Stanthird  is 
the  Idaho,  at  Grass  Valley.  In  188 1  it  paid  $263,000  in  dividends.  The 
mine  was  opened  in  1869,  and  at  the  end  of  1881  had  yielded  about 
$6,600,000  gross  and  $3,100,000  of  dividends.  This  mine  is  working  'i  pay 
chute,  which,  nearer  the  surface,  was  in  possession  of  the  (irass  Valley  V.u- 
rcka  Com])an)-,  which,  between  1865  and  1877,  obtained  .$4,600,000,  and 
$2,134,000  net.  Tllis  ore  bod\-  has,  therefore,  in  17  jears,  |)aid  $1  1,000,000 
gross  and  $5,200,000  net.  These  figures  are  obtained  from  responsible 
sources;  in  man\'  other  cases  it  is  dilficult  to  ascertain  what  the  entire  yield 
of  mines  or  ore  bodies  has  been.  It  is  said  that  the  llayward  Mine,  at 
Sutter  Creek,  produced  $11,000,000  gross;  the  Massachusetts,  of  Nevada 
City,  $5,600,000;  the  Gold  Hill,  of  Ne\ada  Cit>-,  $4,000,000;  the  Keystone, 
of  Sutter  Creek,  $2^000,000;  and  the  Oneida,  of  Sutter  Creek,  $1,500,000. 
The  Sierra  Buttcs  paid  $78,100  and  the  Plumas  Eureka  $60,000  of  divi- 
dends in  1881.  The  Black  Bear  Mine,  in  Siskiyou  County,  in  9  years 
previous  to  September  i,  1881,  yielded  $1,676,684  gross  and  paid  $832,147 
of  dividends. 

The  auriferous  lodes  are  numerous  in  California,  and  arc  the  main  hope 
for  the  gold  production  of  California,  Arizona,  Oregon,  Idaho,  and  British 
Columbia.  The  retluction  in  miners'  wages  to  come  with  time,  will  aid 
their  tle\-elf)i)ment ;  and  they  will,  perhaps,  owe  still  more  to  wise  legisla- 
tion remoxing  the  clouds  that  now  cover  many  of  the  titles,  and  prevent 
prospectors  from  examining  veins. 

Our  coast  north  of  Mexico  has  about  800  mills,  with  9,000  stamps,  for  tin; 
reduction  of  gold  and  silver  bearing  quartz,  erected  at  a  cost  of  about  $12,000,- 


294 


MINIXG. 


! 


OOO.  Of  these  mills,  California  has  about  half;  Nevada  less  than  a  fourth, 
thoufjh  a  larger  proportion  of  stamps;  Arizona  comes  next,  then  Idaho, 
followed  by  Utah,  Pacific  ^lontana,  and  British  Columbia.  The  product  of 
the  different  divisions  is  not  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  mills,  many  of 
which  are  lyini;  idle. 

British  Columbian  Placers. — The  placers  of  British  Columbia  produce 
about  .'() I ,ojo,ooo  annually;  aiid,  though  the  districts  from  which  most 
of  the  gold  is  now  obtained,  will  probably  sink  into  insignificance  at 
no  distant  time,  there  is  good  reason  to  expect  that  new  districts  will  be 
opened  with  profit;  so  that  the  relative  yield  from  the  alluvial  deposits 
will  be  better  in  the  ne.\t  century  than  in  any  other  placer  region  on  our 
coast.  The  dense  timber,  the  deep  strata  of  soil  and  barren  gravel  ovci- 
lying  the  auriferous  deposits,  the  great  expense  of  transportation,  and  the 
severe  cold  during  half  the  year,  obstruct  exploration  anil  prevent  the 
opening  of  mines  in  many  places  where  good  "prospects"  have  been  ob- 
tained. Gold  is  found  in  most  of  the  streams  west  of  the  summit  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  on  the  mainland,  and  this  is  equivalent  to  a  promise  that 
considerable  areas  as  yet  untouched  will  yield  their  treasures  to  the  future. 
The  most  productive  district.  Cariboo,  in  latitude  53°,  has  an  elevation  of 
5,000  feet  above  the  sea;  and  much  of  its  gold  has  been  supplied  by  an  old 
bed  of  Lightning  Creek,  from  50  to  1  50  feet  beneath  the  present  surface  of 
the  ground.  This  "dead  river"  has  been  drifted  out  for  a  length  of  3  miles 
and  a  width  of  250  feet.  Cassiar,  next  to  Cariboo  in  its  yield,  is  in  lati- 
tude 59',  and  a  few  feet  below  the  surface  the  ground  remains  frozen 
through  the  year.  The  total  gold  yield  of  British  Columbia,  from  1 858  to 
1882,  has  been  estimated  ofBcially  at  $46,000,000,  but  the  amount  reported 
in  the  e.\port  statistics  is  about  .$36,000,000.  The  Jiighest  yield  was  in 
1S64,  when  there  were  4,400  miners,  and  the  reported  exportation  was 
$2,801,000.     The  number  of  miners  at  present  may  be  1,600. 

Mexican  Placers. — In  northern  Sonoia,  near  Altar  ami  Caborca,  there  arc 
placers,  which  Were  \ery  productive  for  a  (qw  years  about  half  a  century 
since;  though  the  supply  of  water  was  always  scanty,  and  for  that  rea- 
son much  of  the  ground  supposed  ^to  be  rich  was  iie\er  washed.  Several 
American  companies  have  attempted  since  1870  to  get  capital  to  construct 
ditches,  but  without  success.  Tradition  says  that  in  one  year  these  Sonora 
placers  yielded  $5,000,000.  It  was  there  that  the  natives  of  Sonora  Icarneil 
the  business  of  gold  washing;  so  that  when  they  came  to  California  in 
1S4S,  I  S49,  antl  1850,  they  were  among  the  most  successful  prosi)cctors  and 
miners.  The  jilaccrs  of  northern  Sonora  have  iie\er  been  entirely  aban- 
doned, but  are  still  worked  in  a  small  way. 


SlLVIiK    MI.N'ING. 


295 


CHAPTER   XVII.— SILVER   MINING. 

Silver  Production.— In  188 1,  accordint;-  to  J.  J.  Vai.ICNTINi:,  Nevada 
prodiicwl  $7,855,574,  Arizona  $6,.-:78,895,  Utah  $3,563,010,  California  $548,- 
582,  Idaho  $370,540,  and  Oregon  $48,684  in  sihi.-r  bullion,  making  a  total  of 
$20,665,885.  Montana  produced  $2,305,723,  but  of  this  not  more  than  half 
belonged  to  our  slope.  Of  ores  ar.d  base  bullion,  Nevada  produced  $3,896,- 
498,  Utah  $3,637,383,  Arizona  $1,390,942,  Id.aho  $1,007,386,  and  California 
$305,421,  making  a  total  of  $10,237,630,  of  which  silver  bullion  may  sup- 
ply $6,000,000  in  value,  increasing  the  amount  to  $27,000,000.  Silver 
bullion,  however,  in  many  cases  includes  a  considerable  share  of  gold. 
Thu:),  the  bullion  of  the  Comstock  lode  contained  47  per  cent.,  and  the 
precious  metal  in  the  base  bullion  of  Nevada  had  44  per  cent,  in  value  of 
gold  in  1881.  The  \alue  of  the  silver  may  have  Ijecn  $18,000,000;  and  if 
\vc  allow  $10,000,000  as  the  yield  of  the  western  portion  of  Mexico,  we 
have  $28,000,000  as  the  total  annual  producti'-i:  of  sihxr  on  our  sk  p|^ 


Silver  Mines. — Silver  mines  arc  <.li\ided  into  2  main  classes  as  their 
ores  are  reduced  by  milling— tliat  is,  by  grinding  and  amalgamating,  or  by 
smelting.  The  milling  ores  are  the  large  lUi'ijority,  including  those  of  the 
Comstock,  Tombstone,  Guanajuato,  Zacatecas,  I'ioche,  and  While  "^ 
districts.  Those  ores  which  will  PiOt  j'ield  up  their  silver  to  ainal^  ...lou 
until  after  they  have  been  roasted,  are  called  rebellious;  the  othe  :e  free- 
milling.  In  roasting,  the  ore,  finely  pulverized,  is  exposed  to  .i  high  heat 
for  several  hours  to  drive  off  the  sulphur  and  oxidize  some  o.  Mie  ha.se 
metals;  and  salt  is  added  to  convert  the  silver  into  a  chloride,  .  hich  is 
easil)'  reducible.  One  of  the  best  furnaces  for  roasting  silver  ores  is  n, 
of  Mr,  SlETKI-'ELDT,  invented  and  first  used  in  Nevaila.  The  free-milling 
ores  after  being  pulverized,  and  rebellious  milling  ores  after  being  roasted, 
arc  put  into  cast-iron  pans  5  feet  in  diameter  and  2  deei),  and  a  charge  of 
perhaps  a  quarter  or  a  half  ton  is  ground  in  the  f(5rm  of  a  thin  paste  with 
conmion  salt,  and  sometimes  other  minerals,  until  rcad\'  for  ainalL;.imatinn, 
when  the  quicksilver  is  addctl,  anil  .after  2  or  3  hours  of  .i-apiil  stirring,  the 
silver  is  supposed  n)  be  amalgamated;  and  the  pul|)  passes  from  the  pa'  to 
a  settling-tub,  in  which  it  is  mi.xed  with  5  or  lo  times  as  much  water,  and. 


; 


i 


290 


MINING. 


after  rcmainincj  in  a  state  of  quiescence  for  several  hours,  the  water  and 
lighter  material  arc  ilrawii  off,  Icavin;,'  tlic  amalgam  at  the  bottom.  The 
cost  of  extracting  the  ore  is  usually  from  $2  to  $4  per  ton,  and  of  reduc- 
tion in  the  large  mills,  from  $14  to  $20.  It  is  the  general  opinion  in  Ne- 
vada that  free-milling  ores  must  yield  at  least  $20  to  pa)'  expenses,  and 
rebellious  milling,  perhaps  $10  more. 

Comstock  Lode. — The  Comstock  lode,  situated  on  the  eastern  slope  of 
the  .Sierra  Nevada  at  an  elevation  of  6,500  feet  abo\c  the  sea,  is  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  argentiferous  deposits  on  the  globe,  com[)aring  favorably 
in  magnitude  antl  yield  with  the  great  veins  Guanajuato  and  Cerro  Pasco. 
It  is  a  fissure  vein,  and  has  been  distinctly  traced  for  a  distance  of  nearly  3 
miles  horizontally,  anil  followed  down  to  a  ilepth  of  more  than  3,000  feet. 
In  some  places  the  distance  between  us  outer  walls  is  more  than  300  feet, 
and  its  average  wiilth  is  probably  about  40  feet.  l'crha|)s  2  per  cent,  of  the 
vein-stone  is  ore,  paying  $20  or  more  a  ton,  while  the  remainder  of  the 
gangue  is  considered  worthless  at  present,  though  possibly  another  2  per 
cent,  will  be  extracted  and  reduced  with  a  profit  within  the  ne.xt  20  years. 
The  ore  is  a  black  suliihuret,  co'  Mining  in  many  places  free  gold  enough 
to  surpass  the  silver  in  value.  The  country  rock  on  the  west  foot-wall  is 
sj'enite  or  diorite;  the  hanging  wall  on  the  east  is  propylite. 

Mines  or  mining  claims  on  metalliferous  veins,  arc  measured  longitudi- 
nall)-  on  the  vein.  Those  on  the  Comstock  Lode,  with  their  respective 
lengths,  commencing  at  the  north  end  are:  Utah,  1, 000  feet;  Sierra  Ne- 
vada, 3,325  feet;  Union,  575  feet;  Mexican,  6oo  feet;  Ophir,  675  feet; 
California,  600  feet;  Consolidated  Virginia,  710  feet;  Host  &  lielchcr,  536 
feet;  Gouk!  &  t'urr}-,  617  feet;  Savage,  771  feet;  Hale  &  Norcross,  400 
feet;  Chollar,  1,400  feet ;  Ikdiion,  943  feet;  Exchequer,  400  feet ;  Alpha,  306 
feet;  Imi)erial,  (I.Ss  feet;  Yellow  Jacket,  957  feet;  K<;ntucky,  93  feet, 
Crown  I'oint,  541  feel;  and  Belcher,  1 ,008  feet. 

The  Alt.i,  600  feet  long,  and  the  Justice,  about  half  a  mile  south  of  the 
Helchcr,  are  sujjposed  to  be  on  the  main  line  or  a  branch  of  the  Comstock. 

Uorjanzas.— In  general  terms  it  may  be  said  that  the  Comstock  Lode 
has  had  3  bonanzas.  The  most  northern  of  these,  within  the  limits  of  the 
present  (Jjihir,  California,  and  Consolidated  Virginia  mines,  had  j  ore 
bodies.  The  llrst  ore  boily  found  at  the  surface  extended  ilown  500  feet, 
and  produced  $22,cx30,ooo  from  1  I2,0CK)  tons  of  ore.  The  average  width  of 
the  ore  body  was  15  feet,  and  in  shape  it  was  a  triangle,  the  upper  side 
being  about  300  feet  long.  At  a  distance  of  Soo  feet  from  that  ore  body, 
lay  another  triangle  of  rich  ore,  about  700  feet  deep  by  1,300  feel  long,  its 


K 


SIl,Vi;U    MIMXG. 


297 


upper  pom 


I   be 


in   the  Coiisolidalcil   ViiLnnia,  ami   its  base  cxtc 


tlirouyh  that  mine  and  the  CaHfornia  into  the  Ophir.  The  average  uidlli 
of  this  mass  was,  perhaps,  40  feet,  and  its  gross  yield  has  been  about  $115,- 
000,000;  so  that  the  2  ore  bodies  of  this  most  northern  of  tiie  3  bonanzas 
have  produced  in  all  about  $1  37,000,000.  Its  dividends  amounted  to  about 
$75,000,000. 

The  .second  bonanza  included  3  ore  bodies  in  the  Gould  &  C"urr>-,  llu' 
Savage,  the  Ilalc  &  Norcross,  and  llie  Chollar-rotosi  mines,  the  last  now 
being  known  as  the  Chollar.  These  ore  bodies  were  shapeil  somewhat  like 
beans,  \\  ith  a  length  of  600  feet,  a  breadth  of  200,  and  a  thickness  across 
the  \ein  of  about  20  feet  2  of  the  beans  standing  vcrlicall)-,  and  the  thiii.1  at 
an  angle  <jf  45  ilegrees  to  the  horizon.  I'he  gross  )-ield  was  about  .'j)55,uoo,- 
000,  and  the  dividends  $12,800,000. 

The  third,  or  G<ild  Hill  bonanza,  extended  from  the  Imperi.d  through  the 
Yellow  Jacket,  Kentuck,  and  Crown  I'oint  into  I  he  Helcher  Mine,  with 
5  ore  botlies,  2  of  them  shaped  like  circular  convex  len.ses,  aiul  one  rescu)- 
bling  a  semicircular  half  lens,  with  the  convex  edge  down.  The  total 
yield  of  this  bonanza  was  about  $100,000,000,  and  the  dividends  aniuuntcd 
to  $33,600,000. 

In  adililion  to  these  bonanzas,  a  number  of  sma'.l  bodies  of  ore  have 
been  worketl  witiiout  profit,  producing  in  the  aggregate,  [jcrhaps,  $10,000,- 
000.  The  total  yield  of  the  lode  has  been  ai)out  $325,000,000,  and  the 
diviilends  about  $125,000,000. 

The  rich  ore  ileposit  of  the  Consolidated  V'irgiaia,  extending  Into  the 
California,  was  c.  covered  in  1873,  ;it  a  def)th  of  1,200  feet  below  the  sur- 
face. In  Ma\',  1874,  the  Consolidated  began  lo  pay  $324,000  of  inonthl)- 
dividend;  in  March,  1875,  it  raised  the  sum  to  $1,080,000.  and  kcpl  up  at 
that  rate,  with  the  exception  of  4  months,  till  April,  1878;  then  p.iid  2 
dividends  of  $540,000,  and  5  of  $270,000  each,  making  a  total  of  $42,390,- 
ooodi\idends  between  May,  1874,  and  December,  1879.  Ik-twecn  May, 
1876,  and  December,  1879,  the  California  Mine  [)aid  $3I,320,(XK)  of  di\i- 
dcnd.s,  The  total  di\idends  from  the  2  mines  were  $73,710,000,  and  the 
gross  production,  $108,702,500,  including  $58,1 14,300  of  siUer,  ,ind  $50,588,- 
200  of  gold. 

The  (iould  iS;  Curr)-  iMine  began  lo  reduce  its  ore  in  1860,  hut  p.nd  no 
dividend  till  1863,  in  which  year  it  extracted  48,ck)0  tons,  yielding  $8m  mi 
the  axeiage,  and  |)aid  $1,468,000  as  dividends;  in  1864  it  extracted  (ifi,n)0 
tons,  averaging  :J(i;f2,  and  paid  $1,. 1.40,000  in  ilividends;  in  1865  the  average 
yield  was  $4.|.  to  the  tim;  in  1866,  $28;  and  the  dividends  ceased,  thniigli 
there  was  a  sni.ill  pa\-mciit  in  1870.  The  total  yielil  of  the  mine  has  been 
$15,000,000;  the  total  dividends,  $3,820,000;  the  average  yield  of  its  ore, 


* 


p 


2y8 


MI.VINC. 


$47;  and  tlic  mimbcr  of  tons  worked,  31S000.  Its  dividends  were  paid  in 
1863,  1SG4,  1S65,  1866,  and  1870,  the  largest  payment  being  in  1863. 

Adjoining  the  Gouki  &  Curry  on  llic  south  is  the  Savage,  which  has  re- 
duced 45y,000  tons,  averaging  $34,  cxlraclcd  $  i  5,700,000,  and  distributed 
$4,460,000  to  its  shareholders.  Its  dividends  were  paid  in  1865,  1867,  1868, 
and  iS6y,  reaching  the  highest  figure  in  1868,  when  $1,560,000  wcredivided. 

Adjoining  tlic  Savage  on  the  foufh  is  Lhc  lialr  &  Norcross  Mine,  which 
paid  $1,598,000  in  dividends  from   lo  '>t  -.and  extracted  $7,822,000 

from  313,000  tons,  yielding  $25  oii  i'       .  •  ■      , 

'I'hc  most  producti\c  mine  of  tlic  (r^ld  lli'l  bonanza  was  the  Belcher, 
which,  in  the  6  years  from  1871  to  1876,  extracted  $32,200,000  from  678,- 
000  tons  of  ore,  and  paid  $14,976,000  in  disidends.  The  profits  were 
limited  to  that  jicriod,  and  the  best  year  was  if;73.  when  the  ore  averaged 
$64.70  per  ton,  and  the  dividends  amounted  to  $6,760,000. 

The  Crown  Point  began  to  pay  dividends  in  1866,  and  with  the  exception 
of  1870,  paid  every  year  till  1875:  the  total  amount  distributed  to  the  stocU- 
holders  in  8  years  being  $1 1,91x1,000.  The  best  year  was  1873-4,  ^^I'cn  the 
ilividends  ran  up  to  $5,300,000. 

In  iSSl,  the  Comslock  Lode  )icldcd  about  $1,200,000  of  precious  metal, 
and  the  mines  and  mills  cost  .'djout  $5,000,000  for  their  management  and 
maintenance,  the  greater  part  of  the  deficienc)-  being  tnade  u[)  by  assess- 
ments collected  from  the  people  of  San  Francisco. 

Mice  Management— The  system  under  which  the  .■  ,  -liiies  of  Xe\ada, 
owned  by  coiuiianies  incor|)()rated  in  California,  liv  br;c'\  1. imaged,  is  not 
without  its  defects.  Its  most  ])romincnt  feature  a'  .  n..  i,  u; '.ncc  of  stock 
to  trustees  without  mention  uf  the  true  owners;  mtd  the  rlitcctor.s  of  com- 
panies could  buy  or  sell  the  slock  anil  nobod\- <""'''  h  ■■w.'V  their  mo\c- 
mcnts.  Tho_\'  therefore  hail  motives  t..  v,unceal  tlie  true  ■  ,  r.tion  of  the 
mines  under  their  control.  They  em|)loycd  .superintendents  who  would 
give  informal  ion  to  them  in  athance,  i)ublish  false  statements  to  de- 
ceive the  stockhiiltlcrs  anil  general  jjublic,  and  sometimes  detain  the 
mincis  I'm-  days  \m(lcr;;rouii(l  lo  piv\ent  the  truth  from  getting  oul. 
'J'hough  regarded  b)-  the  law  as  the  fitluciary  agents  of  the  stockholders, 
lhe\-  violali'd  their  trusls  in  mai\\',  if  not  in  most  of  the  C'ou\stock  mines; 
and  alleiupli'd,  sometimi's  with  signal  success,  I'l  ■•nrich  themselves  by  dc- 
Ir, Hiding  their  jjiineipals. 

.\nother  iinnmon  abuse  wiis   thai    the   dire-' 
made  contr.icts  with  themselves  as  directors  ol 
owners  of  mills  or  as  contractors  in  some  other  i.ipacil)-,  for  work  to  be 
done  and  supplies  to  be  furni  .bed.     Thus,  while  the  mine  yiekled  nothinji 


*"    I  mining  company 
!.',  vjthi "  compaii)',  a.s 


ill 


SILVER    MIXING. 


299 


lo  the  stockholders,  or  was  even  heavily  burilciicd  liy  assessments,  thi; 
directors  were  deriving  a  fine  revenue  from  it.  Under  such  a  nianai^enunt, 
a  mining  company  would  pay  $25  a  ton  for  extracting  and  reducing  ore 
which  yielded  only  $20;  and  while  the  stockholders  as  a  body  lost  $5  in  tiie 
mines,  the  directors  made  perhaps  $6  a  ton  in  the  mill.  The  mills  for  the 
reduction  of  the  Comstock  ores  wero  usually  owned  not  by  the  mining 
companies,  but  by  men  who  held  many  shares  of  the  slock,  anil  weic 
thus  enabled  to  control  the  election  of  the  trustees,  who  made  contracts 
to  supply  the  mills  with  large  amounts  of  ore,  which  l\u-y  furnishetl  even 
when  it  did  not  contain  enough  metal  to  pay  expenses.  'I'lnis  the  a\  erage 
yield  of  1,50,000  tons  of  ore  reduced  from  the  Cnjwn  I'oint  mine  in  tiie  \ear 
ending  Ma)'  i,  1876,  was  $18.60,  while  the  a\erage  cost  of  extracting  and 
reducing  it  was  $20.30,  so  there  was  a  loss  of  $221,000  on  'the  work  of  the 
year.  The  Hale  and  Norcross  Mine  in  the  4  jears  from  1871  to  1874,  ex- 
tracted and  reduced  134,000  tons,  averaging  $17.50  per  ton  witii  a  loss  of 
about  $3  a  ton,  or  .$400,000  in  all.  The  Savage  Company  reduced  134,000 
tons  in  the  4  years  from  1870  to  1873,  and  the  average  )ield  of  the  ore 
for  each  j'ear  was  less  than  the  cx]3cnse  of  extraction  and  reduction,  leav- 
ing a  loss  of  at  least  $250,000  to  the  company.  In  the  7  )'ears  from  1868 
to  1874,  the  Sierra  Nevada  reduced  11 1,000  tons,  and  every  dollar  extracted 
cost  $3.  The  average  yield  of  the  ore  was  less  than  $8,  and  the  expense 
of  milling  about  $12;  but  it  was  milled.  Many  of  the  other  mines  were 
managed  in  a  similar  manner,  and  the  mill-owners  derived  large  profits 
from  mines  which  were  worked  at  a  gre.it  loss  to  the  stockholders. 

T^ssessments.— Although  great  profits  ha\f  been  made  !)y  some  of  'he 
companies  mining  on  the  Comstock  Lode,  most  of  them  did  not  succeed 
until  after  they  had  riskixl  considerable  sums,  and  others  \entured  much 
and  recovered  nothing.  Three  of  the  Comstock  companies  have  colkcleil 
each  m<ire  than  $4,000,000  by  assessment;  4  others  e.ich  more  than  $3,000,- 
000;  3  others  each  more  th.in  $2,000,000;  and  7  others  each  more  than 
$1,000,000;  and  these  17  companies  have  eollected  in  the  aggregate  more 
than  $46,000,000.  The  total  assessments  paid  in  San  I'rancisco  in  the  last 
22  years  for  mining  purposes  amount  to  more  than  $7o,ocxj,ooo,  ,uul  liie 
annual  .average  for  .several  years  was  about  $  1  o,(X)0,ck)o. 


Underground  Works.  -.\  suljleiranean  (its-  evisis  in  the  Comsioek- 
Lode — a  cil)-  3  miles  long  and  ,-i  half  a  mile  wide.  The  \-ein  is  peiliapi  iiui 
inori'  than  50  feel  thick  on  the  average,  but  as  it  dips  to  lh<.'  cast  at 
an  angle  of  45 ',  while  the  mouiilain  side  dips  in  the  s.ime  direi  tioti  at  an 
I'njjle  of  20"  tn  the  h(iri/on,  the  miners  have  fouml   it  lunveiiieiil  lu  sink  .1 


300 


MIXING. 


'm  'i 


succession  of  shafts  each  farther  to  the  east,  jis  it  was  required  to  reach 
greater  depths.  The  deepest  of  these  shafts  in  the  IJclchcr  and  Yellow 
jacket  mines  go  down  each  3,000  feet  and  the  IMcxican  is  down  2,800  feet; 
and  several  other  shafts  have  been  started  with  the  expectation  of  sinking 
to  at  least  4,000  feet.  At  intervals  of  100  feet  the  vein  is  examined  by 
lexcls,  each  of  which  may  be  compared  to  the  story  of  a  house;  so  the 
Comstock  catacombs  have  29  stories;  and  the  length  of  its  shafts,  levels, 
ilrifts,  crosscuts,  inclines,  and  winzes  is  not  less  than  250  miles.  About 
15,000,000  tons  of  ore  have  been  reduced;  350,000,000  tons  of  waste  rock 
have  been  hoisteil  to  the  surface;  and  1,700,000,000  tons  of  water  have  been 
pumped.  There  is  10  times  as  much  v,  ood  in  the  underground  timbering 
of  the  Comstock  Lode  as  there  is  it'.  Virgi.iia  City  and  Gold  Hill,  which  are 
built  mainly  of  wood,  and,  at  one  time,  had  nearly  20,000  inhabitants  in  the 
aggregate. 

Mine  Improvements. — The  opening  of  the  Comstock  Lode  in  1859 
made  a  new  epoch  in  the  mining  history  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  It  was  the 
fust  silver-mining  experience  of  the  Americans.  They  rushed  into  it  with 
chiinictcristic  energy.  They  found  magnificent  profits.  They  su[)plied 
the  mines  with  excellent  anil  very  costl)'  mining  machinery.  They  devised, 
or  first  exteiisi\cly  applieil,  improved  apparatus  for  hoisting  and  amalga- 
ni.iting,  for  pumping,  timbering,  and  ventilating.  They  en.ibled  one  man 
to  tlo  more  work  by  the  help  of  improved  machinery  antl  tools  than  10  av- 
erage i\Fexican  miners  can  do  in  the  same  time.  In  20  )ears  after  the 
discovery  of  its  nn'neral  wealth,  Nevada,  with  about  60,000  inhabitants,  jiro- 
duceil  twice  as  much  silver  as  Mexico  ever  did,  though  it  had  more  than 
3,000,000  people  directly  or  indirectly  dependent  for  support  on  its  silver 
mines. 

The  lioisting,  the  pumping,  the  crushing,  the  ventilation,  the  stirring  in 
the  pans,  ami  much  of  the  drilling  in  the  Comstock  Lode,  .are  done  by  ma- 
chiner)',  which,  in  cost,  efficiency,  magnitude,  and  nice  adaptation  to  the 
special  purposes  in  view,  has  never  been  equaled  elsewhere.  Several  of  the 
mines  have  hoistcil  and  reduced  500  tons  daily  for  long  periods;  and  this 
immense  .iniount  of  work,  yielding  a  monthly  profit  of  .$1,000,000,  justi- 
IIclI  large  expenditures,  and  required  the  most  careful  stuti)'.  The  best 
school  fiir  the  study  of  silver  mining  to-day  is  Virginia  City.  There  is  not 
a  step  in  llie  business  (from  the  sinking  of  ,1  shaft  to  the  final  melting  of 
the  bullion)  which  the  miners  of  Nevada  have  not  modified  with  advantage 
to  themselves. 

J.  W.  Mackay.— The  most  notable  miner  of  the  Comstock  is  JdilN  VV. 
jM.u  K.W,   the  cliief  owner    in    the   Consolidated  Virginia  ;md   California 


I'  * 

I 


t 


SILVER    MINING. 


30 1 


mines.  A  native  of  the  north  of  Ireland,  he  came  a.s  a  |KK)f  boy  to  the 
UnitcQ  States,  and  arrived  as  a  poor  man  at  Virijinia  City,  wlicre  he  ob- 
tained employment  in  mininj^  iMulcr^round  for  $4  a  da>'.  He  made  fortu- 
nate investments,  entered  the  firm  of  Flood  &  0'l?Kli;x  (J.V.MKS  G. 
r.ViK  beini^  the  fourth  partner),  and  managed  the  e.xpli. rations,  wiiich  Ictl  to 
the  di.sco\cry  of  the  Consolidated  Virginia  bonanza.  His  \ast  wealth, 
and  the  splendor  of  the  entertainments  ^iveii  by  his  wife  in  I'aris,  are 
amonfj  tiie  notorieties  of  our  time.  Mr.  M.KCK.W  himself  lias  nut  l)cen 
rendered  giddy  by  iiis  success,  but  continues  on  terms  of  familiar  friendship 
with  his  old  associates,  dwells  in  the  mountain  desert  of  Virginia  City,  and 
works  hard,  goin}.(  down  into  his  mines  every  day. 

J.  <i.  Fair— Jamics  G.  I'^AIR,  a  native  of  Ireland,  born  in  1.S31,  came  to 
the  United  Slates  in  1841,  and  to  California  in  i.Sso,  and  in  1.S60  he  went 
to  Virginia  Citj',  where  he  worked  as  a  miner,  by  the  tlay,  In  iS6-;  he  had 
become  superintendent  of  the  Ophir  Mine;  a  few  )'ears  later  he  entered  the 
firm  of  I'Looi)  &  O'Hrii'.N.  The  discovery  of  the  bonanza  of  the  Con- 
solidated Virginia  and  California  mines  made  ;i  millionaire  <>{  him,  and  in 
1S80  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Senate  of  the  Unitetl  States. 

George  Hearst — As  the  most  important  parts  of  mining  are  the  finding 
of  the  ore,  and  the  correct  appreciation  of  its  worth  when  found,  so,  per- 
haps, the  miners  who  deserve  to  rank  in  the  first  class  are  those  who  ean 
most  accurately  estimate  the  [)ractical  \alue  of  mineral  de|)()sits.  Juilged 
by  that  rule,  Gi;()Ki;i-:  IIi:.\RSr  has  no  superior  as  a  miner  on  our  slope. 
His  oiiinion  of  a  mine  will  commanil  more  confidence  than  that  of  an\- 
other  man.  It  is  well  known  that  4  or  5  of  the  richest  mines  on  the  con- 
tinent were  purchased  by  the  present  owners  fctr  relatixely  small  sums 
imdcr  ills  advice.  He  is  an  expert  whose  li'ustworthincss  has  been  accred- 
ited by  cNperience.  Ll.oVI)  Ii:vis  and  J.  H.  llACdlN  have  l)een  well  re- 
wardeil  for  relying  on  him.  Tlu'lr  best  mines  liavc  been  obtained  \\  ith  his 
help.  Mr.  IlliAKsr  recei\ed  a  simple  country  schooling  as  a  boy,  and 
Worked  .S  j'cars  in  the  lead  and  copper  mines  r.f  Missouri,  his  nativi"  Slate, 
before  coming  to  California  in  rSjo,  when  he  was  30  years  of  age.  He 
was  a  golil  miner  for  mosl  of  the  ncNl  9  )e;irs,  until  he  found  himself  at 
tile  Comstock  Loile  in  July,  l^'S'J-  1  le  soon  obtaineil  a  large  share  in  the 
Ophir  Mine,  and  within  3  jcars  was  worth  .$i,oai,ooo;  ,3  years  later  he  lost 
nearl)- all.  He  speculated  with  success  in  San  I'rancisco  real  estate,  and 
for  llie  last  10  )ears  has  made  a  business  of  examining  mines,  and  reporting 
on  I  heir  \idue, 

Discovery  of  the  Comstoolt,  -  'I'he  history  ol  the  disco\ery  of  llie 
Comstock  Lode  is  not  free  fro bscuritw     'lliat   purtinu  (jf  llii'  uin  near 


I 


S02 


AriNIXG. 


Gold  1 1  ill  was  rich  in  j^'olil  ticai"  the  suiTacc,  and  b}'  its  disintegration  had 
furnislied  materials  for  placer  diggings,  which  were  worked  by  Mexicans  in 
1850,  and  were  not  abandoned  until  the  bed  of  the  canyon  had  been 
covered  by  the  tailings  from  the  silver-mills.  It  is  said  that  E.  A.  and  II.  H. 
CiKOscil,  brothers,  natives  of  Pennsylvania,  and  educated  mineralogists, 
fount]  the  lode,  and  ascertained  its  argentiferous  qualitj'  in  i!i53,  and 
attaciicd  much  importance  to  their  discovery ;  i)Ut  they  made  no  publica- 
tion or  written  record  of  their  investigations  or  opinions  in  reference  to  the 
lode.  Both  died  in  1857.  Among  the  miners  at  Gold  Mill  was  a  Mexican 
named  MaloonadO,  who  had  been  a  silver  miner  in  his  native  country^ 
and  lie  was  the  first  person  to  work  the  ore  with  profit.  From  him  the 
first  productive  mine  on  the  lode  was  named  tlie  Mexican.  In  1.S59 
samples  of  the  ore,  sent  to  (}rass  Valley,  were  assayed  by  Melvii^LE 
Atwood,  who  found  that  they  contained  1,000  ounces  or  more  of  precious 
metal  to  the  ton,  with  a  considerable  [lerccntage  of  gold.  The  high  value 
of  the  vein  was  ascertained  or  made  public  in  June,  1859;  and  the  lode  about 
this  time  received  its  title  fmm  a  dissipated  and  tliriftless  miner,  who  was 
one  of  the  first  to  obtain  a  claim  on  the  vein;  and  \'irginia  City  was  named 
after  his  native  State.  The  persons  who  took  up  the  early  claims,  includ- 
ing Gould,  Cukuv,  SAVAiii:,  Sidks,  and  Belcher,  all  sold  out  many 
jears  ago,  most  of  them  for  small  sums,  ami  several  died  in  abject  pcjvertv'. 

Washoe  Ptcoess.— Most  of  the  silver  of  the  Pacific  Coast  is  obtained 
!))■  the  Washoe  process,  so  called  because  it  was  first  applied  to  the  re- 
duction of  argentiferous  ores  on  the  Coinsvock  Lode,  which  was  within  the 
limits  of  the  Washoe  ilistrict.  There  are  t,  main  amalgamation  processes: 
the  Mexican,  the  German,  and  the  American.  The  Mexican  piles  up  liis 
])ul\eri/.eil  ore  in  a  />tr//(>  or  j'ard,  mixes  it  with  water,  salt,  (|uicksilver,  and 
p\rilcs  of  copper  ami  iron,  and  stirs  it  occasionally  by  driving  nuilcs 
through  it.  It  covers  a  large  space,  and  often  rcc|uires  j  months  to  com- 
pk'U'  the  amalgamation.  The  (icrmaii  puts  iiisore  with  water,  jn-riles,  salt, 
and  ([uicksilver,  in  a  wooden  barrel  revolving  on  a  horizontal  a.\is.  The 
American  puts  his  ore  in  a  cast-iron  [lan,  adds  his  water  and  chemicals, 
sometimes  heals  his  pall  by  steam,  and  stirs  tlu-  pulp  by  swiftly  revolving 
arms,  which  iiiav  grind  the  coarser  material. 

Tlieie  is  no  precise  rule  for  the  .uiuiunt  or  character  of  the  chemicals  to 
be  iisid  in  the  Washoe  process,  nor  is  there  an)-  uniformit)'  in  general  prac- 
tice. Sulphate  <if  copper  and  salt  are  the  main  chemicals  aikled  to  the  oie 
til  prepare  the  silver  for  aiiialgamation,  'I'he  Mexican  anti  German  often 
take  the  co|)per  [jyiiles  in  its  natural  forms,  while  the  .American  uses  the 
iheinical  a.s  |)repared  bv-  art.      Ihcy   put  scraps  of  iron  in   th "ir  heaps  01' 


L 


SII.VKR    MINING. 


30.^ 


barrels,  wliilo  the  pan  itself  furnisiics  that  metal  in  the  Waslioe  process. 
From  a  quarter  of  a  pound  to  8  pound.s  of  .salt,  and  from  a  [xjuiul  and  .1 
half  to  2  pounds  of  sulphate  of  copper  arc  consumed  for  each  ton  of  aver- 
atje  ore.  The  ores  arc  carefully  assayed  before  reduction,  and  the  j'icld  is 
ordinarily  from  20  to  35  per  cent,  less  than  the  assaj-  value.  Whether  the 
Mexican  or  German  process  would  do  so  well  or  better  on  these  ores  is 
matter  of  surmi.se,  for  they  have  not  been  tried  cxtensivcl)-;  but  they  would 
probably  lose  as  much  of  the  precious  metal,  while  they  would  be  so  slow, 
and  require  so  much  sp.ace  and  labor,  that  the  extra  expense  wouKl  exceed 
the  extra  yield,  if  any.  The  Washoe  process  does  the  largest  amount  of 
work  in  the  smallest  space  and  the  brielest  time,  with  the  least  human 
labor.  The  ore  from  the  time  it  reaches  the  mill  [)asses  downward,  so  that 
gravity  facilitates  its  movements.  It  falls  -^m  the  stamp  to  the  (lan,  from 
the  pan  to  the  .settler,  and  then  divides,  \m\  ■\  rLumini^  an  ay  as  refuse,  and 
the  precious  metal  goini:^  to  the  amalgam-pois. 

The  lime  for  amali;ainatiny[  a  chan.i^e  iii  the  pans  is  usually  .|  or  5  hours, 
and  the  "pulp,"  as  the  matter  treated  in  the  pan  is  called,  luns  into  a  settler 
or  laryc  tub,  where  it  is  mixed  with  water,  and  allowed  to  stand  till  the 
heavier  material,  inciudinf;  the  amal,L;am,  settles  to  the  bottom,  when  the 
water  and  lii^hter  mud  are  drawn  off. 


Silver  Smelting. — Lari^c  bodies  of  arr^entiferous  galena  ha\'e  been  found 
at  ICureka,  Nevada;  Ccrro  Gordo,  California;  various  [)laces  on  the 
western  side  of  the  Wasatch  Range  in  Utah,  and  elsewhert;  on  our  slope. 
Smelting  is  the  cheapest  process  for  reducing  the  ore  to  the  metallic  form. 
A  cupola  furnace,  holding  from  20  to  50  tons  of  ore  at  a  charge,  is  used. 
The  cost,  including  a  small  steam-engine  to  drive  the  blast,  is  not  more 
than  $5,000.  The  fuel  used  is  charcoal,  10  bushels  being  reqin'red  Inr  each 
ton  of  ore.  The  coal  is  fed  into  the  furnace  from  the  lo|i  in  alternate  lay- 
ers with  the  ore,  a  flux  adtled,  aiul  the  smelting  continued  day  and  night 
till  repairs  are  necessary. 

The  chief  item  of  ex[)ense  in  the  retluction  of  ores,  aside  from  labor,  is 
fuel.  Charcoal  is  mostly  used  for  this  pui'pose,  and  costs  in  the  largi:  estab- 
lishments $40,000  a  uiotuh.  Probably  8i>0  hands  are  employeil  in  the 
industry,  the  usual  wages  being  .$4  a  tiay.  When  riuuu'n;>  day  and  night,  it 
is  custom.ary  to  have  3  shifts  of  8  hours  each.  The  business  is  confuud  In 
no  season  of  the  j'ear;  the  only  interrupuons  being  lack  of  material, 
accident  to  the  mine,  or  neccssit)'  for  repairs.  The  cost  of  mining  .iiid 
liaiiling  the  oie  to  the  furnaces  in  the  F.ureka  district,  is  stated  to  be 
about  '^\.\  per  ton,  .uiil  the  cost  of  smelting  in   the  : mall  wniks  $10  a  ton. 


304 


MINING. 


i 


Tlic  chaiL;c  for  smelting  and  refining  is  from  $io  to  $i8  a  ton.  From  $j4 
to  7  tons  of  ore  iisimlly  yieUl  a  ton  of  base  bullion. 

The  ])ro(liict  of  the  furnace,  generally  styled  "  base  bullion,"  is  principally 
lead,  \\ith  some  silver  and  gold,  which  usually  amount  to  about  $400  in  a 
ton.  The  precious  metals  are  separated  by  a  refinery,  of  which  there  arc  2 
on  our  slope — one  in  San  Francisco,  and  one  in  Eureka.  The  San  Fran- 
cisco refinery,  of  T.  H.  Si;Ll!Y  &  Co.,  u.scs  the  Pati'INSON  process;  the 
Eureka  Refinery,  belonging  to  the  Richmond  Mine,  employs  the  RliZAN 
])rocess. 

In  Pattinson'.S  process  the  molten  mass  contained  in  the  center  pot  of 
a  row,  is  partially  cooled,  being  constantly  agitated  during  the  time,  until 
crystals  of  lead  form  and  sink,  when  they  are  removed  by  means  of  a 
perforated  ladle  to  another  pot.  This  straining  is  repeated  several  times; 
the  enrichetl  metal  being  carried  each  time  in  one  direction,  and  the  impov- 
erished in  the  opposite  direction.  After  pa.ssing  through  a  set  of  from  9  to 
12  pots,  and  finall)'  reaching  those  at  the  ends,  this  portion  of  the  process 
is  coini)lelC(l ;  the  result  being  that  one  p(jt  holds  lead,  carrying  in  some 
cases  as  high  as  600  ounces  of  silver  to  the  ton,  while  the  other  pot  con- 
tains market  lead,  or  leail  carrying  little  more  than  half  an  ounce  to  the 
ton.  In  the  R(JZ.\\  modification  the  melted  metal  is  placed  in  an  iron 
vessel  called  a  hydrocicle,  having  a  capacity  of  20  tons  or  more,  and  when 
inelletl,  the  :,iass  is  agitated  by  a  jet  of  healed  steam  forced  through  an 
opening  in  the  bottom  of  the  pot,  the  steam  also  lowering  the  temperature 
sufficiently  to  cause  crystallization  to  take  place  as  before.  The  fluid  por- 
tion is  then  drawn  off  through  an  orifice  at  the  bottom  of  the  vessel,  and 
the  operation  reiieated  several  times,  until  the  same  result  is  obtained  as  by 
the  other  process.  The  lemaining  lead  is  dri\en  off  by  cupellation  in  a  rc- 
verberatory  furnace. 

Leachins^. — Leaching  or  lixi\iation,  is  a  method  of  separating  silver 
from  rebellious  ores.  They  arc  pulverized  coarsely,  so  as  to  pass  a  No.  o 
scieen,  and  are  then  roasted  with  salt  till  the  precious  metal  forms  a  chloride, 
which  is  leached  out  by  a  .solution  of  hyposuliihite  of  lime;  luul  the  sul- 
phite of  silvei-,  after  precipitation  and  drying,  is  cxposeil  to  a  heal  whicli 
ilri\  es  off  the  sulphur.  The  cost  of  crushing,  roasting,  and  leaching  under 
favorable  eircninstances,  is  about  .$12  a  ton;  and  that  is  perhaps  the  a\er- 
age  cost  in  .Sonora,  where  man)-  mines  are  using  the  process.  It  was  intro- 
duced there  by  Californians,  who  substituted  the  hyi)osulphite  of  lime  for 
the  hyposulphite  of  soda  as  |)roi)osed  by  l'l,.\'n;K.\,  the  disco\'crer  of  the 
leaching  mode  of  reduction. 

Eureka  District.  -The  ICureka  district,  now  tin;  most  productive  in 
Ne\aila,    yielded    ,$.|.,lX30,000    in     iSSi,   and    since    its    iliscoxery,    about    14 


aw 


SII.VKK    MININC. 


305 


years  aijo,  has  produced  $08,000,000,  and  paid  $7,000,000  in  dividends. 
Its  ores  are  nearly  all  argentiferous  galena,  and  are  reduced  by  smelting. 
The  leading  mines  are  the  Eureka  Consolidated,  the  Richmond  Consoli- 
dated, and  the  Ruby  Consolidated.  The  first  has  yielded  $19,000,000,  and 
paid  $5,105,000  in  dividends;  the  dividends  in  1881  having  been  $225,000. 
The  Richmond  paid  $540,000  of  dividends  in  1881.  The  furnaces  of  the 
Richmond  can  smelt  300  tons;  those  of  the  Eureka,  200;  and  those  of  the 
Ruby,  100  tons  a  day. 

Arizona  Sliver. — In  1873  Arizona  produced  $47,778  of  precious  metals; 
in  1874,  $2G,o66;  in  1875,  $109,093;  in  1876,  $1,1 11,992;  in  1877,  $2,388,- 
622;  in  1878,  $2,287,983;  in  1879,  $1,942,403;  in  1880,  $4,123,081  ;  and  in 
1881,  $8,198,766.  The  rapidity  of  the  recent  increase  indicates  that  the 
Territory  possesses  great  mineral  wealth,  and  that  any  estimate  of  the 
future  production  must  be  unsafe.  Most  of  the  metal  is  silver,  and  is  ob- 
tained from  free  milling  ore.s.  The  chief  center  of  production  is  Tomb- 
stone, which  yielded  about  $5,000,000,  and  had  140  stamps  in  i88i.  So 
.soon  as  the  miners  were  protected  from  the  Apaches,  and  as  convenient 
transportation  was  given  by  the  railroad,  the  mineral  production  rose  with 
wonderful  speed.  Among  the  dividends  of  1 881,  the  Contention  Consoli- 
dated (formerly  the  Western)  paid  $875,000;  the  Tombstone,  .$600,000; 
the  Silver  King,  $300,000;  the  Grand  Central,  $200,000;  and  the  Tip  Top, 
$  1 20,000. 

Callfornian  Silver, — At  various  places  east  of  the  summit  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  California,  has  mines  of  argentiferous  galena,  some  of  which, 
especially  those  at  Cerro  Gordo,  near  Owen  Lake,  have  yielded  large 
quantities  of  metal,  but  they  are  now  eclipsed  by  the  richer  deposits  of 
Nevada  and  Utah.  I'rom  1S74  to  1876,  Cerro  Gordo  annually  produced 
5,000  tons  of  base  bullion,  containing  $350  of  gold  and  silver  to  the  ton  on 
the  average;  for  .several  years  past  the  yield  has  been  insignificant. 

Utah  Silver. — Utah  has  numerous  profitable  silver  mines,  the  most  pro- 
ductive being  on  the  slopes  of  the  Wasatch  Range,  which  run.s  north  and 
south,  east  of  Salt  Lake.  The  ores  generally  arc  of  argentiferous  galena, 
but  there  arc  many  others.  In  1881  the  Territory  produced  $7,3  11,288  of 
precious  metal.  One  of  the  most  profitable  mines  on  the  continent  now  is 
the  Ontario,  which  is  in  I'arlcy's  Park,  about  30  miles  east  of  Salt  Lake 
City.  It  paid  $825,000  of  dividends  in  1 88 1,  and  its  gross  yield  within  7  years 
has  been  about  $9,000,000,  of  which  sum  $3,975,000  have  been  net  profits. 
It  is  said  that  there  is  ore  enough  in  sight  to  last  4  >'car.s,  and  pay  $3,000,- 
000  in  dividends.     The  Horn  Silver  Mine,  south  of  Salt  Lake  City,  in  18S1 


! 


! 


3o6 


MIN'ING. 


yielded  $1,807,092,  and  paid  $300,000  of  dividends.  These  arc  the  richest 
mines  in  the  Territory,  but  many  others  are  very  desirable  properties. 
Utah  has  285  stamps,  and  23  furnaces  for  smelting  argentiferous  galena. 

Mexican  Silver. — The  western  slope  of  Mexico  has  some  of  the  most 
productive  silver  districts  of  the  globe,  including  Guanajuato,  which  has 
yielded  $400,000,000,  and  Zacatccas,  which  has  turned  out  $300,000,000.  The 
mines  of  both  those  districts  have  been  worked  with  profit  for  more  than  3 
centuries.  Durango  and  Sonora  yield  each  about  $3,000,000  annually  now  in 
the  precious  metals;  and  5)inaloa  has  good  mines.  Alamos,  the  chief  silver 
district  of  Sonora,  has  bcjn  an  important  center  of  mining  industry  since 
the  beginning  of  the  last  century;'and  about  1S25  the  annual  production 
was  $2,000,000.  One  nine  of  Lower  California  has  produced  more  than 
$500,000  annually  for  nany  years.  Money,  machinery,  and  skill  are  going 
into  the  mines  of  Western  Mexico,  and  important  results  may  be  expected 
within  a  few  years.     The  present  annual  yield  is  about  $10,000,000. 


i 


.MIMN<J    I'OR   OIllKK    Ml.NKKALS. 


307 


CHAPTER   XVIII.— MINING    FOR   OTHER   MINERALS. 


Coal. — Our  slope  i.s  poor  in  tho  area  and  quality  of  it.s  coal-beds.  The 
coals  of  California  and  Oregon  are  of  the  li^niite  class;  those  of  Utah, 
New  Mc.kIco,  Arizona,  Western  Coloratlo,  and  Sononi  are,  in  most  cases, 
either  of  little  value  or  difficult  of  access.  The  rcceijits  of  coal  at  San 
Franci.sco  in  18S1  amounted  to  868,000  tons,  including  309,000  from  ICurope 
and  Australia,  151,000  from  British  Columbia,  149,000  from  Seattle,  104,- 
000  from  Mount  Diabl(j,  19,000  from  Coos  15ay,  and  18,000  from  Carbon 
Hill. 

The  leading  coal  mines  of  our  slope  arc  in  the  possession  of  3  wealtliy 
combinations  of  capitalists,  who  liave  indicatetl  their  intention  to  engage 
in  a  great  struggle  to  supply  the  San  l-'rancisco  market.  TJK-ir  com- 
petition would  probably  have  attracted  more  attention  if  they  had  not  all 
been  oppressed  by  the  immense  sup])lies  of  coal  brought  from  liurope  as 
ballast  by  ships  .sent  to  carry  ;iwa)-  tlie  Caiifornian  wheat.  DuxsMllK, 
Dic!(;le  &  Co.  ha\e  the  best  mines  at  Nanaimo,  the  most  com[)lete  and 
convenient  arrangements  for  extracting  and  shi])ping  their  coal.  They 
are  at  a  disadvantage,  however,  because  of  the  heavy  tariff,  which  cuts  tiff 
much  of  their  profit  in  the  .(Vmerican  market.  TllK  OuKLiON  I.Ml'KOVi;- 
MKXT  Company  (Mknrv  VilI-AKD  and  as.sociates)  own  the  best  mines 
near  Seattle. 

The  most  productive  coal  mines  of  California  are  on  the  north-eastern 
slope  of  Mount  Diablo,  800  feet  above  the  se.i,  ;uul  6  miles  from  the  San 
Jc;.ic;  lin  River,  with  which  they  are  connectctl  b)'  rail.  There  are  4  veins, 
uiu-  of  3j,j  feet,  one  of  3  feet,  and  2  each  a  foot  thick.  The  ])n)ductiiin  be- 
gan in  i860,  and  re.iched  its  highest  figure,  204,000  tons,  in  1874.  l^iur 
mines  are  now  worked,  and  the  Hl.ick  Diamonil  yields  more  than  the  .ag- 
gregate of  all  the  others.  The  only  iiroductive  coal  mine  in  Califi]rnia,  be- 
sides those  at  Mount  Diablo,  is  in  lone  Valley,  but  is  not  of  much  im- 
portance. There  are  coal  deposits  of  unascertained  value  in  Mendocino, 
Shasta,  and  l-Ycsno  counties. 

The  only  productive  coal  mines  of  Oregon  are  at  Coos  Bay,  which  seems 
to  have  reached  the  climax  of  its  yield  in  1874,  in  wiiich  >'ear  it  sent  45,- 
000  tons  to  San  Francisco. 


:,o8 


MIXING. 


I",xtciisi\c  (lir^tricts  in  Utali,  and  the  Pacific  portions  of  Wyoming  and 
Xcw  Mexico,  arc  carboniferous;  hut  except  in  Wj-oming  and  Utah,  little 
has  been  done  to  extract  the  mineral.  The  deposits,  however,  arc  destined 
to  attract  much  attention  in  tjie  future.  At  Rock  .Sprint;,  in  Wyoming, 
the  coal  scams,  within  780  feet  of  the  surface,  have  an  aggregate  thickness 
of  48  feet ;  and  at  Coalville,  Utah,  there  is  a  coal  .scam  1 3  feet  thick,  and 
the  coal  area  of  the  Territory  measures,  according  to  official  statements, 
125,000  acres.  The  attempts  to  make  coke  of  the  Utah  coal  have  failed. 
The  geological  maps  in  Ilajilcn's  report  show  that  there  arc  1,500  square 
miles  of  carboniferous  area  in  Western  Colorado,  but  in  districts  .so  sparsely 
populated,  and  so  remote  from  railroads,  th;it  coal  there  is  of  little  value  for 
the  ])resent  or  near  future,  (.'oal-beds  are  known  to  exist  at  various  places 
in  Alaska,  Sonora,  and  Queen  Charlotte  'sland.  Arizona  has  several  coal 
basins,  one  of  them  within  the  limits  o'  .San  Carlos  Indian  Reservation. 


' 


Carbon  Hill. — One  of  the  most  \<ti..  ^ic  coal  deposits  of  the  Pacific 
Coast  is  found  at  Carbon  River,  34  miles  from  Tacoma,  in  Washington 
Territor)'.  The  veins  at  present  worked  are  3  in  number:  one,  17;,^  feet; 
the  second,  6  feet;  and  the  third,  4}^  feet  thick.  They  are  situated  so  that 
they  can  be  worked  conveniently  through  a  tunnel,  and  the  amount  of  coal 
above  its  level,  and  therefore  obtainable  without  pumping,  is  estimated  at 
26,000,000  tons.  Col.  G.  M.  Mkxuki.L,  after  examining  the  veins,  said  they 
"have  an  abundance  of  superior  coal  of  different  varieties  easily  accessible, 
and  easy  to  mine."  Mr.  GUTELIUS  declared  it  "an  excellent  bituminous 
coal,  superior  to  any  produced  from  [other]  mines  on  this  coast."  He  adds 
that  the  Carbon  River  coke  coinpares  favorably  witli  the  best  l'"nglish  coke 
for  sale  in  the  San  I'rancisco  market.  The  walls  are  a  hard  sandstone,  so 
that  no  timbering  is  needed.  The  cost  to  the  company  of  the  coal  de- 
livered in  San  I'rancisco  is  estimated  at  $4.50  a  ton.  The  veins  have  no 
"  bone"  oi  incumbustiblc  matter  in  them,  and  the  expense  of  mining  is  put 
down  at  50  cents  a  ton.  A  railroad,  without  ascendirig  grade,  leads  from 
the  mine  down  to  the  deep-water  ship.  These  mines  belong  to  the  capi- 
talists of  TiiK  Central  Pacific  Railroad  Company.  Steam-colliers 
arc  used  to  carry  the  coal  to  San  I'rancisco. 

Seattle  Coal— TiiK  Orkcon  I.mi'ROVKMENT  Company  (coal  depart- 
ment; is  the  owner  of  the  coal  lands  producing  what  is  known  as  the 
Seattle  coal--a  lignite  Ijin.g  in  7  parallel  veins,  of  varying  thicknes.s,  on  a 
tract  of  I, .^00  acres  near  New  C'astle,  20  miles  east  of  Seattle.  The  mines 
hax  e  been  worked  for  about  10  years,  and  have  protluced  from  75,0x00  to 
100,000  tons  a  )-ear.     The  present  daily  output  is  500  tons;  but  within    12 


mgm 


msBs 


MINING   I'OK   OTllKR    MlNKRAl.S. 


Sf-Q 


months  the  progn-ssintj  iiiipiovcincnts  will  increase  llie  liuily  ca])acity  to 
1,000  tons.  Another  [)iece  of  the  companj-'s  pn)[)erty  is  the  Columbia  and 
I'ui^et  Soinul  Railroad,  a  narrow-gauge  road,  20  miles  long,  running  from 
New  Castle  to  Seattle,  and  at  present  used  almost  cxclusi\ely  for  coal 
transportation.  At  the  Seattle  terminus  an  e.\lensi\e  coal-shipping  pier  is 
being  built  of  copper-covered  piles.  The  wharf  when  conii)leteil  will  he 
1,150  feet  long,  50  feet  wide,  and  will  liave  a  capacity  of  putting  J,ooo  ton.s 
of  coal  a  da)-  on  board  ves-;els.  Connected  with  this  department  are  6 
sailing-ships,  having  a  total  capacity  of  1 1,500  tons.  They  are  engaged  in 
carrying  coal  from  Seattle  to  San  I'Vancisco.  In  addition  to  these,  the 
coinpany  ha\e  rcccntlj'  added  a  fleet  of  steamships,  consistmg  of  the 
\l'i//(jiiictt(;,  2,^00  tons;  Jl/'ss/ss/'/'/'i,  1,300  tons;  Uiiiutil/ci,  2,200  Um<.;  and 
U'ti/Zti  U'd/Ia,  2,200  tons.  These  steamers  were  designed  and  expressly 
built  for  the  economical  transp<irtation  of  coal  from  Puget  Sound  to  San 
I'Vancisco.  They  have  been  equipped  so  as  to  accommodate'  passengers  and 
general  freight  to  and  from  Puget  Sound.  The  company  own  also  the 
entire  propertj-  bounded  by  Beale,  Bryant,  Brannan,  antl  First  streets,  San 
Francisco,  and  have  there  erected  facilities  for  unloading  and  sioring  coal, 
which  are  probabl)'  the  most  complete  and  extensive  on  the  co.ist.  The 
machinery  and  app;iratus  is  capable  of  lifting  200  tons  an  hour  from  the  4 
hatches  of  a  steamer,  and  the  storage  sheds  can  accommodate  10,000  tons 
of  coal. 

Dunsmuir,  Diggle  &  Co. — The  Wellington  Colliery,  at  Departure  Bay, 
3'j  miles  north  of  Nanaimo,  the  property  of  DuN.SMUiR,  Di(;gllc  &  Co., 
though  not  opened  till  1S70,  has  j-ielded  more  coal  and  more  profit  than 
any  other  mine  on  our  coast,  but  recently  has  been  meeting  with  competi- 
tion from  several  of  the  Washington  mines.  The  capacit)'  is  1,500  tens  a 
day,  and  the  average  output  is  1 5,000  tons  a  month.  A  new  shaft,  to  be  500 
feet  deep,  and  to  furnish  additional  facilities  for  extraction,  is  now  being 
sunk.  The  price  of  the  coal  from  the  Wellington  IMine  in  California,  is 
Usually  from  $1  to  $2  more  per  ton  than  that  from  Seattle.  i\bout  half 
the  yield  is  sold  in  San  Francisco,  and  the  remainder  in  Wihnin;.;lon  (to 
Till-;  SOUTIIEKX  Pacific  Railroad  Co.MI'A.W),  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 
Dunsmuir,  Digglk  &  Co.  own  and  use  in  their  business  2  stcamshi|)s, 
the  Barnard  Castle  and  Tlylton  Castle,  and  besides  fre(iuently  charter  sail- 
ing-\es,sels.  They  employ  600  men,  half  of  whom  are  Chinamen,  pa)ing 
from  $3  to  $4.50  to  white  miners,  to  blacksmiths  and  cariJcnlers  from  .$3  lo 
$3.50,  and  to  Chinamen  from  Jii  to  $1.25  per  day.  To  accommodate  the 
laborers,  iCo  cottages  have  been  built,  besides  a  lujtel,  2  large  boarding- 
houses,  a  school-hou.se,  a  church,  and  hall,  with   Presb)tcrian  antl   .Mctho- 


) ; 


il 


I,    :r 


310  MININ'C. 

dist  services  every  Sunday.  Two  railroads,  4}<^  miles  lotic^,  convey  the 
coal  !))•  steam  from  the  mine  to  the  wharf.  The  Alexander^  built  at  the 
Skcena  Riser,  of  yellow  cetlar,  said  to  be  the  finest  tug-boat  on  the  coast,  is 
the  propert)'  of  the  firm,  .uul  is  used  in  their  business.  At  Como\,45  miles 
north  of  De[)arture  Hay,  ihey  own  1,000  acres  of  coal-field,  containing  6 
scams,  varying  from  2'i.  to  8  feet  in  thickness.  The  capital  invested  in 
th(;ir  business  is  $1,100,000.  i\Ir.  DuN.SMfiK  was  .sent  out  as  a  mining  ex- 
pert from  A)'rshire,  Scotland,  in  I1S51,  to  Vancouver  Island,  W'here  he  has 
resided  ever  since,  antl  to  him  fairly  belongs  a  large  share  of  the  credit  for 
the  successful  develojjmcnt  of  the  Nanaimo  coal  mines. 

Iron  Smelting. — -The  consum[)tion  of  iron  on  the  Pacific  Coast  amounted, 

for  iSSi,  t(i  more  than  15,000  tons,  or  about  3,500  tons  in  excess  of  the 
figures  for  the  previous  year;  while  imports  fell  off  from  13,200  tons  in 
iiS.So  to  S.r'ioo  tons  in  i.SSi.  The  dilference  is  explained  by  the  large 
increase  in  the  home  production  of  iron,  which  was  estimated,  for  iSSi,  at 
12,250  tons,  and  \ahietl  at  about  $337,000.  In  former  years  nearly  all  the 
pig-iron  consumed  here  was  imported  from  the  ICastern  States  or  from 
luirope;  but  the  smelting  works  now  in  operation  in  California,  Oregon, 
and  Washington  have  been  attended  with  such  ;i  measure  of  .success  as  to 
gi\e  assurance  that  the  importation  of  iron,  in  largo  quantities,  will  soon 
cease  to  be  a  necessity,  though  ,1  certain  iiuantit)-  of  .soft  iron  will  be 
reiiuire  I  to  mix  with  that  of  home  production.  The  average  price  of  iron 
in  San  I'"rancisco  during  the  past  5  jears  has  been  $29.75  '''  ton;  and  it  is 
claimed  In'  the  proprietors  of  furnaces  on  this  coast  that  the)' can  place  pig- 
iron  on  the  market  at  a  cost  of  $24  a  ton. 

.As  in  man\'  other  industri,-d  pursuits,  so  in  that  nf  smelting  the  most 
iiseful  of  mct.ils,  I'tali  took  the  lead  on  our  coast.  file  cost  of  transpor- 
tation was  so  high,  the  \;due  of  iron  w;is  so  little,  in  proportion  to  its 
weight,  .uul  the  Mormons  were  so  poor,  that  they  made  man)' efforts  to  ob- 
tain, at  home,  the  luedv'd  suppi)'.  The)'  erected  numerous  furnaces,  but 
generall)'  without  satisfactory  results.  I'liei'-  coal  would  not  coke;  and 
used  in  its  raw  condition  il  did  not  produce  a  gooil  (|ualit)'  of  iron.  After 
all  their  efforts  and  s.icrifices  to  obtain  iinn  in  L'tah,  llu'\'  were  still  experi- 
menting' when  the  L'niou  I'.-icific  Railroad  reacheil  them  in  iMfu;;  and,  by 
reducinL,  '''''i|;ht,  and  at  the  s.ime  time  gising  an  e.vcellent  nuuket  for  their 
agricultural  p.  -duce,  diniinislu'd  the  incentives  for  maiul.'iining  furn.ices. 
The  recent  constru...' -"  of  .  railroad  into  Iron  C'ount)',  where  exlensixo 
deposits  of  rich  ore  ;u'e  found  near  luds  of  coal,  has  turned  .itteiUion  again 
to  the  smelting  of  iron  in  l'tah,  and  it  is  probable  th.it  the  business  will 
soon  be  resuuietl  under  more  I'.u'orable  auspices. 


I 


UdMi 


MINING  FOR  OTHER  MINERALS. 


311 


Oregon  Iron. — In  the  production  of  iron  on  the  Pacific  Coa.st,  Oregon 
came  next  after  Utah,  with  a  .set  of  fuvnaccs,  built  in  1865  by  Tin;  Ore- 
(;o\  Iron  ComtanV  at  O.swego,  on  the  Willamette  River,  7  miles  above 
Portland.  The  first  shipment  of  ore  to  San  Francisco,  consisting  of  50 
ton.s,  was  made  in  1S67.  Charcoal  is  made  in  the  adjacent  forests.  One 
hundred  and  fifty  Chinamen  are  employed  in  cutting  the  wood  at  $1  a 
cord,  and  the  coal  is  charred  and  delivered  at  the  furnace  at  a  co.st  of  6}^ 
cents  a  bushel.  The  limestone,  required  for  flux,  is  brought  from  the 
Tacoma  quarries,  in  Washington,  at  a  cost  of  $5.50  a  ton,  and  is  used  to 
the  extent  of  1,000  tons  a  year.  yVbout  140  bushels  of  charcoal  and  3  tons 
of  ore  arc  required  to  produce  a  ton  of  iron.  The  cost  of  the  charcoal 
would  be  .'jiy.  10,  and  the  ore  is  extracted  and  brought  to  the  mine  at  an  ex- 
pense of  $2.10  a  ton.  The  iron  finds  a  ready  market  in  Oregon  and  California. 
When  used  alone,  it  is  found  to  be  too  soft  for  manufacturing  purposes,  anil 
i.s,  thereibre,  mixed  with  .Scotch  pig-iron.  The  price  has  varied  from  $25 
to  $30  a  ton,  and  the  sales  for  1 88 1  exceeded  $150,000.  About  300  persons 
are  employed  in  the  mine  and  works;  the  miners  receiving  $3,  and  laborers 
$2  a  day. 

Between  1867  and  1869  the.se  work.s  produced  2,400  tons  of  iron.  The 
furnace  then  remained  idle  until  Marcii,  1874,  and  continued  in  operation 
until  the  fall  of  \S/('>,  producing  during  the  interval  about  5,000  tons.  The 
following  year  the  property  passed  into  the  hands  of  its  [iresent  proprietors, 
Tllli  Os\vi;(;o  Iron  Co.MPANY.  The  works  are  located  f)n  the  west  bank 
of  the  Willamette  River,  and  are  connected  by  railroad  with  the  mine, 
which  is  3  miles  distant.  I'he  ore  is  conveyed  by  a  train  of  0  cars,  each 
one  carrying  a  load  of  5  tons,  and  is  delivered  by  contract  at  70  cents  a  ton. 
Tlie  average  yield  is  about  lOO  tons  a  day,  and  at  this  rate  it  is  estimated 
that  it  will  lake  50  years  to  e.xhaust  the  tle[)osil.  Tlie  thickness  of  the 
vein  varies  from  6  to  20  feet,  and  a  shaft  has  been  sunk  to  a  depth  of  Ooo 
feet.  Tile  ore  is  a  brown  hematite,  and  yields  about  40  per  cent,  of  iron. 
The  blast-furnace  is  a  large  structure,  over  40  feet  in  height,  aiul  is  cajjable 
of  [HDilucing  500  tons  a  moiilh. 

Calitbrnian  Iron. — The  only  productive  iron  mine  in  California  is  at 
Ilotaling,  3  miles  from  Clipi)er  Gap  and  45  from  Sacramento.  It  wa^ 
ojjcned  by  TiiK  Cami'OKMA  Irox  AM)  Sti;i:i,  Comi'.wv  in  May,  18S1, 
and  has  a  ma.ximum  capacity  to  jiroduce  45  tons  of  pig-metal  in  24  hours, 
or  about  15,000  tons  in  a  year.  Tlic  company  own  7,800  acres  of  limber  land, 
to  supply  material  for  charcoal,  31  miles  of  wagon  road,  for  ihe  tr.uispoil.i- 
titJii  of  their  coal  and  iron,  26  patent  charcoal-kilns,  each  of  wliicli  lidlds  .^5 
cords  i)f  Wood,  and  extensive  dci)osits  of  rich  ores  of  the  kinds  knimn  a.  limo- 


312 


MIXING. 


nitc,  oclicioiis  liiiioiiilc,  and  magnetite.  The  last  contains  69  per  cent,  of  iron; 
tlif.  iinioiiitc  anil  (niurous  liuK^nitc  from  53  to  57  percent.  Pliospliorus  and 
sulphur  are  cillicr  lackinLC  or  so  small  in  quantit)-  as  not  to  injure  the  qual- 
it)'  of  the  metal.  On  their  lantl,  and  near  their  furnaces,  arc  large  deposits 
of  marble,  e.xcellenl  for  fluxing  pur[joses.  Their  timber  consists  mainly 
of  fir,  yellow  pine,  and  s[)i'uce,  and  j-iekls  good  charcoal.  Their  iron  bore 
a  tensile  strain  varj'ing  iVom  S  to  15  Ions  to  the  square  inch — conclusive 
jMoof  of  high  strength — and  has  been  useil  with  success  in  making  car- 
wheels,  chilling  reatlil)-  and  evenly.  The  common  Scotch  iron  bears  a  ten- 
sile strain  of  about  3  tons.  The  640-acre  tract  on  which  the  buildings  arc 
situated  is  supposed  to  be  one  vast  ore-field,  as  evidences  of  the  existence 
of  ore  appear  in  all  directifins.  Besides  this  vast  su|)ply,  the  company  has 
in  po.s.session  some  80  acres,  called  the  Scf)tt  Mine,  about  4  miles  from  the 
works,  and  on  the  road  to  Auburn.  On  a  portion  of  liiis  proix.'rly,  visible 
from  the  road,  2  cuts  liave  been  made,  revealing  a  magnificent  deposit  of 
ore  of  richest  quality,  In  the  mines  in  the  \icinity  of  the  furnaces,  5  cuts 
have  been  made,  near  each  other;  and  in  one  or  2  of  them,  true  fissure 
veins,  u  ilh  well-defined  walls,  ha\e  been  (.leveloped.  In  cut  No.  3,  near  ihc 
works,  a  shaft  lias  been  sunk  to  a  depth  of  60  feet,  all  tlie  way  through 
solid  iron  ore  of  a  most  superior  (|ualit)'.  The  ore  is  limoniteaml  rcil  hem- 
atite, with  occasional  deposits  of  magnetite,  and  is  very  rich,  yielding  as 
high  as  62  per  cent,  of  iron,  anil  is  free  from  phosphates  and  sulphurets. 
Tile  (|uality  of  the  iron  is  ec|urd  to  any,  and  greatlj'  sujierior  to  most 
ilescripliiins,  used  in  .San  l''rancisco.  At  our  foundries  some  ordinarj'  tests 
ha\e  been  made  ol  its  [lowers  of  resistance.  It  has  taken  16  blows  to 
fracture  a  pig  of  Californian  pig-iron,  while  a  pieci:  of  Scotch  iron  of  the 
same  dimensions  jielded  at  one  blow  from  a  sledge-hammer  in  the  same 
lianils.  Jhe  high  (pialit)-  of  the  iron  is  secured  In-  the  use  of  charcoal. 
The  consumption  of  that  fuel  amounts  to  ij.ooo  bushels  in  a  )ear.  A\.  the 
present  lime  there  are  charcoal-camps,  distant  3,  6,  and  8  miles  from  the 
works,  and  26  brick-built  kilns  with  a  capacity  for  45  cords  of  wood  (mostly 
jiine),  which  yiekl  in  a  ila)'  4,(Xio  bushels  of  charcoal.  It  requires  a  fiirceof 
75  hanils,  incluiling  charcoal-burners  aiul  teamsters,  to  supplj-  the  fuel;  20 
miners  to  pi-o\  ide  the  ore;  30  hands  .it  the  furnaces,  working  day  and  night 
shifts;  and  1.;  for  incidental  wurk,  ;i  total  of  137  haiuls.  N(j  Chinamen  are 
employed.  It  costs  the  c<imp,in\-  about  .$20  a  ton  to  produce  the  iron.  The 
foundrii'-i  at  (irass  \  alle),  I  )utch  Mat,  Virginia  t'it>-,  and  San  I-'rancisco, 
the  Paeifu-  Rolling-mills  ;md  the  iDlling-mills  of  the  t'eiitral  Pacific  Kail- 
road  (ompanvat  Sacramento,  have  worked  the  iron,  and  fiml  that,  in  every 
essential  (|nalitv,  it  comp.ni's  favorably  with  the  In.Nt  foreign  article. 

The   reduction   of  iion  ure  In  the   pig  iron  of  commerce,  is  accomplisiicd 


KWMtMMMMRI 


„uuiiMi^iimmmm 


>n\iN(;  roR  otiikr  mint-rais. 


313 


in  the  following  manner  at  these  fur^ace^>:  The  or;  is  first  retlucecl  to  laiLje 
nut  size  by  an  Kclipse  rock-breaker,  which  is  worked  bj'  a  30  horse-power 
engine,  and  is  capable  of  breaking  80  tons  in  a  day.  It  is  then  hoisted  ta 
the  top  of  the  furnace,  together  with  the  charcoal  and  limestone,  in  the 
proportion  of  one  ton  of  ore  to  120  pounds  of  limestone  anti  150  bushels 
of  charcoal.  When  filled,  the  furnace  is  fired ;  and  as  the  mass  becomes 
heated,  melts,  and  sinks  down,  new  material  is  ad'ded  from  time  to  time. 
About  once  every  8  hours  the  molten  mass  is  drawn  off;  first  the  irmi, 
which  lies  at  the  bottom,  and  is  run  off  into  molds;  then  the  slag,  or  fiuid 
cinder,  composed  of  the  earthy  ingredients  of  the  ore,  and,  finally,  ihr  iUi.k 
and  fuel  which  had  been  floating  on  the  surface. 

The   hot-air   blast    is    used   at    the  company's   ftirii.n'  The   blowing 

engine  is  of  12-,  horse-power,  and  tli.scharges  4,000  li^-h  feet  of  air  per 
miimle.  I'rom  the  blowing  cylinders  the  air  passes  to  tli  hot-blast  ovens, 
".vhich  contain  nearly  6  tons  of  iron  tubes,  arr.mged  in  a  I'm  lirick  ehaiiiber, 
and  heated  b>-  the  combustion  of  gases  tlrawn  from  Ihi:  inp  of  the  lurnace 
by  means  of  an  oblitpiely  placeil  pipe,  about  6  feet  in  circiimfereme,  called 
a  "  d  jwn-comcr."  I'he  (piantity  of  gas  evolveil  from  ihis  lurnan  1,  r\tra- 
oulinar)',  and  is  due,  no  iloubt,  to  the  resinous  characti'r  of  the  wmnl  used 
in  the  making  of  the  charcoal.  It  is  necessary  to  thaw  t)ff  a  largi'  surplus 
of  gas,  which  is  done  by  means  of  a  tall  pipe  al  the  lop  of  ilu-  furnace; 
and  al  night  tin  1  n.iia  of  colored  llames  arn'iiid  the  ii  ;ith  of  this  pi|)e  is 
i  grand  si'.du,  illuminating  all  the  surrounding  countr) .  The  introduciii>n 
of  heated  lir  saves  nearly  50  per  cent,  of  fuel,  and  make>  a  material  ledue- 
tion  in  the  cost  of  manufacture  antl  a  like  increase  in  the  profits.  The 
originatons  of  this  enterpri.se,  A.  1'.  1  U>r.\i,iNt;,  Iu\iN(i  M.  Scoi  1,  and 
EgBI.U  I'  Juii.su  ■,  the  last  the  presitlent  of  the  comi)an)',  have  e^tablisheil 
the  firsi  permanent  iron  furnace  in  California.  ICnougli  iron  ore  was 
smcUt'd  in  1856  at  Grass  Vallej'  to  supply  material  fi)r  the  casting.s  of  a 
quart/.-inill  made  there. 


Waphinjri        Iron.— Till':    rri;Kr    .SorN'n    lunx    ('(imi'.wv    have    a 
furnair  ■uulalc,  y  miles  from  I'lUl    Townseml,  and  ha\e  been  in  opera- 

tion ^i;l^•,•  Fcbruar)',  18H1.  They  obtain  ores  from  ihe  C'himacnm  Irun 
Mine,  .ibout  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  furnace,  pa_\  ing  a  royalty  for  the 
l)ri\ilege,  and  from  the  Te.vad.i  Mine,  on  Te.\ada  Isknul  in  the  (iulf  of 
(ieorgia,  I  50  miles  (Vom  bond. de,  anil  accessible  by  water  commimic.ilion. 
The  Chimacmn  Mine  has,  uithin  j  feet  of  the  surface  1  r.iimn  nt  bog 
ore  22  inciies  thick,  o\er  an  aiea  of  Ooo  acres.  It  can  be  .icliveicd  al  the 
furnace  for  $1  a  ton,  and  will  )  ield  from  50  to  55  l^'i'  cent,  of  rnelal.  The 
deposit  will  keep  a  .(.o-ton  fuinaei:  running  lor  20  yeais.  The  lex. id. i  vm 
4J 


314 


MINING. 


is  found  in  a  fissure  vein  80  feet  wide,  containing  62  per  cent  of  metal  in- 
exhaustible in  quantity,  and  thouijli  it  needs  to  be  desulphurized  by  burn- 
inff  or  roastin;^,  is  excellent  in  quality.  J.  M.  WllITK,  who  examined  this 
deposit,  iaiil,  that  of  all  the  iron  deposits  known  to  him,  "it  is  the  finest, 
cheapest,  and  best  ore  for  the  production  of  iron  upon  this  coast,  if  not  in 
the  United  St.itcs."  The  cost  of  tleliverinsj  the  ore  at  the  furnace  from 
either  mine  docs  not  exceed  .$2  a  ton,  includiii,Lj  the  royalty.  The  iron  pro- 
ducc:tl  from  the  ore  of  the  Chimacum  Mine  is  very  soft,  while  that  ob- 
taineil  from  the  Te.xada  ore  is  of  much  harder  quality.  By  mixing  them 
an  article  is  produced  that  is  suitable  for  commerce.  Charcoal  is  made  in 
the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  furnace  from  fir  timber,  which  is  there  very 
abundant.  Lime  rock,  for  flux,  is  procured  on  the  San  Juan  and  Orcas 
islands,  at  a  cost  of  .fi.so  a  ton.  In  the  summer  of  1881  the  furnace  was 
running  night  and  da}-,  and  i)roducing,  every  24  hours,  from  8  to  lo  tons  of 
iron,  worth  over  $30  a  ton.  A  large  furnace  for  roasting  ore  has  been 
built  near  the  smelting-furnace,  and  an  extensive  brickyard  is  in  operation 
ill  the  \icinily.  .\  wharf  leads  out  from  the  com])any's  works,  deep  enough 
for  the  loatling  of  vessels.  Many  new  buildings  ha\e  been  erected,  includ- 
ing a  hotel  ami  store,  for  the  accommodation  of  the  workmen;  and  it  is 
antieipaled  that,  before  long,  the  mine  and  furnaces  will  afford  direct  em- 
ploN-uKiU  111  200  or  250  pf  rsons.  The  company  are  about  to  erect  a  new 
smelting-fuin.icc,  with  a  cipacity  to  smelt  40  tons  a  day,  and  also  a  pud- 
dling-fiUMiacc.  The  principal  sharelujldcrs  are  JoilN  A.  P.WTO.N,  J.  11. 
RKDINlilON,    IIl.\CM,i:V,    Si'IKKS    &     II.WES,    PorK     &     T.M.IJOT,     II.     L. 

iJoiKii:,  Ci.  W.  I'KliSCoiT,  A.  CliAliOT,  and  J.  G.  Kellogc;,  of  .San  ]'"ran- 
cisco  and  Oakland.     CVUL'S  Wai.KER  is  president. 

Chrome  Iron. — Chrome  iron  is  found  in  man)-  jiortions  of  California,  but 
the  only  mii\es  now  [jrodueing  ore  are  5  miles  south-ueslward  from  the 
town  of  .San  l.uis  Obispo.  They  are  about  1, 800  feet  abo\e  the  level  of 
the  sea,  and  extend  along  the  mountain  side  for  a  tlislance  of  2  miles.  The 
ore  is  abundant,  .iiul  much  of  it  contains  50  per  cent.  n(  oxitle  of  chro- 
nn'um  ;  and  10  pounds  of  the  oxide  sulTice  Id  make  16  of  the  bichromate 
of  potash,  which  is  in  ilemand  for  dyes,  jiainls,  and  electric  batteries.  The 
ore  is  shippeil  lo  the  .Atlantic,  and  there  reduced.  A  man  can  take  out  i)i 
tons  r)f  the  ore  in  a  il.i\';  and  tlu'  quantit)' e.\|)orted  has  amounted  to  about 
5,000  tons  a  yeai- 

Quicksilver.  -It  is  a  fortunate  fact  for  the  gold  and  siher  mim'ng  indiis- 
lri<  I  if  our  slnpi  that  California  has  numerous  rich  cimiabar  deposits,  which, 
al  all  lime.s  since  ihcopeiiinyof  the  placers  (jf  the  Si<;rra  Nevada,  have  yielded 


iiiiililMi 


MININT,    FOR   (1TII1:K    MINERALS. 


315 


more  quicksilver  than  was  ncccssar)-  (ov  tlic  reduction  of  the  precious  metals 
b)-  amalijaination.  The  production  befjan  in  1 850,  and  from  that  j'ear  to  1 SS i 
inclusive,  the  total  yield,  according  to  a  careful  investif,^-ltion  by  J.  K  RandoL, 
was  1,197,000  flasks  of  /6l4  pounds  each,  or  4,578  tons.  The  yield  in  1877 
was  larger  than  in  any  otlier  year,  and  was  79,000  flasks;  in  1S78,  it  was 
Cj.ooo;  in  1S79,  73,000;  in  1880,  59,000;  and  in  1881,  58,000.  In  the 
year  last  mentioned,  the  New  Almaden  Mine  produced  26,000  flasks; 
the  .Sulphur  Banks,  11,000;  the  Great  Western,  6,000;  the  Oat  Hill,  5,000; 
and  other  mines  smaller  quantities.  About  40  different  mines  ha\e  pro- 
duced quicksilver  in  (California,  but  the  mines  which  ha\e  reached  a  total 
production  of  1,000  flasks  each,  do  not  number  20;  aiul  those  which  |)aiil  a 
net  profit  to  the  miners,  have  not  exceeded  10.  yVbout  20  mines  are  now 
worked.  All  arc  in  the  Coast  Mountains  and  within  50  miles  of  the  oce.in, 
and  nearly  all  within  100  miles  of  San  I'rancisco,  the  most  j)roductive 
rctjions  being  the  \icinities  of  New  Almaden  and  Clear  I,ake.  The  |>rice  in 
1881  ranged  from  37  to  40  cents  a  pound;  in  1875,  when  the  silver  jieUl  of 
the  Comstock  lode  was  greatest,  the  price  reacheil  .$1.55.  .About  that  timi 
our  slo|)e  consumed  nearly  3,000  flasks  a  month;  now  it  uses  about  2,oou. 
In  the  siUer  quartz  mills  \  y^  pounds  of  cjuicksiher  are  lost  for  every  10  of 
ore  amalgamatcil  on  the  average;  in  gold  quartz  mills  the  loss  is  half  ai 
much;  and  a  considerable  quantity  is  consumed  in  the  sluices.  The  ore  is 
found  in  deposits,  not  in  veins;  and  is  reduced  by  heating  to  a  white  heal, 
under  the  influence  of  which  the  metal  passes  off  in  a  vapor  to  eouling 
chambers,  in  which  it  is  condensed.  Among  the  great  ciuicksilver  mines  of 
the  world,  the  New  /Mmailen,  of  California,  ranks  ne.\t  to  the  Almaden,  of 
Spain,  which  has  held  the  first  place  for  2,000  )ears. 

Copper. — Copper  ores  are  abundant  on  our  slope,  but  the  high  i)riccs  of 
labor,  fuel,  ami  tr.ansportation  have  prevented  the  working  of  many  \i'in ;, 
which,  if  in  lun'o[)e,  would  yiekl  immense  revenues.  I'here  are,  however, 
some  very  profitable  mines  in  /Xrizona,  which  Territors'  bids  fair  to  take  a 
prominent  place  in  the  i)r(jduction  of  cop|)er.  It  h.is  numerous  large  and 
rich  \-eins  of  cuiinferous  minerals,  which  can  be  reduced  ,it  eonipar;iti\fl\- 
little  expense.  The  C'opper  (jueen  Mine,  ;it  liisbee,  in  the  l.iller  part  of 
1881,  [iroduccd  more  than  10  tons  of  metal  dail)',  on  an  a\erage,  New 
Mexico  and  .Sonora  are  also  rich  in  copper  ori's.  'i'he  most  pioducli\e  >(ippcr 
mine  of  California  is  at  Si)ence\ille,  \e\ada  County,  wheiv  there  is  a  large 
leael  of  ore  containing  from  2  to  6  pi'r  cent,  of  inet.il.  This  oic  is  jiiled 
into  a  he.ii)  with  fuel,  set  on  fiie,  and  allowed  to  roast  for  3  or  .j  month  , 
after  which  the  metal  is  in  a  con<lition  to  be  sep.iraled  by  leacliin;.;- and  pre- 
cipitation.     Large  amounts  of  copper  ore  wen;  obtaineil  Iroiii   the  \icinity 


3i6 


MINING. 


I' 


of  Coppci'opolis  (lining  the  War  of  the  Rebellion;  but  after  the  restoration 
of  peace,  the  mines  became  unprofitable,  and  little  has  been  done  there 
within  the  last  i6  j-ears. 

Antimony. — The  annual  production   of  this  metal  on   the  coast  now 
amounts  to  about  200  tons,  of  which  at  least  three  fourths  arc  sliippcd  to 


New  y 


The  ores  treated — sulphurets  so  poor  as  not  to  be  worth  work- 


ing otherwise — are  obtained  in  Humboldt  County,  Nevada,  where  the 
dei)osit  is  in  2  parallel  veins  about  lOO  feet  apart,  the  croppings  being 
casih-  traced  for  more  than  a  mile.  It  carries,  by  analysis,  over  62  per 
cent,  of  antimony,  and  costs  delivered  at  San  Francisco  .$16  per  ton.  The 
(jroduction  of  the  slope  is  not  only  sufficient  for  its  own  wants,  but  has  be- 
sides about  stopped  importation  into  the  United  States  from  foreign  coun- 
tries. The  industry  is  not  one  in  which  many  compete ;  there  being,  so  far 
as  is  known,  but  3  works  of  the  kind  outside  of  California — one  each  in 
I'lngland,  I'rance,  and  Germany.  The  principal  smelters  and  refiners  on 
the  coast  are  SlAKR  &  M.vniisox,  established  at  San  iM'ancisco  in  1872, 
who  produce  an  article  known  commercially  as  Star  Regulus. 

Lead. — Lead  is  obtained  incidentally  in  the  reduction  of  argentifer- 
ous galena,  and  is  not  the  main  object  of  the  miner's  toil  anywhere  on  our 
slope.  The  amount  of  the  annual  production  ranges  from  10,000  to  25,- 
000  tons,  the  yield  being  irregular.  The  market  value  at  the  mines  is 
usuall)' about  $75,  and  in  San  I'rancisco,  $100  a  ton;  while  the  precious 
metal  obtained  by  the  same  )Droccsses  from  the  same  ore  may  be  worth  3 
or  ,|  limes  as  much.  Those  processes  are  described  in  the  chapter  on  silver 
mining,  'i'he  iJioduction  of  lead  greatly  c.\ceeds  the  consumption  on  our 
slo])e,  and  most  of  the  surplus  is  sent  to  New  York,  though  small  quanti- 
ties are  exported  to  China  and  other  countries  on  the  Pacific. 

Petroleum. —  The  I'acific  Coast  consumes  about  5,000,000  gallons  of 
kerciiene  annually;  and  the  Californian  wells,  the  only  ones  on  our  slope, 
])riMluced  4,194,000  gallons  in  iS.Si;  1,780,000  in  kSSo;  834,000  in  1879; 
and  039,cx3o  in  1878.  These  figures  show  a  wonderful  increase  recentl\', 
and  an;  \ery  encouraging  for  the  iulme.  I'etroleum  springs  are  found 
at  nian\-  pl.ices  in  California,  ami  doubtless  supplieil  the  material  wiiich, 
after  exposure  to  the  air,  hardened  into  the  extensive  beds  of  asphal- 
lum  in  Los  .Angeles  ami  .Santa  Barbara  counties.  In  18O4  a  petro- 
leum feviM-  took  possession  of  the  State,  and  at  least  .$500,000  were 
spent  in  unprofitable  borings,  including  $250,000  in  Ventura  Count)'.  In 
18O5  there  were  62  petroleum  companies  incorporated  in  California,  and  of 


™^^ n  MilBiiUfmii 


uiBMMilU 


^BU 


MIXIXC.    KOK    OTIIKK    NtlXKRAI.S. 


these  31  were  formcil  to  lioic  for  oil  in  Iluinboklt  C(nint>-,  g  fur  Colusa,  7 
for  Contra  Costa,  3  for  Los  Angeles,  and  smaller  numbers  for  other  counties. 
I lumboklt,  Colusa,  antl  Contra  Costa  h;ivc  never  i)rocluce(J  any  oil,  while 
Ventura,  which  is  not  nK'ntionetl  in  the  list,  liail  several  I'ennsj-lvanian 
companies  at  work.  The  deejiest  petroleum  wells  in  California  are,  one  of 
1,600  feet,  at  Sulphur  -Mountain,  Ventura;  another  at  Sespe,  in  the  same 
county;  a  third  at  Mattole,  Humboldt  County,  1,166  feet;  and  a  fourth  in 
Santa  Cruz,  1,000  feet  dee[).  Most  of  the  )-icld  comes  from  Los  AnL,fcles; 
Santa  Clara  is  second  in  its  production,  and  Ventura  ihiril.  15orini;s  are  in 
profjress  in  Santa  Cruz  and  .San  Mateo. 

It  is  not  probab'e  thai  ilic  od  pro^luction  of  Califoriu'a  will  ever  approach 
that  of  Pennsylvania.  \Vc  lia\-e  no  such  wist  coal  ileposils,  and  the  strata 
alon_^r  much  of  oiu- coast  stand  verticall}',  so  that  we  ha\e  no  I'eason  to  sup- 
pose the  existence  of  such  reservoirs  of  oil  as  there  ma\'  be  in  an  exten- 
sive coal  region  burietl  under  horizontal  sandstone  strata,  like  those  of 
Pennsylvania. 

In  his  geological  essay,  in  the  report  of  Lieut.  Wlll'.Kl.KU's  survey  for  1876, 
Prof  Ji;li;.S  MaucoU  speaks  thus  of  the  Ixirings  for  oil  in  the  San  I'er- 
nando  district:  "  Hitherto  all  the  boring  h,is  been  done  in  the  worst  l(3cali- 
ties  that  could  possibly  have  been  selected.  \Vhere\er  a  few  insignificant 
petroleiun  springs  ga\'e  specidators  the  hope  of  m.iking  a  sudden  fortime, 
they  went  to  boring  at  once,  without  thinking  of  the  liiture.  Whoever  wishes 
to  succeed  must  leave  the  vicinity  of  the  Sierra  MaLlre,  and  the  sununits 
of  the  San  Fernando  Sierra,  and  go  to  the  Vallej'  of  the  .Santa  Clara,  or  to 
that  of  the  San  I'ernando.  There  will  be  a  better  prospect,  however,  at 
the  bottom  of  the  Santa  Clara  Vallej'."  Since  that  was  written  7  years  ha\e 
elapsed  without  confirming  M.VRCOU'.S  opinion  of  the  superior  richness  of 
the  Santa  Clara  X'alley  in  petroleum. 

Pacific  Coast  Oil  Company. —  The  rajiid  increase  in  the  production  of 
Californian  petroleum,  within  the  last  3  )-ears,  is  due  maiiils-  to  the  enler- 
pri.sc  of  TiiK  ['.uiric:  Coast  Oil  Comcaxv,  an  organization  of  S.m 
I*"ranci.sco,  of  .San  Francisco  capitalists,  under  C.  N.  l''i;i,i'i  i.x,  president, 
with  D.  G.  .S(.'()l'II'.I.n,  as  auditor,  and  L.  1).  Imsk,  secretai)-.  They  ha\e 
combined  with  or  succeeded  to  Tin;  San  1  .\  Cl.\u.\  Pl'.lKoi.i.iM  Comi'ANV, 
Tilt:  Cai.ii'okxia  Stau  Ou.-wokks  Cu.mi'ANV,  Tiii',  St.vxd.vkd  Oii.  Com- 
I'AXV,  and  TiiK  Sax  I'kwcisco  rinuor.t.LM  Co.mi'axv,  so  that  tlu'>-  no,v 
nearly  monopolize  the  pioduction  and  lefming  of  petroleum  in  \hr  .Stale. 
They  have  obtained  control  of  64,000  acres  of  oil  l.ind  in  l.os  Angeles 
County,  62,000  in  Ventura,  and  32,000  in  .Santa  Cruz,  San  Clara,  and  San 
Miitco  counties.     These  tracts  inchulc  nearly  cverjlhing  supposed  lo  be  of 


31« 


MINING, 


much  value  for  the  protluction  of  petroleum  in  the  State.  The  most  pro- 
ductive oil  district  is  the  San  Fcrnanclo,  in  the  north-western  corner  of  Los 
Anj^elcs  Count}-;  and  the  second  is  the  vicinity  of  Alma,  in  Santa  Clara 
Counts'.  The  well  nearest  to  San  I'rancisco  is  about  25  miles  distant,  and 
nearly  due  south.  TUK  PACIFIC  CoAST  OIL  COMPANY  have  obtained 
these  important  results  by  larije  expenditures  in  yettins.^  possession  of  their 
lands,  boring  wells,  and  providing  the  necessary  machinery. 

At  Al.uneda  Point,  TilK  P.vcil'ic  COAST  Oil,  Co.MPANV  has  the  only 
large  petroleum  refinery  on  our  slope.  Their  works,  constructed  in  1 880, 
are  extensive,  complete,  and  solid,  and  built  upon  plans  prepared  with  the 
aid  of  the  latest  improvements  for  economy,  dispatch  of  business,  and 
securit)'.  The  crude  i)etroleum  is  to  be  brought  from  the  wells,  by  rail,  in 
tank-cars,  and  emptied  by  steam-pumps  into  the  tanks,  which  ha\e  a  ca- 
pacit)' of  1,000,000  gallons.  Nine  stills,  the  largest  of  which  liolds  45,000 
gallons,  are  engaged  in  the  work  of  refining  and  producing  illuminating  oil, 
light  and  dark  lubricating  oils,  gasolines,  benzine,  naphthas,  and  so  forth, 
each  still  making  a  distinct  fluid.  Two  artesian  wells  supply  fresh  water, 
and  pipes  bring  salt  water  fnjm  the  bay.  The  boiler  has  100  horse-power; 
and  the  pi]ies  in  use  for  connecting  the  different  parts  of  the  works  have  an 
aggregate  length  of  5  miles.  Tiic  works  ha\c  lathes  for  machine  work, 
implements  to  cut  their  own  pipe,  and  a  department  for  making  their  own 
cans  and  cases. 

Asphaltum.  —  Hcds  of  asphaltum  (apparently  formed  b)-  petroleimi 
springs,  the  lighter  portion  of  the  fluid  ha\ing  e\aporatcd  in  the  course  of 
ages),  are  found  at  many  places  between  San  Jose  and  Los  yXngcles.  At 
most  of  these  springs  the  flow  of  petroleum,  and  the  accumulation  of 
asphaltum  are  small,  Init  at  several,  acres  arccovereil  with  a  deposit,  some  of 
it  hard  and  other  [)ortions  almost  as  soft  as  thick  tar,  in  which  cattle  arc 
not  unfrequcntly  lost  by  miring  down.  The  most  notable  asphaltum  de- 
posit on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  at  the  Hrca  Rancho,  8  miles  from  the  city  of 
Los  .Angeles,  where  60  acres  are  covered  bj'  it,  and  an  excavation  in  it  has 
gone  dnwi'  ^o  feet  without  finding  soil.  The  crude  material  is  also  found 
in  large  (|uantil,\'  on  the  beach  near  the  town  of  Santa  Harbara,  in  a  situa- 
tion \er)'  cotuenieiit  for  loading  schooners.  This  bcil  is  the  chief  source 
of  suppl)-  for  the  .San  I'rancisco  market,  which  demands  about  1,500  tons 
annual!)-,  worth  about  $25  a  ton.  The  greater  part  of  the  supplj-  comes 
frf)m  .Santa  Barbara  and  San  Luis  Obispo  counties,  and  sometimes  one 
fifth  from  an  as|)haltum  bed  near  Gilroy.  The  Los  Angeles  deposit  yields 
500  tons  uniuiall)-  for  the  use  of  the  southern  part  of  the  .State.  The 
nnneral  .serves  for  roofs,  sidewalks,  pavements,  and  floors  in  cellars  and  iri 


:\[IXINO    KOK   OTIIICK    MINERALS. 


3  "9 


basements.  The  Santa  Barbara  asphaltum  is  a  stonc-likc  mineral,  which  is 
shipped  as  it  is  diicj  up  from  the  bed ;  the  asphakum  of  Los  Aiii^'cles  and 
Gilroy  is  hkc  thick  tar,  and  is  boiled,  to  drive  off  the  volatile  material,  before 
shipment.  When  asphaltum  is  to  be  used  for  roofing  material  it  is  thinned 
with  coal  tar,  about  50  gallons  of  the  latte-'  being  boiled  with  a  ton  of  the 
former.  This  mixture  is  applied  with  coar.se  brushes  to  a  covering  of  tiiick 
felt  fastened  on  the  roof.  For  sidewalk.s,  the  asphaltum  is  melted,  and  as 
much  fnie  gravel  is  stirred  in  as  the  fluid  will  take  without  losing  its  viscous 
consistency.  This  mixture  when  well  made,  put  down  on  a  good  founda- 
tion, and  carefully  smoothed  with  large  jjieces  of  hot  iron,  makes  one  of 
the  best  sidewalks — smooth,  clean,  and  durable.  Prof.  Jui.ES  M.VKCOU,  in 
hi:>  geological  paper  in  the  report  of  Lieut.  Wueelf.r'.s  geological  survey 
for  1 076,  says  "there  is  a  prospect  of  getting  magnificent  and  very  rich 
quarries  of  asphaltum"  in  the  San  Fernando  oil  region;  and  he  predicts 
that  "these  quarries  will  certainly  one  day  be  worked  with  the  most  satis- 
factory results."  Five  )X'ars  have  elapsed  since  that  prediction  was  matle, 
without  any  perceptible  approach  to  realization. 

Sulphur. — Sulphur  is  found  at  maiiy  places  on  our  coast,  the  most 
notable  deposits  being  those  at  Sulphur  Hank  in  the  Humboldt  Valley, 
Nevada;  the  Sulphur  Bank  in  Lake  County;  and  the  sulphur  bed  in  Ven- 
tura County,  Californi.i;  and  near  Muleje  in  Lower  California.  It  is  usually 
mixed  with  volcanic  ashes,  the  latter  forming  from  60  to  80  pet  cent,  of  the 
mass.  The  annual  [M-oduction  of  the  marketable  sulphur  is  1,000  tons,  anil 
the  consumption  is  3,500  tons,  the  surplus  conung  from  Japan  and  Sicily. 
The  only  important  reduction  works  on  our  slope  are  at  the  I  lumbolt  Sulphur 
Bank,  where  the  crude  material  is  melted  by  steam,  and  the  sul[)hur,  .4.0  per 
cent,  of  the  mass,  runs  off  Sulphur  was  obtained  for  j'cars  from  the  Laki' 
County  Sulpliur  Bank,  but  the  establishment  there  was  abandoned  about 
1870.  The  Mormons  matle  sulphur  from  L'tah  de[)osits  as  early  as  i860; 
the  Mexicans  obtain  their  supplies  from  their  volcanoes. 

Various  Minerals.— -Fxtcnsive  diatomaccous  strata,  found  in  various 
parts  of  California  and  Nevada,  contain  a  vast  supply  of  material  for  an 
excellent  polishing  powder.  The  deposit,  composed  of  the  silicious  shells 
of  the  minute  mollusks  ot  a  remote  geological  age,  is  usually  of  a  cream 
color,  and  apparently  free  from  mixture  with  any  other  substance. 

Minerals  resembling  soa[)  i'l  general  appearance,  feeling,  ;ind  readi- 
ness to  mix  into  an  unctuous  fluid  when  rubbeil  with  water, exist  in  \arious 
counties  of  California,  and  in  several  instances  they  have  been  prepared  for 


.520 


^rI^•^^•c,. 


the  market  as  "rock  soap."  They  are  poor  in  allcalics,  but  rich  in  materials 
that  act  mcclianically  on  dirt. 

Hydraulic  cement  is  made  of  quicklime,  obtained  from  nearly  pure  car- 
bonate of  lime,  mixed  with  clay  or  aluminous  earth,  and  these  materials 
arc  obtained  at  Bcnicia  and  at  Santa  Cruz,  California.  Steatite,  or  soap- 
stone,  is  abundant  in  El  Dorado  County,  California. 

A  deposit  of  graphite,  near  Columbia,  in  Tuolumne  County,  was  worked 
for  several  years  previous  to  1 868,  but  has  since  been  abandoned.  It  con- 
tains a  large  proportion  of  clay,  and  was  never  profitable. 

Gypsum  exists  in  many  places  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

There  is  no  home  demand  for  the  roofing  slates,  which  could  be  obtained 
in  great  abundance  from  quarries  in  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Diamonds  have  been  found  at  several  places  in  California,  especially  at 
Cherokee,  in  Butte  County,  but  not  in  sufficient  quantity  to  compensate  a 
special  search  for  them. 


iHiiiMMiii 


THE  FISH  SUPPLY. 


321 


DIVISION  V.-FISHERIES,  ETC. 


CHAPTER  XIX.— THE  FISH  SUPPLY. 

Fish  Abundant. — The  waters  of  the  North  Pacific,  and  especially  those 
on  the  American  side,  arc  wonderfully  rich  in  many  valuable  kinds  of  fish. 
Most  of  the  species  arc  different  from  those  of  the  Atlantic,  but  the  impor- 
tant kinds  are  well  represented  here,  including  the  tad,  halibut,  mackerel, 
herring,  salmon,  smelt,  sardine,  flounder,  and  sturgeon.  Of  the  kinds  less 
valuable  commercially,  we  have  some  that  the  Atlantic  has  not,  and  lack 
some  that  it  has.  Many  intelligent  observers,  familiar  with  the  fisheries  of 
Europe,  have  expressed  surprise  at  the  greater  ainmdancc  of  fish  on  our 
coast.  D.\LL  says:  "The  abundance  of  fish  on  the  shores  of  Alaska  has 
been  a  matter  of  wonder  since  the  voyages  of  the  earliest  navigators.  Hill- 
ings, Cook,  La  Perouse,  Lutke,  Lislvnsky,  Belcher,  and  SirGKORci 
Simpson  have  all  borne  credible  witness  to  the  myriads  of  cud,  salmon, 
halibut,  and  herring,  which  are  found  on  the  north-west  coast."  Of  the 
oolikon,  a  tish  similar  to  the  herring  in  size  and  gcner.il  appearance,  but 
superior  in  flavor,  the  same  author  says:  "No  description  cm  gi\e  an  ad- 
equate idea  of  their  numbers  when  ascending  the  river;  the  water  is  literally 
ali\c  with  them,  and  seems  as  if  boiling.  Wild  animals  draw  from  the 
stream  with  their  paws  sufficient  for  all  their  needs."  COOK  speaks  thus  of 
a  day  spent  in  latitude  55°  in  the  Alaskan  waters:  "In  the  afternoon,  hav- 
ing a  3  hours'  calm,  our  people  caught  upwards  of  100  Iv.libut,  some  of 
which  weighed  100,  and  none  less  than  20  pounds.''  LiSlANSKV,  referring  to 
Alaskan  salmon,  writes  that  "the  rivers,  indeed,  are  sometimes  so  completely 
filled  with  them,  that  the  wild  beasts,  and  especially  bears,  will  eat  only  the 
head,  which  they  .seem  to  consider  the  most  delicate  part."  Referring  to 
his  observations  at  Sitka,  in  1840,  Sir  Georce  SiMl'SON  tells  us  that  "hali- 
but, cod,  herrings,  flounders,  and  many  other  sorts  of  fish  are  always  to  be 
had  for  the  taking  in  unlimited  quantities.  In  a  little  stream  which  is  within 
a  mile  from  the  fort,  salmon  are  so  plentiful  at  the  ])roper  season,  that  when 
ascending  the  river  they  have  been  known  lilerall)-  to  embarrass  the  move- 
ments of  a  canoe."  Nor  did  he  find  the  salmon  less  abundant  in  Hritish 
4> 


322 


FISHERIES,   ETC 


Columbia.     When  he  reached  the  northern  end  of  Vancouver  Island,  he 
said  they  arc  "  incrcdiijly  numerous  in  these  waters." 

GeoRi;I':  D.VVIDSOX  thus  cxp.-cssci  his  opinions  of  the  Ala.skan  fishing- 
grounds  in  his  Alaska  Coast  Pilot:  "  Next  to  the  fur  trade,  in  its  legitimate 
pursuit,  the  fisheries  of  the  coast  of  the  new  territory  \\\\\  prove  the  most 
wiluablc  and  certain;  in  fact,  I  consiilcr  them  the  most  important  acquisi- 
tion to  our  Pacific  Coast.  As  the  banks  of  Newfoundland  have  been  to  the 
trade  of  the  Atlantic,  so  will  the  greater  banks  of  Alaska  be  to  the  Pacific; 
inexhaustible  in  supply  of  fish  that  arc  equal,  if  not  superior  in  size  and 
quality,  to  those  of  the  Atlantic.  The  importance  f  the  possession  of  the 
Aleutian  chain  can  liardly  be  overestimated;  not  only  can  our  fishermen 
enter  and  fish  in  every  bay,  when  heavy  weather  compels  thum  to  leave  the 
banks,  but  they  give  ample  opportunities  for  the  successful  curing  of  the 
fish,  certainly  as  great,  if  not  greater,  than  exists  on  the  south  shore  of  New- 
foundland. Instead  of  making  the  long  trip  to  and  from  San  Francisco, 
and  of  keeping  the  fish  so  long  in  salt,  especially  if  iu;;..  ;'^.  tlj'  cleaned,  it 
appears  feasible  to  make  a  general  depot  and  curing  establishment,  as  at 
Kadiak-,  whence  vcs.scis  could  carry  the  catch  of  all  the  smacks,  which  might 
readily  refit  in  winter,  and  be  read}-  fijr  the  opening  of  the  next  season. 
Kadiak  is  mentioned  as  affording  the  nearest  available  timber  for  repairs, 
anti  has  already  a  depot  for  the  ice  crop  of  the  Pacific.  «  *  *  Xhc 
command  of  all  the  bays  and  straits  of  the  north-west  coast  resorted  to  by 
the  w  hale,  gives  very  great  advantages  t(j  our  whalers,  that  need  onlj-  be 
mentioned  to  be  appreciated:  fishing  at  all  seasons,  o])portunities  to  winter 
and  refit,  depots  for  cargoes,  and  regularity  in  transhipping  them  to  the 
East  or  to  the  Pacific  ports.  It  opens  the  broad  question,  whether  the  whal- 
ing can  not  be  more  effectually  and  more  profitably  done  in  smaller  vessels, 
specially  designed  and  constructed  for  capturing  the  whale,  and  then  storing 
the  oil  at  some  depot  in  the  Behring  Sea,  whence  it  can  be  regularly  shipped 
to  destination;  while  the  whaling  ves.scl,  working  until  the  latest  day  of  the 
season,  discharges  her  crew  of  Aleuts  among  their  island  homes,  and  lays 
up  for  the  winter  in  Alaskan  harbors,  ready  for  the  whaling  grounds  at  the 
earliest  opening  of  spring.  If  this  be  done,  with  the  increased  knowledge 
of  the  whale's  habits,  and  the  aptitude  of  the  Aleuts,  the  American  whalers 
can  sweep  the  field  of  foreign  competition." 


Fish  Statistics.— According  to  the  national  census,  the  men  employed 
on  the  American  portion  of  the  Pacific  Coast  in  fishing  industries,  in  June, 
1880,  numbered  16,745,  of  whom  11,555  were  fishermen  proper,  and  5,190 
were  shoremen  and  factory  hands.  Most  of  the  latter  class  are  engaged  in 
the  canning  of  salmon.     The  salmon  fishery  has  8,400  men  ;  general  fisheries, 


THIi   riSII    SUPCLY. 


5,630;  the  shore  fisheries,  1,744;  the  codlisherj-,  263;  tlic  seal  and  fur-seal 
fisheries,  359;  the  whale  fishery,  114;  and  the  oyster  fishery,  75.  Classified 
accordipi^  to  the  political  divisions,  Orcy;on  has  6,835,  Alaska,  6,130,  Cali- 
fornia, 3,036,  and  \Vashini;ton,  744.  Classificil  accordinj,^  to  blood,  7,910  (of 
the  16,745)  are  Eskimos,  ^Meuts,  and  Indians,  4,000  Chinese,  and  the  re- 
mainder whites. 

The  fishing-vessels,  and  this  term  means,  we  presume,  such  vessels  as  do 
not  depend  for  propulsion  on  oars,  number  53,  of  which  California  has  46, 
and  Washintjton  7;  neither  Oregon  nor  Alaska  having  any.  California  has 
16  in  the  cod  and  halibut  fishery,  15  in  the  shore  fisher)',  10  in  the  seal  fish- 
ery, and  5  in  the  whale  fisher}-.  Washington  has  6  in  the  seal  fisherj-,  and 
one  in  the  shore  fishery.  The  total  value  of  the  vessels  is  estimated  at  $178,- 
450,  a  figure  that  implies  a  shadow  of  the  tax-collector,  visible  in  the  fore- 
ground when  the  census  agent  was  collecting  his  information.  A  fiiir  market 
\aluation  would  be  not  less  than  $700,000.  The  fishing-boats,  including 
craft  fitted  to  be  propelled  occasionally  \)y  oars,  number  5,547,  uf  which 
Alas]<a  has  3,000,  Oregon,  i,3()0,  California,  853,  and  Washington,  334.  The 
salmon  fishery  employs  1,590;  the  ctxl  and  halibut,  200;  the  shore  fi  >hcry, 
640;  the  whale  fishery,  16;  and  the  seal  fishery  of  Washington,  101.  The 
total  value  of  the  boats  is  $404,695,  as  officiall)'  estimated;  but  the  salmon 
boats — less  than  one  third  of  the  total  number — cost,  when  ne\(-,  ;it  least 
$400,000.  Many  of  the  Alaska  boats  arc  cheap  canoes,  yet  after  making  all 
allowances  for  their  simplicity  of  construction,  the  aggregate  value  of  tjie 
boats  is  not  less  than  $600,000.  The  total  capital  invested  in  the  fisheries 
is  stated  in  the  census  to  be  $.?, 748,383.  but  that  figure  is  not  or.e  third  of 
the  true  sum. 

The  weight  of  the  edible  fish  caught  in  a  }car  is  89,000  tons,  equi\alcnt 
to  more  than  100  pounds  for  ever}-  inhabitant  of  tlie  territory  covered  by 
thc  statistics.  Oregon  catches  20,000  tons,  California  12,000,  Alaska  53,000, 
and  W'ashington  2,800.  The  salmon  catch  weighs  26,000  tons.  The  catch 
of  shrimps  and  crabs  amounts  to  1,250  tons;  and  of  abal.ines,  o}-sters,  and 
mus.sels  to  4,000  tons.  The  value  of  the  annual  catch  (including  the  I'li- 
hanccment  in  price  by  canning  salmon),  is  $9,246,000.  The  fresh  fish  are 
valucxl  at  $3,649,000;  the  crabs,  shrimps,  etc.,  at  $66,000;  the  oysters,  mus- 
.sels, abalones,  etc.,  at  $703,000;  the  whale  oil,  at  $So,ooo;  the  seal  and  ollier 
oil,  at  $23,000;  the  whalebone,  at  $122,000;  the  seal-skins,  at  $1,540,000; 
and  the  sea-otter  skins,  at  $178,000.  The  annual  products  of  the  fisheries  of 
IJritish  Columbia  are  worth  about  $1,400,000,  and  those  of  Pacific  Mexico, 
perhaps  $400,000,  making  $11,000,000  as  the  tutal  \alue  of  the  annual  fish 
catch  of  our  coast.  This  is  exclusive  of  the  value  of  the  vast  amount  of 
fish  consumed  by  the  Indians  and  Aleuts. 


324 


FISHERIES,    KTC 


Cod-Eanks. — ^TIio  most  important  to  the  world  of  all  the  fishes,  consid- 
ered from  a  commercial  poiiu  of  view,  is  the  cod,  which  employs  more  men, 
and  supplies  a  larger  ac^grcfjatc  catch  in  weight  and  \-aliie,  than  any  other 
Iciiid.  Since  it  is  found  in  the  North  Pacific  as  well  as  the  North  Atlantic, 
a  comparison  of  the  resources  of  the  two  oceans  for  this  fishery  becomes 
important.  The  fish  arc  caught  on  "cod-banks,"  in  water  from  30  to 
100  fathoms  deep;  and  the  value  of  a  bank  is  generally  measured  approxi- 
mately by  its  superficial  area.  There  are  three  main  cod-banks  in  the 
Atlantic.  First  is  the  Newfoundland  bank,  with  an  area  of  40,000  square 
miles.  Second  is  the  Lofoden  bank,  near  the  Norwegian  coast,  in  the  frigid 
/one,  with  an  area  of  10,000  square  miles.  Third  is  the  Canadian  shore 
bank,  with  an  area  of  20,000  scjuare  miles.  The  total  cod-bank  area  of  the 
North  Atlantic  is  70,000  square  miles.  All  the  fisheries  of  the  North 
Atlantic,  exclusive  of  the  Mediterranean,  give  employment  to  250,000  men, 
and  the  gross  \-aluc  of  the  annual  catch  is  $100,000,000.  Great  ]5rilain, 
!•" ranee,  Germany,  Holland,  Belgium,  Sweden,  Norway,  Denmark,  Spain, 
Portugal,  the  Unitctl  States,  and  Canada — 12  nations,  counting  Canada  as 
one — with  more  than  200,000.000  inhabitants,  share  the  proceeds  ;  while 
here  we  have  onl)-  2  nations  north  of  latitude  32°,  with  fewer  than  1,500,000 
people,  to  share  all  the  fisheries  of  our  coast,  and  of  the  greater  part  of  the 
North  Pacific. 

The  cod-banks  of  our  ocean  have  not  been  explored.  The  boundaries  of 
those  knowti  have  not  been  carefully  traced,  and  others  ma)'  exist,  tfiough 
undiscovered.  It  is  certain,  however,  that  the  cod-banks  of  the  North 
Pacific  arc  at  least  9  tunes  as  extensive  as  those  of  the  North  Atlantic.  It 
is  said  that  the  entire  Okhotsk  .Sea  is  one  cod-bank,  but  if  we  deduct  one 
third  of  its  area  for  water  too  deep  or  too  shallow,  we  still  have  more  than 
300.000  square  miles.  The  Okhotsk  supplies  most  of  the  Pacific  cod  catch 
at  present.  Cud  are  not  found  in  the  Behring  .Sea  north  of  latitude  60', 
and  the  depth  west  of  liitltudc  180^  is  over  mo.st  of  its  surface  unknown; 
but  we  can  safeh-  assert,  without  counting  anything  beyond  the  limits  men- 
tioned, that  the  Behring  cod-banks  (which  are  as  yet  entirely  neglccteil), 
covrr  an  area  of  more  than  300,000  square  miles.  South  of  the  Alaskan 
peninsula  is  a  bank,  including  the  fishing-ground  near  the  Choumagin 
Islands,  witii  an  area  of  80,000  square  miles.  We  therefore  claim  '180,000 
.square  miles  of  cod-iiank  in  the  North  Pacific,  to  put  against  70,000  .square 
miles  in  tiie  North  Atlantic,  or  9  miles  for  one.  Besides,  \vc  have  the 
chances  of  discovering  new  banks,  while  the  Atlantic  lias  been  soundetl 
everywhere.  One  >  f  the  most  urgent  duties  of  the  y\nicrican  Government 
is  to  have  a  good  fish  urvcy  made  of  the  North  Pacific,  in  accordance 
with  the   recommendation  of  GF.nunF.   D.AVinsnN,  of  the  United   States 


m. 


THE   FISH    SUITLV. 


3^5 


Coast  Survey,  in  his  report  on  Alaska,  made  in  1867.  The  Pacific  cod- 
banks  are  all  south  of  latitude  60°.  while  the  Lofodcn  cod-bank  in  the 
Atlantic  is  north  of  latitude  6S  . 

The  Japanese  and  Chinese  are  industrious  and  skillful  fishermen  in  rivers 
and  ba>'s,  but  they  have  not  3'et  learned  to  t.dvc  the  whale  and  cod,  or  to 
can  the  salmon,  nor  have  they  the  appliances  and  capital  necessary  for  the 
fishing  lleets  and  canneries.  Our  coast,  therefore,  has  the  exclusive  posses- 
sion and  control  of  these  great  sources  of  wealth,  and  will  probably  hold 
tliein  for  many  years.  The  time  will  come  when  our  Asiatic  neighbors  will 
compete  -with  us  on  equal  terms  in  the  Okhotsk,  Uehring,  and  Aleutian  seas, 
but  they  will  first  have  to  pa}  a  large  tribute  to  us  for  boats,  fish,  and  in- 
struction; and  while  their  success  may  lake  much  revenue  from  our  fisiier- 
mcn,  it  will  imply  a  large  trade  and  large  profits  in  other  departments  of 
busincs.s.  As  the  growth  of  the  United  States  has  contributed  immensely 
to  the  power  antl  wealth  of  Great  Britain,  so  \vc  may  justly  anticipate  that 
the  progress  of  China  and  Japan  will  m  like  manner  contribute  to  the  traffic 
and  riches  of  our  coast. 

Pisciculture. — Congress  provided,  about  1870,  for  the  appointment  of  a 
nation.il  fish  commissioner,  who  should  import  \aluable  food  fishes,  and  dis- 
tribute them  to  the  various  States  and  Territories.  Local  commissions  were 
appointed  in  California,  Nevada,  and  Utah  to  receive  the  consignments  and 
take  care  of  them.  S.  R.  Thuockmortux,  H.  H.  Rkddinc,  and  J.  D.  ]"AR- 
WKLl,  arc  the  State  commissioners  of  California ;  A.  G.  1'AHKI:k  is  the  State 
commissioner  for  Nevada;  J.  L.  Haki'oot  is  liie  'I'crritorial  commis- 
sioner for  Utah;  ami  .Ai.icx.  C.  ANDERSON'  is  tiie  provincial  fish  com- 
missioner of  British  Culumbi.i.  A.  I'.  Roi'KWOOD,  manager  of  the  fish- 
ponds of  'I'lit:  Zio.v's  (.'<i-c)rEKAii\]':  I'l.siiDKiamixc  As.stKji.vric^N,  has 
been  prominent  in  the  [liscinillure  nf  Utah.  The  commissioners  ;ire  gen- 
erally men  >'(  high  cli,ir;ietei-  and  honorable  |)osition,  wiio  attend  to  the 
duties  of  their  offices  from  motives  <it  public  spirit,  the  [la)' alloweil  them 
being,  in  most  cases,  insufficient  to  co\-er  the  necessary  e.xpenses. , 

in  C.ilifijrnia  nearly  a  dozen  \aricties  ot  fish  iiavc  been  introduced  b\' 
the  coiumi  .sion,  and  with  but  oik^  exception,  the  eel,  the)-  are  increasing 
r.ipidly.  J  he  success  in  catfish  and  sli,-id  has  been  remark.able.  The  for- 
mer, unknown  here  ])revious  to  its  introduction  b)-  the  commissioners,  is 
now  so  abundant  that  the  annual  sales  amount  to  double  the  appropriaticm 
made  by  the  State  for  the  ))roi)agation  of  fish.  'I'he  new  varieties  which  the 
commission  are  .ibout  to  introduce  arc  the  gourami,  from  Cochin  China, 
and  a  larger  and  better  \ariely  of  sh.id  from  Ciiina,  called  there  sainli. 

With  a  view  of  incre.ising  the  siippl)-,  the  commissioners  have  h.ul  a  stanti- 


326 


KISIIKRIES,    liTC. 


ing  arrangement  with  LiViNCSTO.x  Stonk,  Deputy  United  States  Fish 
Commissioner  for  California,  Id  hatch  out  and  put  into  the  bacramcnto 
River  and  its  tributaries  the  McCloud  and  Pit,  1,500,000  or  2,000,000  sal- 
mon ever}-  season.  This  addition  to  the  actual  supply,  in  connection  nitii 
the  strict  enforcement  of  the  fish  law,  makiiiL;  the  possession  of  freshly 
caught  salmon  in  August  and  September  a  misdemeanor,  punishable  by 
hue  or  imprisonmeiU,  or  both,  lias  lei.1  to  a  notable  increase  in  the  catch  of 
each  succeeding  year.  The  hopes  of  tlie  commissioners  have,  however, 
been  f)bstructed  by  the  catching  of  salmon  just  before  the  .-.pawning  season 
by  the  Shasta  fishermen,  who  have  the  |)rotection  of  a  fish  law,  in  which 
Shasta  is  excepted  from  the  general  rule.  The  consequence  of  this  i:.,  that 
in  tlie  \cry  place  where  a  close  season  should  be  rigorously  maint.iincd, 
the  salmf)n,  when  rii)e  for  spawning  (in  August  and  September,  while  the 
spawn  and  mill  are  ripe,  and  the  fish  are  unfit  for  food),  have  been  taken  in 
[)ools  used  by  the  United  .Stales  I''ish  Commission 

I'it  River  near  I'all  River  has  a  fall  of  .|i  feet.  At  this  fill  a  fish-ladder, 
about  .^50  feel  Ion;;,  has  been  l)l,isletl  out  during  ihe  past  season,  oiiening 
new  spawning-beds,  2S0  miles  in  extent— an  area  more  than,  equal  to  that 
fif  the  MeCloud  and  l.'pper  Sacramento  toijether.  The  appropriation  of 
$5,000  .slu>u  id  be  (loubled,  and  ,1  hatcher)- built  on  ihc  I'it;  hut  ihi,'  connnis- 
sion  will  noi  ask  for  ihis  money,  because  thev  claim  that  their  work  speaks 
for  itself. 

The  sahnon-hatctiing  establishment  on  the  McCloud  River,  under  the 
superintendence  of  'Mv.  Sto.Vi:,  |)roduces  from  f1oo,ooo  to  10,000,000  young- 
fish  annuall)-,  ;ind  is  the  most  extensisc  institution  of  the  kinii  on  the  globe. 
It  .sends  eggs  in  large  numbers  to  the  vVtlantic  States,  ICuropc,  and  Austrai- 
asi.-i;  and  through  its  hcli)  the  Californian  salmon  will  probably  at  no  dis- 
tant time  be  introduced  into  ever)'  large  river  in  the  temperate  zone.  A 
matin-e  feiiude  salmon  lays  20,000  eggs  amuiall)',  and  from  all  tliesc,  when 
left  to  the  ordinar)'  course  of  natuie,  not  more  than  one  female,  on  an  aver- 
age, .survives  to  lay  another  lot  of  e;;i;s.  \\y  the  art  of  the  pisciculturist,  the 
proportion  of  eggs  lh,-it  w-ill  hatih  int<i  fish,  and  of  young  fish  that  will  reacli 
an  age  to  take  e.n-e  of  themseKes  until  the)-  reach  a  size  usel'ul  to  man,  will, 
il  is  supposed,  be  increasi'd  at  least  50  fold. 

Under  the  ilireclion  of  the  Califiirnia  lish  Cfinimissioners,  a  s)stem  has 
been  established  of  taking  the  surlare  an<l  bottom  temiieralure  <jf  man\-  of 
the  principal  streams  of  th<'  .Stale,  and  also  of  obsirving  the  limes  when 
salmon  run  in  these  streams.  These  observ.-itions  have  more  than  a  local 
value,  as  from  them  it  is  ho[iid  that  one  or  more  siieeies  of  .sahnon  may  be 
discovered  which  can  11  adil)- be  aciliniati'd  to  tlu- w  .nni  wali-is  of  the  .Slate:.) 
soiuh  of  the  Virginia  line.     Should  this  pro\c  to  be  the  ease,  all  the  States 


THE    KISII    .SUFI'LY. 


327 


eastward  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  will  have  a  valuable  addition  to  their 
piscicultural  resources.  The  favorable  results  of  salni<3n-hatching'  in  Cali- 
fcjrnia  have  attracted  the  attention  of  other  countries  borderin_<(  on  the  Pa- 
cific, and  yearl)'  large  orders  are  filled  from  the  McCloud  Ri\cr  station  to 
yXiistralia,  Chile,  China,  and  Japan.  That  a  sj)ccics  of  salmon  can  be  had 
-suitable  for  warm  waters,  seems  to  be  proved  in  the  S.an  Joaquin  River, 
where  tlie  temperature  of  the  water  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  stream,  in 
August  antl  September,  averages  from  72'  to  80",  and  on  their  wa)-  to  the 
.spawning-beds  above,  the)-  lia\e  to  pass  through  180  miles  of  water  so  warm. 

Up  to  the  present  time,  640,000  shad  (.l/osa  sii/yidissiiiiti)  ha\c  been 
placed  in  the  Sacramento  River  by  the  commission,  through  donations  from 
the  United  States  Fish  Commissioner,  and  through  imi)ortations  by  the 
State.  These  fish  are  abundant  in  the  market.  When  the  shad,  after 
sp.iwning,  leave  the  I'.astern  rivers,  they  disap[)ear,  and  are  rarel)',  if  e\'er, 
taken  in  the  ocean.  Practically,  they  arc  on!)'  caught  for  market  after  en  ■ 
taring  the  rivers.  The  .shad  turned  into  the  Sacramento,  when  the  time 
comes  for  them  to  leave  the  river,  resort  in  large  numbers  to  the  jia)-  of 
R[ontere)-,  where  the)-  remain  until  the  near  ajjiiroach  of  the  spawning  sea- 
soij.  They  arc  caught  there  at  all  seasons  in  the  seines  of  fishermen,  while 
sweeping  the  bay  l\)r  other  fisli.  'there  is  no  period  (.)f  the  year  when  tliey 
can  not  be  found  in  the  ,San  I'raiuisco  market.  Looking  to  the  nalin.d  in- 
crease of  the  fish,  this  is  unforttmate,  as  it  will  ii'i|uire  largely  increa.sed  im- 
portations to  full)'  stock  our  waters. 

The  lir,-.l  whitefish  introduced  into  Californi.i  in  187-',  were  placed  in  Tu- 
lare and  Cle.ir  lakes.  Uj)  to  the  present  time  365,(.;co  of  this  fish  (('(wri^vjuts 
it//>//s)  ha\e  been  received  and  introduced  b\'  tiie  connnission  into  tile  various 
lakes  and  streams  of  Calil'ornia,  an<l  from  recent  obsi-rvatious  it  ajipcirs  to 
be  thriving  and  increasing.  It  can  seldom  be  takeit  with  the  hook,  and 
must  become  numerous  before- the  fishermen  can  find  a  profit  in  eateliing  it 
v\  ith  the  seine. 

In  1875,  7^  black  bass  (MnivpU'riis  /iij;r/'oiiis)  were  importeii  from  Lake 
t,  hampl-iin,  ami  introduced  by  the  commissioners  into  Napa  t!reek.  It  in 
.supposed  that  all  were  caught  !))■  anglers  tlie  s.mie  )'eai,  as  noiu' ijf  them 
have  been  seen  latel)-.  Another  lot  of  jj  lish  imported  in  i87<;,  and  placed 
in  the  Cr)stal  Spring  Reservoir,  in  San  IMateo  t'ounty,  are  raiiidl)'  inerea.s- 
ing  in  mimbers. 

TllK  Si'DKTS.M.VN's  Cl.tlii  OK  San  1'"k,\N(:i,S{'()  has  also  importe.l  a 
number  of  Ihi.s  fish,  and  [)laced  tliein  in  a  lake  in  .'\lameila,  w  iiere  the\-  are 
doing  well,  and  increasing  in  numbers. 

In  1879,  I  50  striped  bass  CVv'ct <•«.»■  ////).■()/'//.»;  were  imported  b)-  the  fish  com- 
mission antl  placed  in  the  Strait  of  t^arciuinez,  and  are  probably  increasing. 


! 


f 


3^8 


FISHERIES,    ETC. 


Twenty-four  mature  lobsters,  to  which  were  attached  about  2,000,000 
.ggs,  were  brouglit  from  the  Atlantic  in  1879,  and  placed  in  a  sheltered  cove 
near  the  Golden  Gate.  None  have  as  yet  been  caucjht,  but  as  all  conditions 
seem  favorable,  the  young  are  probably  growing,  and  it  is  hoped  that  Cali- 
fornian  lobsters  will  .soon  be  found  in  the  market. 

The  Eastern  and  Californian  trout  have  been  introduced  into  several 
places,  notably  the  north  fork  of  the  American  River,  and  in  Alameda 
Creek.  These  rivers  which,  abow:  the  falls  in  each  stream,  originally  con- 
tained no  fish,  arc  now  well  stocked  witli  both  kinds  of  trout.  Several 
small  streams  through  the  State,  which  contained  no  fish  a  few  years  since, 
have  also  been  stocked,  and  are  doing  remarkably  well. 

In  1S74,  74  catfish  (Amiunis  albidus)  were  imported  from  the  Raritan 
River.  These  have  increased  and  multiplied,  and  this  increase  distributed 
by  the  commissioners  until,  at  the  present  time,  every  county  in  California, 
from  Del  Norte  to  San  Diego,  has  them.  They  are  regularly  sold  in  all  the 
markets,  at  the  same  prices  as  the  most  abundant  fish.  They  arc  admirably 
adapted  to  the  sloughs  and  warm  waters  of  the  great  \allcy  of  California, 
and  ill  them  ha\(!  so  multiplied  as  to  furnish  a  large  supply  of  food. 

In  1^71),  the  commissioners  imported  300  young  carp  (Carpio  annwiiiiis), 
of  the  valuable  \arietj-.  They  were  brought  from  the  Government  carp- 
ponds  to  Califijrnia,  with  but  the  loss  of  2.  Si.\ty  were  placeil  in  a  public 
lake  near  Sacramento,  the  remainder  were  placed  in  the  private  poml  of  K. 
R.  TlIOMl\SON,  Esq.,  of  Alameda.  They  ha\e  grown  raiiidl)-,  and  promise 
to  multiply.  One  of  the  most  important  contributions  to  our  stock  of  fishes 
is  the  German  carp,  imi>orled  from  Europe  in  1872,  by  the  late  A.  J.  I'orPE. 
It  is  palatable,  prolific,  and  hardy,  and  is  bred  with  profit  in  many  poiid.s. 

TllK  Lknxi  Eisii  ruop.VGATiNG  CoMPANV,  which  lia\e  an  establishment 
in  Graham  Canjon,  opening  iiUo  Sonoma  Vallc)',  have  a  hatching-house, 
extensive  waters  admirably  atlapted  for  trout";  and  5  carp-ponds,  <ine  cover- 
ing an  area  of  2  acres.     The)'  also  breed  frogs. 

In  accordance  with  an  act  of  the  Nevada  legislature  in  1877,  II.  G. 
rAUKl'.U,  Esq.,  of  Carson  City,  was  appointed  fish  commissioner.  His  first 
work  was  to  .stock  Washoe  Lake,  in  1S77,  with  Sacramento  River  perch, 
and  catfish  known  as  the  Schnj-lkill  River  variety.  The  lake  is  so  stocked 
with  catfish,  that  over  100  per  day  ha\e  been  taken  by  one  fisherman,  none 
less  than  4  inches  long,  and  weighing  not  unfrequcntly  one  and  a  half 
))<iunds.  In  fact  nothing  can  be  more  satisfactorj-  than  the  e\idcnce  of  the 
increase  and  growth  of  the  several  lots  of  catfish  placeil  ;Uso  in  the  Car- 
.son,  Truckee,  ami  Humboldt  Rivers.  In  November  of  1878,  the  United 
States  Fish  Commissioner  forwarded  250,000  McCloud  River  salmon  spawn, 


\ 


THE    IISH   SUPPLY. 


3 -'9 


which  produced  200,000  jount;  sahnon.  Tlicsc  were  deposited  in  the 
\Vali<cr,  Carson,  Tnickcc,  and  Humboldt  ri\ers  in  1.S79.  In  that  jcar, 
200,000  McCloud  River  sahnon  were  placed  in  the  Carson  River,  and  in  the 
Truckcc,  near  Reno. 

TiiK  Zion's  Co-operative  Fish  Association  began  its  work  in  1871, 
and  has  done  somcthinL;  in  every  season  since,  constructing  ponds,  and 
planting  trout,  eels,  oysters,  shad,  and  salmon  in  all  the  larger  streams. 
Utah  Lake  has  150  square  miles  of  fresh  water,  and  is  well  suited  to  main- 
tain many  kinds  of  fresh-water  fish. 

4a 


330 


FISHERIES.  ETC. 


CHAPTER  XX.— FURS   AND   GAME. 


National  Influence. — The  fur  trade  has  played  a  prominent  part  in  the 
history  of  this  coast.  At  the  beginning  of  this  ccntuiy  our  slope,  north  of 
what  is  now  Mexico,  had  great  nii.Tibers  of  animals  covered  with  fine  furs 
and  pelts,  of  high  value  in  the  European  markets,  fibtainable  in  large  sup- 
ply at  trifling  expense.  The  fur-seals,  now  found  on  only  three  or  four 
islands,  then  abounded  on  a  thousand,  and  at  certain  seasons  covered  tlic 
rocks  near  the  shores  of  California  and  Lower  California.  When  AlfkkI) 
RoHINSON  visited  the  Ivu-alloncs,  in  1829,  he  found  Russians  there  killing 
fur-seals,  and  they  said  they  had  taken  80,000  skins  in  one  season.  The 
.sea-otter  were  not  less  abundant,  though  they  did  not  bask  on  the  rock.s, 
or  gathi'r  in  large  assemblages,  like  the  fur-seals.  The  beavers  had  then  col- 
onics on  all  the  ri\ers.  The  blue  anil  silver  fo.xes,  the  fishers,  and  martens 
were  found  in  other  portions  of  the  coast. 

It  was  to  obtain  furs  that  the  Russians  occupied  Alaska,  and  that  they 
maintained  a  trading-post  on  the  C.ilifornian  shore,  north  of  the  Golden 
C'laie,  for  30  N'cars.  I'ort  Ross  was  the  home  of  a  loo  Aleuts,  profitably 
cmploj-ctl  in  c.ilching  the  fur-seal,  the  sea-otter,  ;ind  the  sea-lion.  The 
I'.nglish  fur-tr.idcrs  were  tiic  first  white  men  to  cvi^lore  nuich  of  tl"  vast 
region  north  of  latitude  49",  antl  west  of  Lake  Superior.  Their  trading- 
posts  on  the  banks  of  the  Columl)ia,  Fraser,  Simpson,  Stickecn,  Yukon, 
and  McKen/.ie  rivers  sec\ned  the  extension  of  the  Ihitish  donn'nion  to 
the  {'acific. 

vVmerican  fur  traders  came  by  way  of  Cape  Horn,  in  1800,  to  contend 
with  the  English  for  the  profits  of  the  Oregon  fur  trade;  and  the  American 
fur-tratling  post,  at  Astoria,  was  one  of  the  chief  elements  in  the  'title  of 
tiic  United  States  to  Oregon.  The  American  hunters  and  trappers  began 
to  cross  the  main  continental  divide  about  1820,  and  to  explore  the  basins 
(if  the  Colorado,  Columbia,  and  Humboldt  ri\ers.  The  [jrofits  of  trapping 
and  hunting  fur  animals  in  California  attracted  hundreds  of  Americans, 
uian\di  whom  spent  cml)-  a  season  or  two,  while  others  became  permanent 
and  prominent  residents,  and  1)\'  their  intelligence,  courage,  skill  as  marks- 
men, and  superior  we.ipons,  obtained  much  inlluencc  in  political  afiairs,  and 
on  several  occasions  decided  the  fate  of  revolutionary  moveincnt.s.    Among 


lUKS   AND   'JAMli. 


33  X 


these  men  weic  P.  13.  Keadinc;,  Judge  Hi.ACKlirRX,  Gkorge  Yolni, 
W.M.  Woi.FSKiLL,  Isaac  Sparks,  Jacou  1'.  Licesi:,  J.  J.  Wai^ner,  and 
Isaac  Graham.  The  American  hunters  and  trappers  contributed  much 
tci  the  acquisition  of  California  by  the  United  States.  Indeed,  liiere  is  no 
exaggeration  in  sa\ing,  that  the  competition  for  furs  brought  to  our  coast, 
and  Ijuilt  up  here,  the  autliority  of  the  3  nations  which  promise  to  be  the 
chief  r.ctors  on  tlie  great  stage  of  unixci'sal  histor)'  for  centuries  to  come — 
Great  llritain,  Ru;'-sia,  and  the  i\nierican  Union.  Tiie  rivalries  of  the 
lludscjii's  l!a)-,  the  North-'.vcst  Fur,  the  Missouri,  the  Americ.in  I'ur 
(Astor's),  and  the  Russian-American  companies  for  the  l"ur  trade  of  (jur 
coast,  in  several  cases,  led  to  struggles  conducted  on  a  grand  scale  over  an 
c.Ktcnsi\-c  territor)-,  in\-olving  not  only  great  pecuniary  interest,  but  also  the 
establishment  and  spread  of  national  dominion.  Tliough  the  special  charter 
of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Compaxv  expired  )-ears  ago,  and  itsexclusixe  right 
to  purchase  furs  in  British  Columbia  then  ceased,  its  tnmsactions  .-ukI  the 
area  of  its  influence  continue  to  have  almost  national  magnitude,  'i'lii-: 
Al.VSK.V  CoM.MEliCIAL  COMPANY,  of  comparatively  recent  orgaiu/.ation,  has 
a  larger  I'acific  business. 

Pur  Crop. — The  value,  in  San  Francisco,  of  the  annual  fur  cri'i[)  of  uur 
coast,  is  about  $5,Goo,ooo,  of  which  one  third  passes  through  TlIE,  .\i..\ska 
Commercial  (.Company,  one  fourth  through  The  Hudson's  Hav  Comvxsv, 
and  the  rem.iinder  through  \arious  houses  of  Victori.i  and  .San  Francisco. 
Tile  fur-seal  skins  number  iJJ.ooo,  worth  .$j,ijo,O30.  Of  sea-otler  skins 
there  are  5,500,  worth  $440,000.  Beaxer  pelts  number  2 1,000,  inchuling 
10,000  from  Alaska,  4,000  each  from  Oregon  and  Washington,  2,000  from 
California,  and  1,000  from  Utah,  worth  in  the  aggregate  $52,000.  The  valu- 
able furs  of  the  silver  fox  are  obtained  to  the  number  of  100  pelts  from 
Northern  California,  with  :m  aggregate  \alue  of  .$3,000.  Alaska  sup[ili(.'s 
2,000  blue  fox  skins,  worth  $22,000.  The  pelts  of  other  foxes  number 
16,000,  worth  $.52,000.  Of  bears  there  are  1,500  pelts,  worth  $7,.S75;  of 
badgers  1,000,  worth  $200;  of  wild-cats  2,500,  wortii  $500;  of  fishers  1,000, 
worth  .$6,000;  of  Ij'nxes  5,000,  worth  $6,250;  of  cougars  .po,  worth  $300; 
of  martens  105,000,  including  70,000  from  British  Columbia,  and  20,000 
from  Alask.a,  worth  300,000;  of  minks  110,000,  worth  $90,000;  of  nui^k- 
rats  100,000,  worth  $6,000;  of  land-otters  250,  worth  $1,250;  of  raccoons 
2,CXX),  worth  $400;  of  skunks  1,000,  worth  $200;  of  wolves  5,000,  worth 
$400;  of  wolverines  5,000,  worth  $17,230;  and  of  grebes  20,000,  worth 
$lo,ci00.  The  last,  thoiigii  birds,  aie  counted  as  fur-bearing  .inim.ils,  their 
pelts  being  used,  like  fui's,  for  caps,  nuiffs,  ,uul  cuffs.  The  land  fins  amount 
in  annual  value  to  $500,000.     The  numbers  of  these  pelts  do  nut   include 


M 


33-2 


FISHERIES,   ETC. 


those  of  The  Hi'dson's  Bay  Companv,  of  whicli  wc  can  obtain  no 
dctailctl  statement,  tliough  \vc  arc  informed,  on  what  wc  suppose  is  good 
aulhorit)-,  that  the  annual  aggregate  is  $2,000,000  in  vakic.  As  prepared 
for  the  |)iirchascrs,  the  annual  crop  of  furs  from  our  coast  sells  in  the  Lon- 
don market  for  not  less  than  $10,000,000.  Of  our  fur  pelts,  not  one  in  20  is 
finally  dressed  Iicre;  nearly  all  go  to  England;  those  of  the  TlIE  IIUD.SON'.S 
li  \\'  Company  by  sail  from  Victoria,  and  the  others  by  way  of  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

The  animal  most  valuable  for  the  annual  production  of  fur,  is  the  fur- 
seal  (Callorhinns  itrsinus),  which  is  found  in  Alas'  i,  and  at  various  points 
along  the  shores  of  British  Columbia,  and  Washington  Territory.  This 
seal  was  very  abundant  on  many  islands  of  the  North  and  South  Pacific, 
at  the  beginning  of  this  century,  but  was  slaughtered  greedily  by  the  early 
seal-hunters  in  our  ocean,  and  was  thus  destroyed,  in  most  of  the  places 
wliich  it  once  frequented.  It  would  duubtlcss  before  now  have  been  ex- 
terminated, or  at  least  rcducetl  so  much  in  number  as  to  ha\e  no  commer- 
cial importance,  if  Russia,  and  afterwards  the  United  States,  had  not  leased 
the  exclusive  right  of  killing  the  seals  (jn  the  I'ribilov  Islands  to  a  single 
company,  which,  of  course,  has  ;m  interest  in  keeping  up  the  supply  of  the 
furs.  Whether  the  present  contract  made  under  the  authority  of  an  Act  of 
Congress  is  the  best  that  could  have  been  made,  is  a  question  which  does  not 
come  within  the  scope  of  this  book  ;  but  that  the  fishery  should  not  be 
thrown  ripen  without  restriction  to  everybody,  is  evident.  St.  Paul  Island, 
the  largest  and  the  most  .southerly  of  the  I'ribilov  group,  in  latitude  57° 
has  a  superficial  area  of  about  33  square  miles  of  diversified,  rough,  and 
rocky  uplands,  and  small,  rounded  hill.s.  It  has  42  miles  of  siiore  line,  iG'^ 
of  which  are  used  by  the  fur  seal.  St.  George  Island  is  next  in  im- 
liortancc,  and  has  an  area  of  27  square  miles,  and  29  miles  of  coast  line,  of 
which  2^4  are  \'isitetl  by  fur-seals. 

To  these  islands  5,000,000  fur-seals,  including  3,000,000  full-grown  females, 
resort  evcrj-  year;  tlie  first  arriving  in  May,  anil  the  last  leaving  in  October; 
and  it  is  supposed  that  all  go  ashore  every  day  to  doze  or  sleep  in  the  sun. 
It  is  not  known  where  they  stay  the  remainder  of  the  year,  but  it  is  thought 
that  the_\-  spend  the  winter  south  r)f  the  Aleutian  Islands,  in  jilaccs  where 
fi'-h  are  abundant.  It  was  generall)-  supjjosed  that  the  fur-seals  found  from 
J.inuai)-  to  June,  on  the  fish-banks  off  the  coast,  extending  from  Cape  Flat- 
ter)- to  the  Oueen  Charlotte  Islands,  li\'C  half  the  _\car  at  the  Pribilov  Is- 
lantls;  but  \'\A\  Commissioner  AXDKRSOX,  in  his  report  on  the  fislieries  of 
British  Columbia  lor  i.SSo,  gives  plausible  reasons  for  rejecting  this  idea. 
These  southern  seals  sta)-  near  the  Strait  of  I'uca  too  long  to  reach  the 
I'ribilov  Islands  in  the  ordinary  season;  and  instead  of  going  northward  in 


H 


^ 


FURS   AND   GAME.  3J3 

the  winter,  they  travel  westward  in  schools.  He  suspects  that  the  Inica 
seals  may  visit  unlcnowii  islands  in  the  North  Pacific,  to  spend  the  brcdini^ 
season. 


Alaska  Commercial  Company. — The  value  of  the  fur-seal  grounds,  or 
the  Pribilov  Islands,  was  iliscovcred  in  1786,  and  had  a  potent  inlluence  in 
inducing  the  Russians  to  extend  their  authority  over  the  group,  as  well  as 
over  Alaska.  The  slaughter  of  the  seals  was  prosecuted,  without  checU, 
until  1839,  when  the  number  had  been  so  reduced  that  the  business  threat- 
ened to  be  entirely  dcstro)ed  within  a  (<::w  )-ears.  The  <.lestructi(jn  u as  then 
stopped  until  1845,  when  It  was  gradually  resumed;  though  instead  of  ilic 
indiscriminate  slaughter  which  had  before  been  permitted,  only  the  )ouiig 
males  v.ere  allowed  to  be  killed.  The  rookeries  continued  to  increase  in 
size  until  1857.  At  that  time  the  entire  fur  trade  of  the  islands  was  in  tiie 
hands  of  The  Rus.sian-American  Co-MPANV,  established  since  1799,  ami 
the  compan\-,  about  1S60,  was  restricted  by  the  Goveriuncnt  to  50,000  seal- 
skins annuall)'.  Of  these,  5,000  or  6,000  were  from  St.  George,  and  the 
remainder  from  .St.  I'aul.  At  cjne  time,  this  comi)any  had  a  contract  to  de- 
liver 20,CXK)  skins  ;uinuall)-  to  a  New  V(jrk  firm,  for  $-'.50  each.  The  .Aleuts 
(natives)  supplied  the  skins,  in  cfnidition  for  shipment,  at  10  cents  apiece, 
no  other  outlaj-  being  incurred  by  the  company,  except  the  cost  of  salt  for 
the  curing  proces.s.  From  1821  to  1839,758,502  fur-seals  were  killed,  anil 
372,894  from  1845  till  1S62. 

When  the  United  States  Government  took  possession  of  the  islands  in 
1867,  TiiK  Russian-American  Co.mi'anv  cea.sed  to  e.xist,  ami  several 
American  firms,  among  them  MUTCHINSON,  K01IL&  Co.,  cstablisheil  theni- 
.selves  in  Alaska,  for  the  purpose  of  trading  and  .seal-fishing;  and  the  whole- 
sale slaughter  of  seals  began  afresh.  In  1868,  not  less  than  200,000  seals 
were  killed,  and  for  18C9,  the  figure  was  not  far  below  300,000.  Skins  wore 
then  worth  in  San  I'rancisco  .f5--5'  'i'"'  ''■"-'  .Vleuts  were  paid  35  cents 
apiece.  The  Go\crnment,  fearing  their  total  extermination,  or  their  being 
driven  awa)-,  leased,  under  an  act  of  Congress,  datetl  July  1,  iS7(,i,  Uj 
IIirrcillNSdN,  Kohl  &  Co.  (who  incorporated  uiuler  the  name  of  Till; 
y\L.\SKA  CoM.MKRclAI-  CoMI'ANV,  of  which  L.  Gi:Rsri,K  is  President),  the 
sole  right  of  seal-fishing  on  the  islands  of  .St.  Paul  and'. St.  George.  The 
animal  rental  was  fi.xed  at  .$55,000,  and  .$2.62  jj  for  each  skin  taken  from  the 
islands,  restricting  the  allowed  number  to  100,000,  of  wiiich  75,000  were  |o 
betaken  from  .St.  Paul,  aiul  25,000  from  .St.  George.  This  last  condition  was 
amended  in  1874,  in  so  far  that  the  amount  to  be  taken  from  .Si.  Paul  wouUI 
be  thenceforth  90,cxx),  and  10,000  from  .St.  Gtxjrge.  The  coin|)an>'  siipul.ited 
that  the  Aleuls  should  receive  40  cents  tor  killing  a  fur-seal,  and   extra  |)a)' 


334 


FISHERIES,    ETC. 


for  salting.  As  this  sum  is  earned  by  tlic  joint  labor  of  all  the  able-bodied 
men,  it  is  considered  a  common  fund,  to  be  duided  cquitahlv  amoiiij  ihcrn. 
Paynient  is  made  f<jr  all  other  labor,  at  cstiblishcd  rates.  In  dividing  the 
scaling  fund,  the  ability  of  the  men  is  considered,  and  the  division  made  ac- 
eoiilingly.  Thus  the  strongest  and  most  skillful,  who  work  through  the 
entire  season,  receive  a  first-class  share.  Those  who  are  less  skilllul,  ami 
the  old  men  who  arc  unable  to  do  the  harder  part  of  ihc  work,  receive 
second  and  third-class  shares,  while  the  boys  who  take  part  in  the  .scaling 
for  the  first  time,  receive  a  fourth-class  share.  The  assignment  of  shares  is 
made  lay  the  chiefs,  and  acquie.sced  in  by  the  others.  Each  }-ear,  after  all 
the  skins  have  been  taken,  the  chiefs  furnish  the  company's  agents  w  ith  a 
list  of  the  men,  who  have  been  engaged  in  sealing  during  the  season,  antl 
the  share  assigned  to  each.  The  .second,  third,  and  fourth  classes  are 
respectively  90,  80,  and  70  per  cent,  of  the  first-class  share.  The  value  of 
the  shares  varies  a  little  from  year  to  year,  with  the  number  of  men  engaged 
in  sealing.     For  1874,  they  were  respectively  $428,  $368,  $343,  and  .$300. 

The  habits  of  the  fur-seals  are  vcrj'  singular.  It  is  estimated  that  two 
thirds  of  the  males  are  never  permitted  by  the  remaining  third,  strongest  by 
natural  selection,  to  land  upon  the  same  ground  with  the  females,  whicii 
always  herd  together.  The  so-called  bachelor  seals  are  compelled,  when 
they  \isit  land,  to  stay  awa\-  from  the  breeding-grounds,  and  thus  nature 
keeps  .separate  tliosc  seals  which  can  be  killed,  without  disturbing  the  peace 
of  the  breeding-grounds,  where  the  stock  is  periDctuated.  In  the  early  part 
of  the  season,  large  numbers  of  the  3^oung  bachelors  go  ashore,  not  far  from 
the  water,  and  whili  the}'  du/.e  there  the  men  approach  quietly,  antl  get 
quickly  between  them  and  the  sea.  In  this  way,  a  dozen  men,  running  down 
a  long  sand-beach,  will  turn  thousands  of  seals  away  from  the  water.  When 
the  seals  are  first  startled  the}'  arise,  and  seeing  the  men  between  them  alul  the 
water,  immedialel}'  turn,  antl  lojie  antl  scramble  rapiilly  awa}-  o\'er  the  land 


T 


le  n.'ilues  then  wal 


:'ly 


the  flanks,  antl  in  the  rear  of  the  th'tne 


thus  seciu'ctl,  and  direct  antl  tlri\c  them  to  the  jilace  of  slaughter.     On  firm, 


)untl. 


a  tU'tive  o 


r 


be  th- 


at tl 


le  rate  ot 


ilf  a  mile 


hour.  The}'  require  little  urging,  being  permitted  to  halt  and  cool  off,  as 
lieating  injures  their  fur.  The}'  never  show  fight,  unless  a  few  old  seals  arc 
nii-\etl  in.  The  seals,  when  brought  up  to  the  killing-ground,  are  herded 
there,  imtil  cool  and  rested;  then  squads  of  50  tt)  200  are  dri\en  tjut  from 
the  body  of  the  tlrove,  surrounded  and  huddletl  up  one  against  the  other. 


The  natives,  armetl  with  heavy  clubs  of  hard  wood,  strike  the  seals 


by 


blow.s  on  the  head.  A  single  stroke  of  the  heav}'  oak  blutlgeon  will  crush 
in,  at  once,  the  slight,  thin  bones  of  a  seal's  skull,  laying  the  creature  out  lifeless. 
Preparator}'  to  skinning,  the  botl}-  is  rolled  over,  or  put  upon  its  back,  and 


1-CRS  AND  GAME. 


the  natives  make  a  s.ngle,  swift  cut  through  the  skin,  down  along  the  neck, 
chest,  and  belly,  from  the  lower  jaw  to  the  nob  of  the  tail.  Care  is  taken 
not  to  kill  more  seals  at  a  time  than  the  force  of  men  emplo\etl  can  (lis[)osc 
of  properly;  a^  i  5  minutes'  exposure  to  the  sun  will  spoil  them  by  loosening 
the  fur.  The  skin  is  .iltcd  immediately  after  being  removed.  The  salt- 
houses  arc  arranged  with  large  bins  of  thick  planks,  into  which  the  skins 
are  put,  with  a  layer  of  salt  between  eac'.i  layer  of  skins.  They  become  suf- 
ficiently cured  in  from  5  to  7  days,  anil  are  then  taken  from  the  bins,  and 
piled  up  with  a  little  fresh  salt.  Finally  they  are  prepared  for  shipment  by 
rolling  them  into  compact  bundles,  2  skins  in  each,  sccurel)'  lashed.  The 
largest  of  these  bundles  weigh  '>4  pounds,  but  their  average  weight  is  hut  22. 
The  .smallest  skins,  taken  from  .seals  2  years  okl,  weigh  about  7  pounds 
each,  and   the  largest,  from  seals  6  jx'ars  old,  about  ;,o. 

All  the  fur  sealskins  of  our  coast  are  sent  in  a  raw  condition  to  l,i union, 
the  unl}'  place  possessing  the  skill  requisite  for  dressing  and  tlyeing  tliein  in 
the  best  i;i;\nner,  so  that  they  shall  sell  readily  for  %.\o,  though  the  raw  pelt 
is  worth  there  onl)-  $15  or  $20.  France  has  imported  artisans,  dye-stulT,  and 
even  water  from  England,  but  has  never  made  furs  ci-\u.i\  '•  <  those  prepared 
in  LoU'lon.  The  methods  of  dressing  and  dyeing  are  kept  secret,  but  the 
main  processes  are  these;  The  skin  is  soaked  in  warm  water,  scrapeil  clean, 
soaked  in  warm  water  containing  mahogany  or  roscwooil  •,:wdust,  and 
trodden  bj'  luinian  feet  for  several  days,  thus  cleansing  the  hair  from  sticky 
.substances.  The  second  process  is  to  shave  off  the  inside  of  the  skin,  so  as 
to  cut  off  the  roots  of  the  coarse  hairs  which  project  bejond  the  delicate 
fur.  The  latter  retains  its  hold,  while  the  coarse  hair  falls  out  after  the  skin 
has  been  .shaved.  The  third  process  is  the  dyeing,  and  this  is  the  chief 
secret. 

The  .sealskins  taken  by  the  Indians  of  Vancouver's  Islantl  and  I'uca 
Straits  arc  sold  at  Cape  Flattcrw  Their  fishing-grounds  are  from  20  to  40 
miles  outside  the  cape,  and  as  they  are  fearful  of  going  too  far  to  .sea  so 
early  in  the  season,  when  the  weather  is  treacherous,  they  pa)'  schooners, 
usuall\-  from  ;  to  12  tcjiis  burden,  to  take  them  to  the  grounds.  The  seals 
are  caught  asleep  on  the  surface  of  tlu'  water.  The  Indians  ajiproaeh 
noi.selcssly  in  canoes,  and  when  near  enough,  anj  where  within  ,50  feet, 
throw  their  spears  with  a  strong,  stout  corti  attached,  and  hauling  the  seal 
alongside  their  canoes,  dispatch  them  with  a  club  made  cspeeiall)-  for  llie 
purpo.se.  The  sealskins  taken  by  the  natives  at  I'rince  of  \\'ales  Island 
and  contiguous  territory,  arc  sold  at  the  Hudson's  Hay  I'actor)-,  h'ori  Simp- 
son. The  number  sold  in  18S0  was  about  10,000.  The  total  inunber 
caught  between  San  Francisco  and  Alaska  averages,  for  the  last  5  years, 
probably  20,000.     On  the  coast  of  Lower  Calilornia,  as  far  as  .Sonora,  some 


336 


FISHERIES,   ETC. 


stragglinr;  fur-seals  arc  found,  and  in  tjrdcr  to  capture  them,  small  schooners 
arc  occasionally  fitted  out  in  San  I'rancisco.  Their  catch  never  exceeds 
2,000  a  year.  Counting  100,000  for  Alaska,  28,000  for  Washington,  British 
Columbia,  and  Southern  Alaska,  we  have  130,000  for  the  entire  annual  catch 
of  the  coast.  The  ALASKA  Commercial  Company  obtains  30,000  fur  seal- 
skins, annually,  from  islands  belonging  to  Russia  on  the  Asiatic  side  of  the 
Pacific,  and  these  arc  counted,  though  improperly,  in  the  national  census 
report  of  1880,  as  part  of  the  products  of  our  country. 

Warren'3  Fur-Seal  Fleet. — A  iiromincnt  place  in  the  fur-seal  fishery  of 
British  Columbia  is  held  by  the  little  fleet  of  4  steam  schooners,  the  Thorn- 
ton of  30  tons,  the  Anna  Beck  of  40,  the  Grace  of  80,  and  the  Dolphin  of  So, 
belonging  to  JAMKS  D.  Warkex,  of  Victoria,  who  is  also  engaged  in 
salmon-canning,  and  is  part  owner  in  the  steamer  plying  between  Victoria 
and  Wrangcl.  The  Grace  was  built  in  1881,  and  the  Dolphin  in  1S82.  The 
season  lasts  4  months  in  the  year,  and  l\Ir.  Warrex  gives  employment  in 
his  scaling  fleet  to  20  white  men  and  a  number  of  Indians. 

Otters,  Etc. — The  fur-.seal  is,  however,  not  the  only  aquatic  mammal 
hunted  on  our  coast.  The  next  in  importance,  the  sea-otter  (Enhydra 
viarinci),  not  comprised  in  the  company's  contract,  is  himted  by  all  the 
native  population  of  Alaska  Territory.  It  is  a  shy  animal,  and  is  not  taken 
without  the  exercise  of  much  energy  and  hardihood.  The  skin  is  the  most 
valuable  of  all  peltries,  except  that  of  the  black  fox,  which  is,  howc\er, 
seldom  found.  The  aggregate  annual  catch  is  between  5,000  and  6,000 
skins,  while  prior  to  1870,  2,000  were  considered  a  good  catch.  Nine  tenths 
of  these  arc  taken  in  the  waters  of  the  Aleutian  Islands,  and  one  tenth  near 
Kadiak.  The  natives  receive  from  $30  to  $50  for  each  skin,  and  the  price 
in  London  is  from  $80  to  $100.  The  average  number  caught  annually, 
from  1S21  to  1862,  was  1,220,  as  officially  reported.  It  may  be  that  the 
increase  is  caused  by  the  higher  price  now  paid;  and  possibly  .some  servants 
of  the  Russian-American  Company  did  not  report  all  the  skins  obtained. 

The  ,sca-lion  (Euinclopias  stcllcri)  is  valuable  to  the  natives  of  the  Aleu- 
tian Isl.'inds  for  the  oil  antl  skins,  the  latter  used  on  wooden  frames  for  the 
ordinar)'  bf)als.  The  average  length  of  the  male  is  12  feet,  with  a  yield  of 
10  gallons  of  oil,  and  a  weight  of  1,000  pounds.  TlIE  Alaska  Co.MMER- 
CL\L  CoMl'.VXV  ])a\-s  the  natives  on  the  I'ribilov  Islands  40  cents  per  skin, 
and  $5  per  Ijarrcl  for  the  intestines,  from  which  they  get  oil.  The  oil  ob- 
tained b)^  the  com[)an\-  on  the  islands,  from  all  sources,  is  barely  sufficient 
for  the  wants  of  the  dilTercnt  stations,  the  natives  being  provided  by  the 
compan\-  gratis  with  seal-oil,  fuel,  and  salmon.  The  value  of  seal-oil  is 
a  little  less  than  that  of  whale-oil.     As  late  as  1864,  a  great  number  were 


m. 


lib 


FUKs   AMI   GAMK. 


3}/ 


taken  along  the  coast  of  California  and  Lower  California,  from  May  to 
August,  and  on  the  shores  of  Alaska  from  June  to  October,  but  they 
have  remarkably  decreased.  About  700  are  jearl)-  caught,  on  the  Cali- 
fornian  coast,  by  fishermen  employed  in  coast  whaling.  Their  skins  arc 
bought  by  beltmaker.;,  who  prefer  them  to  cowhides  on  account  of  their 
even  thickness,  although  the  tanning  takes  about  6  month.s.  The  average 
price  paid  is  4  cents  per  pound.  Another  article  of  value  on  the  sea-lion  is 
the  whisker,  the  price  varying  according  to  the  size,  measuring  for  old  bulls 
sometimes  16  inches  in  length  and  one  eighth  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  The 
Chinese  pay  40  cents  apiece  for  them,  to  be  used  by  women  in  their  hair, 
and  by  men  for  ear-cleaners  and  toothpicks. 

Furriers. — The  fur.s,  and  articles  made  of  fur,  .sold  in  San  Francisco  have 
an  annual  value  of  about  $300,000.  The  relative  profits  of  the  furriers,  how- 
ever, have  not  kept  pace  with  the  amount  of  business.  Before  1S69  the 
pe'iN  of  martens,  beavers,  fo.xes,  and  \arious  other  anim.ds  then  fashionable 
and  in  extensive  use,  were  dressed  in  San  Francisco;  but  now  the  fur-seal 
skill  possesses  almost  e.vclusive  favor,  and  that  is  sent  to  LoikUmi  for  prep- 
aration. The  value  of  the  other  pelts,  sold  here  for  local  use,  does  not  ex- 
ceed $15,000  a  year.  The  only  furriers  of  our  coast  are  in  San  I'n'.ncisco, 
and  a  large  part  of  their  skill  consists  in  knowing  how  to  cut  the  skins,  and 
fit  them  together  to  the  best  advantage. 

There  are  3  furrier  houses  in  San  Francisco,  those  of  H.  LiKDKS  &  Co., 
at  113  Montgomery  Street;  Lachman  &  Stkuxfki.s,  at  129  Montgomery 
Street,  and  II.  Froomberg,  at  114  Post  Street.  The  3  houses  employ  11 
cutters  and  50  .sewing-women.  LlEI'.E.S  &  Co.  have  8  small  vessels  hunting 
seals  and  trading  for  furs  in  the  northern  waters. 

The  cutters  receive  from  $17  to  $30  a  week — probably  not  more  thati  one 
getting  over  $25 — -working  9  hours  a  day,  and  are  employed  through  the 
year;  whereas  in  New  York  they  get  $40,  with  work  limited  to  part  of  the 
year.  The  sewing-women  receive  $10  a  week  in  San  I'r.mcisco,  and  work 
by  the  piece  in  New  York.  Two  fur-dressers  do  all  the  work  of  fur-dressing 
in  San  I'ranciscf),  going  to  the  shops  and  UMV.g  the  tools  of  the  furriers, 
when  the  latter  need  their  scr\iccs. 

The  North-west  Trading  Company.— The  Oregonians  made  a  start  to 
get  a  share  in  the  fisheries  and  fur  trade  of  .Southern  Alaska  in  1S80,  by 
organizing  TiiK  North-west  Trading  Company,  incorporated  al  Fort- 
land.  It  has  established  a  whale  fishery  at  Killisnoo  on  Chatham  Strait, 
oil  refineries  at  Kaigan  on  Cordova  Bay  and  on  Lemesurier  Island,  and 
trading-posts  at  Killisnoo,  Kaigan,  Rockwell  on  Castincau.K  Channel, 
Hoonyah  on  ('ross  Sound,  and  Chilcoot  Bay  at  the  head  of  I.jnn  Canal. 
43 


538 


KISMKKIKS,    I:TC. 


With  P.  SCIIULZE  as  iircsidciu  at  Portland,  C.  SruilN  and  J.  M.  Vander- 
lilLl'  as  joini  managers  at  Sitka,  and  $100,000  of  capital,  it  will  ])robably 
soon  take'  a  I'lomincnt  place  in  the  business  of  Alaska. 

The  most  notable  houses  or  companies  of  our  coast  engaged  in  the  fur 
trade,  in  addition  to  those  already  mentioned,  are  the  TlIE  WEST  I-'UR 
Tradin(;  Comi'anv,  Louis  Sloss  &  Co.,  Kosiilaxd  Brothers  of  San 
I'Vancisici,  and  Martin  U.\ti:s  and  I.  ^^  J.  15<")S(:o\vrrz  of  X'ictoria. 


IS-*' 


Land  Furs. —  Land  fur  animals  aie  trapped  in  California,  Oregon,  and 
Washington  l)y  white  men,  in  15ritisli  Columbia  ij\-  white  men  ami  Indians, 
and  in  y\laska  by  F.skimfis,  Aleuts,  .and  Indians.  In  order  to  secure  as 
many  skins  as  possible,  the  three  large  competing  companies,  the  Hudson's 
liay,  Alaska  Commercial,  and  the  West  I'ur  companies,  have  tr.iding-posts 
throughout  Alaska,  and  the  Hudson's  i5ay  in  IJritisii  Columbia  also.  Ik- 
sjdes  these  trading-stations,  there  are  individual  traders  settled  through  the 
fmr  regions,  and  much  tr.iding  is  done  by  small  \cssels,  whicli  are  filled  out 
rm  ,San  l*"ranci.sco  for  that  purpose,  and  yearl)'  \isit  the  northern  coast.  In 
O'-egon,  Washington,  and  (California,  country  stores  collect  the  skins  from 
the  hunters,  either  for  their  '.)wn  account,  c.r  to  fill  orders  from  San  Fran- 
cisco ;  especially  is  this  the  case  in  California. 

The  XoRTll-WES'i'  I"i;r  Compaw,  an  as.sociation  formed  in  1783,  by 
Canadian  merchants,  began  to  trade  on  this  coast  about  1805,  anil  had 
almcsl  t'.Nclusive  possession  unlil  ilUo.  .\  .St.  Louis  association,  lalled 
The  jNIlSSOURl  Fur  Comi'.\.\v  establi'-hed  ,1  trading-post  on  the  head- 
waters of  Lewis'  I-'ork-  in  1809,  but  abandoned  it  on  account  of  thc~  host'lity 
of  the  Indians.  In  1810  John  J.\(oi:  Asr(iR  (jrgam/c'd  The  .Vmi'.im  \x 
Fi.'R  Co.\n\\\V  to  Collect  furs  on  this  co.ist,  shi()  ihem  to  China,  and  there 
exchange  them  for  tea  antl  silks.  Thecompanj'  established  a  trading-post 
;it  ./Vstoria,  collected  large  quantitits  of  furs,  and  jiad  ;i  good  prospect  to 
maintain  a  strong  opposition  to  the  Xorth-uesl  I'"ur  Com])an\',  but  when 
the  war  with  ICngland  broke  out,  Mr.  /\sroR  distrusted  his  Scotch  part- 
ners, and  The  .\nh:r1i  'N  i'"rR  Conh'AW  ab.uidoned  its  business  on  the 
i'acifu"  Const. 

I'ni;  llinsoN's  ]]A\  CctNH'A.w,  incor[)or,iled  in  1670,  occupied  much  of 
tlie  noiilurn  [i.irt  of  the  continent,  but  diil  not  come  to  our  coast  until 
;d)out  rSi^,  when,  jealous  of  the  success  of  The  North-west  Company,  they 
sent  their  agents  west  of  the  Rocky  Moimtains.  Tlie  expensive  struggle 
between  the  two  ri\-al  companies  was  ended  by  co<)i)eriUion  in  iS.M,an(l  the 
entire  absoiption  of 'I'Ht;  N'oKTH-WT.s  r  (."mH'ANY  in  \Hj.\.. 

In  the  mean  lime,  m.  ver.il  small  p.irlies  of /\nn  1  ican  Irappi  rs  had  come  to 
this  coast.      In  iSj^W,  II.  .\sni.i  \ .  of  St    Louis,  collec  tetl  a  large  c|uanlity 


IL'l!^    AMJ    CAME. 


339 


of  furs,  with  which  he  rcUirneil  to  St.  Loui.--,  leaving  lOO  men  to  leather 
pelts  diiriiKT  his  absence.  Tlicse  men  ohlaiiicd  furs  worth  $iSo,000 
between  1824 and  1827.  i\  part\-  of  40  trappers  cmiiloyed  b\-  'I'lll',  RoCKY 
MOUXTAIX  1<"UK  CoMP.WV  hunted  and  trapped  in  tlie  S.in-.inicnto  \'al!e\- 
from  l8_'5  to  182S,  under  command  of  Ca|)l.  JKDKIHAH  S.MITH,  who  -old 
their  catch  at  the  Columbia  Rivjr  in  the  latter  year.  Tlir;  Roi'KV  iMuUN- 
TAIN  Fur  Company  withdrew  from  oiu-  coast  in  iSj7,  at  the  saiiU"  time 
with  Mr.  PlLCllEK,  of  Council  l^hiffs,  who  had  .pent  3  seasons  with  45 
men  in  Oregon  and  California.  Asni,i;\-  had  retired  2  )-<ars  earlier.  J. 
O.  PATTIE,  a  Missourian,  published  a  brief  account  of  California,  in  i8j2, 
after  trapping  here  in  the  2  previous  years.  Capt.  BuNM;\  ll.l.l-:  hunted 
and  trapi)ed  with  a  large  i)arty  in  the  Humboldt  and  Sacramento  Valleys 
in  1832,  and  was  not  encouraged  by  the  rcaults  to  continue.  The  last 
attempt  of  a  large  American  party  to  collect  fur<  on  our  coast,  south  of 
Alaska,  was  made  in  1833,  when  THE  AMERICAN  In.R  C(,)MrANY  .sent  an 
expedition  to  the  lower  Columljia. 

TlIK  lIUtWON's  H.vv  CoMI'ANY,  Ihmly  established  in  1821,  with  a  special 
charter,  and  the  exclusive  ritjht  (e.Kclusive  at  least  as  to  all  Hritish  subjects) 
to  purchase  furs  in  the  territory  on  our  coast  claimed  1)>-  Great  liritain, 
including  Oregon,  Washington,  and  Idaho,  had  nearly  all  the  trade.  After 
a  controvcr.sy  it  made  a  compromi.se,  in  1833,  with  the  Russian-. Vmerican 
Company,  taking  the  trade  of  part  of  Alaska  for  a  definite  rental.  Tlu- 
business  of  TnK  Russian  A.mericax  Comi'any  terminated  with  the  trans- 
fer of  Alaska  to  the  United  States,  and  J'lIK  lIUUSUN's  Hav  Co.Ml'ANV'S 
special  charter  and  exclusive  privileges  ex[)iretl  in  1850 

J.  F.  Miller.— Of  the  men  who  have  been  engaged  in  the  fin-  trade  of  the 
North  I'acific,  none  is  more  extensively  known  than  JoilN  I'".  Mii,1.i;k,  now 
a  representative  of  California  in  the  United  States  Senate.  (]en.  ^tlI,^^:R, 
born  in  Indiana  in  1831,  received  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  laws  fioni  the 
law  school  at  Halston  Spa,  New  Voik,  in  1S52.  The  next  year  witnessed 
hi.s  arrival  in  California,  and  also  his  election  as  treasurer  of  \ap.i  Count)-. 
Illness  of  a  relative  in  Indiana  took  him  back  in  1S55  to  his  native  State, 
where  he  remained  6  )ear  .  taking  active  part  in  jviliticsas  a  stmnp-^peaker 
on  tlu'  Rciiubliean  side.  In  i860,  he  was  elected  to  the  Static  Senate,  and 
the  next  ye,.r  resigned  his  office,  to  enter  the  armv  with  a  regiment  whi<  h 
he  organized.  In  I'ebruary,  1862,  he  had  command  of  a  brigade;  and  from 
th.il  linu;  until  the  close  of  the  \\  ar,  exrepl  when  dis.-ibled  by  .severe  wounds, 
he  w.is  in  active  service,  holding  resi)onsibK-  i)ositions,  and  addin.g  to  hi.i 
reputation  as  a  .soldier  ami  a  manager  of  men.  1  !e  did  not  avoid  exposure, 
nor  did   he  escape  without    paving   tribute    with  his  blood   to  ilie  national 


.«« 


am 


340 


KISHlikltS,    ETC. 


cause.  '  )ncc  he  was  shot  througli  tho  neck,  the  bullet  passing  very  near  the 
jui:;ular  \ .  in,  and  his  left  e\'e  was  destroyed  In'  a  bullet  which  remained 
tweKe  )i\uN  in  his  head,  until  removed  by  a  difficult  and  dan,:,'crous  suiL;ic.al 
operation  in  1S75.  He  participated  in  13  battles,  includinij  that  of  .Stone 
River,  in  which  the  trfiops  under  his  immediate  command  carried  off  the 
chief  honors,  and  a  larf^e  part  of  the  credit  was,  by  <Tencnil  consent,  (j;iven 
to  him  personally.  Under  the  recommendations  of  iiis  superiors,  Generals 
Rosf;crans  and  Tiio.Ma.s,  he  was  promoted  to  the  grades  of  brigadier  and 
major-general.  While  in  comm-and  at  Nashville  he  had  delicate  antl  e\-ten- 
sivc  political  and  semi-diplomatic  dutieswhich  he  nerfonncd  with  tact,  gain- 
ing the  confidence  of  liic  Unionists  and  the  intin  ondship  of  AndrI'.W 
JoiINSOX,  then  militar)- governor  there.  After  tiio  '..osc  of  the  war  (jlcn. 
MlI.l.l'.R  returned  to  California,  intending  to  resume  the  practice  of  law,  but 
soon  received  tiic  appointment  of  collector  of  the  port  of  San  Francisco 
frnni  his  Tennessee  friend  who  had  luiccccded  to  the  prcsidcnc}'.  lie  held 
the  coUectorship  with  general  satisfaction  to  the  mercantile  communit)-  until 
1S70,  when  Ills  term  c.vpircd.  Tin:  Al.\.sk.v  Commkuci.vi,  Companv 
needed  a  president,  learned  in  the  l.tw,  familiar  with  general  business,  of 
high  repute  for  integrity,  .md  able  In  defend  extensive  interests  ;is  orator  or 
writer.  (len.  Mn.I.I'.K  was  selected  tor  the  [)lace,  and  again  he  made  a  suc- 
cess. Whin  the  l\.i'[)ul)licans  of  California  were  called  upon  to  ,cn(l  a  man 
to  the  L'nited  States  Senate  in  i8Si,the)-  looki.'d  ;irouiict  among  their  num- 
ber and  decided  that  J.  1'".  .VIlLUKR  was  their  Ijcst  m;in.  lli.'  had  previously 
resigned  the  presidciic)- of  Tilt:  .\i..sska  Ci>.m\I1:R(  l.\l,  Comiwnv.  The 
national  Senate  has  been  in  session  only  .1  few  weeks  since  lie  took  his  seat, 
but  his  iniluencc  has  already  been  recognized.  .\i  the  age  of  50  he  has 
reached  the  iiighcst  political  position  that  the  |)cople  of  California  can  con- 
fer on  him.  .and  with  good  health,  corri;ct  habits,  an  excellent  social  j)osition, 
and  an  industrious  antl  ambitious  character,  he  still  has  much  of  life  before 
him. 


Game.  -Our  coast  has  nnicK  g.uiie  of  ditTeicnt  kinds  killed  for  food, 
though,  of  Lour.se,  the  cpiantity  has  been  greatlj'  rtMluced  within  the  last  30 
years,  in  consequence  of  the  incrcise  of  ])opulation,  and  the  greatly  en- 
larged range  of  fire-arms.  Deer  are  numerous  in  m.iny  districts,  .md  400,000 
are  kilU^I  anmially.  The  number  of  deerskins  sold  to  the  tanners  .and  tr.-id- 
ers  (exclusive  of  riil':  I  Ii'Iisdn'.s  B.w  (.'oMrAW)  ever)- j-ear  is  vx),ooo; 
and  siiiiie  iur  t.iniu'd  by  the  hunters,  espeoi.illy  the  iiidi.ins,  lor  their  home 
use,  llie  elk,  common  u)  c<;iur,il  ami  Southern  c!,ilifornia  .it  the  time  of 
the  golii  discoxerj-,  has  disappcired  there;  hut  a  few  are  found  in  north- 
western Calil'oi'uia   .uid   ()rego,i.      Ihe  antelope;  wa-,  the  most  .ihund.uil,  or 


FURS    AND   GAME. 


Ul 


most  prominent  game  animal  of  tlic  .Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  Valleys 
before  the  American  conquest,  but  if  still  seen,  is  too  rare  to  have  a  market 
value.  The  buffalo  crossed  the  liocky  Mountains  at  various  places  in  the 
middle  of  the  ccntur\-,  but  tloes  so  no  lonj^jer  The  moose  and  cariboo  arc 
found  in  ISritish  Columbia  and  .\laska,  but  are  rare.  The  ad\-ance  of  civil- 
ization has  diminished  the  number  of  wolves  and  liawlcs,  and  given  a  chance 
to  the  hares,  rabbits,  and  sm.iU  birds  to  multiply.  Of  L;ame  squirrels,  there 
arc  \cry  few. 

The  water-fowl  supply  the  j^rcatcr  part  of- the  u/.imc  in  (jur  markets. 
Ducks  and  geese  are  numerous  in  t4ic  lakes,  rivers,  and  sloughs,  at  the  times 
of  their  migration  in  the  spring  and  autirnm,  and  the  Large  towns  are  well 
.supplied  with  them  at  such  periods.  The  hunters  niike  a  ])racticc  of  going 
to  a  railroad  station  or  steamboat  laniiing  cverv-  d.i>'  with  their  stock.  The 
season  for  hunting,  with  the  e.vception  of  venison,  is  fi.'^ed  by  law  for  Cali- 
fornia, from  Seplember  15  till  March  15,  and  for  vension,  from  July  to 
October,  inclusive,  while  geese,  hares,  and  rabbits  may  be  killeil  at  all 
times,  though  the  quantity  sent  to  market  is  small.  The  total  value  of  the 
game  consumed  in  San  Francisco  is  about  $100,000  annually.  The  qu.iil 
number  ^25  dozen  a  day  at  $1.25  a  dozen;  the  ducks,  75  dozen  ;i  da>-  at 
$2.50;  the  geese,  15  dozen  a  day  at  $2.75 ;  hares  and  rabbits,  10  dozen  a 
day  at  .$2.25;  reed-birds,  25  dozen  a  day  at  35  cents;  and  doves,  15  dozen 
a  day  at  (Jo  ccnt.s.  The  supply  of  deer  meat  amounts  to  1,000  pounds  a  da)', 
sold  at  9  cents.  These  quantities  represent  the  average  figures  in  the  re- 
spective season.s.  Grouse,  snipe-,  curlew,  wild  pigeons,  wild  tin-keys,  wild 
sheep,  and  various  other  kiinls  of  game  obtained  in  p.-u'ts  of  our  coast  arc 
so  limited  in  their  r;mge  that  the)-  do  not  deserve  more  than  men-  mention 
here.  As  a  rule,  the  hunters  ship  their  g.une  to  the  poultr)-  ilealers  of  .S.in 
Francisco,  bLit  several  |)roduce  houses  receive  consignments,  and  .•:ell  to  (he 
market  de.ders.  Most  of  the  qu;iil  ,uul  do\es  come  from  .Muntere)-  Contity, 
ducks  Irom  the  Sacramento  and  .San  Joaquin  \alleys,  venison  from  Mariiv 
Count)',  hares  and  r.djbits  from  Merced,  and  reetl-birds  from  Conlra  Costa. 
The  principal  game  dealers  in  San  Franci.sco  are  Rhii  \i;ii  1),  MowiMV  & 
Co.,  IIakt  &  GOOD.MAN,  and  !■'.  N.Wooo.s  &  Ci).,g,nne  and  [xiultry  dealers 
in  the  California  Market;  Lk.MOINK,  Ga.MIU'.UT  &  Co.,  in  the  San  I-rancisco 
Market;  and  JosKi'ii  Bassett,  John  C.  IIowk,  ,ukI  Lii  ri.iii'iin.n,  Al\a- 
•SON  &  Co.,  prcjiluce  merchants. 


342 


FISHERIES,    ETC. 


I         1 


CHAPTER  XXI.—COD-FISHERY. 

Cod-Banks. — The  piincipal  cod-fish  banks  of  the  North  Pacific  arc  in  the 
Bchrin;^  .Sea,  the  vicinity  of  the  ChouniaTjin  Islands,  and  the  Okhotsk  .Sea, 
wiiich  last,  the  lar^^est  known  cod-fishin<j  ground,  attracts  most  of  our  cod- 
fishinj,'  vessels,  and  now   i)ro(luccs  more  than   three  fourths  of  our  catch. 
The  liehrinf^  Sea,  thougli  extensive  in  its  cod-banks  and  aboundini^  in   fish, 
is  neglected,  Ijecau.sc  the  fish  an;  abundant  in  other  plates  more  conveiu'ently 
accessible.     All  the  cod-fishing  \esscls  of  the   Pacific  .ire  owned   in    .San 
Francisco,  and  bring  their  catch  to  curing  and   packing  houses  near  the 
metropolis.     The  methods  of  fishing  and  of  sending  the  fish  to  market  arc 
not  the  same  for  the  Choumagin,  where  the  fishing-boats  spend  the  year,  as 
for  the  Okhotsk,  to  which  latter  bank  the  vessels  make  a  trip  every  season, 
-spending  5   months,  of  which  2  are  occupied  in  catching  fish.     The  fish- 
ings at  the  (Jhoumagin  banks  is  in  shallower  water  than  in  the  Okhot.sk;  the 
depth  from  40  to  50  fathoms  n  the  latter,  and  from  20  to  40  fathoms  at  the 
former  grounds.     .Angle,  or  hand-lines,  as  they  arc  calleil,  are  used  exclu- 
sively in  the  Okhotsk  fisheries,  and  irawl-lines,  and  occasionally  hand-lines, 
at  the  Choumagin  Islands.     A  line  jS  fathoms  in  length,  and  several  of  these 
joined  together,  \\ith  hooks  att.ichctl  at  intervals  of  ^  or  4  feet,  are  called  a 
trawl-line.     The  trau  1-hooks  are   5  inches  long,  with  a  width  from  point  to 
shank,   'if  one    inch.     The   tr.iwl-lincs,   often    Cioo   fathoms   in   length,   arc 
draw  n  up  once  in  4  hours,  ami  the  catch  secured.     An  angle,  or  hand-line. 
has  2  hooks,  kept  aiiart  by  a  piece  of  wire,  and  a  Ictd  sinker,  weighing 
3   pounds,     h'.very   fisherman   manages   .:   lines,  one   i>n  each   -;ide  of  him, 
dr.iwing  one  while  he   lets  dovvn    the   other.     The   use   nf   the  hand-line, 
instead  of  the  trawl,  in  the  Okhnt-^k  fisheries,  is  caused  b\   sand-fleas,  small 
crustaceans,  which  there  attack  ami  ilevour  the  fish  on  a  tr,i\(l-linr  before  it 
cm  be  drawn.     l'"ach  fisherman  is  supplied  v>ith  a  dory,  or  small  boitt.  14 
feet  long,  similar  to  a  canoe.     .Some  of  the  dories  ar<"  supplied  w  rth  .sadilis. 
and  others  with  oars  onl)',  atid  all  anchor  while  fishing.     In  fh«  j*  flrtruf^i^  tke 
fishermen  leave  the  vessel  al  the  break  of  day,  and  arc  "(T  W  ilSw  fitihing- 
groumls,  which  may  be  200  yarcU  or  5  miles  distant       The)'  rrtwrri  Ht  dark 
with  the  daj-'s  catch,  though  on  .isioiiall\-,  rjwing  to  foygy  \«n"atl>er,  tbc)'  can 
not  find  their  vessel,  and  are  obliged  to  pass  the  night  in  tbr  dories,  or  land 


y 


1    « 


cod-iisiii:rv. 


.U3 


oil  some  unknown  shoi-c,  and  auiiii  ihc  coming  of  tlic  niorninL,^  li.^ht.  A 
small  quantitx-  of  bait  is  taken  iVom  San  Francisco,  witli  which  to  hci^in 
operations:  with  this  the  fishintj  is  commenced,  and  the  herring,  salmon,  and 
sculpins,  which  arc  secured  at  times  on  the  hooks,  sor\c  for  bait  for  the 
remainder  of  the  time.  The  average  weight  of  cotl-fish  of  the-North  Pacific 
fisheries  is  3  pounds,  and  the  maxinumi  1 1  pounds;  wliile  one  half  pound  is 
the  minimum  net  weight  after  cleaning.  The  fish  caught  in  the  Okhotsk 
fisheries  are  long  ami  thin,  while  th(jse  al  the  Clu)unia;;in  Islands  .are  short 
and  thick.     There  are  at  least  2  species  of  cod  in  the  I'acific. 


Cod-fishermen, — The  cod  caught  are  treated  in  a  manner  similar  to 
that  employed  in  the  Newfoundland  fisheries  ;  that  is,  no  cleaning  is  done 
by  the  fishermen;  their  cxclusixe  duty  being  to  fisli,  and  attend  to  their 
lines.  The  "dress  gang"  consists  of  a  throater,  header,  and  splitter.  The 
cod-fish,  after  being  brought  on  board,  are  first  passed  to  the  lliroatcr,  who 
cuts  their  throats,  and  nearly  severs  the  hcatl  from  the  body;  thence  to  the 
header,  who  reino\es  the  head,  o])ens  the  fish,  and  takes  out  the  viscera; 
and  lastly  In  the  si)liltcr,  mIio  takes  out  the  backbone,  and  flattens  out  the 
fish.  The  catch  is  salted,  and  i)ack-e(l  in  nests,  in  the  hold.  Nesting  is 
l^lacing  one  fish  inside  of  .another,  in  a  manner  similar  to  nesting  jiails  or 
buckets.  ]5_\'  this  .system  a  larger  (luantity  can  be  stored  in  a  gi\-en  space 
ih.m  b\-  packing  indiscrimitiatels-  in  bulk. 

Fisherman  are  paid  according  to  tluir  catch,  at  the  rate  of  ;|>jo  for  i.ocx") 
fish.  The  dress  gang  receive  from  $23  to  $30  per  month,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  splitter,  who  receives  $45  or  $50  i)er  month.  These  wages  in- 
clude board,  the  owners  of  ve.s.sels  furnishing  everything.  At  Kadiak  [sl.uid 
and  vicinity,  where  some  cod-lishing  is  done,  natives  are  emplo)-ed,  at  75 
cents  or  $1  per  day,  to  head,  split,  and  salt  the  fish.  Tho.se  caught  near  the 
Choumagin  Isl.mds  are  the  best  of  the  I'acific  cod,  and  superior  to  those  of 
the  Labr.idor  CO, ist,  while  the  finer  specimens  are  equal  to  the  best  of  the 
Newfoundland  i/-herics.  'J"he  life  of  the  Choum.igin  tishcrm.in  i:.  one  of 
case,  when  com  i.ned  with  that  of  his  Atlantic  brother.  The  numerous 
coves  and  inlets  furnish  a  convenient  refuge  when  heavy  we.ither  renders  it 
necci-sary  to  (juit  fishing;  and  as  the  season  lasts  only  during  the  summer 
mouths,  it  is  not  probable  that  eod-fishing  in  the  I'acific  will  i'\c'r  be  attended 
by  the  risk  of  life,  and  the  many  discomforts,  insep.n-.ibli  Iroiii  ih.il  occupa- 
tion, on  the  other  si[le  of  the  continent.  Tlu'  salt,  iirocunij  fr.im  the  Ala- 
meda sall-marsli,  (aliforni.i,  iiiiu.lc  by  the  e\,i|joratioii  of  se.i  water,  is  said  to 
be  of  excilk  111  (|\ialit\  Ihc  vessel  ,  belnic  leaving  oti  a  cod-fishing  cruisc, 
take  on  board  a  small  car^o,  allo\'.  ni;;  a  ton  of  nah  to  vath  i.fxxi  fish. 
The  muiihei  iJ  vi'  icU  nf  the  coif-fisliing  fled  have  ncvt-r  bcni  the  same  for 


344 


KISIIKKIKS,    ETC. 


2  consecutive  years;  the  business  fluctuating  with  the  demand  for  fish. 
When  a  good  .season  has  been  experienced,  and  a  lart^c  catch  secured,  the 
industry  is  stimulated,  and  the  next  year  the  fleet  is  enlarged  by  additional 
vessels  which  arc  sent  out.  When  a  poor  catch  is  the  result  of  a  season's 
fishing,  some  of  tiic  vessels  seek  other  business. 

The  number  of  fish  received  from  the  Okhotsk  Sea  fisheries  in  1 88 1  was 
;2i,ooo,  and  from  the  Choumagin  Islands  321,000.  .'\bout  250  men  were 
emi)loyed,  and  all  did  well.  The  consumption  of  cured  cod-fish  on  our 
coast  is  4,200  tons  annually,  and  the  exportation  IDO  tons.  The  Pacific 
fish  can  be  sold  here  cheaper  than  the  I^astern  ;  the  business  is  on  a  per- 
manent basis,  and  as  San  Francisco  becomes  more  of  a  distributing  point, 
the  catch  will  increase.  The  current  prices  to  the  trade  arc  5  cents  I'or  the 
ordinary  cjualitv,  and  5|j  cents  for  selected.  The  boneless  fisii  sell  at  GJ/^ 
cents.  The  principal  houses  engaged  in  the  cod-fi.shing  industry  on  the 
Pacific  coa.st  are  tho.se  of  Lyxdk  &  IIOL'CH,  TllOM.XS  W.  McCoi,L.\M  & 
Co.,  and  X.  BlciLVRD,  each  having  a  large  drying-yard  and  »  arehousc  near 
San  I'rancisct),  with  a  capacity  to  store  1,800  tons  of  fish.  As  the  fishing 
.season  lasts  only  5  months,  it  is  necessary  to  store  a  year's  sujjply  in 
extensive  warehouses,  which  are  not  recjuired  on  the  Atlantic  Coast,  where 
the  fishing  .season  lasts  longer  and  the  catch  comes  in  small  lots,  which  arc 
.soon  .sold  and  replaced  b\-  others.  Lyndi;  &  H0UGII,  whose  office  is  at 
416  Davis  Street,  began  cod-fishing  in  the  Pacific  in  1865.  The  curing  de- 
partment and  uarehou.se  is  at  Calilornia  City,  in  Marin  County.  .\  large 
number  of  detached  buildings,  with  all  the  necessary  ap[)lianccs,  constitutes 
the  curing  establishment,  which  is  most  complete  in  every  detail.  The  ware- 
house, built  on  a  strong  wharf,  is  140  feet  long  by  100  feet  wide,  a!Kl  two 
stories  high,  with  a  platform  on  three  sides  fiir  receiving  and  disch.irging 
cargoes.  The  drying  frames,  or  flakes,  ,'irc  at  the  south  side  of  the  ware- 
house, in  the  open  air,  where  the  benefit  of  sun  and  winil  may  be  freely 
had  ;  the  latter  being  much  preferable  to  the  former  (nr  drying  pur[)oses. 
McCoi,l..\M  &  Co.  have  a  station  on  one  of  the  Clioumagin  Islands,  to  which 
a  large  schooner  makes  three  trips  e\er)'  season  from  .San  Francisco,  taking 
up  salt,  precisions,  and  other  supi)lies,  ,ind  liringing  down  the  catch.  In 
this  way  a  const.iiit  and  regular  supply  of  fresh-caught  lish  is  secured, 
iloing  aw.iy  with  the  necessity  of  keeping  a  large  stock  at  .San  I'rancisco. 
Tlie  curing  establishment  at  Pcscada  I-anding,  opposite  Saucelito,  consists 
of  a  warehouse  120  feel  long  by  100  wide,  a  wharf  30  by  lOO  feet,  flake- 
yard  100  by  iSo  feet,  and  two  bo.arding-houses,  each  20  b\'  30  feet. 

The  remainder  of  the  cod  fishing  industiA'on  this  coast  is  in  the  hands  of 
N.  Birn.VKn,  whose  curing  and  drying  establishment  is  on  Kershaw's  Lsland, 
near  Saucelito. 


COD-FISHERY. 


345 


Catch, — The  first  cotl-bank  of  the  Xorth  I'acific  was  discovered  in  1S63, 
b)'  tlie  crew  of  the  Tiiiiandra,  which  was  retuniiii!^  from  the  ,/Vmoor  Ri\-cr, 
whither  she  had  been  with  a  carj^o  of  merchandise  from  San  I'Vancisco. 
While  bccahncd  in  the  Oi<hotsk  near  SaghaUen,  her  crew  commenced  fish- 
ing for  pastime,  and  ended  with  catching  30  tons  of  codfish  for  business. 
These  were  dried  on  Ycrba  Bucna  Island,  in  San  Francisco  Bay,  and  sold 
at  14  cents  per  pound.  This  success  led  to  the  fitting  out  of  7  vessels  in 
1865,  and  they  returned  with  470,000  fish,  or  700  tons.  The  catch  was 
profitable,  and  the  business  incrca.sed  until  1870,  when  21  vessels  took 
J. 265,000  fish,  or  1,850  tons.  The  quantity  overstocked  the  market,  ami 
most  of  the  cod-fishcrmcn  we.it  into  other  occupations,  so  thai,  in  1872,  the 
catch  was  only  300,000  fish  for  3  vessels.  J3y  this  time  the  demand  ex- 
ceeded the  sujiply,  and  there  was  an  increase  until  1878,  when  21  vessels 
made  a  catch  of  1,190,000  fish,  or  1,780  tons.  The  number  of  vessels  fell 
to  13  in  1879,  and  8  in  1880  and  in  i88i,biit  the  catch  w.is  1,500,000  fish  in 
1879,  i,.?oo,00O  in  18S0,  and  i,04r;,ooo  in  1881.  In  preparing  the  boneless 
c*.-:.'.-fish,  there  is  a  considerable  waste  of  tails,  fins,  and  skin,  which  aie  made 
into  an  excellent  manure;  but  there  is  so  little  demand  as  yet  fir  anvthing 
of  the  kind  in  California,  that  the  price  scarcely  covers  the  cost  of  sa\'iag 
the  material.  Six  thousand  gallons  of  cod-li\-cr  oil  are  m.ade  annually  on 
the  vessels  while  lying  at  the  banks.  Some  of  this  is  refined  fiir  druggists'  . 
use  at  $1  a  gallon,  and  the  remainder  sokl  crude  to  tanners  for  40  cents  a 
gallon.  The  sounds  anil  lights  arc  thrown  away;  and  about  60  barrels  of 
tongues  are  saved  annually,  and  sold  at  .$10  or  ,$12  a  barrel.  A  large  in- 
crease in  the  cod-fishery  of  the  N(3rth  Pacific,  and  the  participation  of 
Oregon,  Washington,  and  British  Columbia  in  its  profits,  may  be  confidentl)- 
expected  in  the  near  future. 


44 


34*5 


I'lSIIERIES,   ETC. 


CHAPTER  XXII.— WHALE  FISHERY. 

American  Whaling. — .Soon  .iftcr  llic  first  .settlement  in  New  England, 
its  luiiinilcfiil  soil  drove  many  of  its  inhabitants  to  the  .seas  for  a  support, 
and  they  fomul  a  !arL;c  reward  for  their  skill  as  ship-builders  and  mariners 
in  whaling.  Their  success  commandeil  the  admiration  of  the  luiropeans 
in  the  middle  of  the  last  ccntur)-.  When  ElJMU.xn  Ik'KKi:,  within  a  month 
before  the  battle  of  Hunker  Hill,  made  his  great  speech  to  the  British  Par- 
liament in  favor  of  a  conciliator)-  policy  towards  the  colonies,  he  found  one 
of  the  chief  topics  for  his  prai.se  of  the  Americans  in  their  whaling  fleet. 
In  a  passage  that  will  never  grow  stale,  he  said:  "No  sea,  but  what  is 
\exeil  I)}'  their  fisheries.  No  climate,  that  is  not  witness  to  their  toil.s. 
Neither  the  perseverance  of  Holland,  ikm-  the  activity  of  P'rance,  nor  the 
de.Kterous  and  firm  sagacity  of  English  enterpri.se  ever  carried  this  most 
perilous  mode  of  hardy  industry  to  the  extent  to  which  it  has  been  pushed 
bv  this  recent  people — a  people  who  are  .still,  as  it  were,  but  in  the  irristlc. 


it  yet  hardened  into  the  bone  of  inanPi 


At  that  ti 


Mr 


icluisetts  had    wo  whal 


ing  \-cssels,  averaging  90  tons 


each,  three  fifths  of  them  employed  in  the  North,  and  the  remainder  in  the 
South  Atlantic.  The  revolutionary  war  reduced  the  business  to  relative 
insignificance,  but  it  soon  began  to  revive,  after  peace  and  intlependencc 


secured.     In   1791,  6  American  whalers  appeare( 


tht 


'acific,  and 


made  sue 


h  f 


blc 


ivorabie  r 


reports 


the 


that  there  was  a  rapid  increa.se 


lh<; 


Th 


i'8i2  drove  most  o 


f  th 


th 


but 


after  1.S15  ihey  returned  with  increased  force 
to  ap|)ear  oil  the  coas 


and 


ranciseo  m 


X( 


I  of  Califo 
1826,  V 


a  few  years  Liter  began 
When  Capt.iin  Hkkchkv  entered  San 


li  an  English  exploring  \essel,  he  fo 


nu'iuan  whalers    anehoretl  at     (aucelito,  a  lavorile    place 


>f 


rt    fo 


them. 


he\-  found  fresh  water  there,  cut  ftre- 


.sent  lioats  occasionalh'   to  San    P 


ranciseo   \ov 


ippli 


III  Angel  Psl;md,  and 
les  of  various  kinds. 


"heir  accounts   of  .S.iii  Francisco  J).u',  and  of  the  climate  and   soil  of  tht 


surrounding  countr\-, 


;a\e  rise  to  the 


desire  for  the  aci 


o 


f  C 


lUilornia. 


r 


|uis!tion 


le  whalers   in   the   North    Pacific   continued   to  increase 


until  1S55,  when  they  had  reached  the  number  <if  500,  and  nearly  all  had 
their  ports  of  rendc/\ous  ami  refitting  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  Honolulu 
was  the  fa\ored   port   I'or  JOO,  and  Lahaina  for  a  greater  number.      In  1854 


WIIAI.K    IISIIKKV. 


347 


the  calcli  of  525  whalers  includccl  60,000  barrels  df  whale  and  sperm 
oil,  and  700  tons  of  bone.  Once  in  4  jears  each  \essel  reuirned  to  her 
home  port,  which,  for  most  of  them,  was  New  iieilfoid  ;  and  the  sail- 
f)rs  who  had  mana^^ed  to  economize  their  shares  often  obtained  enough 
on  a  single  cruise  to  enable  tiiem  to  ;icciuire  a  comfortable  home,  .\fter 
1855  there  was  a  j^radual  decrease  in  the  •lumber,  until  the  beL;"imn'n.L; of 
the  ci\il  war,  which  occurred  at  the  time  when  the  larj^e  suppl)-  of  petro- 
leum bcL^an  to  supersede  whale  and  sperm  oil  for  illuminatin;^  .inil  lubricat- 
ing purposes.  Most  of  the  whalers  in  the  North  I'acific  weri'  then 
withdrawn  from  the  business.  Of  those  which  remained  in  1865,  the 
rebel  cruiser  SItcnainloah  burned  34;  and  in  1871,  32,  and  in  i87(),  14  were 
lost  in  the  ice  of  the  Arctic.  The  wiialers  continued  to  rendezvous  in  the 
Hawaiian  IsLiJids  till  1865,  when  they  began  to  come  to  San  I'rancisco, 
where  supplies  could  be  (Obtained  as  cheapl)' as  in  Honolulu.  One  of  the 
motives  for  the  change  was,  that  the  Hawaiian  Government  would  n(jt  allow 
a  whaling  \cssel  to  carry  a  native  of  the  islands  away,  without  giving  a 
bond  in  the  sum  of  $600  for  his  return.  Now,  all  winter  in  San  h'rancisco, 
where  6  of  the  scanty  fleet  of  the  North  Pacific,  consisting,  in  188 J,  of  40 
vessels,  are  owneil. 

The  whaling  imlustr)'  is  not  [lursued  now  In-  the  L'alifornians  with  so 
much  energy  as  it  was  a  hundred  years  ago  l)y  the  New  luiglanilers, 
because  it  now  jields  less  relati\e  profit.  Massachusetts  has  a  harsh  sk)-, 
a  sterile  soil,  and  no  mines;  while  in  the  last  centur)-  whales  were  .ibund.uit 
near  her  coast,  and  in  all  the  oceans;  and  oil  ,ind  bone  were  relativel\-  much 
more  \aluable  than  in  our  day.  The  whales  have  become  scarce  and  w  ild, 
anil  must  be  ch.iscil  into  the  ice,  where  twice  within  the  last  ro  >'ears  con- 
siderable portions  (jf  the  whaling  fleet  were  lost.  It  is  true  that  Calif  irnia 
is  not  ailding  much  to  the  mmiber  of  her  \es.sels  engaged  in  this  chase  ; 
but  while  she  occupies  a  nearly  stationary  condition,  Massachusetts  has  for 
the  last  quarter  of  a  century  been  rapidl>'  retrograding,  for  she  has  not  now- 
one  third  so  many  vessels  in  the  whale  flsher_\-  as  she  h.id  in  1855. 


North  Pacific  Fleet, — In  1882,  the  North  Pacific  whaling  fleet  consists 
of  about  40  \essels,  ol'  which  4  arc  steamers.  San  h'ranci.sco  owns  one  of 
tlic  stcair  =  and  5  of  the  sailing-\essels,  the  others  belonging  to  New  Bed- 
ford. The  use  of  steamers  is  new;  the  fnst  cruise  of  a  steam-whaler  finni 
San  Francisco  having  been  made  in  1880. 

The  catch  of  the  whaling  fleet  in  1881  included  554,000  pounds  of  uii.de- 
bone,  worth  from  .$2.20  to  $2.50;  15,000  pounds  of  ivorj",  worth  60  cents; 
and  21,000  barrels  of  oil,  worth  from  54' j  to  35  cents  a  gallon.  Allowing 
$850,000   for  the   bone,  $280,000   for  the   oil,  and   $';,000  for  the   ivor_\-,  we 


348 


KISHERIES,    ETC. 


have  a  total  of  $1,139,000  for  the  season's  work;  an  averajjo  of  $57,000  for 
a  vessel.  Some  of  them,  however,  made  over  .$75,000,  while  others  did  not 
make  $30,000.  In  1855,  when  sperm-oil  was  worth  $1.75  per  gallon,  whale- 
oil  70  cents,  and  bone  45  cents,  the  average  catch  of  the  whalers  in  the 
North  I'acific  was  about  $3cS,ooo  to  the  ship.  The  highest  average  price 
for  the  year  of  sperm-f)il,  was  in  1S66,  when  it  rose  to  $2.55;  of  whale-oil 
in  1866,  when  it  was  $1.45  ;  and  <if  bone  in  18S0,  the  price  being  $2. 
The  common  rate  of  annual  interest,  on  loans  secured  by  mortgage  of 
whaling  ves.sels  is  16  per  cent.,  and  the  rate  of  insurance  for  the  season  is 
15  per  cent. 

The  whalers  sent  out  from  San  Francisco  vary  in  value,  including  all 
supplies  for  a  \'o)'age,  from  $15,000  to  $40,000  each.  A  whaler  has  usually 
3,  4,  or  5  boats,  with  7  men  for  each  boat,  and  from  5  to  10  e.xtra  men,  in- 
cluding cook,  steward,  carpenter,  and  ccjoper.  In  a  trip  to  the  Arctic,  a 
whaler  iisualh'  spends  35  da)s  in  her  northward  and  20  in  her  southward 
trij),  antl  has  7  months  for  work  on  the  whaling-ground.  Sometimes  she 
\vill  get  as  much  oil  as  she  can  carry  before  reaching  l^chring  Strait,  but 
this  has  become  a  rare  piece  of  good  fortune,  and  the  chief  field  of  occu- 
pation and  profit  is  now  beyond  the  strait,  near  the  domain  of  perpetual  ice. 

The  officers  and  crew  of  whaling  vessels  do  not  recci\-e  a  fixed  sum  by  the 
month  or  V(3)'age,  but  arc  engaged  "on  the  lay"  or  share.  The  common 
rule  is  that  the  owners  are  to  supply  the  ship,  boats,  implements,  and  pro- 
visions, and  arc  to  receive  60  jicr  cent,  of  the  gross  proceeds,  leaving  40  per 
cent,  to  be  divided  among  the  officers  and  crew.  The  captain  usually  gets 
about  one  twclftii,  a  mate  one  twentieth,  and  the  ordinary  seaman  the  one 
hundred  and  eightieth  [jart.  .\  gootl  catch  is  often  worth  $45,000;  of  which 
sum  the  owners  would  receive  $30,000,  the  captain  $3,750,  each  mate  $2,250, 
and  each  sailor  .$250.  The  rewards  ;ue  high  for  the  captains  and  mates,  and 
the  men  ha\e  $30  a  month.  The  possibilities  of  much  higher  profit,  and  the 
interest  of  the  crew  in  the  catch,  lieli)  to  secure  men  for  whalers  at  times 
\\hen  merchant  \essels  can  not  obtain  skillful  sailors. 

The  whaling  of  the  North  I'acific  is  now  exclusivelv-  in  the  hands  of. the 
;\ineiicans,  and  all  or  nearly  all  the  xessels  make  up  their  crews  and  dis- 
charge their  cargoes  in  .San  I'lancisco.  This  [lort  has,  however,  been  the 
place  of  rendezvous  for  the  New  England  whaling  shijjs  for  less  than  10 
years,  and  whether  it  will  succeed  in  maintaining  its  monopoly  is  very 
doubtful.  At  present  it  has  the  only  large  supply  of  sailors  on  the  coast, 
and  the  only  large  stock  of  such  articles  as  whaling  vessels  require;  but  the 
time  is  not  far  distant  wlien  Portland,  Seattle,  and  Victoria  will  have  every- 
thing that  whalers  need  ;  and  they  ha\e  the  advantage  of  being  much  nearer 
to  the  whaling-ground.     .San  l-'r.incisco  h;is,  however,  main-  attractions  which 


"I  i 


i 


WllAl.K    risIIKRS'. 


349 


they  can  never  equal.  It  is  ndl  [)n)l)al)!c  thai  whaline;'  will  entirel}'  desert 
San  Francisco  as  it  has  deserted  tlic  Atlantic  [jorts  of  l''rance,  south  of  lati- 
tude 46',  where  it  (Mice  had  its  chief  seat. 

The  .shore,  sperm,  and  Arctic  have  been  the  three  main  divisions  of  tlie 
whalin;.;'  industry  on  our  coast.  The  L;ra\-  whale  is  found  near  the  shores  of 
California  and  Lower  California  in  the  winter,  .anil  cm  be  taken  there  with 
less  effort  than  in  an)-  other  pl.ice.  To  pursue  him  is  the  m.iin  purpose  of 
the  shore  wh.iler,  who  lives  either  in  his  ship  or  on  the  lanil.  The  land 
whalers  have  stations  on  the  shore;  the  men  i^oinjj;  nut  in  whaleboats  and 
towin;,'  their  victims  to  an  anchorai^e,  where  the  blubber  is  tried  out.  The 
.sperm  whale  prefers  the  warm  portifr.is  of  the  ocean,  where  he  can  be  t.iken 
at  any  time  of  the  )X'ar.  Ship  whaling  for  the  <j;r:iy  h.as  been  unprofitable 
for  years,  and  nothing  is  now  done  in  it.  The  Okhotsk  was  for  a  Ioul;  lime 
the  best  place  for  takinpj  the  right  and  bowhead  whales,  but  has  been  ex- 
hausted, and  the  ships  go  to  the  liehring  or  Arctic  Sea,  spending  the  .season, 
froni  Mru'cli  to  November,  in  their  cruise. 

Shore  Whaling. — In  1.S51  Captain  D.WF.Nl'OUr,  an  old  whaling  master 
li\'ing  at  iMonterey,  obser\'ing  the  nimiber  of  whales  jiassing  the  h.arbor, 
organized  a  com[),inyof  men  to  eng.age  in  whaling,  while  living  on  the  lanil. 
He  hatl  a  whaleboat,  in  which  he  sallied  out  when  his  game  came  in  sight, 
and,  h.aving  killed  liis  victim,  t<5wed  it  to  the  shore,  where  lie  hati  tackle  for 
taking  olT  the  blubber,  pots  for  trying  it  out,  .ami  cabins  for  his  party,  lie 
was  successful,  and  his  example  w'as  imitated  at  a  dozen  places,  from  Cape 
Mendocino  to  Point  Abanda  in  Lower  California,  some  of  the  stations  being 
maintained  for  15  years  with  profit.  All  are  ab.intloned  sa\c  those  at  .S,in 
Luis  Obispo,  Point  Conception,  and  San  Simeon,  e.ich  of  which  has  a  score 
of  men,  and  takc:5  on  an  a\-erage  about  500  barrels  of  oil  in  ;i  \ear,  though 
the  catch  varies  greatly.  The  business  is  in  the  hands  of  the  Portuguese 
almost  exclusively.  From  April  till  September  the  men  engage  in  farming 
near  the  stations,  but  employ  a  lookout;  and  when  he  announces  the  appear- 
ance of  a  whale  they  take  to  their  boats;  and  from  October  till  JMarch  they 
spend  in  their  boats,  going  out  every  day,  if  not  storm)-,  tf)  a  distance  of  8 
or  10  miles  from  land,  to  watch  for  their  game.  Monterev  has  a  crew  reg- 
ularl)-  engaged  in  the  common  fisher)-  of  the  bay-,  who  go  out  to  attack 
whales  coming  in  sight,  but  do  not  watch  for  them.  The  boats  of  the  land 
w-halers  ;u-e  of  the  same  size  antl  pattern  as  those  used  b)'  the  Arctic  whal- 
ers. The  oil  from  the  land  stations  is  now-  nearl)-  all  gr.'i)-,  and  the  gallon 
is  worth  5  cents  less  than  that  from  the  Arctic.  The  munber  of  whales  is 
steadi!)-  decreasing,  and  those  passing  the  shore  of  California  .-u-e  becoming- 
more  timid,  so  that  the  business  of  land  whaling  will  prol,),-ibl\-  ceasi'  within 


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10  years.  These  land  companies  pay  a  premium  to  their  captain  and  mate, 
usual!)-  $:!00  or  $300  a  year — the  term  of  mutual  engagement — and  divide 
the  remainder  of  the  net  receipts  equally  among  all  the  members.  TllE 
NOKTII-WEST  Tr.\DING  COMPANY,  of  Portland,  has  recentlj-  established  a 
whaling  station  in  Alaska,  the  beginning,  probably,  of  an  important  enterprise. 

The  whale  is  still  first  attacked  by  throwing  a  hand-harpoon  fastened  to 
the  boat  bj'  a  line,  as  in  the  last  century;  but  of  recent  years  an  additional 
and  very  effective  weapon  has  been  found  in  the  bomb  lance,  an  iron  tube, 
::o  inches  long  and  an  inch  in  diameter,  loaded  with  powder,  and  prepared 
to  explode  soon  after  striking.  Whep  the  harpoon  lias  taken  hold,  the  bolt 
is  a,t  once  shot  into  the  whale  from  a  gun,  and  the  explosion  often  disables 
the  victim,  or  kills  it  immediately;  if  not,  others  are  fired  at  every  good 
opportunity,  until  a  dozen  may  be  spent  on  a  single  whale.  The  average 
number  may  be  3.  The  bomb  costs  $4,  and  is  considered  indispensable  for 
the  equipment  of  every  whalcboat.  In  the  chase  of  the  California  grcay, 
co!'':d  the  '' ilcvil-fish"  because  of  its  violent  lashing  of  the  water,  and  its 
fury  in  attacking  boats,  the  haipoon  is  shot  from  a  gun,  which  throws  a 
bomb  at  the  same  time.  The  gun  enables  the  boat  to  remain  at  a  greater 
distance,  and  thus  reliexes  the  whale  fishermen  from  the  chief  danger  of 
being  struck  by  the  first  sweep  of  the  tail.  The  harpoon  gun  is  not  consid- 
ered necessary  in  attacking  the  bowhead  and  right  whales. 

The  whales  of  the  North  Pacific  are  the  gray  ( R/iafiaiurtfs  g/aiiais),  the 
finback  ( lui/untoptera  vclifcra)^  the  humpback  (Mci!;aptcni  vcrsahilis),  the 
finner  (Balicnoptcra  Davidsoui ),  the  bowhead  (Balciia  uiysticctus),  tiie  right 
(lui/ciiiT  Sicbol(iii),  the  s\x\\i\\w( Sililur/(fiis snl/iiiriis),  and  the  sperm  (Physctcr 
inacro(cplialus).  The  gray,  or  California  gray,  is  found  only  in  the  Pacific, 
north  of  latitude  20°,  and  is  most  abundant  near  the  American  coast.  It  is 
a  migratory  animal,  spending  its  winters  on  the  edge  of  the  torrid  zone,  and 
its  summers  in  or  neai  the  Arctic,  traveling  southward  from  October  to  Jan- 
uary, inclusive,  anil  northward  from  May  to  August.  There  is  no  method 
of  ascertaining  the  time  that  any  one  whale  retjuires  for  making  its  .semi- 
annual voj'age  of  4,ocx)  mile.s.  It  was  the  f)[)inion  of  Capt.  .St'AMMox  that 
about  10,000  whales  visited  the  coasts  of  California  and  Lower  Cali- 
fornia in  1  .S74,  and  the  number  passing  so  near  the  land,  as  to  be  \  isiblc  from 
the  shore  whaling  stations,  was  then  40  daily  in  the  middle  of  the  "down 
.season,"  or  period  of  southward  migration.  The  female,  w  i.cn  about  to  give 
birth  to  her  calf,  in  December  or  Januar)',  seeks  the  shallow  water  of  a  bay 
or  inlet  on  the  ocean  siile  of  Lower  California,  wlicre,  if  not  disturbed,  she 
will  remain,  with  brief  visits  ti.i  the  open  water,  for  several  months.  She 
suckles  her  calf  for  6  or  8  months,  and  watches  over  it  with  inatcrnal  solici- 
tude and  a  devotion  that  often  costs  her  life,     Tlic  yield  uf  a  gray  in  oil  is 


tl 


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WHAl-K    KISMKKV. 


351 


20  barrels  on  the  average,  but  has  risen  in  a  large  female  to  70.  The  female 
reaches  a  length  of  45,  and  the  male  35  feet — one  instance,  at  least,  in  nature 
of  feminine  superiority.  In  its  migrations  the  gray  likes  to  keep  near  the 
land,  and  when  it  has  reached  the  regions  where  it  spends  its  months  of  rest, 
it  Seeks  water  either  shallow  or  not  very  deep;  and  these  habits,  different 
from  those  of  most  other  whales,  have  led  to  peculiar  methods  of  killing  it. 
According  to  Capt.  Sc.WIMON,  the  number  which  visited  tiic  coast  of  Lower 
California  annually  was  30,000  in  1854,  and  10,000  in  1874,  a  rapidity  of 
decrease  justifying  his  fear  that  ere  long  this  mammal  will  be  "  numbered 
among  the  exiinct  species  of  the  Pacific." 

The  bowhead  or  polar  whale,  the  chief  object  of  the  whaler's  pursuit  in 
the  North  Pacific,  has  an  average  length  of  45  feet,  and  yields  100  barrels 
of  oil  and  three-quarters  of  a  ton  of  whalebone.  The  best  Pacific  whaling- 
grounds  for  the  bowhead  arc  now  in  the  Arctic,  but  formerly  were  in  the 
Okhotsk,  and  .some  are  still  found  there  and  in  the  Ikhring  Sea.  The  hump- 
back is  a  larger  whale  and  has  a  more  extended  range  than  the  gray.  It  is 
found  in  both  great  oceans,  on  both  sides  of  the  equator;  and  in  the  North 
Pacific,  instead  of  restricting  itself  to  the  vicinity  of  the  American  conti- 
nent, it  also  visits  the  waters  near  China. 

Whaling  vessels  now  generally  devote  part  of  their  time,  when  they  can 
not  find  larger  game,  to  the  walrus,  which  they  kill  with  a  rifle.  Each  full- 
grown  walrus  yields,  on  an  average,  20  gallons,  worth  $7,  and  35  pounds  of 
ivory,  worth  $2!  ;  making  the  gross  value  of  each  animal  about  $28,  at  pres- 
ent prices.  At  least  3  out  of  4  killed,  however,  are  lost,  for  they  sink  al- 
most immediately,  if  they  are  in  the  water,  which  they  generally  succeed  in 
reaching  if  shot  on  the  ice  or  on  the  beach.  The  walrus  furnishes  a  consid- 
erable portion  of  the  food  supply  of  the  Esquimau.x,  and  its  destruction 
must  make  it  more  difucuii  for  them  to  support  themselves.  Of  the  20 
ve-ssels  in  the  North  Pacific  whaling  fleet  of  1880,  15  killed  the  walrus.  The 
animal  is  most  abundant  in  the  ice-fields  of  the  Arctic,  but  is  frequently 
seen  on  the  shores  of  Alaska,  as  far  south  as  the  southern  side  of  the  ncn- 
insula. 


mmmmmm 


352 


FISHERIES,   ETC 


CHAPTER  XXIII.— OTHER  MARINE   FISHERIES. 

Kinds  of  Fish. — The  varieties  of  fish  most  valuable  in  the  commerce 
and  industry  of  the  Atlantic  arc  caught  also  in  the  waters  of  our  coast. 
The  cod,  herring,  mackerel,  halibut,  flounder,  sardine,  anchovy,  and  turbot  arc 
found  in  both  oceans.  The  report  of  the  fish  commissioners  of  Califor- 
nia, for  1880,  gives  the  number  of  species  of  fish  then  known  in  the  waters 
at  280,  25  of  which  arc  fresh,  and  the  remainder  salt-water  fish.  Thirty- 
four  additional  species,  including  1 1  river  fish,  are  found  in  Oregon  and 
Washington.  These  are  all  indigenous  species.  As  no  thorough  .search  has 
been  made  between  Tomalcs  n,iy  and  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia,  it  is  al- 
most certain  that  other  varieties  will  be  discovered  from  year  to  year.  Of 
the  21  flat-fi.shcs  on  the  coa.st,  19  are  found  on  the  shores  orbiiysof  California. 

Our  coast  has  different  fish  districts,  well  defined  in  geographical  limits, 
and  different  in  many  of  their  occupants.  One  extends  from  Point  Con- 
ception northward  to  Monterey ;  the  second,  from  Monterey  to  Pugct  Sound, 
and  the  third  from  that  point  onward  toward  the  Arctic.  The  bay  of  Mon- 
terey is  the  middle  ground,  where  fishes  from  north  and  .south  meet.  It 
has  about  130  species,  and  San  I'rancisco  harbor  has  the  same  number. 
Santa  Barbara  has  but  95  species,  as  the  rock-cod  and  flounder  do  not  go 
so  far  soutii.  In  I'uget  Sound  there  are  90  species,  all  of  which  belong  to 
the  northern  varieties.  In  San  I'^rancisco  Hay,  and  its  tributary  rivers,  there 
arc  taken  annuall)-  about  4,000  tons  of  fish. 

The  large-eyed  flounder  (Ilif^poi^lossoidcs  Jordani)  is  plentiful  in  our  fi.sh- 
markcts  all  the  year  round.  Professor  JoKOAN  estimates  the  catch  of  this 
fish  b}'  Chinamen,  in  the  single  harbor  of  Monterey,  at  500  pounds  jKirday. 
Of  the  chirida-,  the  painted  sea-trout  (Chiriis  pic  us)  is  common  in  our  north- 
ern latitudes,  and  is  founil  occasionally  in  the  San  Francisco  market.  The 
c/iiri/s  ffiif/ii/i/s,  a  species  of  sea-trout  common  in  the  bays  of  San  Franci.sco 
and  Monterey,  is  plentiful  in  the  markets  the  year  round. 

The  cod-fish  proper  does  not  belong  to  the  fauna  of  California.  Dr.  DEAN, 
who  recenll)-  in\cstigated  the  fish  systems  of  the  Alaskan  waters,  is  of  opin- 
ion that  the  coil-fish  of  Alaska  is  identical  with  the  Cttd/is  morrhua,  or  true 
cod-fish.  The  entire  (juantily  of  fresh  cod  brought  to  San  Francisco,  packed 
in  ice,  docs  not  exceed  300  tons,  in  the  se.ison  of  3  months.  The  green 
cod  (Ophiodon  clongatus),  is  noted  as  one  of  the  most  rapacious  of  fishes, 


iiH 


mmmmmHm. 


OTHER   MARINE  FISHERIES. 


353 


coming  in  this  characteristic  into  close  competition  with  the  shark.  Lurk- 
ing among  the  rocks,  it  lies  in  wait  for  rock-fish,  and  is  often  captured  on 
the  same  hook  with  the  fish  at  which  it  bites.  It  is  valuable  as  a  food  fish, 
and  sometimes  attains  a  weight  of  50  or  60  pounds. 

Red  rock-cod  sometimes  weigh  25  pounds,  and  blue  rock-fish  50  pounds. 
These  are  of  extreme  size.  The  barracuda  season  lasts  from  the  beginning 
of  March  to  June.  In  shape  and  habit  this  fi.sh  strongly  resembles  the 
fresh-water  pike,  being  long  and  slim  and  exceedingly  voracious.  It  feeds 
on  small  fish,  such  as  smelt  and  herring,  and  is  found  in  schools  among  the 
kelp.  It  is  caught  with  trawl-lines  near  Santa  Cruk.  and  Monterey.  The 
barracuda  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  is  considered  unfit  for  food,  while  its  Pacific 
relative  is  esteemed  one  of  the  most  delicate  of  table  fish.  Large  quantities 
are  caught  in  San  Diego  Harbor,  The  hook  is  baited  with  a  white  or  red 
rag,  at  which  the  fish  bites  greedily.  It  is  abundant  in  summer  at  a  distance 
of  3  or  4  miles  from  the  heads  of  San  Francisco  Harbor,  and  thence  south- 
ward. In  other  seasons  the  young  are  sometimes  taken  in  seines.  The* 
largest  size  is  about  12  pounds. 

Of  the  27  known  species  of  rock-cod,  all  except  2  are  to  be  found 
in  the  harbor  of  Monterey.  The  one  most  common  in  the  Bay  of  San 
Francisco,  the  wharf  rock-fish  ( Sebastichtliys  auriciilatus),  the  only  kind 
found  in  shallow  bays,  .sometimes  attains  a  weight  of  3  pounds.  Those 
caught  by  hook  and  line,  from  wharf  or  shore,  average  about  half  a  pound. 
The  largest  of  alt  the  species  is  the  large,  red  rock-fish  (Sebastichtliys  ruber), 
exceeding  in  .some  instances  a  weight  of  12  pounds.  Large  quantities  of 
the  dark  greenish  rock-fish  (Atrovircns),  taken  by  Chinamen  at  the  Santa 
Barbara  Islands,  are  salted,  dried,  and  sent  to  China.  It  is  the  opinion  of 
many  fishermen  that  the  Chinamen  are  rapidly  reducing  the  Californian 
supply  of  food  fish.  Already  white  fishermen  have  to  go  outside  the  heads 
for  fish  which  but  a  few  years  ago  were  plentiful  in  San  Francisco  Bay. 
The  long  flats  near  the  Oakland  and  Alameda  shores  are  often  swept  by 
Asiatic  fishermen,  who  operate  with  both  the  .seine  and  stationary  net. 
Inside  of  Cape  Scott,  the  north-west  extremity  of  Vancouver  Island,  there 
is  an  extensive  bank,  where  rock-cod  are  taken  in  immense  quantitv.  and 
of  the  largest  size.  On  the  .shore,  near  to  this  bank,  a  Chinese  ct  .>  .y  is 
engaged  in  the  .systematic  pro.secution  of  the  business.  In  the  vicinity  of 
Hurrard  Inlet,  a  productive  fishing-ground,  immense  quantities  of  smelt,  an 
excellent  and  favorite  table  fish,  are  dried,  packed,  and  shipped  by  Chinese 
fisherman  to  their  fellow-Mongols  in  Victoria  and  in  San  Franci.sco.  One 
redeeming  feature  in  the  presence  of  the  yellow  fishermen  in  our  commu- 
nity is,  that  they  eat  up  young  shark,  and  esteem  as  a  delicacy  the  fin  of 
4S 


3S4 


KISHERIES,    KTC. 


the  larger  species  in  a  raw  or  cooked  state,  or  in  soup,  when  it  can  be 
spared  from  drying  purposes. 

The  greater  bulk  of  the  fish  sent  from  Tomiilcs  and  Monterey  bays  to 
San  Francisco  are  black  bass,  black  rock-cod,  and  other  species  of  the 
storpiciiidic.  On  account  of  their  dark  color  they  are  very  slow  of  sale,  and 
sometimes  can  not  find  purchasers,  even  at  a  cent  a  pound.  Rock-fish  arc 
omnivorous,  with  a  preference  for  their  smaller  kindred.  They  spawn  early 
in  the  spring.  The  pompino  is  found  along  the  entire  Pacific  Coast.  It  is 
a  small  fish,  juicy  and  fat,  and  readily  brings  25  to  50  cents,  selling  occasion- 
ally as  high  as  $1.50  per  pound. 

Of  the  carangidiE,  the  horse  mackerel  {Trachuras  saurus)  is  taken  in 
large  quantity  off  this  coast,  and  salted  for  bait..  The  pilot-fish  also  belongs 
to  this  subdivision  of  the  scombrida;,  or  old  mackerel  family.  Of  the  true 
scombridx,  the  Spanish  mackerel  occurs  from  Monterey  southward,  and  is 
occasionally  found  in  the  San  Francisco  markets.  The  largest  specimen  is 
*  14  inches  long.  The  bonito,  or  skip-jack,  taken  in  great  quantity  off  Santa 
Barbara  and  San  Diego,  has  a  coarse,  unwholesome  meat  when  eaten  fresh, 
but  when  salted  and  dried,  it  sells  for  twenty-five  cents  a  pound.  Its  aver- 
age weight  is  about  12  pounds.  The  albicore  bites  greedily  at  a  white  rag, 
and  affords  excellent  sport  in  the  bay  of  Monterey,  being  caught  by  trawl- 
lines. 

Of  the  scia;nida>,  the  sea-bass,  and  the  2  species  of  .so-called  king- 
fish  {Gcnyoncmus  Ihwatus  and  Scriplius  [>olitiis\  are  highly  esteemed  as 
table  fish.  The  2  latter  descriptions  are  seldom  more  than  10  inches  in 
length,  of  delicate  flavor,  and  of  course  are  different  from  the  king-fish 
previously  mentioned.  The  white  sea-bass  is  abundant,  and  instances  are 
not  uncommon  in  our  markets  of  fish  weighing  50  or  Co  pounds.  The 
sucker  bass  is  found  on  sandy  shores  south  of  Santa  Barbara,  and  the 
roncador,  of  about  3  pounds  weight,  has  the  same  range.  Many  varieties 
of  the  perch  family  arc  used  only  for  bait,  but  the  blue-fish,  moon-fish,  rock- 
bass,  Johnny  Verde,  and  kelp  salmon,  all  of  which  belong  to  this  family, 
rank  high  as  pan-fish.  The  Jew-fish,  or  black  sea-bass,  is  palatable,  and 
reaches  a  weight  of  500  pounds.  All  the  species  of  perch  range  .southward 
from  the  Islanils  of  Santa  Barbara.  Mullet,  common  in  the  harbor  of  San 
Diego,  docs  not  e.xcecd  a  length  of  15  inches.  The  (lying-fish,  fre- 
quently seen  off  the  southern  part  of  our  coast  from  Santa  Barbara  to  Cen- 
tral America,  reaches  a  weight  of  a  pound  and  a  half  or  more,  and  is 
excellent  for  the  table. 

Of  the  apodes,  or  fishes  without  ventral  fins,  the  conger  eel  is  plentiful 
among  the  rocks  near  the  tide  mark  of  San  Diego  harbor.  Though  very 
pugnacious,  it  is  sometimes  taken  by  hand.     Its  extreme  weight  is  about 


;     W 


OTHEK   MARlXli    KlbHiiKlES. 


355 


20  pounds.     Its  skin  is  said  to  be  poisonous,  but  the  flesh  resembles  that  of 
the  fiesh-watcr  ccl. 

The  sting-ray,  or  stingarcc,  which  is  common  along  the  coast,  is  very  de- 
structive to  oysters,  Crustacea,  and  fish.  The  Chinese  occasionally  u.sc  it, 
when  dried,  as  a  food  fish.  It  sometimes  attains  a  weight  of  75  pounds. 
The  .sea  vampire,  or  devil-fish,  occurs  on  our  coast,  and  is  not  rare  in  the 
Mexican  waters.  The  largest  known  specimens  measure  1 5  to  20  feet  in 
width.  The  Rain  binocidata  is  common  in  our  local  markets,  and  sells  as  a 
food  fish  chiefly  to  the  I'rench.  The  largest  of  the  rays  is  the  Raia  Coopcri, 
which  sometimes  attains  a  length  of  5  or  6  feet 

Salmon  Family. — In  the  report  of  VV.  G.  Morris,  on  the  resources  of 
Alaska  Territory,  it  is  stated  that  the  yield  of  salmon  is  almost  beyond  be- 
lief. Sixty  thousand  Indians  and  several  thou-sand  Aleuts  and  Eskimos 
depend  mainly  on  dried  salmon  for  their  winter  sustenance.  During  the 
running  .season  in  the  vicinity  of  Klawock,  the  marine  waters  are  actually 
black  with  them.  They  are  caught  with  seines,  and  arc  of  larger  size 
than  the  Columbia  River  salmon.  Those  taken  at  Cook's  inlet  average 
60  pounds,  and  not  unfrequently  mn  up  to  double  that  weight.  Two  of  the 
largest  fill  a  barrel.  In  Alaska,  as  in  British  Columbia,  the  fish  can  be  ob- 
tained in  vast  quantity  at  the  expen.se  of  native  labor,  and,  after  paying  for 
salt  or  vinegar,  barrels,  and  freight,  return  a  good  profit  when  shipped  to 
Australian  or  Europctan  markets.  The  salmon  being  mainly  a  river  fish, 
will  be  mentioned  again  in  the  next  chapter.  The  salmon-trout  is  abun- 
dant in  Puget  Sound,  where  it  is  taken  by  seine-fishing  up  to  a  weight  of  3 
pounds.  The  surf-smelt,  which  also  belongs  to  the  salmonida:,  is  very  plen- 
tiful in  the  same  neighborhood. 

The  oolikon  (the  name  is  also  spelled  "oolahan,"  and  "culachon"),  orcan- 
dlcfish,  a  delicious  table  fish  when  taken  in  its  best  condition,  is  not  abun- 
dant south  of  latitude  49°.  After  being  smoked  and  dried,  it  should  be 
prepared  for  t.ible  by  the  steaming  or  broiling  process,  and  is  then  equal  to 
the  finest  qualities  of  salt  fish.  It  is  pickled  and  shipped  to  San  Francisco, 
where  it  finds  a  ready  sale.  When  canned  it  is  sold  as  Columbia  River  sar- 
dine, or  as  Spanish  mackerel.  Its  size  never  exceeds  12  inches,  and  it  is 
most  abundant  in  the  Columbia,  Fra.ser,  and  Nass  risers.  The  fish  is  very 
juicy  and  fat,  and  contains  an  oil  said  to  be  superior  to  codliver  oil  for  me- 
dicinal purposes.  Among  the  Alaskan  natives  it  is  used  by  the  Indians  as 
a  substitute  for  candles,  burning  with  a  clear,  bright  flame  when  lighted  and 
set  up  endwise.  On  the  Na.ss  River,  where  the  oolikon  is  most  abundant, 
10,000  gallons  of  oil  made  from  it  annually  arc  .sold  to  the  Indians  fur  $1  a 
gallon. 


356 


FISHERIES,  ETC 


The  Herring  Family.— Among  the  herring  family  fT/;//«Vfe^,  the  sardine 
is  taken  in  the  bays  of  our  coast  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year.  It  i.s 
caught  from  the  wharves  of  San  Francisco  and  San  Diego  with  line  and 
hook,  and  resembles  the  fish  of  that  name  found  in  the  waters  of  liurope, 
w  here,  the  young,  prcscr\'ed  in  oil,  are  esteemed  as  a  tabic  delicacy;  though 
the  canned  fish  usually  sold  here,  under  the  name  of  sardine,  is  nearly 
always  something  else.  No  attempt  has  yet  been  made  to  utilize  for  canning 
purposes  on  our  coast  the  true  sardine,  which  abounds  in  the  waters  of  Cali- 
fornia. The  anchovy  is  almost  equally  plentiful  here;  but  it  is  found  chiefly 
iii  sheltered  bays,  and  is  difficult  to  catch.  From  25  1040  tons  of  anchovies 
are  caught  in  the  harbor  of  San  Francisco  alone,  during  the  scasgn,  which 
lasts  from  June  to  August.  These  are  sold  to  the  trade  at  a  cent  a  pound, 
and  retail  at  about  .5  cents,  forming  the  bulk  of  what  are  here  preserved  in 
oil  and  pas.scd  off  on  the  public  as  sardines,  many  of  them  under  French 
label.s.  Some  wholesale  and  retail  grocers  import  directly  from  France,  and 
sell  no  other  kind,  but  this  is  rather  the  exception  than  the  rule. 

San  Francisco  obtains  her  supply  of  herrings  mainly  from  the  waters  of 
her  own  bay.  Their  poor  condition  is  caused  by  the  fact  that  they  only 
enter  the  harbor  to  spawn,  and  the  later  the  season  the  worse  thej'  arc.  In 
the  waters  of  Puget  Sound  they  are  caught  in  much  better  condition.  Their 
sca.son  commences  in  California  in  October,  and  lasts  4  months.  Great 
schools  enter  San  I'rancisco  Hay  every  winter,  resorting  sometimes  to  the 
mudflats  and  shallows,  and  not  unfrequently  keeping  in  deep  water,  beyond 
the  reach  of  fishermen.  As  a  rule  they  are  caught  at  night.  The  .shoal 
water  of  Richardson's  Hay  is  a  favorite  herring-ground.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  season  the  price  is  often  as  low  as  50  cent.s,  but  towards  the  close  ' 
ohcn  rises  to  $4  or  $5  per  cental.  Their  average  weiglit  is  about  a  fifth  of  a 
pound.  On  the  Alameda  shore  seals  swarm,  and  make  hearty  meals  by 
picking  the  fish  out  of  the  nets,  the  meshes  of  which  are  torn  in  a  most  ex- 
asperating manner  during  the  process.  A  strip  of  shoal  off  Kershaw's 
Island,  opposite  to  Saucelito,  is  .sometimes  a  good  fishing-ground  for  herring. 
When  the  nets  are  cast,  men  have  to  be  cmpkn-ed  keeping  off  the  seals, 
which  often  growl  in  huge  disgust  at  their  futile  endeavors  to  get  within 
swallowing  reach  of  the  captive  fish.  The  best  grc  nds  for  herring  fishing 
in  the  Hay  of  San  I'rancisco  are  in  its  northern  and  north-eastern  portions. 
The  herring  move  in  shoals,  and  run  against  the  tide.  When  they  tnect  the 
nets  they  experience  no  difficulty  in  running  their  heads  through  the 
meshes,  but  owing  to  the  peculiar  shape  of  the  fish,  they  can  get  no  further. 
Retreat  is  of  course  impossible.  After  a  time,  the  net  is  slowly  drawn  in, 
and  one  haul  is  sometimes  enough  to  load  a  boat.  The  herring  are  sold  at 
the  city  markets  for  fre.sh  consumption,  or  at  the  wharves  to  persons  en- 


OTHER   MARINE   FISHERIES. 


357 


gaged  in  saltinjj,  drying,  and  smoking  them.  Soon  after  the  close  of  the 
season,  the  licrring  fisher  usually  starts  for  the  salmon  fishing-grounds  of  the 
Sacramento,  where  he  remains  for  3  or  4  months. 

The  cost  of  a  herring  gill  net  is  over  $100,  and  40  per  cent,  of  the  price 
is  represented  by  the  duty.  A  good  one  will  last  3  summers  with  careful 
usage  and  timely  repairs,  and  serves  also  for  smelt  fishing.  Iksidcs  the 
stationary  net,  the  equipment  of  a  boat  for  the  whole  season  includes  a  seine, 
or  casting  net,  60  fathoms  long,  with  very  small  meshes,  which  will  catch 
anything  from  a  halibut  5  feet  long  to  a  shrimp  or  a  tomcod ;  also  a  sea- 
bass  or  sturgeon  net  300  fathoms  long,  and  20  feet  deep,  with  a  mesh  8 
inches  square.  An  entire  bay  fishing  outfit  costs  from  $500  to  $1,000;  the 
boat  alone,  if  well  built  and  rigged,  being  worth  $350.  Forty  of  these  boats 
may  be  seen  any  afternoon  at  the  Vallejo-.street  wharf.  Their  rig  consists 
of  a  short  slanting  mast,  and  a  slender  boom  (always  longer  than  the  boat 
itself),  from  which  is  bent  an  immense  spread  of  lateen  sail.  Occasionally 
the  boats  carry  a  jib  somewhat  bigger  than  a  table  napkin.  Each  boat  is 
manned  by  two  or  three  men.  On  arriving  at  the  fishing-ground,  the  net  is 
paid  out  from  the  stern  of  the  boat.  This  operation,  called  "shooting  the 
net,"  lasts  only  a  few  minutes.  After  several  hours,  the  catch  is  hauled  in, 
and  a  single  haul  is  sometimes  sufficient  for  one  boat-load. 

The  North-west  Trading  Company  of  Portland,  has  a  station  on 
Herring's  Bay,  Prince  Frederick  Sound,  Alaska,  where  a  steamer  of  80  tons 
burden  is  employed  in  the  herring  fishery,  the  catch  to  be  used  for  making 
herring  oil.  A  steam  launch  at  the  same  place  is  used  in  the  whale  fishery. 
The  establishment  employs  8  white  men  and  60  natives;  and  the  product  of 
the  first  year,  1881,  was  15,000  gallons  of  herring  oil,  3,000  of  whale  oil, 
and  12,000  of  dog-fish  oil.  This  company  has  another  station  at  Cordova 
Bay,  Alaska,  to  commence  work  in  1882. 

An  establishment  for  the  extraction  of  oil  from  the  herring  has  recently 
been  erected  on  the  shore  of  Burrard  Inlet,  British  Columbia,  at  a  cost  of 
$25,000,  with  apparatus  for  drying  the  scrap.  About  20,000  gallons  were 
obtained  in  1881.     The  scrap  is  to  be  shipped  to  Liverpool. 

Ten  years  ago  a  herring  fishery  was  established  at  Port  Madison,  on 
Puget  Sound,  by  Mr.  Hammond,  and  for  a  long  time  several  hundred 
boxes  a  month  of  cured  herring  were  shipped  to  San  Francisco,  in  addition 
to  which,  Mr.  HAMMOND  manufactured  every  year  about  2,000  gallons  of 
herring  oil.  This  gentleman  has  !iow  moved  to  Cypress  Island,  where  he 
puts  up  about  10,000  boxes  of  herring  a  year. 

The  Atlantic  smelt  does  not  occur  on  this  coast,  but  the  Athcrenidw,  or 
Pacific  smelt,  are  caught  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  and  run  in  schools  near 
the  surface  of  the  water.     The)-  vary  in  weight  from  2  ounces  to  a  pound 


wm 


358 


FISHERIES,    KTC. 


and  a  quarter,  and  average  about  3  to  the  pound.  Fourteen  tn  15  inches 
are  considered  an  extreme  size,  though  occasionally  smelt  measuring  iS 
inches  arc  brought  into  market.  Many  of  the  smaller  ones  arc  prepared 
and  sold  as  sardines.  The  average  catch  of  smelt  brought  to  market  in 
San  I'rancisco  may  be  stated  at  2  tons  a  week,  though  on  a  single  day  2j4 
tons  have  been  sometimes  caught.  The  retail  price  is  usually  8  cents, 
though  varying,  of  course,  according  to  the  supply.  Seventy-five  boats 
and  nearly  200  men  are  engaged  mainly  in  the  herring  and  smelt  fisheries 
of  this  harbor.  Most  of  the  herring  gill  nets  used  on  our  coast,  made  in 
Scotland,  are  manufactured  in  webs  3  yards  deep.  This  width  is  too  great 
for  bay  fishing,  and  so  the  net  as  imported,  is  usually  cut  in  two;  the 
size  commonly  in  use  being  100  yards  long,  with  a  depth  of  16  feet. 
On  the  upper  edge  are  cork  buoys,  2  feet  apart,  and  along  the  bottom,  at 
greater  intervals,  arc  pieces  of  lead.  Recent  legislation  has  fixed  the 
limit  of  the  smallest  mesh  at  an  inch  and  a  quarter,  but  it  is  well  known 
that  nets  are  used  in  the  bay  of  San  Francisco,  with  a  mesh  only  one 
eighth  of  an  inch  wide.  This  accounts,  in  part,  for  the  fact  that  fisher- 
men have  already  to  go  outside  the  Heads  for  fish  thj\t  a  few  years  ago 
were  ver)'  plentiful  in  the  harbor. 

Surf-smelt  arc  common  in  the  salt  waters  of  I'uget  Sound.  Though  of 
a  species  different  from  the  common  smelt,  they  closely  resemble  them  in 
shape  and  size,  but  differ  in  having  the  belly  covered  with  a  coating  of  yel- 
low fat.  They  receive  the  name  of  .surf-smelt  from  a  peculiar  habit  of  de- 
positing their  spawn  among  the  shingle  of  the  beach,  coming  in  with  the 
surf  in  incredible  numbers.  Thirty  miles  .south  of  Cape  Flattery,  at  the 
Quillehute  River,  the  Indians  capture  them  by  hand-nets. 

The  coal-fish  ( Anapoploma  fiinhfia),  called  shell  or  beshow  by  the  Indians, 
a  fish  of  delicious  flavor,  sometimes  2  feet  long,  is  found  in  deep  water 
along  the  entire  coast  of  British  Columbia.  It  can  be  taken  with  the  hook, 
and  will  probably  be  much  sought  within  a  few  years  as  a  food  fish. 

Halibut. — The  true  halibut,  weighing  from  3  to  30  pound.s,  is  fairly  plenti- 
ful on  this  coast,  and  finds  a  ready  market  at  25  cents  a  pound.  The  fish 
known  as  the  bastard  halibut  is  abundant  in  Monterey  Ray,  Puget  Sound, 
and  Bellingham  Bay,  the  Strait  of  Fuca,  and  the  Gulf  of  Georgia.  It  runs 
from  one  to  60  pounds,  and  its  market  value  is  about  15  cents  a  pound.  It 
is  of  good  flavor  when  fresh;  salted  and  smoked  it  is  preferred  by  many  to 
salmon,  while  the  napes  and  fins  arc  a  standard  article  of  commerce.  To 
carry  on  this  branch  of  fishery,  a  small  schooner  is  necessary,  built  in  three 
compartments,  the  middle  one  being  perforated  at  the  bottom  with  holes, 
so  as  to  allow  a  continual  supply  of  water  to  pass  in  and  out  from  the  ocean. 


i( 


OTHER    MARINK   FISHERIES. 


359- 


Into  this  well  the  fish  are  dropped  as  soon  as  caught.  In  1879  a  vessel 
fitted  for  the  purpose  brou-^ht  fresh  halibut  packed  in  ice  to  San  Francisco. 
The  trip  occupied  4  days,  and  the  fi.sh  arrived  in  perfectly  good  condition  ; 
but  this  large  supply,  suddenly  thrown  on  the  market,  reduced  the  price  to 
an  unprofitable  rue.  In  the  following  year  a  schooner  employed  in  the 
same  fisheiy  arrived  in  this  harbor,  but  salted  her  catch  of  40  tons.  There 
is  little  demand  for  the  ba.stard  halibut  in  the  San  Francisco  market. 
LvXDE  &  Hough  chartered,  in  1880,  the  first  vessel  ever  employed  on 
this  coast  in  obtaining  halibut  for  curing  purposes.  The  entire  catch  of 
that  year  was  sent  to  Chicago,  and  the  operation  resulted  in  a  lo.ss.  Hali- 
but are  salted  down  when  first  caught,  and  on  arrival  at  the  curing-house 
are  rcsalted  and  piled  up  in  bulk.  When  required  for  smoking,  they  are 
soaked  out  in  fresh  water,  then  dried  on  flakes,  and  after  being  smoked  from 
7  to  iQ  days  they  are  pressed  and  boxed.  The  weight  of  a  single  fish  on 
the  coast  of  British  Columbia  and  Alaska,  is  sometimes  500  pounds. 

Sturgeon. — There  arc  but  two  species  of  sturgeon  on  the  Pacific  Coast — 
the  common,  or  white,  and  the  green  sturgeon.  In  the  Sacramento,  Frascr, 
and  Columbia  rivers,  and  in  all  the  bays  and  large  rivers  of  the  north, 
they  are  abundant,  the  average  weight  being  40  pound.s,  though  one  speci- 
men, caught  in  Frascr  River,  weighed  1,000  pounds.  Only  the  white 
species  .sells  as  a  food  fish.  The  flesh  of  the  green  sturgeon  is  commonly 
supposed  to  be  poisonous,  but  is,  in  fact,  as  good  as  that  of  the  white 
species.  On  account  of  this  popular  mistake,  it  finds  no  market.  The 
white  variety  is  worth  about  4  cents  a  pound.  The  sturgeon  is  not 
sufficiently  numerous  to  serve  as  a  basis  for  a  special  fishery,  bi'.t  is  taken 
incidentally  in  seines  and  nets  set  or  drawn  for  salmon,  smelt,  or  herring, 
and  its  large  size  makes  it  a  prize,  though  its  meat  is  one  of  the  ch-^apcst  in 
the  market.  The  female  sturgeon,  in  the  spawning  season,  contains  1  iargc 
quantity  of  roe  which,  when  fresh,  is  in  demand  for  the  manufacture  of 
caviar.  The  process  is  kept  secret,  and  is  in  the  possession  of  a  few  persons, 
the  principal  of  whom  is  A.  ASMANN,  of  the  California  Market,  San 
Francisco,  who  received  a  medal  at  the  Philadelphia  International  E.xposi- 
tion  of  1876  for  the  best  caviar.  The  annual  product  of  caviar  in  San 
Francisco,  the  only  place  where  it  is  made  on  this  coast,  is  10  tons,  worth  at 
wholesjile  $5,000. 

Shark. — The  shovel-nose  shark  is  eaten  by  Chinese  and  Mexicans.  The 
oil  shark  is  caught  with  herring  and  other  fish  bait,  and  runs  to  40  pounds 
in  weight.  The  oil  obtained  from  the  liver  averages  nearly  a  gallon  to  the 
fish,  and  the  fins  are  worth  I2|^  cents  a  pound  as  food  for  Chinamen.     For 


'^""wi^mfmmm!^ 


■I  'mn 


360 


FISHERIES,  ETC. 


more  than  20  years  a  lively  business  has  been  done  in  shark  catching  at  the 
Island  of  Santa  Catalina.  About  the  month  of  April,  sharks  visit  the  bays 
of  the  island  in  large  schools,  for  the  purpose,  it  is  supposed,  of  depositing 
their  eggs  in  the  sand.  All  that  are  caught  are  found  .0  contain  a  large 
number,  about  the  size  of  hens'  eggs.  Those  found  at  Santa  Catalina  are 
6  to  8  feet  long.  It  is  well  known  that  the  fins  are  used  by  Chinamen  for 
making  soup,  and  it  is  said  that  excellent  combs  are  made  from  the  same 
material;  but  the  most  profitable  part  of  the  sha  k  vs  the  liver,  from  which  a 
valuable  oil  is  obtained.  The  oil  is  clear,  and  burnt  well  in  its  crude  state, 
but  is  chiefly  used  for  lubricating  purposes.  It  aLso  makes  an  excellent 
sheep  wash,  and  is  worth  in  the  Californian  market  about  50  cents  a  gallon. 
At  Anaheim  Landing,  fcr  about  4  months  in  the  year,  the  business  of  shark 
catching  is  lucrative.  Large  stakes  are  driven  into  the  sand  at  intervals 
along  the  beach.  To  these  stakes  is  tied  one  end  of  a  long  rope;  on  the 
other  end  is  a  strong  iron  hook  baited  with  fish.  This  is  thrown  into  the 
water,  and  the  shark,  when  caught,  is  drawn  on  shore  and  killed.  It  some- 
times requires  the  united  strength  of  3  or  4  men  to  land  a  full-grown  fish. 
The  dog-fish  is  captured  in  I'uget  Sound  for  the  valuable  oil  extracted 
from  its  liver.  It  is  omnivorous,  consuming,  it  is  said,  even  its  own  young. 
The  establishments  of  The  NOKTII-WEST  TRADING  COMPANY,  engaged 
partly  in  catching  dog-fish  sharks  on  the  coast  of  Alaska,  have  been  men- 
tioned under  the  head  of  the  herring  fishery. 

Skldegate  Oil  Company — The  only  establishment  on  our  coast  occupied 
exclusively  with  the  extraction  of  oil  from  the  .shark  by  steam-power,  is  that 
of  The  Skidegate  Oil  Company,  at  the  Skidegate  Inlet,  in  one  of  the 
Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  the  waters  of  which  inlet  abound  with  the  black 
shark.  This  oil  when  refined,  especially  that  made  from  the  livers — and 
these  yield  70  per  cent,  or  more  of  oil — is  good  for  lamps,  and  an  excellent 
lubricant.  Mr.  ANDERSON,  chief  engineer  of  the  British  war-ship.  Rocket, 
recommended  its  use  in  the  British  Navy,  and  JOSEPH  SpraTT,  proprietor 
of  the  Albion  Foundry,  Victoria,  expressed  an  equally  favorable  opinion  of 
its  merits.  It  is  highly  translucent,  and  of  a  pale  amber  color,  resembling 
olive  oil  in  appearance;  and  that  taken  from  the  livers  is  sent  to  market  in 
cans  holding  10  gallons  each,  labeled  "  Skidegate  Oil."  The  .sharks  are 
caught  in  water  between  8  and  20  fathoms  deep,  with  trawl-lines,  each  having 
500  hooks.  The  bait  is  principally  herring.  The  company  has  a  capital 
of  $24,000,  contributed  by  WILLIAM  STERLING,  CHARLES  MoRTON,  J.  McB. 
Smith,  and  Howard  Trenholm,  of  Victoria,  who  commenced  operations 
in  1879.  The  oil  works  consist  of  4  wooden  buildings;  the  main  one  having 
a  ground  area  of  2,000  square  feet,  and  containing  a  steam-boiler,  retorts, 


OTHER   MARINE  FISHERIES. 


361 


drying-pans,  settling-tanks,  etc.  The  remaining  buildings  arc  used  for  mak- 
ing tin-cans  for  canning  the  oil,  for  storage,  and  for  the  company's  quarters 
and  trading-post.  The  many  .  ;  ...backs  incidental  to  all  new  enterprises  of 
an  uncertain  nature,  have  affect  li  the  success  of  the  venture.  The  first 
season  and  a  portion  of  the  secnnti  were  experimental,  so  that  but  a  small 
return  was  made  on  the  invrsted  capital.  The  season  of  1882  bids  fair  to 
prove  successful,  as  the  ir  "  ised  quantities  and  improved  qualitj-  of  the  oil, 
together  with  a  better  knowledge  b  •  consumers  of  thi;  value  of  the  product, 
offer  every  inducement  to  prosccuti.-  and  nurture  the  industry,  with  a  view 
of  enlarging  the  works,  and  increasing  facilities  for  more  extensive  opera- 
tions in  the  future.  The  yield  uf  1881  was  35,000  gallon.s,  which  will  be 
shipped  to  England,  Australia,  and  California.  At  present  10  white  men 
are  employed  at  $40  per  month  each,  besides  Indians  occasionally. 

Fishing-boats. — Only-  12  large,  deep-sea  fishing-boats  now  make  the 
harbor  of  San  Francisco  their  headquarters.  The  remainder  of  the  fleet, 
engaged  in  supplying  the  metropolis  with  fresh  fish,  numbering  50  or  60, 
have  their  rendezvous  at  Monterey,  and  other  points  on  the  coast.  They 
are  staunch  craft,  almost  entirely  decked  over,  and  can  live  in  a  very  hca\y 
sea.  Each  boat  carries  a  crew  of  7  or  8  men,  equipped  with  stout  lines, 
termed  here  "  trawl-lines,"  and  also  "  taut-lines,"  some  of  them  2,000  yards 
in  length,  when  joined  together  in  pieces.  To  this  line,  at  inter\'als  of  one 
yard,  are  attached  the  short  lines,  2  feet  in  length,  which  hold  the  baited 
hook.  Between  Pigeon  Point  and  Monterey  are  favorite  trawling-grounds 
for  large  fish.  The  depth  of  water  should  not  be  less  than  1 5  feet  nor  more 
than  60  fathoms.  A  bank,  9  miles  in  length  and  situated  25  miles  south  of 
the  Farallones,  also  affords  a  favorite  ground  for  deep-sea  fishing.  This 
bank  is  a  mile  wide  and  is  covered  by  38  to  50  fathoms  of  water.  When 
the  fishing-ground  is  reached  the  boat  is  anchored,  if  possible,  and  the  lines 
thrown  overboard,  requiring  2  hours  to  run  out.  The  time  needed  for  haul- 
ing in  depends  on  the  catch.  A  good  catch  from  the  2,000  hooks  of  a  sin- 
gle line  may  be  stated  at  500  pound.s,  though,  once  in  a  while,  it  may  reach 
2,000  pounds.  The  fish  caught  are  mainly  the  different  varieties  of  rock -cod 
flounders,  sol  ;  of  various  species,  and  the  bastard  (or  Monterey)  halibut. 
The  true  halibut  and  barracuda  are  a  small  portion  of  the  catch.  The  black 
rock-fish  runs  up  to  6  pouiids,  while  rare  specimens  may  exceed  8  pounds. 
The  price  of  the  different  descriptions  of  rock-cod  varies,  according  to  sea- 
son and  quality,  from  4  to  12  cents  per  pound,  averaging  7  cents.  The  red 
cod  sell  about  a  cent  a  pound  higher  than  the  blue  rock-fish. 

The  white  fishermen  of  San  Francisco  number  at  least  300,  and  are 

chiefly  Italians,  who  outnumber  all  other  nationalities.     The  remainder  are 
46 


36a 


FISHEKIES,   ETC. 


Americans,  Greeks,  Portuguese,  and  Dalmatians.  They  work  on  shares, 
the  crew  of  each  boat  consisting  of  the  owner  and  several  others.  One 
share  is  credited  to  the  boat,  and  the  rest  arc  divided  equally  between  the 
owner  and  each  member  of  the  crew.  Their  earnings  average  $4  to  $4.50 
a  day  per  man,  when  at  work ;  but  the  majority  work  onl>'  long  enough  at 
a  time  to  accumulate  perhaps  $60,  and  then  remain  idle  until  their  savings 
have  been  squandered  in  dissipation.  Notwithstanding  the  dangers  and 
luird.ships  incident  to  their  career,  it  is  probable  that  few  of  them  would 
care  to  change  their  avocation. 

The  City  of  New  York  is  almost  entirely  supplied  with  cod,  halibut,  blue- 
fish,  and  bass,  by  means  of  smacks,  some  of  which  go  several  hundred 
miles  and  convey  them  alive  to  market  in  their  wells.  There  is  hardly  a 
doubt  that  before  long  the  mackerel  of  San  Diego  and  Santa  Barbara,  and 
the  cod  and  halibut  of  Puget  Sound  and  the  Oregon  Coast,  will  be  brought 
fresh  to  the  San  Francisco  market 

Oysters  and  Clams — Oysters  are  found  on  our  coast  from  Central 
America  to  Alaska,  ani!  there  are  considerable  beds  of  them  in  many  of 
the  ba)-s  and  inlets,  especially  in  Yaquina,  Tillamook,  and  .Shoalwater  bays, 
in  Natard's  Inlet,  and  in  Puget  Sound.  Humboldt  and  Coos  bays,  how- 
e\cr,  arc  exceptions;  for  no  oysters  have  been  found  there,  perhai^s  because 
thcj'  receive  too  much  frcsli  water,  or  have  muddy  bottoms  on  which  the 
oyster  spawn  can  not  live.  The  largest  and  most  palatable  of  the  indig- 
enous Pacific  oysters  have  their  home  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  but  the  ex- 
tensive beds  there  liave  little  commercial  value,  as  they  are  remote  from  the 
centers  of  population  and  wealth,  and  there  is  no  regular,  swift,  and  frequent 
communication  to  transport  the  delicate  bivalves  to  the  market  before  spoil- 
ing. The.sc  beds  may  continue  to  remain  for  many  years  undisturbed,  while 
we  send  large  sums  every  year  to  New  York  for  our  supplies. 

The  fust  attempt  to  supply  San  Francisco  with  Pacific  oysters  was  made 
in  1850,  by  Captain  Fei,TS'II:.\I),  who  took  a  cargo  from  Shoalwater  Bay. 
They  died  before  reaching  the  market,  but  Anthony  Ludlum  repeated 
the  experiment  the  next  year,  and  made  a  success  of  it.  Shoalwater  Bay 
supplied  all  the  fresh  oysters  to  the  Californian  metropolis  for  ten  years,  but 
the  bivalves  there  were  ncarl)-  all  killed  in  the  winter  of  1861-62,  either  by 
too  much  cold  or  too  much  fresh  water.  The  oystcrinen  then  turned  their 
attention  to  a  small  bed  in  Natard's  Bay,  an  estuary  50  miles  south  of  the 
Columbia  River;  but  as  the  entrance  was  small,  they  .soon  aiiandoned  that 
place  for  a  larger  bed  in  Yaquina  Bay,  in  latitude  44"  40'.  This  bed,  and 
one  near  Olympia,  were  the  chief  reliance  (jf  the  San  Trancisco  market  for 
several  years,  until  a  new  growth  of  j-oun;,'  oysters  coulil  occupy  the  Shoal- 


■I 


OTHER   MARINE   I'lSHERIES. 


363 


water  bed.  The  annual  catch  at  the  latter  place  is  now  about  3,000  sacks 
of  100  pounds  each,  while  it  is  12,000  at  Olympia,  and  600  at  Yaquina. 
Half  of  the  Olympia  catch  goes  to  the  San  Francisco  market.  There, 
are  about  1,500  of  the  Ore;^on  or  Washington  oysters  in  a  bushel,  and  50 
of  them  are  required  for  a  plate  of  stf^w,  which  is  sold  in  the  San  Francisco 
restaurants  for  25  cents.  The  annual  oyster  crop  of  Shoalwater  Bay  was 
$200,000  about  1870.  The  completion  of  the  Central-Union  Pacific  Rail- 
road in  1869  made  a  change  in  the  oyster  market,  by  making  it  possible  to 
bring  the  New  York  oysters  alive  across  the  continent.  They  were  brought 
when  a  year  old — less  in  size  than  a  silver  quarter  of  a  dollar,  1,500  of 
them  in  a  bushel — and  planted  in  San  Francisco  Bay,  which  proved  lo  b« 
remarkably  well  fitted  to  fatten  them,  though  the  mud  bottom  would  not 
permit  their  spawn  to  live.  At  the  end  of  the  first  year,  600  fill  a  bushel ;  in 
2  years,  300,  and  in  3  years,  200.  The  experiment  was  so  successful  that 
they  were  brought  by  the  car-load,  to  the  number  of  40,000,000  in  a  year. 

The  fattcning-bcds  first  used  were  north  of  the  Golden  Gate,  but  these, 
perhaps  because  of  the  occasional  exeess  of  fresh  water  from  the  Sacra- 
mento and  San  Joaquin  rivers,  are  now  abandoned,  or  at  least  in  much  less 
favor  than  the  beds  on  the  southern  arm  of  the  bay.  In  San  Francisco, 
Terry  &  Co.  have  200  acres  of  oyster-bed ;  MORGAN  &  Co.,  200;  SWAN- 
liERc;  &  West,  100;  and  DOANE  &  Co.,  in  association  with  Morgan  & 
Co.,  100.  All  these  beds  are  between  high  and  low  tide,  so  that  they  are 
bare  eveiy  day.  They  are  covered  with  shells  or  stone;  for  the  oyster doe.s 
not  thrive  in  the  mud.  Each  bed  is  surrounded  by  a  fence  of  pickets  6 
inches  apart,  costing  $500  a  mile,  to  protect  the  mollusk  against  the  sting- 
ray, a  flat  fish  from  8  to  24  inches  across,  which  is  very-  fond  of  the  bivalve, 
and  would  soon  clean  off  a  bed  if  allowed  free  access.  This  enemy  is  not 
more  than  2  inches  thick,  and  could  easily  pass  between  the  stakes  if  he 
could  or  would  turn  himself  edgewise,  but  he  never  does.  After  he  .has 
once  been  fenced  out,  the  oysters  are  safe  so  long  as  the  stakes  arc  not  dis- 
turbed. It  is  on  account  of  this  enemy  that  the  beds  are  above  low  tide. 
The  bottom  can  be  inspected  every  day,  to  ascertain  whether  a  sting-ray 
has  entered,  and  if  so,  he  can  be  caught  and  killed  without  serious  tlifficulty. 
The.sc  fishy  gourmands  are  not  in  the  bay  during  the  rainy  sea.son,  perhaps 
because  the  water  is  then  too  brackish  for  them ;  but  their  presence,  for  at 
least  half  the  year,  may  be  the  cause  of  the  scarcit)'  of  indigenous  oyster.s 
in  the  bays  and  coves  of  California. 

After  oysters  have  been  planted  3  years  in  San  Franci.sco  Bay,  and  have 
grown  so  that  200  of  them  make  a  bushel,  they  are  gathered  and  divided 
into  2  qualities,  the  first  selling  for  $3  and  the  second  for  $2  by  the  loa 
The  total  annual  sales  of  the  New  York  transplanted,  and  Oregon  and 


/ 


■i 


364 


FISHERILS,    ETC. 


Washincjton  oysters  in  San  Francisco  amount,  at  wholesale  prices,  to$i,- 
000,000;  and  the  capital  invested  in  the  oyster-beds  is  $300,000,  and  in 
boats,  tools,  etc.,  $100,000  more.  The  number  of  men  employed  is  about 
100.  Those  who  tong,  sort,  and  pack  for  shipping  get  $35  per  month  and 
board,  the  wages  being  about  10  per  cent,  liighcr  here  than  in  the  eastern 
())'ster  fisheries.  The  leading  wholesale  oyster  houses  of  San  Francisco  arc 
those  of  E.  Terrv  &  Co.,  Morgan  &  Co.,  Doane  &  Co.,  and  Swanberg 
&  West,  all  having  their  offices  in  the  California  market.  Large  oysters 
have  been  brought  in  ice  from  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  but  not  in 
quantities  large  enough  to  ''oserve  more  than  mere  mention.  Several  at- 
tempts have  been  made  to  .send  the  oysters  of  the  Gulf  of  California  to  San 
i'Vancisco,  by  sailing-vessel  and  steamer,  but  all  proved  unprofitable.  Those 
few  of  the  moUusks  which  arrived  in  good  condition  were  received  with 
favor,  but  the  great  majority  died  on  the  way.  It  is  not  improbable  that 
the  Mexican  oyster  would  multiply  in  the  Bay  of  San  Diego,  and  in  that  of 
Santa  Margarita  on  the  west  coast  of  Lower  California;  and  the  tim'.- is, 
jierhaps,  not  far  distant  when  bettcp  accommodations  can  be  providec.  on 
the  steamers  for  the  Mexican  ojstcrs  than  they  had  when  .sent  on  their 
tra\els  before.  Nearly  300  tons  of  canned  oysters  are  sent  from  Biiltimore 
and  New  York  to  the  Pacific  Coast  annually. 

Clams  are  numerous  on  the  beaches  of  our  coast,  and  are  of  many  differ- 
ent species,  varying  much  in  size,  flavor,  and  toughness.  They  arc  espe- 
cially abundant  in  Washington,  liritish  Columbia,  and  Alaska,  and  the  sup- 
plies there  will  probably  become  valuable  at  no  distant  time  for  exportation. 
The  onl)-  Pacific  clam  market,  from  whieli  we  can  get  any  definite  informa- 
tion, is  that  of  San  I'rancisco,  which  demands  475  bushels,  at  $1.25  a  bushel 
by  wliolesalc,  c\'ery  average  Aveek.  When  opened  and  sold  raw,  at  retail, 
the  price  is  25  or  30  cents  a  gallon.  Most  of  the  San  Francisco  clams  come 
from  the  bay  beach  of  San  Mateo,  where  clam-diggers  arc  cmployeil  at 
wages  of  $30  a  month  and  board.  The  boatmen  employed  to  bring  the 
catch  to  the  city  get  $60  anil  boartl.  Eastern  loiig-ncck  clams,  introduced 
from  New  York,  have  established  themselves  in  the  bay  and  multiplied,  so 
that  they  make  up  a  considerable  part  of  the  catch  in  some  places.  The 
Hupply  of  these  clams  amounts  to  400  bushels  weekly,  and  the  wholesale 
price  is  75  cents  a  bu.shel.  The  leading  dealers  in  them  arc  JoiIN  WuiiillT 
&  Co.,  83  California  Market.  T(jmalcs  and  Monterey  bays  have  a  different 
clam,  more  palatable,  hut  smaller  and  more  difficult  to  dig.  This  supply, 
mostly  from  Tomales,  75  bushels  a  week,  is  sold  for  $3  a  bushel.  W.  Al.I.EN, 
72  California  Market,  makes  a  specialty  of  the  Tomales  clam.  Attempts 
to  introduce  it  into  San  Francisco  Bay  have  failed.     Limantoiir  Bay,  under 


OTHER    MARINE   I'ISHERIES. 


365 


the  shelter  of  Point  Reyes,  has  a  clam  as  large  as  a  large  saucer,  but  it  is 
accounted  tough  and  tasteless.  Several  species  of  salt-water  mussels  arc 
abundant  along  our  coast.  The  San  Francisco  market  requires  40x3  bushels 
a  month,  and  pays  $1.25  a  bushel  for  them  to  the  gatherers.  The  best  sup- 
ply comes  from  the  pickets  driven  in  the  bay,  about  the  oyster-grounds,  to 
keep  out  the  sting-rays. 

The  pearl-oyster  is  found  on  both  shores  of  Lower  California,  but  the 
only  profitable  fishery  has  been  on  the  eastern  shore.  The  business  began 
in  1580  and  has  been  maintained  ever  since,  with  varying  success.  The 
average  annual  yield  has  been  about  $50,000,  half  of  the  value  in  pearls 
and  half  in  mother-of-pearl  shells.  Before  1870,  350  divers  were  employed, 
but  about  that  time  submarine  armor  was  introduced,  and  in  1874  the  yield' 
was  estimated  to  be  $300,000,  two  thirds  in  shell  and  one  third  in  pearls. 
It  was  the  opinion  of  men  familiar  with  the  oyster-beds,  that  if  this  method 
of  working  were  long  pursued,  the  marketable  shells  would  become  so  scarce 
that  the  fishery  would  cease  to  pay.  The  relative  value  of  the  pearl  has 
decreased,  and,  on  account  of  the  increase  of  travel,  the  divers  have  better 
opportunities  to  .sell  stolen  pearls  than  in  previous  centuries,  so  that  the 
profits  of  the  employers  are  less  now  than  when  Mexico  was  under  the 
Spanish  dominion.  There  are  fi.shcries  for  the  pearl-oyster  in  the  Bay  of 
Panama  and  its  vicinity,  and  beds  also  at  several  places  along  the  western 
coast  of  Central  America.  At  Panama  a  submarine  boat  has  been  used 
with  succe.s.s,  in  obtaining  the  pearls. 

The  saucer-like  shell  of  the  abalone,  or  sea-car  (Ha/iotis)  sometimes  a 
foot,  and  generally,  as  seen  in  the  market,  7  inches  across,  when  polished 
artificially  on  the  outside,  the  inside  being  polished  by  nature,  is  one  of  the 
most  brilliant  of  shells,  showing  bright  colors  beautifully  arranged,  with  a 
high  luster.  It  is  well  adapted  in  its  natural  form  for  purposes  of  ornamen- 
tation, antl  is  also  cut  up  to  make  jewelry,  buttons,  handles  for  knive.s,  par- 
asols, etc.  Three  kinds  are  known  to  the  dealers.  The  first  has  bluish  and 
greenish  colors,  intermingled  with  white,  and  is  found  along  the  shores  of 
Lower  California  and  Mexico.  The  second  has  red  colors,  and  extends 
from  Mendocino  to  Monterey.  Tlie  third,  a  white  abalone,  is  found  from 
Monterey  to  San  Diego.  About  170  tons  are  exported  to  China  and 
Europe  annually  for  manufacture  into  button.s,  and  bring  from  $40  to  $80 
a  ton — perhaps  $10,000  for  the  whole  shipment.  Most  of  the  abaioncs  are 
obtained  by  Chinamen,  who  u.se  a  light  crowbar  to  tear  them  from  tiie  rock 
to  which  they  attach  themselves,  between  high  and  low  tide.  The  meat 
when  dried  has  the  form,  size,  color,  and  almost  the  hardness  of  a  colt's 
hoof,  but  is  used  for  food,  and  sells  for  about  S  cents  a  pound,  most  of  it 
being  .sent  to  China. 


HHHHi 


■■■■■■H 


mn 


36« 


FISHERIES,   ETC. 


Shrimps,  etc. — Shrimps  are  abundant  in  the  bays  and  inlets  of  the 
Pacific  Coast;  but  there  is  no  fishing  for  them,  worthy  of  note,  anywhere 
save  in  San  Francisco  15ay.  The  business  is  chiefly  in  the  hands  of  China- 
men, and  the  best  fishing-groundj  are  in  the  cove  off  San  Rafael,  and  on 
the  western  side  of  the  bay,  south  of  San  Bruno  Mountain.  There  are 
.several  colonies  of  Chinamen,  numbering  altogether  5CX)  persons,  on  the 
San  Mateo  shore,  occupied  mainly  in  catching  and  curing  shrimps.  They 
are  divided  into  little  camps,  numbering  from  I2  to  40  men,  each  under  a 
manager,  who  selects  the  fishing-ground,  directs  the  work,  and  determines 
how  much  of  each  daily  catch  is  to  be  sent  to  the  city,  and  how  much 
dried.  It  is  impossible  to  ascertain  the  average  earnings,  but  they  arc  doubt- 
less small.  A  funnel-shaped  net,  30  feet  long,  with  a  mouth  18  feet  wide, 
and  meshes  not  more  than  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  is  set  in  water  20 
or  25  feet  deep  when  the  tide  begins  to  come  in,  and  hoisted  before  the 
ebb.  The  average  daily  catch  in  that  neighborhood  is  a  ton  and  a  half,  for 
200  fishermen,  employed  in  40  boats,  with  crews  of  5  men  each.  The 
shrimps,  when  taken  to  the  shore,  are  boiled  in  weak  brine  for  half  an  hour, 
when  thcj'  are  ready  for  the  table.  Those  demanded  for  the  fresh  consump- 
tion of  San  Francisco,  and  the  towns  supplied  from  the  metropoli.s,  are  sold 
at  the  rate  of  3  cents  per  pound  at  the  fishing-ground  at  wholesale,  or  1 5 
cents  as  delivered  to  small  restaurants  and  other  consumers.  The  remainder 
of  the  catch  is  dried  on  the  ground,  and  after  the  shells  have  been  removed, 
the  meat  brings  from  S  to  8  cents  per  pc^und,  for  the  use  of  Chinamen 
distant  from  the  seaboard  in  the  Pacific  States,  and  for  exportation  to  China. 
Only  one  pound  of  dried  meat  is  obtained  from  15  of  fresh  shrimps.  The 
gross  receipts  of  the  fishermen  for  the  shrimp  catch  is  estimated  at  $15,000 
per  month.  Large  prawns  are  common  in  the  waters  near  Victoria,  and  arc 
in  much  demand  for  the  table.  One  of  the  notable  crustaceans  of  the  San 
Franci.sco  market  is  a  large  prawn,  or,  as  it  is  generally  called,  a  crawfish, 
similar  in  size,  general  appearance,  and  flavor,  to  the  Atlantic  lobster,  but 
witliout  claws.  It  is  caught  in  nets  and  box-traps,  along  the  coast  south  of 
Monterey,  and  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  Santa  Barbara.  The  weight  of 
those  brought  to  the  market  usually  ranges  from  4  to  6  pounds,  and  the 
monthU'  supiily  amounts  to  5  tons,  worth  $300  or  $350  a  ton.  A  small 
prawn  has  been  caught  occasionally  outside  of  the  Golden  Gate  in  trawl 
nets,  by  Italian  fishermen,  but  there  is  no  regular  supply,  and  it  has  no 
commercial  importance. 

The  crab  is  found  along  our  coast  from  Panama  to  Alaska,  but  is  not 
made  the  object  of  a  s|)ecial  fishery  anywhere  except  near  the  .seaports. 
The  only  considerable  market  is  San  Francisco,  which  consumes  300  dozen 
daily,  paying  75  cents  per  dozen,  or  about  $75,000  for  a  y^r'a  catch,  to  the 


OTHER   MARINE   FISHERIES. 


367 


fishermen.  The  chief  implement  of  the  crab  fishery  is  a  strong  circular  net, 
fastened  to  a  hoop  3  feet  in  diameter.  In  this  any  kind  of  cheap  meat, 
such  as  the  heads  of  fish,  or  a  butcher's  bone,  is  fastened,  and  it  is  thrown 
into  the  water  where  the  crabs  abound.  They  soon  fasten  themselves  on 
the  bait,  and  when  the  net  is  lifted  from  the  water,  do  not  try  to  escape. 
The  city  wharves  are  convenient  for  crab  fishing,  and  arc  used  for  that  pur- 
pose, mostly  by  Chinamen. 

Marine  turtles  are  found  along  the  coasts  of  Mexico  and  Central  America, 
and  arc  abundant  in  the  Gulf  of  California.  They  have  a  habit  of  sleeping 
on  the  surface  of  the  water  under  the  hot  sun,  especially  in  very  quiet 
weather,  and  are  not  aroused  by  the  oars  of  an  approaching  boat.  The  tur- 
tle, while  lying  thus  at  his  ease,  is  harpooned  by  the  fisherman,  who  with 
little  effort  secures  a  victim  weighing  from  20  to  1 50  pounds.  The  meat  of 
the  marine  turtle  is  esteemed  a  great  delicacy,  though  it  often  loses  much  of 
its  flavor  when  the  animal  is  transported  on  shipboard,  for  long  distances, 
without  food.  It  is  tenacious  of  life,  but,  if  not  protected  by  covering  with 
wet  cloth,  will  sometimes  die  on  the  voyage.  About  a  dozen  of  these  tur- 
tles are  brought  to  San  Francisco,  eveiy  month;  by  vessels  coming  from 
Guaymas  or  La  Paz,  though  there  would  be  but  little  difficulty  in  getting  a 
much  larger  number.  Two  attempts  have  been  made  to  can  turtle-meat  at 
Guaymas  for  foreign  markets.  The  first  was  in  1869,  when  P.  M.  SCOOFFY 
erected  an  establishment,  in  which  he  canned  10  tons  of  turtle  per  month. 
The  venture  was  not  profitable,  and  was  soon  abandoned.  The  second  was 
in  1876,  when  J.  A.  ROBINSON  went  into  the  business,  and  canned  40  tur- 
tles a  day  on  an  average,  making  from  a  ton  to  a  ton  and  a  half  of  meat, 
until  January,  1880. 


HMMiliiMIMlii 


. 


limiMiii 


M/migiimmmmimmmmitmmmmmi 


■■■■^■■■■■■■■■MMi 


368 


FISHERIES,  ETC 


CHAPTER  XXIV.— RIVER  FISHERIES. 


Catch. — In  no  other  part  of  the  world  are  large  fish  so  abundant  in  the 

rivers,  or  arc  they  caujjht  in  quantities  .so  considerable  in  proportion  to  the 
number  of  fishermen,  as  on  our  coast,  north  of  latitude  39°.  The  Colorado, 
the  only  large  stream  on  our  slope  of  the  continent  south  of  the  Golden 
Gate,  and  the  Mexican  streams  on  the  Pacific  side,  arc,  if  not  poor,  at  least 
not  noted  for  wealth  in  fish  of  commercial  value.  From  San  Francisco  to 
the  Yukon,  all  the  large  rivers  are  rich  in  salmon,  of  which  there  are  $ 
species,  some  distinguished  for  size,  reaching  a  weight  of  100  pounds. 
They  are  so  numerous,  so  palatable,  so  well  fitted  for  canning  and  salt- 
ing, and  .so  easily  taken,  that  the  business  of  catching  them  is  a  prominent 
feature  in  the  fisheries  of  the  globe,  and  makes  up  nearly  all  that  there  is 
of  the  river  fisheries  on  our  coast.  Of  a  total  annual  catch  of  85,000  tons, 
after  cleaning,  on  our  coast  (including  20,000  in  Oregon,  20,000  in  California, 
15,000  in  British  Columbia,  and  30,000  in  Alaska),  at  least  78,000  are 
salmon.  The  Indians  of  British  Columbia,  according  to  the  estimate  of  A. 
C.  Anderson,  Fish  Commissioner,  consume  500  pounds  of  salmon  each  in 
a  year  on  an  average,  or  8,500  tons  in  the  aggregate  ;  1,500  tons  of  halibut, 
and  2,000  tons  of  sturgeon,  herring,  trout,  and  other  fish.  The  Indians  of 
Alaska,  as  well  as  those  of  British  Columbia,  depend  mainly  on  fish  for 
their  food.  The  greater  part  of  the  salmon  catch  is  canned,  and  the  pack 
of  iSSi  amouiUed  to  nearly  1,000,000  cases,  each  containing  24  2-pound 
cans,  including  540,793  cases  for  the  Columbia,  200,000  for  the  Sacramento, 
160,000  for  the  I'rascr,  45,000  for  the  Skcena  and  Nass  rivers  and  Klawoc, 
14,000  fi)r  the  Rogue,  20,000  for  the  Umpqua,  7,000  for  the  Eel,  and  6,000 
each  for  Puget  Sound  and  Smith  River.  The  figures  are  evidently  not 
precise  for  any  district,  save  the  Columbia,  and  the  exact  amount  may 
exceed  the  round  total,  which  is  equivalent  to  48,000,000  pounds,  or  about 
30  pounds  for  every  white  inhabitant  of  our  coast,  north  of  Mexico.  Be- 
sides salmon,  we  catch  sturgeon,  perch,  trout,  salmon-trout,  shad,  and 
catfish  in  our  .streams.  The  total  value  of  the  annual  catch,  exclusive  of 
amounts  consumcil  by  Indians  and  Aleuts,  is  probably  $6,500,000;  the 
canned  salmon  alone  being  worth  about  $5,000,000  in  San  Francisco  at  the 
present  prices. 


RIVER    FISHERIES. 


3<59 


Salmon  Habits. — The  salmon  born  in  the  rivers  and  brooks  descend, 
when  young,  to  the  ocean,  where  they  spend  several  years,  and  then  return 
to  their  native  streams  to  spawn.  It  is  supposed  that  instinct  takes  them 
back  to  their  birthplace;  so  that  one  hatched  in  the  upper  Pit  River,  will 
not  only  find  the  Golden  Gate,  and  pass  the  mouths  of  the  San  Joaquin, 
American,  and  Feather,  but  even  of  the  Little  Sacramento  and  McCloud, 
traveling  300  miles  in  fresh  water  before  stopping.  The  age  which  the 
salmon  will  reach  is  not  accurately  known,  but  it  is  probably  not  less  than  8 
years.  The  common  opinion,  that  all  female  salmon  spawn  only  once,  and 
then  die,  is  almost  certainly  erroneous  as  to  some  species.  It  is  inconsistent 
with  the  fact  that  eggs  are  found  in  females  of  many  different  sizes,  and 
with  the  observations  of  R.  D.  HUME,  who  has  taken  them  in  Rogue  River 
after  spawning,  branded  them,  thrown  them  into  the  river,  and  caught  the 
same  individuals  of  an  enlarged  size  in  several  subsequent  seasons.  The 
fact,  that  many  of  the  fish  reach  the  spawning-grounds  in  an  exhausted 
condition  and  soon  die,  proves  nothing. 

The  salmon  spawns  in  all  the  streams  flowing  into  the  ocean,  between 
latitude  34°  and  Behring  Strait;  but  in  the  Sacramento  basin,  the  spawning- 
grounds  now  in  u.se  are  limited  to  the  Pit,  McCloud,  and  Little  Sacramento, 
and  in  the  San  Joaquin  basin  to  the  upper  San  Joaquin  and  the  Merced 
rivers.  The  spawning  season  in  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  basins 
includes  August  and  September;  in  the  Eel  and  Smith  rivers,  September 
and  October;  in  most  other  Californian  streams,  January  and  February; 
in  the  Columbia  and  its  tributaries,  from  August  to  December;  and  in 
Alaska,  from  June  to  October.  In  all  the  streams  between  47°  and  34" 
the  salmon  are  far  less  abundant  than  they  were  30  years  ago. 

The  kind,  size,  and  proportionate  number  of  different  species  vary  in 
streams  not  far  apart,  and  in  the  same  stream,  according  to  season.  The 
most  abundant  run  of  the  Columbia  was  in  May,  until  1879,  and  since  that 
year  has  been  in  July.  Some  of  the  Columbia  River  fishermen  think  that 
the  fish  are  more  abundant  there  in  years  of  exceptionally  large  rainfall,  and 
that  the  average  interval  between  2  such  years  in  Oregon  is  about  long 
enough  to  enable  the  salmon  to  attain  their  full  growth  before  spawning,  so 
as  to  be  ready  to  ascend  the  stream  in  the  first  very  wet  year.  B.  Haigh, 
canner  on  the  Frascr,  has  observed,  that  in  seasons  of  exceptionally  large 
rainfall,  the  salmon  are  less  numerous  than  in  relatively  dry  yeans.  It  is 
the  supposition  of  some  fishermen,  that  the  salmon  intending  to  visit 
the  spawning-ground  do  not  swim  rapidly  when  entering  the  river,  but 
linger  for  a  time  in  the  bracki.sh  water,  which,  in  times  of  abundant  rain, 
they  find  outside  of  the  I  leads,  and  in  dry  seasons  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
river. 
47 


Mill 


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^mmmmmmmmmmffm 


370 


I-lSllEUIES,    ETC. 


The  species  most  abundant  in  the  rivers  of  California,  Oregon,  and  Wash- 
ington is  the  common  salmon,  or  quinnat  {pncorhyncus  qitinnat),  while  in 
British  Columbia  it  is  the  smaller  sockeyc.  All  the  varieties  of  salmon  en- 
ter the  rivers  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  but  in  many  streams  are  most  abun- 
dant in  the  spring  and  fall;  so  the  fishermen  generally  speak  of  the  spring 
and  fall  "  runs."  There  is,  however,  only  one  spawning  season  of  about 
2  months,  when  the  fish  ascend  to  the  smaller  tributaries  of  any  one  river 
to  deposit  their  eggs,  and  those  fish  which  leave  the  ocean  6  months  or 
more  before  the  time  for  spawning  are,  perhaps,  misled  by  a  defect  of  in- 
stinct. One  fisherman  says  the  spring  run  begins  in  the  fall  and  continues 
through  the  year.  The  largest  run  of  salmon  in  the  Columbia,  in  ordinary 
years,  formerly  in  May,  is  now  in  July;  in  the  Fraser  River,  in  August  and 
September;  and  in  the  Sacramento,  in  August.  The  season  of  greatest 
plenty  is,  in  some  rivers,  the  period  of  .spawning,  and  in  others  comes  .sev- 
eral months  earlier.  Before  1850,  salmon  were  very  abundant  in  nearly  all 
the  tributaries  of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin,  but  after  the  waters 
were  filled  with  the  mud  and  sand  from  the  placer  washings,  the  fish  found 
no  .suitable  place  to  deposit  their  eggs,  and  have  long  since  entirely 
disappeared  from  all  the  streams  that  drain  the  most  productive  of  the  min- 
ing districts.  The  Sacramento  for  50  miles,  and  the  San  Joaquin  for 
1 5  miles,  from  Suisun  Bay,  have  their  salmon  fisheries,  and  the  fish  are 
occasionally  caught  twice  as  far  from  the  bay;  but  the  main  streams  higher 
up  and  their  tributaries  generally  arc  now  nearly  bare.  The  salmon  are 
rare  in  the  streams  entering  the  ocean  south  of  San  Francisco  Bay;  and  are 
more  abundant  relatively  in  Eel  and  Smith  rivers  than  in  any  other  Cali- 
fornian  stream.s. 


Fishings  Implements. — Salmon  are  taken  with  gill  nets,  seines,  traps, 
and  current-wheels,  and  rarely,  in  salt  water,  with  hooks.  The  gill  net  is 
from  200  to  300  fathoms  long,  and  usually  20  feet  deep,  with  meshes  8^ 
inches  long  when  stretched  lengthwi.se,  and  ^)/^  inches  on  each  side  when 
square.  A  net  costs  $250  usually,  and  lasts  one  .season.  The  material  is 
twine,  made  of  the  best  linen  shoe-thread,  and  is  knit  in  the  winter  by 
the  fishermen,  all  attempts  to  make  the  necessary  double-knot  by  machinery 
having  failed.  The  net,  provided  with  floats  at  the  top  and  sinkers  at  the 
bottom,  is  stretched  across  the  current  and  allowed  to  float  with  it  until  a 
load  of  fish  is  secured— the  distance  traveled  being  .sometimes  15  miles;  or, 
if  the  fish  arc  very  abundant,  not  one  tenth  so  far.  The  net  is  generally  used 
only  at  night  or  in  muddy  water,  for  when  the  fish  can  .see  clearly,  it  will  not  put 
its  head  in  the  noose.  The  large  fish — those  weighing  more  than  8  pounds — 
get  their  heads  through  and  stick  there,  their  gills  holding  them  fast.     The 


RIVER   FISHERIES. 


371 


boat  passes  along  the  net,  which  the  fishermen  lift  and  relieve  of  the  catch. 
When  a  load  is  secured  (from  60  to  80  salmon),  the  net  is  taken  up  and  the 
fishermen  start  for  the  cannery.  The  nets  and  fishermen  are  so  numerous 
in  some  parts  of  the  river  that  there  is  not  room  for  all  to  work  at  the  same 
time,  without  being  so  near  as  to  destroy  all  chance  for  the  higher  nets  to 
catch  anything;  but  by  common  consent,  certain  rules  have  been  adopted 
regulating  the  times  when  each  boat  shall  have  its  turn. 

The  seine  has  smaller  meshes  than  the  gill  net,  and  is  used  to  surround 
the  fish  and  haul  them  to  the  shore.  One  end  ii  held  on  the  bank  while  a 
boat  pays  out  the  seine,  which  is  then  swept  through  the  water  against  the 
incoming  tide  for  a  little  while,  and  then  the  boat  comes  round  with  a  sweep 
to  the  bank  below,  and  the  ends  are  hauled  in.  While  2  men  can  manage 
a  gill  net,  a  dozen  are  required  for  a  seine,  though  the  latter  is  only  half  the 
length  of  the  former.  Seining  is  not  successful  where  the  water  is  much 
deeper  than  the  seine;  and  it  is  used  chiefly  at  shoal  places  in  the  Lower 
Columbia,  and  in  the  Rogue  and  Eel  rivers. 

The  trap  is  a  picket  fence  near  the  bank  in  shallow  water,  leading  to  a 
pocket  which  the  salmon  swimming  up  stream  enter,  and  can  not  leave. 
The  Columbia  may  have  a  score  of  traps,  and  there  are  perhaps  as  many  in 
British  Columbia.  Amount  of  the  catch  depends  on  the  currents,  which 
change  from  year  to  year,  a  trap  being  very  profitable  in  one  season  and 
yielding  nothing  in  the  next.  The  average  catch  of  a  Columbia  River  trap 
<n  1881  was  about  3,500  fish. 

The  salmon-wheel  is  suspended  over  the  water  and  driven  round  by  the 
current  running  under  it  and  striking  its  lower  edge.  Attached  to  it  are 
vwo  scoop-nets  which  catch  the  fish  passing  beneath,  lift  them  up  out  of  the 
water,  and  throw  them  into  a  trough.  Only  one  such  wheel  has  been  con- 
structed, near  the  Cascades,  but  it  has  been  very  successful  in  the  season 
of  1881,  catching  from  1,500  to  4,000  adult  salmon  in  a  day.  This  device 
has  been  patented.  It  must  be  stationed  near  the  bank,  but  the  salmon 
usually  avoid  the  middle  of  the  stream,  where  the  downward  current  is 
stronger,  and  there  are  no  eddies  to  facilitate  their  ascending  course.  The 
wheel  has  caught  small,  as  well  as  large  fish,  and  the  fishermen  generally 
demand  that  its  use  shall  be  prohibited. 

The  boats  used  in  the  fishery  are  uniform  in  size  and  pattern — 24  feet 
long,  6}4  wide,  and  2'y4  deep;  sharp  at  both  ends,  with  a  center-board,  a 
triangular  sail,  rowlocks  and  oars,  and  capacity  to  carry  4  tons.  The  cost 
is  $250  to  $300;  the  material,  Port  Orford  cedar  and  oak;  the  place  of  con- 
struction, San  Francisco  or  Astoria;  and  the  period  of  service,  about  10 
years. 


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372 


FISHERIES,   KTC 


Columbia  Fishery. — The  salmon  fishery  of  the  Columbia  gives  employ- 
ment in  the  season  to  5,600  men,  3,100  Chinamen  being  employed  in  the 
canneries,  while  2,500  whites  take  charge  of  the  boats  and  net.s.  The  can- 
nery proprietors  own  1,200  boats,  and  lease  them  with  nets  and  all  the  nec- 
essary tools  and  supplies  to  the  fishermen,  a  large  proportion  of  whom  arc 
Scandinavians,  Italians,  and  Finns,  who,  as  rent,  mu  t  give  one  third  of  the 
catch,  and  must  sell  the  other  two  thirds  at  a  stipulated  price.  Each  boat 
has  2  men,  a  captain  and  a  helper.  The  former  hires  the  latter,  boards 
him,  and  gives  him  10  cents  for  every  fish  caught.  The  fishermen,  who  own 
their  boats  and  nets,  sell  where  they  please,  but  usually  receive  the  same 
price  as  is  paid  to  the  men  using  the  cannery  boats.  It  is  expected  that 
the  captain  of  a  boat  will  make  at  least  $100  and  his  helper  $70  a  month 
for  their  labor.  The  average  catch  of  a  boat  for  a  season  may  be  2,000 
fish,  worth  $1,200,  equivalent  to  $300  a  month,  of  which  $100  is  allowed  for 
the  use  of  the  boat  and  net  and  other  material.  The  price  on  the  Columbia 
was  60  or  62 'A  cents  a  fish  in  1881,  the  price  having  increased  gradually 
since  1SG6.  The  following  table  is  prepared  from  the  statistics  of  the  Port- 
land Board  of  Trade,  showing  the  total  product  in  cases,  the  price  per  case 
of  48  pounds,  and  the  prices  for  each  fish  paid  by  the  canneries  to  the 
fishermen,  from  1S66  to  1881. 


\'ear. 

Total 
Product. 

Price. 

Cost  of  Fish. ! 

Year. 

Total 
Product. 

Price. 

Cost  of  Fish. 

1866 

4,000 

$16   00 

15     Cts.    , 

1S74 

350,000 

$6   SO 

25  cts. 

1867 

18,000 

13   00 

15    cts.  1 

1875 

37S.°oo 

5  60 

25  cts. 

1868 

28,000 

12    00 

20    cts. 

1876 

450,000 

4  5° 

25  cts. 

1869 

100,000 

10    00 

20    cts. 

1877 

460,000 

5  20 

25  cts. 

1870 

150,000 

9  00 

20      cts. 

1878 

460,000 

5  00 

25  cts. 

1871 

200,000 

9  5° 

22A  cts. 

1879 

480,000 

4  60 

50  cts. 

1872 

250,000 

8  00 

25    cts. 

1880 

530,000 

4  80 

SO  cts. 

•873 

250,000 

7  00 

25    tts. 

1881 

550,000 

5  00 

60  cts. 

In  the  canneries,  about  850  white  men  arc  employed  as  superintendents, 
clerks,  foremen,  etc.,  earning  from  $50  to  $175  a  month,  averaging  $62. 
White  men  make  the  nets,  cans,  boats,  and  cases,  and  have  all  the  capital 
used  in  the  business.  The  3,100  Chinamen  receive  $372,000  for  their  work 
of  4  months;  the  850  white  laborers  in  the  canneries  receive  $210,000;  the 
2,500  fishermen,  $850,000.  The  wages  in  the  fishing  season  and  cost  of  fish 
paid  by  the  canneries  amount  to  $1,433,000;  and  of  this  the  4,000  Chinci- 
men  get  less  than  a  third,  v.hile  the  3,500  whites  divide  the  other  two  thirds 
among  themselves.  The  proprietors  get  $2,750,000  for  the  product,  leav- 
ing them  $1,31^,400  above  the  cost  of  the  fish  and  wages  in  the  fishing  sea- 
son to  pay  other  cannery  expenses,  interest  on  the  investment  and  profits. 


mm 


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RIVFR   FISHERIES. 


373 


When  canning  began  on  the  Columbia,  the  fishermen  supposed  that  they 
could  not  get  a  good  catch  of  salmon  any\Vhcrc,  save  in  that  part  of  the 
river  20  miles  or  more  from  the  sea,  where  the  width  docs  not  exceed  cnc 
mile.  There  they  built  all  the  early  canneries;  but  the  later  ones  went 
down  stream.  The  fishermen,  allowing  their  nets  to  float  with  the  current, 
found  the  catch  continued  good  af  or  the  river  widened,  even  for  the  1 5 
miles  nearest  the  ocean,  where  the  distance  from  bank  to  bank  is  6  miles. 
Nor  do  they  always  take  up  their  nets  when  they  reach  the  mouth,  but 
sometimes  go  out  to  sea  for  miles,  defying  the  dangers  of  the  stormy 
Columbia  Bar,  on  which  more  than  200  fishermen  have  lost  their  lives  within 
4  years,  60  having  been  drowned  in  1880.  As  the  fish  arc  taken  while 
migrating  from  the  sea,  the  nets  farthest  out  have  the  first  chance  to  catch. 

The  Columbia  River  quinnat  salmon  arc  considered  the  best  for  canning, 
and  are  the  most  extensively  known,  so  that  the  name  Columbia  on  the 
label  secures  favorable  consideration  with  the  purchaser.  The  market 
demands  fish  with  a  good  salmon  color,  and  rejects  those  of  pale  tints  even 
if  the  meat  is  equally  good.  At  Mukiltco,  on  Puget  Sound,  a  pale  salmon 
is  abundant  every  alternate  year,  and  is  an  excellent  fish,  but  on  account  of 
the  irregularity  in  the  supply  can  not  be  packed  now  with  a  profit,  and  for 
that  reason,  a  cannery  established  there  in  1877  has  since  been  moved 
away. 

The  reckless  and  improvident  methods  of  taking  the  salmon,  and  the 
wasteful  destruction  of  the  fish  in  the  Columbia,  threatened  to  seriously 
reduce  the  catch,  so  the  legislatures  of  Orc^^on  and  Washington  adopted 
statutes,  regulating  the  size  of  the  meshes,  and  prohibiting  fishing  from  6 
P.M.  on  Saturday  till  the  same  hour  on  Sunday.  A  mesh  of  8^2  inches 
long  will  allow  salmon  2  years  old,  weighing  8  pounds,  to  pass  through 
readily.  Fish  of  this  size  were  often  thrown  away  after  they  were  dead, 
because  too  small  to  can  with  profit  while  other  larger  fish  were  plenty. 
These  legislative  restrictions  were  accompanied  by  severe  penalties,  but  have 
not  been  observed,  for  many  of  the  fishermen  make  a  practice  of  fishing  on 
Saturday  night,  and  some  of  them  have  meshes  smaller  than  the  law 
allows. 

Oallfomian  Fishery. — The  average  weight  of  the  Califomian  salmon  is 
12  pc>.;js  aficr  cleaning,  and  the  aj^i^regate  catch  in  the  12  months 
ending  August  ist,  was  2,500  tons  in  1875,  2,650  in  1876,  3,290  in  1877, 
3,260  in  1878,  2,200  in  1879,  5,000  in  1880,  and  7,000  in  188 1.  Of  the 
Californian  salmon,  at  least  i.ooo  tons  are  eaten  fresh  annually,  and  the 
remainder  canned  or  salted.  San  Francisco  takes  100  fish  daily,  and  other 
parts  of  the  State  and  Nevada  400.     The  large  size  of  the  salmon,  and  the 


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374 


FISHERIES,    ETC. 


facility  of  recognizing  its  meat,  help  to  find  a  market  for  it  in  the  interior 
towns,  where  the  smaller  fish  caught  in  the  ocean  and  bays  arc  not  so  well 
known,  and  do  not  find  so  ready  sale.  The  total  consumption  of  fresh  fish 
in  California  is  about  5  tons  daily.  The  fish  commissioners  think  that 
the  decided  increase  of  1877  was  caused  by  the  artificial  fish  hatching, 
which  in  that  year  began  to  produce  its  mature  salmon.  In  1880  the  catch 
was  so  large,  from  the  15th  to  the  19th  of  September,  that  9,000  fish  were 
thrown  back  into  the  water,  as  no  market  could  be  found  for  them.  An- 
other remarkable  feature  in  the  salmon  fi.shing  of  that  year  was,  that  about  45 
fish  were  caught  by  each  boat  daily  in  December,  6  times  more  than  in  pre- 
vious years.  The  decrease  in  1879  was  the  result  of  a  controversy  between 
the  fishermen,  who  demanded  40  cents,  and  the  cannery  proprietors,  who 
offered  25  cents  for  the  fish,  on  an  average.  The  fishermen  caught  only  so 
many  salmon  as  they  thought  were  needed  for  fresh  consumption,  and,  after 
sending  them  50  miles  to  San  Francisco,  there  accepted  from  the  market- 
men  the  25  cents  which  they  refused  to  take  from  the  canneries  within 
a  mile  of  their  fishing-grounds.  The  .San  Franciscans  who  took  the  trouble 
to  go  to  the  wharf,  where  the  fishing-boats  lay,  could  get  their  fresh  salmon 
at  a  cent  a  pound.  The  usual  price  since  1878  has  been  about  35  cents 
a  fish. 

The  Californian  salmon,  save  those  in  Eel  River,  are  taken  exclusively  in 
gill-nets.  The  law  forbids  the  spreading  of  the  net  .across  more  than  one 
third  the  width  of  a  river,  but  as  the  nets  arc  250  fathoms  long,  they  doubt- 
less often  reach  from  bank  to  bank.  Much  of  the  fishing  is  done  at  night, 
when  the  net  is  invisible,  whereas  it  scares  the  fish  in  the  daylight.  There  are 
two  men  to  a  boat,  and  they  generally  own  it  in  equal  shares,  though  until 
recently  they  have  been  in  debt  for  the  boats,  many  of  which  were  obtained 
in  1877,  by  the  help  of  advances,  amounting  in  all  to  $10,000,  made  by  the 
canneries.  Hesides  the  boats,  the  fishermen  have  scows  which  they  use  as 
dwellings.  They  are  generally  Italians,  Greeks,  Dalmatians,  and  Portuguese, 
and  arc  unmarried.  They  spend  much  of  their  time  in  lounging,  and  many 
waste  a  large  part  of  their  earnings  in  dissipation.  It  is  expected  that  each 
boat  will  get  2,000  fish  in  a  year  on  an  average. 

In  Eel  River  most  of  the  salmon  are  caught  with  a  seine,  150  yards  long, 
and  7  or  8  deep.  One  end  is  fastened  to  the  bank,  and  several  boats  pay 
it  out,  carrying  it  across  to  the  opposite  bank,  and  then  making  a  sweeping 
circuit  back.  It  is  hauled  in  by  horses  or  with  a  windla.s.s.  Before  this  can 
be  done  with  safety,  the  bed  of  the  river  must  be  carefully  examined,  and 
there  are  few  places  where  a  seine  can  be  drawn  before  cleaning  out  the 
snags  which  arc  deposited  by  the  high  water  every  winter.  The  master 
fisherman  takes  up  a  quarter  of  a  mile  of  the  river  as  a  fishing  claim,  cleans 


■•^W^Wipppp 


RIVER   FISHERIES. 


375 


it  out  at  an  expense  of  perhaps  $200,  pays  $75  every  spring  for  repairs,  and 
has  the  exclusive  use  of  the  property,  all  his  neighbors  recognizing  his  title. 
The  land  on  both  sides  of  the  river  usually  belongs  to  the  National  Govern- 
ment. The  crews  employed  in  the  Eel  River  fisheries  receive  $1.25  a  day 
and  board.  Almost  the  entire  yield  of  the  Eel  and  Smith  rivers  has  been 
canned  for  years,  the  population  near  the  fisheries  being  very  small.  In  the 
large  towns  about  San  Francisco  Bay,  salmon  are  obtainable  for  nearly  half 
the  year  for  about  3  cents  a  pound  at  wholesale. 

A  statute  of  California  prohibits  fishing  for  salmon  in  August,  which  is 
supposed  to  be  the  time  when  it  is  most  important  that  they  should  be  per- 
mitted to  pass  without  disturbance  to  the  spawning-grounds ;  but  the  law 
does  not  apply  to  the  whole  State  alike,  and  it  is  violated  by  many  of  the 
fishermen,  who  care  little  for  the  general  interest,  when  it  stands  in  the  way 
of  their  immediate  profits.  The  petty  officials  in  the  villages  near  the  fish- 
eries, in  many  cases,  protect  and  encourage  the  poachers,  who  salt  or  smoke 
the  catch  in  shanties  on  the  tule  islands.  It  is  .said  that  100  tons  of  salt 
were  sold  in  July,  1880,  to  fishermen  preparing  for  their  criminal  business. 
The  close  or  illegal  season  of  fishing  has  been  frequently  changed ;  and 
these  changes  have  doubtless  had  an  influence  to  weaken  the  authority  of 
the  law. 

Alaska  Salmon. — The  average  size  of  the  salmon  c.iught  in  Alaska  is 
about  35  pounds  after  cleaning;  in  the  Columbia,  18;  in  the  Sacramento 
and  Eraser,  12.  One  fish  caught  in  the  Columbia  in  1880  weighed  94;  tho.se 
weighing  50  are  not  rare  there,  and  in  the  waters  of  Alaska  salmon  weigh- 
ing more  than  Co  pounds  are  often  taken.  The  multitude  of  salmon  in  the 
streams  of  Alaska  is  so  great  that  they  are  caught  with  little  difficulty,  and 
are  made  to  furnish  most  of  the  food  of  the  inhabitants.  It  has  been  esti- 
mated that  I2,CXX3,000  are  taken  annually  by  the  30,000  people,  or  more 
than  a  fish  a  day  for  each  person;  but  much  is  allowed  to  spoil,  and  much 
thrown  away.  In  1880  the  canneries  of  Alaska  produced  8,000  cases  of 
canned  salman,  and  500,000  pounds  were  salted  and  exported  in  barrels. 
The  salmon  fishing  season  in  the  Yukon  extends  from  June  ist  to  Septem- 
ber 15th,  but  enough  fi.sh  for  the  daily  consumption  of  the  people  are 
caught  from  May  Ui  October  inclusive;  and  from  November  to  April,  the 
less  palatable  dried  article  is  the  chief  reliance  for  sustenance.  The  chief 
implement  in  the  fishery  is  a  round  dip  net,  used  from  a  canoe,  the  buoy- 
ant capacity  of  which,  and  the  strength  of  the  occupant,  are  tested  to  the 
Utmost  by  the  largest  fish.  These  fish  are  sold  by  the  natives  to  the  can- 
neries, at  from  one  to  5  cents  each.  A  piece  put  into  a  frying-pan  is  .soon 
covered  in  its  own  fat.     Besides  the  round  nets,  spears,  and  small  weirs, 


.^^..JHi^.- 


mmmm 


376 


KIHIIEKIES,    ETC. 


planted  in  shallow  places  in  the  streams,  are  used  to  catch  the  fish.  At 
Klawock  in  Alaska,  the  salmon  are  caught  in  the  bay  with  a  seine,  and  in 
some  portions  of  Pugct  Sound  they  are  caught  in  the  same  way.  When 
in  the  salt  water,  they  may  also  be  taken  with  the  hook. 

Puget  Sound  Salmon. — The  salmon-fisheries  on  Puget  Sound  are  carried 
on  almost  entirely  by  Indian.s,  using  seines  from  50  to  80  fathoms  long, 
from  4  to  8  fathoms  deep,  with  meshes  of  3^4  inches,  and  having  a  pucker- 
ing rope  run  through  rings  attached  to  the  lead  line.  A  crew  comprises 
from  8  to  12  men,  and  the  mode  of  operation  is  as  follows:  A  large 
canoe  is  anchored  in  2  or  3  fathoms  of  water,  and  the  seine-boat  is  held 
near  at  hand  until  the  indications  are  favorable,  when  the  seine  is  cast,  and 
the  men  in  the  canoe  haul  in  as  rapidly  as  possible.  In  tne  mean  time,  a 
number  of  small  canoes  are  paddled  about  the  net,  and  their  occupants  beat 
the  water  with  their  paddles,  in  order  to  prevent  the  fish  from  jumping  out 
of  the  seine.  A  peculiarity  in  the  salmon-fishery  in  this  locality  is,  that  the 
fish  are  always  taken  in  salt  water.  There  arc  4  well-known  varieties  of 
salmon  taken  in  the  sound,  the  Silver,  the  Haddo  or  Humpback,  the  Jack- 
tyhee,  or  Chinook,  and  the  Fall,  or  Dog  Salmon.  The  meat  of  the  first 
mentioned  is  of  a  bright  red  color,  and  their  weight  averages  from  4  to  8 
pounds,  varying  in  different  seasons.  The  Haddo,  about  the  same  size  as 
the  Silver  Salmon,  has  flesh  of  a  pale  pink  color,  and  makes  its  appearance 
about  the  first  of  August,  every  alternate  year  only,  at  Mukilteo,  26  miles 
north-cast  from  Seattle,  in  such  quantities  that  not  only  is  a  haul  of  from  2,000 
to  S,ooo  fish  very  common,  but  at  times  the  nets  have  been  so  filled  that 
they  could  not  be  emptied  until  after  the  fall  of  the  tide.  In  the  barren 
years  not  a  single  specimen  of  this  fish  has  ever  been  taken,  and  it  is  very  rarely 
that  an  individual  finds  its  way  above  Mukilteo.  From  that  point  they  run 
up  the  Skagit  River,  arriving  in  its  upper  waters  in  so  exhausted  a  condition, 
that  it  is  believed  not  one  in  1,000  lives  to  return  to  the  sea.  The  Jack 
Salmon  averages  16  pounds  in  weight,  is  a  dark-colored,  handsome  fish, 
and  is  taken  throughout  the  winter  months.  The  Dog  Salmon  is  so  called 
from  the  large  jaws  and  teeth  of  the  male,  which  has  a  many-colored  skin; 
the  female  having  a  smaller  hdad  and  silvery-hued  scales.  This  species 
averages  about  20  pounds  in  weight,  and  beginning  to  run  about  October  20, 
is  taken  until  the  middle  of  November. 

Aboriginal  Fishing.— Heforc  the  settlement  of  white  men  in  Oregon,  the 
Indians  there  lived  mainly  on  salmon.  They  caught  them  from  their  canoes, 
or  from  staging  built  over  the  rapids,  with  spears  or  hand-nets.  At  the 
rapids,  two  stout  poles  were  fastened  in  the  bank,  with  the  enils  projecting 
out  over  the  water,  so  that  the  fisherman  could  walk  on  them,  to  a  little 


RIVER   FISHERIES. 


377 


floor  at  the  outer  end.  He  then  stood  on  the  platform,  with  a  pole  30 
feet  long,  to  which  was  fastened,  at  the  end,  a  sort  of  basket  or  net,  slid- 
ing on  a  hoop.  This  net  he  would  fill  by  slinging  it  as  far  as  possible  up 
the  stream,  and  then  haul  it  up,  the  weight  of  the  fish  closing  the  net  by 
drawing  it  on  the  hoop.  Their  principal  places  of  fishing  were  at  the  Falls 
of  the  Willamette,  the  Cascades  of  the  Columbia,  the  Dalles  of  the  Colum- 
bia, and  the  Kettlefalls  near  Colville.  There  were  no  seines,  gill-nets,  or 
traps.  After  the  introduction  of  iron,  it  became  customary  among  the 
red  men  to  have  a  hook  attached  to  a  long  pole,  and  they  would  let  their 
canoes  float  down  stream,  the  hook,  with  its  point  upward,  being  8  or  10  feet 
below  the  surface.  If  a  salmon  came  along,  passing  near  the  pole,  it  was 
jerked  up  so  as  to  catch  the  fish. 

Canning. — The  salmon,  when  taken  to  the  cannery,  are  placed  on  a  long 
table,  side  by  side,  where  the  head,  tail,  and  fins  are  cut  off,  and  the  entrails 
removed  by  a  few  flashing  strokes  of  a  large  knife,  in  the  hands  of  an  ex- 
pert Chinaman,  the  average  time  for  each  of  these  large  fish  being  less  than 
half  a  minute.  They  pass  to  a  tank  of  fresh  water,  where  other  men  take 
off  the  scales;  in  a  tank  of  salt  water  they  are  thoroughly  washed.  A  gang 
knife,  with  6  blades,  at  one  stroke  divides  the  meat  into  pieces  just  long 
enough  to  fill  a  can.  These  sections  are  cut  lengthwise  into  strips  of  suit- 
able size,  ready  for  the  cans,  which  are  filled  by  hand  or  by  machine.  The 
top  of  the  can  is  put  on  and  soldered  by  hand  or  by  machine.  The  can  is 
now  put  into  a  crate  or  shallow  frame,  which  is  swung  round  on  a  crane 
over  a  pan  of  boiling  water,  and  lowered  until  the  tops  of  the  cans  arc  half 
an  inch  under  the  surface.  If  the  soldering  of  any  can  is  incomplete,  the 
weak  point  is  at  once  e.\posed  by  bubbles  rising  over  it.  The  defective 
cans  are  thrown  out,  and  the  crates  swung  into  immense  tanks  of  boiling 
water,  where  they  remain  an  hour  and  a  quarter.  When  taken  from  these, 
and  while  boiling  hot,  the  .second  tester  lifts  up  each  can  and  taps  it  with  a 
mallet  to  find  whether  it  has  a  solid  sound.  If  not,  he  throws  it  among  the 
defective  cans;  if  it  has,  he  strikes  the  head  with  a  pin  fastened  in  the  other 
end  of  the  mallet,  and  from  the  hole  thus  made  the  imprisoned  steam  rushes 
out.  As  he  puts  down  the  can,  the  tinner  follows  him  and  closes  these 
holes  with  solder,  so  as  to  exclude  the  air  and  thus  prevent  fermentiition. 
The  cans  arc  again  heated,  this  time  for  an  hour  in  a  retort  at  a  temperature 
of  240°.  The  patterns  of  these  retorts  differ  greatly  in  different  canneries, 
some  filling  their  retorts  with  dry  steam,  and  others  with  water  heated  by 
steam.  After  coming  from  the  retort  the  cans  are  washed  in  lye,  lacquered, 
labeled,  examined  for  the  last  time,  and  packed  in  cases.     This  is  a  brief 

description  of  a  process  which  is  conducted  on  a  grand  scale,  and  with  a 
48 


mmm 


mm 


^""""mK 


378 


FISHERIES,   ETC. 


vast  amount  of  skill  and  careful  management  in  every  department  of  the 
business. 

The  process  used  by  J.\CKSON,  MVER.S  &  Co.,  at  Milton,  on  Puget  Sound, 
is  described  thus:  "  These  pieces  are  taken  raw  and  crowded  into  one-pound 
cans,  in  each  one  of  which  a  teaspoonful  of  salt  has  been  put;  a  round  lid 
with  a  puncture  in  it,  quickly  fitted  in  on  top,  same  as  a  barrel-head;  then 
soldered,  put  in  a  vat  of  hot  water  and  tested,  those  not  being  air-tight  giv- 
ing a  spouting  bubble,  and  arc  set  apart  and  re.soldered ;  then  those  that 
are  air-tight  are  immersed  in  a  caldron  of  hot  water  for  65  minutes;  then 
taken  out,  and  each  one  quickly  tapped  with  a  mallet  having  a  nail  point 
inserted,  which  makes  a  hole,  out  of  which  spurts  the  surplus  air,  and  then, 
while  yet  hot,  are  soldered  up,  thus  hermetically  sealing;  afterwards  are 
boiled  in  salt  water  for  loc  minutes  at  200°  Fahr.;  then  dipped  into  a  hot 
lye  vat,  which  cats  away  all  the  grease  from  the  can ;  after  which  they  re- 
ceive a  flow  of  cold  rinsing  water,  and  are  stacked,  remaining  four  days; 
then  tested,  to  see  if  they  are  ,ill  good;  then  taken  to  the  bronzing-room, 
and  again  tested,  bronzed,  dipped,  and  labeled,  tested  for  the  last  time,  then 
packed  into  bo.KCS  of  four  dozen  to  a  bo.\." 

The  rapid  increase  of  the  canneries  and  of  the  quantity  of  their  pack,  and 
the  accumulation  of  large  capitals  within  a  few  years  by  some  of  the  pro- 
prietors, arc  sufficient  to  prove  that  great  profits  have  been  made  in  the 
business.  The  failures  have  been  comparatively  few,  and  in  nearly  every 
case  can  be  traced  to  incompetent  management,  or  to  exceptional  circum- 
stances. It  is  highly  probable  that  canneries  will  be  built  on  many  streams 
in  Oregon,  Washington,  British  Columbia,  and  Alaska,  now  unoccupied, 
and  that  the  production  will  continue  to  increase,  with  a  good  profit;  but 
fortunes  will  hereafter  not  be  made  suddenly  in  canning,  and  the  propor- 
tion of  failures  will  be  larger  th.m  in  the  past.  The  canned  salmon  of  the 
Columbia,  when  first  placed  on  the  market,  sold  at  wholesale  for  20  cents  a 
pound,  and  now  it  is  offered  for  11  Jj,  and  at  one  time  was  sold  for  10;  and 
the  raw  fish  costs  now  about  twice  as  much,  as  it  did  in  1865,  while  there  is 
no  noteworthy  change  in  expenses  otherwise. 

The  raw  fish  will  doubtless  continue  very  cheap  in  Alaska  for  many 
years;  but  the  ilislike  of  the  white  men  to  permanent  residence  there,  the 
cost  of  trips  each  way  for  those  who  spend  part  of  the  year  elsewhere,  the 
difficulty  of  getting  trustworthy  men  in  case  of  a  strike  or  controversy, 
anil  the  high  cost  of  m.iny  siijiplies,  more  than  counterbalance  all  the  ad- 
vantages. These  obstacles,  however,  will  gradually  diminish  as  the  fisher- 
men and  canners  multiply  their  establishments,  population  increases,  and 
steam  transportation  becomes  freciuent  at  numerous  small  ports  on  the 
northern  coast.     Some  of  the  canners,  however,  have  an  opinion  that  the 


RIVER   FISHERIES. 


379 


salmon  of  Alaska  are  not  so  well  adapted  for  canning  as  those  of  the 
Columbia. 

B.\DOLLET  &  Co.,  who  have  an  extensive  experience  in  the  business  on 
the  Columbia,  think  that  the  time  for  high  profits  for  the  majority  of  the 
establishments  there  has  passed,  or  at  least,  that  they  must  accept  many 
serious  risks.  There  is  so  much  competition,  that  the  catch  is  much  less 
for  the  boat  on  an  average,  the  supply  of  fish  is  not  constant,  and  the  cost 
to  the  cannery  has  doubled  without  any  corresponding  increase  in  the  price 
of  the  canned  product.  A  large  amount  of  money  must  be  invested  in 
the  cannery,  boats,  nets,  cans,  labels,  etc.,  in  preparation  for  a  large. catch, 
and  the  run  of  fish  may  be  small,  or  irregular,  or  it  may  not  come  when 
the  men  are  hired.  The  busy  season  lasts  for  only  4  months,  and  its 
brevity  gives  the  men  employed  to  fish  and  can,  excellent  opportunities  for 
striking,  for  they  know  that  it  is  a  difficult  matter  to  get  others  in  their 
places,  without  a  serious  loss  in  production.  Many  of  the  canneries  have 
hitherto  worked  with  small  capital,  and  having  pressing  debts,  had  to  sell 
without  delay,  accepting  offers  little  above  the  cost  of  pr'oduction,  thus 
breaking  down  the  market,  and  injuring  the  sales  of  others. 

The  average  cost  of  a  dozen  cans  to  the  canner  on  the  Sacramento  is 
estimated  to  be  $1,  and  is  probably  about  the  same  on  the  Columbia  and 
Frascr.  The  variations  in  the  size  and  abundance  of  the  fish,  the  JDrices 
demanded  by  the  fishermen,  the  wages  of  the  canners,  and  the  regularity  of 
the  catch,  tend  to  produce  compensations  that  leave  nearly  the  same 
pecuniary  results  to  equally  competent  management  on  all  of  these  larger 
streams.  About  one  third  of  the  weight  of  the  fish  as  it  comes  from  the 
water  is  lost  in  cleaning  and  preparing  for  the  can.  A  large  cannery  may 
have  a  capital  of  about  $50,000,  and  the  total  amount  invested  in  the  busi- 
ness may  be  $4,000,000.  The  canneries  number  83,  more  than  half  that 
number  being  on  the  Columbia  River.  The  number  of  persons  employed 
is  i2,ooc,  and  of  boats  2,000,  including  1,400  on  the  Columbia,  and  225  on 
the  Fraser.  The  Sacramento  boats  send  a  large  proportion  of  their  fish  to 
the  San  Francisco  market,  but  few  devoting  themselves  exclusively  to  the 
supply  of  the  canneries. 

The  Columbia  Pack. — A  fish  weighing  18  pounds  will  usually  yield  12 
pounds  for  canning.  The  cans  of  ordinary  size  hold  one  pound  each,  and 
there  are  48  pounds  in  a  case  which,  with  boxing,  weighs  72  pounds.  The 
pack  of  1 88 1  amounted  to  930,000  cases,  including  540,000  on  the  Colum- 
bia, 180,000  on  the  Sacramento,  142,000  on  the  Frascr,  34,000  on  other 
British  Columbian  rivers,  12,000  on  the  Roguq,  10,000  at  Puget  Sound, 
7,500  on  the  Umpqua,  7,000  on  the  Smith,  and  6,900  at  Klawock.     The 


iiom 


380 


FISHERIES,   ETC. 


pack  on  the  minor  streams  of  British  Columbia  includes  8,000  on  the 
Nass,  and  6,000  at  Alert  Bay.  Oregon  produced  559,500  cases;  California, 
187,000;  British  Columbia,  176,000;  and  Alaska,  6,900.  The  greatest 
recent  increase  has  been  in  the  S:.cramento,  which  packed  30,000  cases  in 
1878,  47,000  in  1879,  63,000  in  1880,  and  180,000  in  i88i.  This  develop- 
ment of  the  canning  industry  has  been  the  result  of  a  greater  abundance  of 
the  .salmon,  and  there  is  much  reason  for  believing  that  that  is  due  mainly 
to  the  hatching  of  salmon  eggs  under  the  care  of  the  fish  commissioners. 
Perhaps  the  arrest  of  hydraulic  mining  contributed  to  the  result.  The 
total  catch  of  salmon  on  the  Sacramento  River  was  5,000  tons  in  1 880,  and 
7,500  tons  in  1881.  The  quantity  not  canned  in  the  latter  year  was  3,200 
tons,  or  6,400,000  pounds.  British  Columbia  will  probably  soon  surpass 
California,  and  Alaska  become  far  more  productive  than  at  present  in  this 
industry.  It  is  evident  that  the  canning  of  salmon  will  continue  to  grow 
on  our  coast  for  many  years  to  come.  As  the  price  is  about  12  cents  a 
pound  for  the  canned  salmon,  the  total  value  of  the  pack  of  1881  (44,- 
440,000  pounds)  is  $5,332,000. 

The  number  of  cases  of  salmon  packed  in  1 881  by  the  various  canneries 
on  the  banks  of  the  Columbia  River  is  thus  stated  by  The  PORTLAND 
Board  Ol'  Trade:  J.  Williams  (Oregon  side),  9,000;  Astoria  Packing  Co., 
30,000;  Elmore  Packing  Co.,  7,890;  Astoria  Fishery  (M.  J.  Kinney),  26,- 
000;  VVm.  Hume,  20,000;  Geo.  W.  Hume,  18,000;  Devlin  &  Co.,  20,000 ; 
Occident  Packing  Co.,  15,000;  West  Coa.st,  15,000;  Badollet  &  Co.,  25,000; 
Booth  &  Co.,  23,000;  Eagle  Cannery,  17,300;  Timmins  &  Co.,  8,000;  Fish- 
erman's Packing  Co.,  19,000;  S.  D,  Adair  &  Co.,  10,000;  Anglo-American 
Packing  Co.,  10,300;  Ilanthorn  &  Co.,  19,000;  Scandinavian  Co.,  20,000;  J. 
W.  &  V.  Cook,  30,000;  F.  M.  Warren,  12,000;  J.  West,  12,000;  Jack.son 
&  Myers  (2  canneries),  13,000;  Aberdeen  Packing  Co.  (Washington  Terri- 
tory .side),  17,000;  Jos.  Hume,  Knappton,  20,225;  Pillar  Rock  Co.,  15,000; 
J.  G.  Megler  &  Co.,  25,000;  Columbia  Canning  Co.,  8,000;  R.  D.  Hume 
&  Co.,  8,300  ;  Cathlamet  Cannery,  8,000;  Jas.  Quinn,  5,000;  Cutting  &  Co., 
20,000;  Eureka  Packing  Co.,  20,000;  Hapgood  &  Co.,  13,000;  and  Eagle 
Cliff  Cannery,  10,000;  making  a  total  of  549,1 15. 

S.  D.  Adair  &  Co. — Among  the  leading  salmon  canners  are  the  brothers 
S.  D.  Adair  and  John  Adair,  Jr.  In  1874  they  began  to  erect  a  cannery 
at  Astoria,  the  second  one  at  that  place.  Before  the  opening  of  the  season 
of  1875,  they  admitted  A.  BooTll,  of  Chicago,  with  a  half-interest,  into  their 
partnership,  which  .nssumcd  the  title  of  A.  BOOTH  &  Co.  JoiIN  AdaiR, 
Jr.,  was  the  manager,  and  he  packed  35,000  cases  in  that  season,  the  largest 
pack  on  record  up  to  that  time.     The  next  year  ho  turned  out  37,000  cases. 


RIVER   FISHERIES. 


381 


and  the  following  one  23,000.  In  1877,  the  brothers,  working  under  the 
firm  name  of  ENGLISH  &  Co.,  and  the  management  of  S.  D.  Ad.mr,  built  a 
cannery  on  the  Fraser  River,  and  there  packed  24,500  cases;  a  total  for  the 
two  brothers  of  47,500  in  that  year.  In  1878  JOHN  packed  29,000,  and  S. 
D.  17,000,  making  46,000  in  all.  The  ne.xt  year  they  c.Kchanged  places, 
S.  D.  packing  24,000  ca.ses  for  A.  BOOTH  &  Co.,  at  Astoria,  and  John  9,000 
for  English  &  Co.,  on  the  Eraser.  S.  D.  Adair  having  sold  out  his  inter- 
ests on  the  Fraser,  and  bought  a  cannery  on  the  Columbia,  packed  11,000 
cases  in  it,  under  the  firm  name  of  S.  D.  Adair  &  Co.,  and  as  manager  of 
A.  Booth  &  Co.,  29,000  cases  in  1880.  John  built  a  new  cannery  on  the 
Fraser,  and  in  the  .same  season,  under  the  firm  name  of  Adair  &  Co., 
packed  9,000  cases.  After  selling  out  his  interest  in  A.  BOOTH  &  Co.,  and 
building  a  new  cannery  on  the  Columbia,  S.  D.  Ad.VIR  made  a  partnership 
with  VVm.  B.  Adair  (who  had  been  with  A.  BOOTH  &  Co.  three  years), 
under  the  style  of  S.  D.  Adair  &  Co.,  and  packed  10,830  cases  in  1881, 
using  his  old  brand  the  "  Eagle."  JOHN  packed  i4,ooocases  in  1881  on  the 
Fraser.  The  total  pack  of  the  two  brothers  within  seven  years  has  been 
276,000  cases,  an  aggregate  production  unsurpassed  in  this  industry.  The 
average  annual  pack  of  the  two  was  nearly  40,000  cases,  and  each  has  dis- 
patched 900  cases  in  a  day,  or  more  than  22  tons  of  cleaned  fish.  Their 
canneries  are  models  of  efficiency  in  convenience  of  arrangement  and  com- 
pleteness of  machinery.  Steam-power  is  used  to  save  human  labor  as  far  as 
possible,  and  applied  even  to  such  purposes  as  filling  the  cans  with  the 
pieces  of  salmon. 

J.  O.  Hanthorn  &  Co.— The  cannery  of  Hawthorn  &  Co.,  at  A.storia, 
having  a  capacity  of  30,000  cases,  was  erected  in  1876  at  an  expense,  in- 
cluding machinery  and  apparatus,  of  $45,000.  This  establishment,  which 
packed  about  20,000  cases  in  1881,  ranks  among  the  largest  on  the  Colum- 
bia River,  and  furnishes  employment  during  the  season  to  more  than  200 
persons.  Their  brand  has  a  high  reputation,  and  at  the  Portland  Mechan- 
ics' Fair  of  1881,  the  firm  received  from  the  committee  of  awards  the  highest 
medal  for  the  excellent  quality  of  its  goods  and  the  neat  and  careful  work- 
manship displayed  in  packing.  Mr.  Manthorn,  the  superintendent,  has 
been  engaged  in  the  canning  business  on  the  Columbia,  almost  from  its  in- 
ception, and  has  thoroughly  studied  the  matter  in  all  its  detail.s.  Among 
his  inventions  is  a  rotary  can-washer  for  washing  cans,  after  they  are  filled 
ready  for  soldering,  and  before  the  tops  are  put  on.  The  capacity  of  this 
machine  is  12,000  to  14,000  cans  a  day,  and  its  use  insures  perfect  cleanliness. 
Wadhams  &  Elliott,  wholesale  grocers  and  commission  merchants,  46 
and  48  Front  Street,  Portland,  and  206  Front  Street,  San  Francisco,  are 
agents  for  the  cannery, 


"'■^!flWWPPi^PWPiPPWW»!^ 


mmmm. 


383 


FISHERIES,   ETC. 


Wm.  Hume. — Of  the  35  canneries  on  the  Columbia  River  in  i88r,  about 
one  half  were  cstnblished  by  the  Hu.ME  brothers,  or  some  one  of  them.  G. 
W.  and  WiLLl.VM  Hu.ME  were  partners  in  the  firm  of  Hapgood,  HUME 
&  Co.,  in  the  salmon  cannery  established  on  the  bank  of  the  Sacramento 
River  in  1864,  the  first  one  on  the  coast.  In  1867  they  moved  to  the 
Columbia  River,  and  built  the  first  cannery  there,  commencing  their  can- 
ning operations  in  that  year.  WILLIAM  HUME  is  the  proprietor  of  2  can- 
neries, one  at  Astoria.  Oregon,  and  one  at  Eagle  Cliff,  Washington.  The 
pack  of  both  establishments  amounted,  for  the  sea.son  of  1 881,  to  about 
30,000  cases.  Over  500  hands  are  employed  in  the  .several  departments, 
and  the  pay-roll  is  about  $17,500  a  month.  The  salmon  put  up  at  these 
canneries  finds  a  ready  market  in  America,  Europe,  and  Australia.  Mr. 
Hume  was  attracted  to  this  coast  by  the  opportunity  offered  for  money- 
making  in  former  years,  when  (in  1864)  fish  could  be  obtained  for  15  cents 
apiece,  and  canned  salmon  sold  for  $16  a  case.  How  well  he  has  improved 
his  opportunity  may  be  judged  from  the  fact  that  though  he  originally  put 
only  ,^18,000  into  the  business,  he  has  now  $300,000  invested  in  the  2  enter- 
prises. R.  D.  Hume,  a  third  brother,  has  a  cannery  in  operation  at  Ellen- 
burg,  on  Rogue  River,  and  established  3  others,  one  of  which  is  at  Eagle 
Cliff  (now  owned  by  WlLLlA^t  IIUME),  one  at  Rainier  (now  belonging 
to  Jackson  &  Mvers),  and  one  at  A.storia.  The  fourth  brother,  JOSEPH 
Hume,  came  to  this  coast  in  1871,  and  is  now  the  owner  of  a  cannery  on 
the  Columbia.  His  pack  for  1881  was  18,225  cases.  The  average  pack  of 
the  different  canneries  built  by  the  HUME  brothers,  since  1864,  is  probably 
not  less  than  325,000  cases  of  salmon  a  year.  The  HuMES  belong  to  a 
Scotch  family,  and  their  ancestors  have  been  interested  in  the  salmon  fish- 
cries  of  their  native  land  for  .several  centuries. 


The  Kinney  Cannery. — Among  the  first  objects  to  attract  the  attention 
of  the  intelligent  traveler  entering  the  Columbia  River  while  the  .salmon  arc 
running,  is  the  fine  fleet  of  fishing-boats  belonging  to  the  Kinney  Cannery, 
which  is  the  largest  and  most  extensive  salmon-packing  establishment  on 
the  Pacific  Coast.  It  is  now  run  by  TllE  AsTORlA  PACKING  Co.MPANV, 
M.  J.  KiNNEV,  president,  and  was  built  in  1876.  A  visit  to  this  fine  estab- 
lishment, and  a  view  of  its  large  fleet  of  boats  going  out  at  night  or  return- 
ing in  the  morning,  well  repays  the  traveler.  Mr.  KiNNEV  belongs  to  a 
family  noted  and  prominent  in  the  history  and  industry  of  Oregon. 

Warren  Paoking  Company.— The  Warren  Packing  Company  was 
established  at  Cathlamet,  Washington  Territory,  in  1869,  by  F.  M.  Warren, 
who  was  among  the  first  to  engage  in  canning  the  salmon  of  the  Columbia 
River.    The  capacity  has  since  been  increased  from  5,000  to  30,000  cases  in  a 


ppfp«p«p 


RIVER    FISHERIES. 


383 


season,  employing  about  50  boats  and  250  men,  with  a  branch  at  Warrendalc, 
Oregon.  Mr.  Warren  is  the  inventor  of  a  retort,  or  process  kettle,  pat- 
ented on  April  10,  1877,  and  now  in  use  by  the  principal  salmon-canners  on 
our  coast.  The  label  known  as  the  "A  i  Brand"  finds  a  ready  market  in  all 
parts  of  the  commercial  world. 

John  West. — John  West  is  the  proprietor  of  a  canncrj-  at  Hungry 
Harbor,  on  the  Washington  side  of  the  Columbia  River,  and  has  been  fol- 
lowing that  business  for  the  last  13  or  14  years.  His  pack  for  1881  was 
12,086  cases  of  fresh,  and  14  barrels  of  salted  salmon;  but  his  establish- 
ment has  capacity  sufficient  to  handle  a  much  larger  quantity.  In  1874  the 
pack  was  35,081  cases  of  fresh,  and  1,160  barrels  of  salted  salmon.  Until 
1 88 1  Mr.  West's  cannery  was  located  at  Westport,  on  the  Oregon  side  of 
the  Columbia.  The  main  object  in  moving  was  to  obtain  the  fish  for  packing 
while  perfectly  fresh.  For  the  last  4  years  the  men  employed  by  Mr.  WEST 
have  found  it  necessary  to  fish  near  the  Washington  shore,  and,  since  the 
cannery  was  removed,  the  salmon  caught  during  the  night  are  packed  early 
the  following  morning.  This  gentleman  is  the  inventor  of  a  packing 
machine,  which  he  has  used  for  filling  his  cans  for  the  past  2  years. 

British  Columbian  Pack. — Fraser  River  is  next  in  size  to  the  Columbia, 
among  the  rivers  of  our  coast  south  of  Alaska,  and  will  probably  soon  rank 
next  to  it  in  its  salmon  pack.  In  1881  it  had  8  canneries;  those  of  Adair 
&  Co.,  The  British  Columbia  Packing  Company,  The  Delta  Tack- 
ing Company,  English  &  Co.,  Ev/en  &  Co.,  Findlay,  Durham  & 
Brodie,  Haigh  &  SON.S,  and  Laidlaw  &  Co.  The  pack,  according  to  the 
report  of  Fish  Commissioner  ANDERSON,  amounted  to  142,516  cases.  In 
addition  to  the  canneries  above  mentioned,  British  Columbia  in  1882  has  8 
others.  That  of  THE  British-American  Company,  on  the  Eraser,  opened 
in  1882,  has  a  capacity  of  20,000  cases.  The  Nimpkish  cannery,  on  Alert 
Bay,  the  Douglas  canneiy,  on  the  Nass  River,  and  the  Windsor  cannery, 
on  the  Skccna,  are  described  in  separate  paragraphs.  The  Rivers  Inlet 
cannery,  established  on  the  mainland  near  Queen  Charlotte  Sound,  Mr. 
Croasdaile's  cannery,  on  the  Nass,  and  Mr.  Duncan's,  at  Metlakatla,  arc 
new.     The  Ivcrness  cannery,  on  the  Skcena,  is  old. 

Alaska  has  2  canneries,  one  at  Kadiak,  established  in  1882  by  SMITH, 
Hirsch  &  Co.,  one  at  Sitka,  belonging  to  CUTTING  &  Co.,  but  not  run- 
ning in  1881;  and  one  at  Klawock,  owned  by  SiSSON,  WALLACE  &  Co. 
The  last  cans  salmon,  halibut,  and  clams. 

John  Adair,  Jr. — John  Adair,  Jr.,  engaged  in  canning  salmon  at  Canoe, 
on  the  Fraser  River,  has  already  been  mentioned  as  a  member  of  a  family 


384 


FISHliKIES,    ETC. 


prominent  in  the  salmon  fishery  of  the  Columbia  River.  His  cannery,  one 
of  the  largest  and  most  successful  in  Ikitish  Columbia,  packed  18,000  cases 
in  iSSi.  The  main  building  is  135  feet  long,  by  35  feet  wide,  with  a  wing 
shaped  like  a  letter  T,  100  feet  long,  by  60  feet  wide,  and  there  are  4  large 
buildings  in  all.  Employment  is  given,  in  the  busy  season,  to  450  persons. 
IMr.  Adair  owns  1,200  acres  of  land  adjoining  his  cannery. 

Alert  Bay  Cannery.— The  cannery  of  TllE  ALERT  Bay  Canning  Com- 
PAXY  at  Alert  Bay  on  Cormorant  Island,  230  miles  north  of  Victoria,  was 
opened  in  1881,  when  it  canned  6,000  cases.  It  is  expected  that  the  pack 
of  1882  and  subsequent  years,  will  be  at  least  twice  as  much,  salmon  being 
abundant,  and  Indians  to  assist  in  the  fishing,  numerous.  A  good  wharf 
has  been  built  to  facilitate  landing  the  catch;  and  there  is  a  good  anchorage 
in  a  wcU-shcltcred  harbor,  which  is  regularly  visited  for  wood  and  other 
supplies,  by  steamers  running  along  that  part  of  the  coast.  The  agent  in 
Victoria  is  TllOM.VS  E.VRLE,  prominent  in  the  grocery  trade  of  that  city  for 
the  last  1 2  years. 

Delta  Cannery.— The  establishment  of  TlIE  DELTA  CANNING  COM- 
PANY, .situated  at  Ladner's  Landing,  on  the  Eraser  River,  5  miles  from  its 
mouth,  canned  in  1881,  20,000  cases,  and  salted  250  barrels  of  salmon.  The 
pack  is  distinguished  b}-  the  brand  of  a  maple  leaf,  and  the  agents  in  Vic- 
toria are  WlXCll,  RiTllET  &  Co.  The  main  building  is  150  feet  long  by 
120  wide,  with  a  wharf  frontage  140  feet  long  on  deep  water.  The  cooking 
is  done  by  steam  in  retorts,  and  during  the  bu.sy  .season  a  steamer  is  char- 
tered to  transport  the  salmon  from  the  fishing-camps.  The  cannery  has  36 
boats,  and  cmploj's  380  men,  including  200  Chinamen,  150  Indians,  and  30 
white  men.  The  Eraser  has  3  runs  of  salmon ;  the  spring  run  of  small  fish 
in  May;  the  Sockcye,  or  main  run,  for  6  weeks,  beginning  about  July  10; 
and  tlic  Cohoc  run,  for  5  weeks,  beginning  September  1 5. 

Douglas  Packing  Company.— TiiE  Dougla.s  PACKiN(i  Company,  in 
which  James  UoU(;la,s  Warren,  of  Victoria,  is  the  principal  owner,  in  1881 
erected  a  cannery  on  the  bank  of  the  Nass  River,  640  miles  by  the  ordinary 
route  of  travel,  nortlnvard  from  Victoria,  and  e.xpect  to  can  10,000  cases  of 
salmon  in  1882.  There  are  3  buildings,  each  30  feet  wide,  with  an  aggre- 
gate length  of  210  feet.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  time  is  not  far  distant 
when  the  oolikon,  for  the  abundance  and  excellence  of  which  the.  Nass  is 
famous,  will  also  be  prepared  for  the  market,  by  this  or  some  other  similar 
establishment. 

Laidla'w  &  Co.— The  cannery  of  Laidlaw  &  Co.,  at  New  Westminster, 
packed  16,700  cases,  and  salted  600  barrels  of  salmon  in  1881,  its  first  year. 


RIVER  FISHERIES. 


385 


Its  entire  capacity  for  a  season  is  25,000  cases.  One  of  the  latest  canneries 
in  construction,  and  erected  under  the  supervision  of  jAMES  A.  L.MDL.WV, 
at  present  its  exclusive  owner,  who  had  previously  been  superintendent  of 
The  Delta  Canning  Company,  in  which  he  still  maintains  an  interest, 
is  planned  so  as  to  secure  great  effectiveness  with  relatively  small  force.  It 
has  25  boats,  which  run  day  and  night,  with  4  men  to  each  boat.  The 
main  building  is  310  feet  long  by  40  wide,  with  wings  60  by  100  feet,  giving 
room  to  do  all  the  packing  on  the  ground  floor.  Two  wharves,  a  large 
store-house,  roomy  fish-houses,  and  other  buildings  combine  to  make  it  an 
extensive  establishment.  It  gives  employment  to  250  men,  most  of  whom 
arc  Chinamen  and  Indians.  The  agents  of  the  Laidlaw  canned  .salmon  are 
Welch,  Rithet  &  Co.,  in  Victoria,  and  they  are  also  the  proprietors  of  a 
new  cannery  to  be  erected  in  time  for  the  coming  season's  pack,  called 
the  Standard  Canning  Company.  The  latter  will  have  a  capacity  of 
20,000  cases  when  completed. 

Windsor  Canning  Company.— The  Windsor  Canning  Company,  con- 
sisting of  Henry  Saunders,  W.  H.  Dempster,  and  John  Wilson,  of 
Victoria,  established  a  cannery  in  1878,  at  Aberdeen  on  the  Skecna  River, 
about  600  miles  northward  from  the  provincial  metropolis.  In  1881,  they 
had  26  boats,  employed  120  men,  and  canned  10,000  cases  of  salmon. 
Their  entire  pack  is  shipped  to  the  London  market. 

Ewen  &  Co. — The  cannery  of  Ewen  &  Co.,  opened  at  New  Westmin- 
ster in  1870,  and  the  oldest  establishment  of  the  kind  in  British  Columbia, 
is  provided  with  the  most  efficient  appliances  for  cleanliness  and  thorough- 
ness of  work,  and  for  putting  the  salmon  into  the  cans  while  still  in  their 
freshest  condition.  The  cooking  is  done  by  steam,  and  during  the  busiest 
part  of  the  season  a  steamer  is  chartered  to  take  the  fish  with  the  least  pos- 
sible delay  from  the  boats  to  the  cannery.  The  label  known  as  the  Lion 
Brand  has  a  high  reputation  in  Great  Britain  and  Australasia,  where  its 
entire  product  finds  a  ready  sale.  The  pack  of  1881  included  18,900  cases 
of  canncvl  and  400  barrels  of  salted  salmon.  The  cannery  has  30  boats 
and  15,600  yards  of  nets,  and  employs  250  men.  The  agents  of  the  Lion 
Brand  are  Stahlschmidt  &  Ward,  Victoria,  and  T.  L.  Stahlschmidt 
Dashwood  House,  9  New  Broad  Street,  London. 

Sacramento  Salmon. — The  salmon  of  the  Sacramento  River  are  canned 
in  about  a  score  of  canneries,  most  of  which  are  between  Collinsville  and 
Vallcjo.  Half  a  dozen  San  Francisco  canneries  which  give  most  of  their 
attention  to  fruit,  also  can  salmon,  and  thus  make  the  season's  work  last 
much  longer  than  it  does  in  those  canneries  occupied  with  salmon  exclu- 
sively. 

49 


mm 


386 


FISHERIES,   ETC. 


Salt  Salmon. — The  production  of  salt  salmon  on  our  coast  usually 
amounts  to  about  20,000  barrels  (2,000  tons)  annually.  When  a  cannery 
has  more  fish  than  the  canners  can  handle,  when  the  dealers  in  fresh  fish 
have  a  stock  too  large  for  the  demands  of  the  market,  when  fishermen  take 
fish  at  times  prohibited  by  law,  and  fear  prosecution  if  they  sell  their  catch 
in  a  fresh  condition — at  such  times  fish  are  salted.  There  arc  also  salmon- 
fisheries  at  places  where  there  is  neither  cannery,  nor  market  for  fresh  fish, 
and  then  salting  is  the  best  method  of  saving  the  fish  until  there  is  a  chance 
to  sell.  The  price  in  large  quantity  is  usually  about  $8  or  $10  a  barrel — at 
the  rate  of  five  cents  a  pound. 

Other  Catch. — The  salmon  is  the  only  fish  caught  in  large  quantity  for 
the  market,  in  the  fresh  waters  of  our  coast ;  though  some  others,  including 
sturgeon,  are  taken  incidentally  in  the  salmon  fishery.  Lake  trout,  brook 
trout,  catfish  introduced  into  our  streams,  and  carp  bred  in  ponds,  are  fre- 
quently seen  on  the  table.  As  one  of  the  products  or  frequenters  of  fresh 
water,  frogs  must  be  mentioned  here.  San  Francisco  annually  consumes 
4,000  dozen  of  them,  averaging  5  in  a  pound,  and  selling  at  $3  a  dozen, 
making  a  total  consumption  of  $12,000.  The  demand  has  increased  much 
•within  a  few  years,  indicating  a  decided  progress  of  the  frog-eating  pro- 
pensity among  the  Californians.  Marin,  Santa  Clara,  and  San  Mateo  coun- 
ties— doubtless  because  of  their  proximity  to  the  metropolis — are  the  chief 
hunting-grounds  for  this  batrachian;  and  the  implements  of  the  chase  are 
hand  and  scoop-nets,  and  a  hook  baite.l  with  red  flannel.  The  supply 
being  scanty,  while  the  demand  is  lively  m  ibc  winter,  the  canner's  art  has 
been  called  into  requisition,  and  the  summer's  catch  is  thus  preserved  for 
the  winter  meals  of  gourmands. 


mi 


HARBOR  AND  RIVER  IMPROVEMENT. 


387 


DIVISION  VI.-ENGINEERING,  ETC. 


CHAPTER  XXV.— HARBOR  AND   RIVER   IMPROVEMENT. 


General  Remarks. — It  is  only  within  the  last  few  years  that  the  General 
Government  has  undertaken  to  facilitate  the  operations  of  commerce  by 
improving  the  harbors  and  routes  of  water  communication  on  the  Pacific 
Coast  This  chapter  will  show  what  has  been  accomplished  in  that  time, 
what  is  now  in  progress,  and  will  indicate  to  some  extent  what  now  seems 
probable  in  future  development.  A  sketch  of  the  extent  of  the  field  of 
operations  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  of  the  existing  circumstances,  may  be 
of  service  in  conveying  a  general  idea  of  the  scope  for  engineering  in  the 
future.  A  student  of  the  commercial  facilities  of  the  Pacific  Coast  will  ob- 
serve that  it  is  remarkable  for  the  absence  of  sheltered  harbors. 

South  of  San  Francisco  the  nearest  harbor  is  San  Diego,  500  miles  dis- 
tant. The  Columbia  River,  situated  north  of  us  600  miles  distant,  is  the 
nearest  port  in  that  direction  capable  of  receiving  large  vessels.  Rather 
more  than  100  miles  north  of  the  Columbia,  the  strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca 
affords  every  desirable  facility.  On  the  American  coast  line  of  about 
i,3CX3  miles,  there  are  harbors  at  each  extremity,  with  San  Francisco  and 
the  Columbia  River  intermediate.  These  4  points  comprise  all  the  natural 
outlets  of  the  Pacific  Coast  for  general  trade  by  deep-water  ships.  There 
are,  however,  other  facilities  for  vessels  of  lighter  draught  in  several  harbors 
on  the  northern  coast,  and  in  a  great  number  of  open  roadsteads,  which 
are  well  protected  from  prevailing  winds  during  a  part  of  the  year,  which 
serve  for  the  transaction  of  local  traffic.  Between  San  Francisco  and  Cape 
Mendocino,  a  distance  of  200  miles,  there  arc  39  landings,  most  of  them  of 
small  capacity,  where  vessels  trade  with  security  during  the  summer  months, 
when  the  northerly  winds  prevail.  In  the  winter  these  roadsteads  are  all 
dangerous,  for  the  reason  that  they  are  open  to  the  south-westerly  swell. 

North  of  Cape  Mendocino  and  south  of  the  Columbia  River  there  are  6 
or  more  roadsteads,  the  conditions  <3f  which  arc  the  same.  The  most  im- 
portant of  these  summer  shelters  are  Trinidad,  Crescent  City,  and  Port 
Orford.    South  of  San  Francisco,  there  are  also  a  number  of  open  ports 


Hi 


388 


ENGINEERING,   ETC. 


which  ser\'c  to  transact  existing  commerce  in  a  convenient  way  for  the 
greater  part  of  the  year.  Southerly  storms  arc  more  rare  and  shorter  in 
duration  on  the  southern,  than  the  northern  coast,  which  fact  is  to  the  ad- 
vantage <i(  the  open  ports.  Humboldt  and  Coos  bays,  when  entered,  arc 
excellent  harbors.  The  entrances  are  obstructed  by  bar.s,  which  arc  not  prac- 
ticable for  vessels  of  more  than  12  or  14  feet  draught.  The  Umpqua  River 
lias  about  the  same  depth  on  its  bar.  There  arc  a  number  of  lagoons  along 
the  coast,  bays  of  areas  from  one  to  several  square  miles,  in  which  the  tide 
ebbs  and  flows,  and  at  the  entrance  of  which  are  bars  with  shallow  depths. 
Wilmington,  the  port  of  Los  Angeles,  conforms  to  this  description.  It  is 
the  only  sea-coast  harbor  which  has  been  artificially  improved. 

As  the  necessity  for  greater  facilities  arises,  other  places  involving  similar 
conditions  may  be  similarly  improved,  so  as  to  afford  depth  for  vessels  of  light 
draft.  As  for  the  open  roadstcad.s,  it  may  be  said  that  the  expense  of  con- 
verting them  into  inclosed  harbors  is  so  great,  and  the  amount  of  existing 
commerce  to  be  served  by  the  improvement  is  relatively  so  small,  that  the 
probability  is,  that  works  of  this  class  will  not  be  undertaken  for  some  years 
to  come,  and  until  the  country  is  much  more  developed  than  it  is  now. 

The  problem  of  giving  a  permanent  channel  and  a  better  depth  on  the 
Columbia  River  bar,  seems  much  more  like!)'  to  demand  attention  before 
long.  The  rapid  development  of  the  countrj'  tributary  to  this  river  seems 
to  justify  this  conclusion.  Tlic  internal  natural  commercial  channels  are  of 
considerable  extent  and  importance.  The  river  system  of  California,  com- 
prising the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  rivers,  and  the  subsidiary  channels 
of  their  delta  and  vicinity,  makes  Coo  miles  or  more  of  navigation,  which 
must  always  require  attention  to  .secure  depth  and  remove  obstructions. 
The  Columbia  River  and  its  tributaries  in  Oregon  and  Washington  are 
also  an  important  link,  to  which  may  be  added  the  rivers  in  Washington 
Territory  which  drain  the  western  slope  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  As 
population  and  business  increase,  all  these  avenues  and  conveniences  of 
commerce  will  increase  in  value  and  importance.  It  is  the  object  and  in- 
tention of  the  Engineer  Department  to  keep  pace  with  this  growth,  and  to 
better  facilities  as  the  necessity  demonstrates  it.sclf  The  Colorado  River 
may  be  referred  to  as  having  been  examined,  and  in  part  surveyed,  although 
no  appropriation  for  its  improvement  has  been  asked  for. 

Pan  Francisco  Harbor.-— The  natural  advantages  of  this  harbor  are  so 
great,  that  there  has  been  no  necessity  for  artificial  aid  to  navigation,  except  in 
the  removal  of  .several  reefs  of  small  extent.  Three  reefs  have  been  removed 
by  the  aid  of  appropriations  made  by  Congress.  Two  of  these,  namely,  Blos- 
som and   Rincon  rock.s,  were  in  the  harbor,  and  the  third,  Noonday  Rock, 


HARBOR  AND   RIVER   IMPROVEMENT. 


389 


was  on  the  approach  to  the  harbor,  in  the  open  sea,  3  miles  north,  67°  west 
from  the  North  Farallon  Island,  33  miles  to  the  southward  and  westward  of 
the  entrance  to  the  harbor.  Blossom  Rock  was  1,500  yards  from  the  city 
front,  and  midway  between  Alcatraz  and  Ycrba  Bueha  islands.  Its  surface 
was  S  feet  below  mean  low  water,  and  the  quantity  of  rock  to  be  removed 
in  order  to  give  24  feet  at  mean  low  water,  was  estimated  to  be  5,000  cubic 
yards.  The  work  of  excavating  to  the  depth  of  24  feet,  was  executed  in  1869 
and  i870,under  contract,  at  a  cost  of  $75,000.  Rincon  Rock  was  situated  close 
to  the  line  of  the  city  front,  as  established  by  statute  in  185 1,  antl  off  Rincon 
Point.  !•■=  surface  was  7  feet  below  low  water,  and  the  contents  to  24  feet 
depth,  were  4,745  cubic  yards.  A  contract  was  made  in  September,  1873, 
for  the  removal  to  24  feet  depth,  for  the  sum  of  $43,000.  The  extension  of 
the  Harrison  Street  wharf  rendered  the  excavation  of  a  portion  unneces- 
sary. The  full  depth  was  never  secured,  and  settlement  was  made  with  the 
contractor  for  a  partial  fulfillment  of  the  contract.  The  modification  of  the 
harbor  front,  which  was  made  to  take  in  the  rock,  rendered  it  inexpedient 
to  complete  the  work.  Noonday  Rock  was  so  called  from  the  unfortunate 
wreck  of  a  ship  of  that  name,  caused  by  striking  the  rock,  the  surface  of 
which  was  21  feet  below  low  water.  It  was  removed  to  a  depth  of  48  feet 
under  contract,  in  1876,  by  a  single  charge  of  800  pounds  of  nitro-glycerine, 
for  which  a  lodgment  was  found  at  a  suitable  depth.  The  quantity  of  rock 
removed  was  about  2C'J  cubic  yard.s.  Subsequent  investigation  showed  that 
this  rock  was  only  one  of  a  number  of  hidden  reefs,  which  1  main  a  danger 
to  approaching  vessels. 


Bntranoe  to  San  Franoisoo. — The  entrance  of  San  Francisco  Harbor  is 
well  known  to  be  practicable  for  vessels  of  the  heaviest  draft.  Following 
the  crest  of  the  bar  from  .shore  to  shore,  the  distance  is  14  miles — over  1 1 
miles  the  depth  is  5  fathoms  at  low  wattr.  There  is  a  channel  about  one 
half  mile  in  width  which  carries  8  fathoms.  For  some  years  past  there 
has  been  an  uneasy  feeling  in  many  intelligent  minds,  lest  this  excellent  ap- 
proach is  undergoing  deterioration,  resulting  from  extensive  deposits  and 
reclamations  made  since  the  American  occupation  of  California,  in  the  bays 
of  Suisun  and  San  Pablo  and  elsewhere.  It  is  not  now  possible  to  say  that 
no  deterioration  at  the  entrance  has  occurred.  It  is,  however,  true  that  the 
survey  of  the  bar  made  in  1873,  shows  quite  as  good  water  as  the  survey  of 
1855;  and  I'urthci,  that  it  docs  not  exhibit  or  suggest  in  any  respect  im- 
pairment of  the  channel  over  the  bar.  Still,  it  can  not  be  denied  that 
causes  arc  at  work  which  must  in  time  make  themselves  felt  in  unfavorable 
changes  at  the  entianco.  It  seems,  however,  at  present  probable  that  the 
changes  will  be  gradual  in  their  occurience,  and  that  their  effecl  in  any 


Mil 


390 


ENGINEERING,   ETC. 


future  cycle  that  wc  have  any  right  to  consider,  whatever  it  may  be,  will 
still  leave  facilities  adequate  for  commerce,  even  if  inferior  to  present  con- 
ditions. Further  investigations  are  needed,  however,  in  order  that  we  may 
keep  informed  as  to  the  rate  of  change. 

Interior  channels  of  the  bay  have  not,  however,  maintained  the  dimen- 
sions which  they  presented  20  or  30  years  ago.  The  ship  channel  through 
San  Pablo  Bay  lost,  between  1855  and  1878,  more  than  a  half  mile  in 
width,  the  depth  remaining  practically  the  same.  The  channel  through 
Suisun  Bay  has,  in  the  same  interval,  changed  considerably  and  for  the 
worse.  There  is  hardly  more  than  15  feet  here,  at  low  water.  These 
matters  have  been  and  arc  yet  under  the  consideration  of  the  Engineer 
Department,  in  the  hope  of  devising  means  for  arresting  or  favorably 
modifying  these  injurious  changes. 

Oakland  Harbor. — The  object  of  this  improvement  is  to  make  Oakland 
accessible  to  .sea-going  vessels,  with  a  depth  of  channel,  at  low  tide,  of  18 
to  20  feet.  In  its  natural  state,  the  depth  of  water  on  the  bar  which  sepa- 
rates San  Francisco  Bay  from  the  San  Antonio  estuary,  is  only  2  or  3  feet. 
At  the  date  of  the  beginning  of  the  improvement  undertaken  by  the  United 
States,  in  1875,  the  depth  was  about  6  feet,  which  was  secured  by  dredging, 
done  by  the  City  of  Oakland.  The  project  adopted  to  secure  depth 
sufiRcient  for  sea-going  vessels,  required  the  construction  of  2  jetties  of 
about  io,CXX)  feet  in  length,  extending  from  the  Oakland  shore  to  deep 
water  in  San  Francisco  Bay,  and  in  addition,  a  considerable  enlargement  of 
the  tidal  prism,  which  is  to  be  accomplished,  first,  by  dredging  the  flats  in 
the  upper  portion  of  the  harbor  to  a  depth  of  about  2  feet  bcluw  low  water; 
and  second,  by  the  construction  of  a  tidal  canal  about  one  mile  and  a  half 
in  length,  connecting  the  San  Ixandro  estuary  with  the  upper  end  of  the 
harbor.  The  canal,  with  auxiliary  works,  is  intended  to  cause  a  portion  of 
the  tidal  prism  of  San  Leandro  Bay  to  ebb  through  the  channels  of  Oak- 
land harbor. 

The  construction  of  the  jetties  was  begun  in  1875,  and  has  received  more 
or  less  attention  to  the  present  time;  three  years,  however,  intervening  dur- 
ing which  no  work  was  done,  owing  to  restrictions  contained  in  the  appro- 
priation bills,  relating  to  the  claim  of  ownership  of  the  bed  of  the  estuary 
maintained  by  the  (Oakland  Water  Front  Company.  This  claim  was  ex- 
amined by  the  Department  of  Justice,  and  in  July,  1880,  the  Attorney- 
General  issued  an  opinion  to  the  effect  that  the  United  States  have  the  right 
to  enter  upon  any  land  covered  by  high  tide,  and  to  construct  works  neces- 
sary for  the  improvement  of  a  navi;^iblc  stream,  and  that  :;iiy  \v.i\  it>^ 
rights,  in  whatever  way  acquired,  are  subject  to  this  suprcn,?  iig.il  of  l-ie 


.*'.. 


HARBOR  AND  RIVER  IMPROVEMENT. 


391 


General  Government.  This  opinion  permitted  worlt  to  be  resumed,  and  ac- 
cordingly in  October,  1880,  contracts  were  made  for  continuance  of  work 
upon  the  jetties. 

During  the  past  6  years,  the  depth  and  width  of  the  channel  between 
the  jetties  have  been  improved  by  dredging.  Contracts  now  in  force  are  to 
give,  in  the  spring  of  1882,  a  channel  between  the  jetties  300  feet  in  width, 
the  depth  being  10  feet  on  the  sides,  and  14  feet  for  a  width  of  100  feet. 
The  tide  adds  4  feet  at  neap,  and  7  to  8  at  spring  tides.  The  channel,  in 
July,  1881,  was  200  feet  in  width,  the  depth  being  generally  10  feet  at  low 
water.  The  total  quantity  of  stone  expended  on  the  jetties  to  June  30, 
1881,  was  173,089  tons,  and  the  dredging  to  the  same  date  amounted  to 
265,205  cubic  yards,  the  expenditures  in  all  amounting  to  $316,241.97.  Th«f 
original  estimate  for  the  work  was  $1,779,879.50,  and  the  total  amount  of 
appropriations  to  date  has  been  $535,000.  The  construction  of  the  jetties 
is  of  rubble  stone,  heretofore  obtained  from  Ycrba  Buena  and  Angel  islands, 
from  Telegraph  Hill,  and  from  Point  Pedro.  The  stone  was  deposited  along 
the  lines,  and  allowed  to  take  its  natural  slope.  The  projected  height  of 
these  jetties  was  4  feet  above  low  tide,  but  this  has  been  modified  by  build- 
ing the  shore  ends  to  the  high  tide  level,  laying  the  slopes  above  low  water 
by  hand,  and  using  stone  of  larger  sizes.  The  jetties  are  yet  unfinished, 
but  during  the  present  year  they  will  be  raised  to  high-water  mark ;  the 
south  jetty  7,750  feet,  and  the  north  jetty  6,400  feet,  from  the  shore.  The 
outer  ends  will  be  left,  for  the  present,  at  a  height  of  4  feet  above  low  water. 

The  freight  terminus  of  the  Central  Pacific  Road  is  established  at  the 
shore  end  of  the  north  jetty,  and  on  the  other  shore  is  the  terminus  of  the 
South  Pacific  Coast  Road.  The  large  ferry-boats  Transit,  Nczvark,  Bay 
City,  Garden  City,  and  Amador  vt^e.  the  channel,  and  it  is  now  quite  a  usual 
occurrence  to  find  sea-going  vessels  discharging  coal  and  lumber  at  the 
Oakland  wharves.  In  1875  the  total  freight  by  this  channel  was  106,440 
tons;  in  1880,  824,956  tons;  the  increase  of  1880  over  1879  was  118,000 
ton.s.  The  next  steps  in  this  improvement  will  be  those  that  relate  to  the 
increase  of  the  tidal  prism.  The  suit  for  the  condemnation  of  the  land  for 
the  tidal  canal  is  now  in  the  courts,  and  it  is  hoped  that  it  will  come  to  a 
conclusion  soon.  With  adequate  appropriations  3  years  will  be  sufficient  to 
complete  this  improvement. 

Improvement  of  Petaluma  Creek.— The  object  of  this  Improvement  is 
to  give  3  feet  of  water  at  low  tide  to  the  flourishing  town  of  Petaluma,  and 
to  cut  off  3  bends  in  the  creek,  which,  by  reason  of  their  tortuousness,  were 
a  great  obstruction  to  navigation.  The  appropriations  to  June  30,  1881, 
have  been  $16,000,  and  the  expenditures  $7,547.66,  devoted  to  making  2 


Mi 


392 


ENGINEERING,   ETC 


cut-offs.  These  were  made  during  the  past  year,  and  have  proved  to  be  of 
great  service  to  navigation.  The  completion  of  the  work  p  ojectcd,  which 
is  entirely  dredging  '  .11  -cquire  a  further  appropriation  of  $22,cxx).  The 
commerce  of  the  crt  ,•  ied  on  by  a  daily  steamer,  and  by  a  consider- 

able fleet  of  schooners.  /early  commerce  by  the  creek  is  about  8o,(X)0 

tons.  The  exports  consi; ,  jjrincipally  of  cereals,  potatoes,  and  dairj-  pro- 
ducts. 

The  Sacramento  River. — The  river  is  navigable  from  its  mouth  to  Red 
Bluff,  a  distance  of  275  miles.  It  has  received  .some  attention  from  the 
Government  for  the  past  6  years,  the  appropriations  having  been  devoted  to 
a  yearly  clearance  of  snags,  generally  above  Colusa.  No  improvement  in 
the  way  of  construction  has  been  made,  except  at  Fremont,  where  the  width 
of  the  channel  was  lessened  in  1880,  by  a  wing  dam,  which  increased  the 
depth  from  3  to  5  J^^  feet.  The  river  below  Sacramento  is  good  for  the  class 
of  vessels  navigating  it,  7  feet  of  water  being  found  at  low  tide  at  all  points. 
For  105  miles  above  Sacramento,  and  as  far  as  Colusa,  4^  feet  can  be  car- 
ried in  low  stages;  in  the  upper  lOO  miles  of  the  navigable  river,  the  depth 
does  not  exceed  2  feet. 

The  first  point  above  Sacramento  where  shoal  water  is  met,  is  at  6-mile 
bar,  .so  called  from  its  distance  from  Sacramento.  Here,  in  the  low  stage,  the 
depth  is  liable  to  be  less  than  5  feet.  This  is  one  of  the  points  where  im- 
provement is  contemplated.  The  .shoalincss  at  Fremont  has  been  remedied. 
P'rom  Fremont,  which  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  Feather,  to  Colusa,  a  distance 
of  So  miles,  the  navigation  is  good,  except  that  snags  are  liable  to  be  met 
with  occasionall)'.  From  Colusa  to  the  mouth,  the  banks  are  permanent 
and  the  channel  is  not  subject  to  much  change  in  position.  Above  Colusa, 
the  banks  are  generally  less  permanent  in  character,  and  con.sequently  the 
channel  is  more  or  less  changeable,  The  fall  of  the  river  is  also  greater, 
giving  rise  to  rapids,  and  snags  accumulate  yearly  in  considerable  numbers. 

The  appropriations  previous  to  1880,  were  only  sufficient  to  clear  out 
snags  to  the  number  of  200  or  300  yearly.  Recently,  the  Government  built 
a  snag-boat  especially  arranged  for  the  purpose,  and  provided  with  a  good 
equipment  of  machinery.  The  boat  has  been  in  commission  since  July  i, 
1 88 1,  and  ha.s  been  employed  between  Colusa  and  Tehama.  After  the 
snagging  operations  were  completed,  the  boat  crew  were  employed  in 
building  wing  dams  to  give  better  water  on  the  bars.  Taking  the  shoal 
places  up  in  succession,  it  is  proposed  to  give  not  less  than  3  feet  on  the 
bars  at  the  lowest  stage  below  Sam  Soule's  bar,  and  zyi  feet  above  Sam 
Soule,  When  this  result  shall  have  been  accomplished,  giving  an  average 
increase  of  1  foot  draft,  which  means  an  additional  load  of  100  to  150  tons 
to  a  barge,  an  attempt  will  be  made  to  still  further  increase  these  depths. 


HARBOR   AND   RIVER   IMPROVEMENT. 


393 


The  Sacramento  in  the  upper  parts  is  a  much  better  river  than  tlic  San 
Joaquin,  for  the  reason  that  in  its  low  stages  it  carries  4  or  5  times  as 
much  water.  It  is  the  only  means  of  competition  with  the  railroads 
through  the  northern  valley,  and  as  its  navigation  improves  from  year  to 
year,  the  railroad  rates  fall  correspondingly.  The  busy  season  on  the 
upper  river  follows  harvest.  The  principal  export  is  wheat,  but  on  the 
lower  river,  between  San  Francisco  and  Sacramento  and  Marysvillc,  there 
is  also  a  large  business  in  fruit  and  general  merchandise.  The  commerce 
of  the  river,  as  represented  by  the  Central  Pacific  steamers,  The  SACRA- 
MENTO Wood  Company,  and  The  San  Francisco  Steamboat  and 
Transportation  Company,  in  1880  amounted  to  279,659  tons.  No  sta- 
tistics of  fruit  or  other  business  done  by  boats  not  included  in  these  com- 
panies have  been  obtained.  The  expenditures  on  the  river  from  January, 
1876,  to  June,  1881,  inclusive,  were  $105,467.83,  and  the  appropriations 
$155,000. 

The  snag-boat,  besides  clearing  the  river  proper,  will  also  give  attention 
to  all  the  channels  of  the  delta,  of  which  Georgiana  Slough  is  perhaps  the 
most  important  and  the  most  incumbered  by  snags.  It  i.s  hoped,  that  in  a 
couple  of  years,  the  accumulation  of  snags,  which  have  been  gathering 
through  all  past  time,  will  be  cleared  out,  to  the  great  convenience  of  navi- 
gation, bringing  about  a  considerable  reduction  in  freight  and  insurance.  As 
soon  as  the  pressing  necessities  of  the  upper  river  are  met,  attention  will  be 
given  to  the  river  below  Sacramento.  Plans  have  been  prepared  for  3 
wing  dams  below  Sacramento,  to  be  undertaken  when  opportunity  offers. 

The  San  Joaquin  River. — During  the  season  of  1 88 1 ,  progress  was  made 
as  here  described  in  improving  the  San  Joaquin  River.  In  the  Narrows, 7  miles 
below  Stockton,  new  channels  for  the  river,  at  Lone  Tree  and  Burn's  point.s, 
were  completed.  They  are  100  feet  wide,  and  10  feet  deep,  relieving  navi- 
gation from  a  great  obstruction  by  substituting  a  straight  channel  for  an 
extremely  tortuous  one,  often  impassable  to  sail  vessels,  and  very  difllcult 
for  steamers  and  barges.  In  Stockton  Slough  a  contract  was  completed  in 
August,  1 88 1,  for  dredging  the  lower  2,000  feet  of  the  slough  to  give  a  chan- 
nel 100  feet  wide  and  7  feet  in  depth.  It  is  intended  to  make  a  channel  in 
Mormon  Slough  not  less  than  100  feet  in  width  and  7  feet  deep  at  low 
water.  In  the  .season  of  1881  progress  was  made  by  dredging  21,142  cubic 
yards.  The  work  will  be  resumed  when  additional  funds  become  available, 
During  the  .season  of  1881  $6,950  were  expended  in  destroying  snags  in  the 
river,  below  Hill's  Ferry.  Four  brush  dams  were  built,  two  near  Grayson, 
one  at  San  Joaquin  City,  and  one  at  Mahoncy's,  which  have  resulted  in  im- 
proved navigation  at  these  points. 


394 


ENGINEERING,   ETC. 


The  river  runs  down  very  low  in  July  and  August,  and  the  export  of  the 
wheat  produced  along  its  banks  becomes,  as  a  rule,  impracticable  at  the 
very  season  when  facilities  arc  most  desired.  Previous  operations  in  this 
river  were  devoted  to  dredging  the  points  at  several  places,  with  the  view  of 
facilitating  the  passage  of  vessels.  Future  operations  will  be  of  the  same 
character,  namely,  in  straightening  the  channel  in  several  places,  removing 
snags,  building  wing  dams,  and  in  dredging.  The  total  amount  appropri- 
ated for  this  river  to  June  30,  1881,  is  $80,000,  and  the  total  expenditure 
$74,704.95. 

Hill's  Ferry  is  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  San  Joaquin  River.  Stock- 
ton is  the  principal  commercial  point,  and  the  commerce  is  mostly  confined 
to  the  part  of  the  river  below  Stockton.  Above  Stockton  only  light-draft 
boats  can  be  used  in  ordinary  stages  of  the  river,  and  navigation  usually 
ceases  in  July  or  August,  only  to  be  resumed  when  the  river  rises.  Below 
Stockton,  7  feet  can  be  carried  as  a  rule  in  the  low  stages  of  the  river.  In 
exceptional  places,  the  depth  is  sometimes  less  than  7  feet.  These  places 
are  to  be  improved  to  give  7  feet  depth.  In  the  upper  river  where  the  tide 
docs  not  reach,  it  remains  .  question  whether  any  treatment  of  the  river-bed 
can  succeed  in  maintaining  navigation,  when  the  supply  of  water  is  at  its 
minimum.  The  following  statement  includes  the  commerce  of  Stockton 
via  San  Joaquin  River,  general  merchandise  and  fruits  not  being  included. 

The  shipments  from  Stockton  by  the  river  from  January  i  to  De- 
cember 15,  1880,  were,  117,329  tons  of  grain  and  flour,  and  3,917  tons 
of  wool,  leather,  paper,  etc.  The  receipts  by  the  river  from  January  i, 
1880,  to  December  15,  1880,  were,  38,834,550  feet  of  lumber;  32,448  tons  of 
coal;  and  4,952  tons  of  tanbark,  paper  stock,  etc.  The  arrivals  at  the  port 
in  II  months  ending  December  i,  1880,  were  44G  sailing- vessels,  measuring 
20,01 1  tons;  and  910  steamers  and  barges,  measuring  203,299  tons;  making 
1,35  )  vessels  in  all,  with  223,310  tons.  The  business  of  the  city  and  river 
is  increasing. 

San  Diego  Bay. — In  1876,  the  San  Diego  River,  which  had  for  many 
years  discharged  into  the  harbor,  was  diverted  and  made  to  di-scharge  into 
I'alse  I5ay,  on  the  coast  .several  miles  north  of  the  entrance  of  the  harbor. 
The  object  of  the  improvement  was  to  save  the  harbor  from  injury  cau.sed 
by  deposits  of  sand  which  were  periodically  washed  in  by  the  river  wiien  in 
freshet.  The  work  consisted  in  excavating  a  new  bed  for  the  river,  and  in 
building  a  dyke  on  the  south  side  of  the  new  channel.  The  length  of  the 
work  was  7,735  feet.  The  dyke  is  6  feet  in  height,  average  width  on  top 
19  feet,  the  river  slope  being  revetted  with  stone  about  3  feet  thick.  The 
cost  of  the  improvement  was  $79,798.26. 


HARBOR  AND  RIVER  IMPROVEMENT. 


395 


Wilmington  Harbor. — Wilmington  harbor  in  its  natural  state  consisted 
of  about  2  square  miles  of  tidal  area,  mostly  bare  at  low  water,  draining  to 
the  ocean  through  a  very  fair  channel  of  i8  or  19  feet  maximum  depth, 
which  diminished  to  almost  an  absence  of  depth  on  the  bar,  where  the  har- 
bor debouches  into  the  Bay  of  San  Pedro.  So  long  as  the  channel  was 
maintained  between  good  shores  on  either  side,  a  good  depth  was  found, 
but  at  the  mouth  the  water  entered  and  escaped  over  a  sand  bank,  for  a 
lineal  width  of  nearly  2  miles.  This  excessive  width  has  been  contracted 
by  artificial  means,  to  an  extent  sufficient  to  give  a  convenient  channel  10 
feet  deep  at  mean  low  water,  and  from  14  to  17  feet  at  high  water.  The 
deepest  draught  vessel  that  is  known  to  have  entered  the  harbor  is  the  bark 
Sierra  Nevada,  drawing  \6yi  feet.  A  draft  of  14  feet  can  be  carried  in  at 
any  high  water. 

The  contraction  here  alluded  to  was  made  by  2  jetties,  the  principal  one 
6,600  feet  in  length,  extending  from  Rattlesnake  to  Deadman's  Island.  A 
second  and  shorter  jetty  e.xtends  from  the  mainland,  and  between  them  is 
the  channel.  The  entrance  was  originally  obstructed  by  a  reef  of  blue  clay 
mixed  with  stone,  upon  which  there  was  only  5  or  6  feet  of  water.  Owing 
to  the  fact  that  material  of  this  kind,  either  refuses  to  yield  to  the  scouring 
action  of  w.iter,  or  else  yields  very  slowly,  it  became  necessary  to  excavate 
a  channel  through  it  by  dredging.  To  this  cut,  which  is  now  235  feet  wide 
and  12  feet  deep,  most  of  the  money  expended  for  dredging  was  devoted. 
The  channel,  where  it  lay  in  sand,  has,  for  the  greater  part,  been  excavated 
by  the  action  of  the  tide,  and  without  the  aid  of  dredging. 

This  port  transacts  all  the  seaward  business  of  the  plains  of  Los  Angeles 
and  the  countiy  to  the  east.  While  the  railway,  when  completed  to  Los 
Angeles,  seemed  for  a  time  to  diminish  the  volume  of  sea  business,  the 
changed  relation,  due  to  an  extension  of  the  road  to  Arizona  and  beyond, 
has  given  Wilmington  to-day  an  importance  which  it  has  never  possessed 
in  the  past.  The  supply  of  ties,  lumber,  and  coal  for  the  whole  eastern 
country  now  passes  through  this  harbor.  An  oppressive  system  of  lighter- 
age, made  necessary  by  the  want  of  connection  between  vessels  and  the 
railroad,  has  hitherto  retarded  the  development  of  business  to  an  extraor- 
dinary degree,  and  has  deprived  the  country  of  the  advantage  legitimately 
due  to  an  improvement  in  depth  from  i  to  10  feet  in  the  harbor. 

The  railroad  is  now  extended  .seaward  from  Wilmington,  and  a  wharf  is 
built  1,500  feet  in  length,  with  18  feet  of  water,  so  that  any  vessel  that  can 
enter  the  harbor  can  discharge  and  receive  freight  at  the  wharf  Lighterage 
will  hereafter  be  necessary  only  in  the  case  of  vessels  drawing  too  much 
water  to  enter  the  harbor.  An  examination  and  estimate  for  deepening  the 
entrance  to  16  feet  at  low  water,  or  21  feet  at  ordinary  high  water,  have 


iipl 


39<5 


ENGINEERING,   ETC. 


been  made,  and  Congress  will  be  asked  to  appropriate  money  for  this 
increase  of  depth.  This  port  has  the  advantage  that  it  is  seldom  e.xposed 
at  its  entrance  to  rollers  from  the  sea,  so  that  the  effective  depth  is  gener- 
ally very  close  to  the  actual  depth.  This  is  far  from  being  the  case  at  the 
entrances  of  most  of  the  seaports  on  our  coast. 

The  commerce  is  shown  by  the  following  statistics : 

Year.  Exports.  Imports.  Totals, 

1878 7,246  tons.  59,024  tons.  66,270  tons. 

1879 11,740    "  78,445     "  90,285     " 

1880 13,014    "  98,970    "  III.974    " 

In  1880,  350  vessels  arrived,  and  242  entered  the  harbor.  The  commerce 
is  now  increasing  rapidly,  owing  to  the  newly  developed  importance  of  this 
port  in  connection  with  the  business  of  Arizona  and  the  country  beyond. 
The  appropriations  and  expenditures  to  June  30,  1881,  have  been  respect- 
ively $555,000  and  $526,089.74. 

Humboldt  Bay. — An  appropriation  of  $40,000  for  the  improvement  at 
this  point  was  made  by  the  Act  of  March  3,  1881.  This  is  the  first  appro- 
priation. The  greater  portion  will  be  expended  to  give,  by  dredging,  10 
feet  of  water  at  low  tide  in  front  of  the  town  of  Eureka.  This  channel  has 
of  recent  years  been  much  impaired  by  deposits.  The  harbor  is  entered 
over  a  bar  which  changes  both  in  position  and  depth,  often  with  great 
rapidity.  It  is  exposed  to  the  .severe  south-easterly  storms  of  winter,  and 
is  (ften  for  a  time  impassable.  The  depth  at  low  water  has  varied,  since 
obser\-ations  have  been  made,  from  14  feet  to  24  feet.  The  improvement  of 
a  channel  of  this  character,  under  a  heavy  exposure,  presents  points  unusual 
in  kind  and  in  difficulty.  It  is  altogether  probable  that  no  structure  can 
be  maintained  on  the  bar,  so  that  other  means  of  controlling  the  channel 
seem  to  be  required.  A  study  of  the  facts  may  possibly  prove  that  the 
maintenance  of  the  sand  spits  which  form  the  heads  at  the  entrance,  at  a 
defined  distance  apart,  will  insure  the  best  practicalile  results  in  securing 
good  and  relatively  uniform  depth  on  the  bar.  If  this  be  proved,  the  prob- 
lem will  be  much  simpler  and  less  uncertain  than  is  presented  by  its  pres- 
ent aspects.  Humboldt  Bay,  230  miles  north  of  San  Francisco,  has,  at  high 
water,  an  area  of  about  24  .square  miles,  and  is  the  most  important  port  in 
California  north  of  San  Francisco.  Its  principal  export  is  redwood  lum- 
ber, although  there  is  also  a  large  business  in  wool,  dairy,  and  agricultural 
products.  The  exports  in  1877,  other  than  lumber,  were  valued  at  $587,- 
913.76.  The  export  of  lumber  is,  in  some  years,  60,000,000  feet.  The  ton- 
nage in  the  trade  between  San  Francisco  and  Humboldt  Hay,  as  recorded 
in  the  Merchants'  Exchange,  of  San  Francisco,  for  1878,  including  arrivals 


HARBOR   AND   RIVER   IMPROVEMENT. 


397 


and  departures,  was  134,371   tons.     Two  steamers  are  usually  engaged  in 
the  trade  from  this  port. 

Roadsteads. — Beginning  in  the  south,  it  may  be  said  the  Santa  Barbara 
Channel  is  at  every  point  a  roadstead,  where  the  anchorage  is  safe  during 
the  greater  part  of  the  year,  being  exposed  only  to  the  southerly  winds 
and  seas  which  prevail  at  intervals  during  the  winter.  Proceeding  north 
from  Santa  Barbara,  the  first  important  point  is  San  Luis  Obispo. 
The  peculiarity  of  all  the  open  roadsteads  on  the  coast  of  California,  with 
the  exception  of  Monterey,  is  that  they  are  open  to  the  southerly  storms, 
and  with  a  very  good  cover  from  northerly  weather.  Most  of  these  road- 
steads have  been  the  subjects  of  examination  and  report,  made  for  the  pur- 
pose of  determining  the  cost  and  practicability  of  shutting  out  the  .sea 
which  comes  from  the  quarter  towards  which  they  are  open.  The  road- 
stead of  San  Luis  Obispo  has  been  the  subject  of  several  reports,  and  it  is 
only  a  question  as  to  when  the  commerce  concerned  .shall  obtain  voiume 
sufficient  to  justify  the  expense  of  a  breakwater.  Monterey  is  well  covered 
from  the  southerly  winds,  although  the  heavy  seas  double  Point  Pinos  and 
disturb  the  anchorage  at  times  in  winter.  The  roadstead  is  open  to  the 
west  wind  and  sea.  Santa  Cruz,  on  the  other  hand,  is  well  covered  from 
the  north-west  winds,  but  is  exposed  to  the  .southerly  sea. 

Passing  from  the  south  to  the  north  of  San  Francisco,  the  principal  road- 
steads north  of  Cape  Mendocino  have  been  studied  repeatedly,  and  by  dif- 
ferent persons  and  Boards,  both  with  the  view  of  improving  the  various 
points  for  the  benefit  of  the  commerce  trading  directly  to  the  roadsteads, 
and  also  comparatively,  with  the  view  to  select  for  improvement  as  a  harbor 
of  refuge,  the  place  which  offered  the  prospect  of  the  most  advantage  to 
commerce. 

Harbor  of  Reftige.— Trinidad  and  Crescent  City  in  California,  and  Port 
Orford  and  Cape  Gregory  on  the  coast  of  Oregon,  have  been  particularly 
studied,  and  compared  as  sites  for  a  harbor  of  refuge.  The  most  extended 
investigation  of  this  question  was  made  in  1879,  by  the  Board  of  Engineers 
of  the  Pacific  Coast,  composed  of  4  members.  The  reports  made  by  the 
Board  have  been  published  by  order  of  Congress.  Three  of  the  members 
united  in  recommending  Port  Orford,  i  member  dissenting  in  favor  of 
Trinidad.  The  .considerations  which  in  a  principal  degree  controlled  the 
opinion  of  the  majority,  were  the  geographical  position  of  Port  Orford,  the 
fact  that  it  is  on  a  salient  of  the  coast,  and  in  the  region  of  storms  and 
close  to  the  line  of  the  steam  commerce  of  the  North  Pacific  Coast,  which 
promises  .soon  to  almost  entirely  replace  the  sail  tonnage.  The  reasons  ad- 
vanced for  Trinidad  were,  the  less  cost  of  construction,  the  freedom  from 


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398 


ENGINEERING,   ETC 


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reefs  of  its  approaches,  and  its  nearer  proximity  to  the  large  fleet  of  vessels 
of  small  tonnage,  which  carry  lumber  from  many  landings  south  of  Cape 
Mendocino.  The  investigation,  which  included  an  examination  of  masters 
and  owners  of  vessels,  developed  on  their  part  a  very  general  indifference 
to  the  construction  of  a  harbor  of  refuge.  Those  who  were  not  indifferent, 
were  divided  in  their  opinions  as  to  its  location,  and  appeared  to  h't  gov- 
erned by  commercial  considerations  more  than  by  those  which  lookf;d  to  a 
refuge.  Each  port  had  for  its  advocates  the  masters  and  owners  of  vessels 
plying  to  that  port,  and  each  faction  thought  that  a  harbor  of  refugi;  would 
be  useless  unless  established  at  the  port  to  which  they  traded.  These  con- 
ditions of  sentiment  among  navigators,  and  the  great  expenditure  required 
to  make  a  harbor  of  refuge,  will  probably  lead  to  inaction  on  the  part  of 
the  Government  for  some  years  to  come. 

What  is  really  needed  is  the  improvement  of  some  of  these  roadsteads, 
not  as  a  refuge  to  vessels  trading  up  the  coast,  but  for  the  safety  of  the  com- 
merce of  the  ports  themselves.  If  this  improvement  could  be  given  at  rea- 
.sonable  cost,  doubtless  the  ports  at  Crescent  City  and  Trinidad  would  have 
claims  worthy  of  serious  consideration.  But  as  any  improvement  involves 
the  construction  of  a  breakwater  of  strength  capable  of  resisting  the  heavy 
rollers  of  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  at  a  cost  of  several  millions  of  dollars,  it 
will  probably  for  some  years  be  the  best  opinion  that  the  amount  of  com- 
merce concerned  is  too  small  to  justify  so  large  an  expenditure.  An  appro- 
priation of  $1 50,000  for  the  construction  of  a  harbor  of  refuge  was  made  by 
the  act  of  March  3,  1879,  the  selection  of  the  site  being  intrusted  to  the 
Board  of  Engineers  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  It  was  in  consequence  of  this  act 
that  the  investigation  already  referred  to  was  undertaken.  The  money  is 
now  available  for  construction,  and  only  awaits  the  authority  of  the  War 
Department.  The  following  roadsteads  have  been  the  subject  of  examination 
and  estimate;  i.  Point  Muger,  8  miles  below  Hueneme;  2.  San  Buenaven- 
tura; 3.  Santa  Barbara;  4.  San  Luis  Obispo;  5.  Monterey;  6.  Santa  Cruz; 
7.  Trinidad;  8.  Crescent  City;  9.  Port  Orford;  10.  Cape  Gregorj'.  All  of 
these,  except  the  last  2,  arc  on  the  coast  of  California,  the  others  being  on 
the  Oregon  coast.  No  construction  has,  however,  been  entered  on  in  any 
case,  nor  has  any  project  for  the  improvement  of  any  of  them  been  adopted. 


« 


Columbia  River.— Among  the  North  American  rivers,  the  Columbia  is 
second  only  to  the  Mississippi  in  the  area  of  country  which  it  drains.  Its 
sources  lie  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  heading  with  the  Mis.souri  and  the  Col- 
orado. The  comparatively  short  length  of  the  Columbia  imparts  to  it  the 
characteristic  of  rapid  fall,  which  detracts  very  much  from  its  value  for 
commercial  purpo.ses.     The  river  is  broken  by  a  fall  of  26  feet  in  3  or  4  miles, 


'•^^* 


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■■HMMMMili 


■■ 


HARBOR  AND  RIVER   IMPROVEMENT. 


399 


at  the  passage  through  the  Cascade  Mountains,  about  150  miles  from  the 
mouth.  This  rapid  is  passed  by  a  portage  railroad.  Above  the  Cascades, 
the  river  is  favorable  for  navigation  to  the  Dalles,  a  distance  of  45  miles. 
Over  this  distance  9  feet  can  always  be  carried. 

At  the  Dalles  the  river  is  involved  in  a  scries  of  unnavigable  rapids  for  a 
distance  of  12  or  15  miles,  which  make  another  rail  portage  necessary. 
Above  the  rapids,  at  or  near  the  Dalles,  6  feet  can  be  carried  to  Wallula,  a 
distance  of  over  ICX)  miles,  with  the  e.^cception  of  the  Umatilla  Rapids, 
where  at  present  there  is  only  4^  feet,  but  operations  are  in  progress  to 
give  6  feet  at  this  point.  Above  Wallula  3  feet  can  now  be  carried  to 
Levviston  on  the  Snake,  and  the  operations  in  hand  look  to  getting  4^  feet. 
The  various  rapids  above  the  Dalles,  and  there  are  quite  a  number  of  them, 
have  been  improved  by  blasting  out  the  reefs.  The  same  is  true  of  the 
Snake,  as  well  as  of  the  Columbia. 

The  most  important  improvement  yet  undertaken  by  the  Government,  in 
the  Columbia,  is  the  construction  of  canal  locks  at  the  Cascades,  intended 
to  do  away  with  the  portage  by  rail  to  which  all  freight  and  passengers  are 
now  subjected.  This  work  is  on  the  south  or  Oregon  side  of  the  river.  It 
was  commenced  in  1877,  and  the  appropriations  to  June  30,  i88i,have 
been  $540,000.  The  project  is,  to  pass  boats  by  one  lift  of  26  feet,  and  to 
give  8  feet  draught  of  water.  The  masonry  has  not  yet  been  laid,  and  at  the 
present  rate  of  progress  it  will  require  4  or  5  years  to  complete  the  canal. 
In  order  to  give  unbroken  navigation  from  the  great  producing  country  in 
eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  the  sea,  there  remains,  after  the  comple- 
tion of  the  Cascade  locks,  to  add  the  link  at  the  Dalles,  whence  the  river  is 
broken  by  a  succession  of  rapids.  This  canal  will  probably  be  a  more  ex- 
pensive undertaking  than  that  at  the  Cascades.  A  survey,  preparatory  to 
an  estimate,  has  been  made.  The  desirable  result  of  a  continuous  naviga- 
tion to  the  sea,  which  would  be  accomplished  by  the  construction  of  these 
works,  can  hardly  be  secured,  judging  by  present  prospects,  in  less  than  10 
years.  In  the  mean  time  the  Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  Company  is 
rapidly  building  a  railroad  along  the  river  banks,  from  the  wheat  region 
east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  to  Portland.  The  traffic  will,  it  is  thought, 
for  many  years  to  come,  take  this  route  in  preference  to  water  transporta- 
tion, broken  as  it  is  at  present  by  long  portages,  and  embarrassed  by  rapids 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  river. 

Aooesa  to  Portland. — Portland  is  the  head  of  navigation  for  sea-going 
vessels.  It  is  situated  on  the  Willamette  River,  12  miles  from  its  junction 
with  the  Columbia.  The  vessels  which  enter  the  Columbia  from  the  sea 
are  not  all  able  to  reach  Portland  with  full  cargoes.     It  is  usual  for  those  of 


mmtm 


wmt^^^^^^^^^m^m 


nai 


M 


I 


i;l 


400 


ENGINEERING,   ETC 


heaviest  clraiia;lit  to  discharge  a  part  of  the  cargo  at  Astoria,  which  is  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia.  This  is  made  necessary  by  the  fact  that  the  chan- 
nel between  /Vstoria  and  I'ortland  has  a  number  of  shoal  places,  the  principal 
of  which  occur  in  the  following  order,  going  from  the  sea  up  stream.  The 
first  shoal  is  in  a  wide  reach  of  the  river,  a  few  miles  above  Astoria,  called 
Cathlamet  Bay.  There  ;ire  now  10  feet  at  low  water,  which  is  more  than 
lias  usually  been  found  here.  The  tide  adds  3  feet  at  high  water.  There 
is  a  bar  in  the  Columbia  at  St.  Helens,  which  is  24  miles  from  Portland. 
The  depth  is  about  18  feet  at  low  water,  the  tide  adding  about  2  feet. 

Twelve  miles  below  Portland,  the  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette  has 
18  feet  at  low  water,  and  when  dredged,  ig  feet.  Swan  Island  bar,  just  at  the 
lower  end  of  Portland,  .seldom  has  more  than  1 5  feet  at  the  close  of  the 
summer  freshet  of  the  Columbia.  The  natural  action  of  the  river  increases 
the  depth  to  16  feet.  Greater  depths  can  only  be  maintained  at  present  by 
dredging.  The  tide  adds  at  high  water,  2  feet  to  these  dcpth.s.  Plans  have 
been  adopted  for  improving  the  depths  a^  .St.  Helens  and  Swan  Island. 
They  have  not  been  carried  c  ut  for  want  of  the  necessary  appropriations. 

Columbia  Bar. — The  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  has  at  present 
about  20  feet  at  low  water.  At  high  tide  the  depth  is  25  feet,  and  at  springs 
several  feet  more.  During  the  summer  months,  the  bar  is  usually  moderately 
smooth,  and  vessels  of  22  feet  ilraught  can  enter  easily  and  safely.  During 
the  winter  and  spring,  very  heavy  rollers  occur  at  times,  and  the  entrance 
is  then  so  dangerous  as  to  be  impracticable.  The  depth  and  direction  of 
the  channel  are  subject  to  changes,  produced  by  the  action  of  currcn's  a.id 
rollers  on  the  large  deposits  of  sanil  formed  at  the  mouth.  The  greatest 
depth  that  is  on  record  was  found  by  WiLKlCS  in  1841,  and  was  more  than 
4  fathoms.  The  engineering  problem  of  giving  a  fi.\ed  entrance  with  an 
improved  depth,  has  been  taken  into  consideration,  but  no  plan  has  been 
thoroughly  discussetl.  The  great  exposure  on  the  bar  in  heavy  weather, 
will  probably,  when  the  demands  of  commerce  require  improved  facilities 
of  entrance,  modify  methods  applied  el.sewhcrc  with  success. 

The  C'olumbia  is  the  main  arter)'  of  the  tr.ade  which  Oregon  maintains 
with  the  outside  world.  The  products  of  the  Willamette  and  Uinpqua 
valleys  are  forced  to  go  north  to  Portland,  f(jr  the  reason  that  there  arc  no 
harbors  on  the  part  of  the  coast  near  the  places  of  production. 

Yaqulna  Bay. — Vaquina  Bay  lies  about  100  miles  south  of  the  Colum- 
bia, and  is  naturally  well  situated  for  the  tr.ide  of  the  upper  Willamette 
Valley.  The  b.ir  has,  however,  but  about  8  feet  at  low  water.  The  Gov- 
ernment is  now  engaged  in  closing  one  of  the  ch.inncls  over  t!;e  bar.  The 
operations  are  unfinished,  but  it  is  understood  that  some  improvement  in 


HARBOR  AND   RIVER   IMPROVEMENT. 


401 


depth  has  been  gained.     Two  appropriations  have  been  made  by  Congress, 
amounting  in  all  to  $50,000. 

Coquille.— The  Coquillc  River  discharges  into  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  is 
obstructed  by  a  bar  at  its  mouth,  having  a  depth  of  5  feet  at  low  water.  A 
jetty  inside  of  the  river  has  been  projected,  with  the  view  to  direct  the  cur- 
rent. It  has  been  constructed  in  part.  The  amount  of  the  appropriation 
to  date  is  $10,000. 

Coos  Bay.  —This  is  an  important  point  on  the  coast,  having  a  considera- 
ble export  trade  of  coal  and  lumber.  The  interior  bay  is  capacious  and 
deep.  The  entrance  is  over  a  bar,  by  a  channel  which  changes  very  much 
and  rapidly,  both  in  direction  and  depth.  The  usual  depth  is  about  14  feet 
at  high  water.  In  southerly  weather,  the  bar  is  subject  to  hoav}  rollers 
which  for  the  time  make  passage  impracticable  An  interior  jetty,  built 
where  it  is  not  e.\-po/ied  to  the  heavy  sea  waves,  has  been  projected  and 
partlj'  constructed,  which  is  designed  to  give  a  favorable  direction  to  tlic 
ebb  tide,  in  the  hope  to  improve  the  depth  on  the  bar.  This  construction 
is  regarded  as  more  or  less  experimental.  It  is  designed  to  li.\  the  entrance 
channel  in  the  position  which  observation  of  past  changes  siiows  to  give 
the  best  water.  The  indications  are,  that  the  effect  of  the  construction  so 
far  as  made,  corresponds  to  expectation.  The  difficulties  resulting  from  the 
great  exposure  of  the  bar,  and  the  large  waves  of  moving  sand,  make  the 
final  issue  uncertain.  The  amount  of  appropriations  to  date  have  been 
$70,000. 

Various  Rivers. — During  the  past  10  years  appropriations  have  been 
made,  amounting  in  all  to  $1 18,500,  for  the  Upper  Willamette  and  its  trib- 
utaries. "Phis  has  been  app'ieil  to  the  yearly  removal  of  snags,  and  to  the 
construction  of  wing  dams,  ',  hich  maintain,  in  the  low  stages  of  the  river, 
about  2  feet  for  navigatii  •  . 

The  appropriations  fc  ■  the  Upper  Columbia  and  Snake  rivers,  in  the  same 
time,  have  amounted  to  $190,000,  which  has  been  applied  mainly  to  blasting 
the  reefs  which  interfere  with  navigation. 

For  the  parts  of  rivers  which  afford  navigation  for  .sea-going  vessels, 
namely,  the  Lower  Willamette  and  Columbia,  the  appropriations  in  the  past 
10  years  have  amounted  to  $285,000,  wliich  has  been  applied  to  the  con- 
struction and  maintenance  of  dredges  employed  in  excavating  bars  already 
mentioned,  and  also  in  some  permanent  constructions  closing  subsidiary 
ciiannels  near  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette. 

The  Cowlitz  River,  a  tributarj-  of  the  Columbia,  has  been  made  naviga- 
ble for  40  miles  from  its  mouth,  by  cleaning  out  snags  and  scraping  bars. 
51 


i.rf#(i\*( 


402 


ENGINEERING,    ETC. 


In  the  Skagit  River  two  rafts  have  been  removed,  making  the  river  nav- 
igable for  50  miles.  This  river  empties  into  the  waters  of  Puget  Sound. 
Other  similar  rivers,  which  are  navigable  for  30  or  40  miles,  are  the  Snoho- 
mish, the  Stilaquamish,  and  Nooksak.  These  all  drain  the  western  slope 
of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  and  afford  access  to  the  immense  fields  of  fine 
timber,  which  will  soon  come  into  requisition,  on  account  of  the  exhaustion 
of  supply  in  more  accessible  regions. 


It 
It  If 


WATER   WORKS. 


403 


CHAPTER  XXVI.— WATER  WORKS. 

Hydraulic  Engineering. — The  circumstances  of  this  coast  have  de- 
manded numerous  and  extensive  enterprises  in  hydraulic  engineering. 
Water  was  required,  in  large  quantity,  to  separate  the  gold  from  the  gravel 
and  clay  of  the  placers,  and  had  to  be  obtained  through  long  and  costly 
aqueducts,  in  some  places  crossing  wide  and  deep  canyons.  The  bare  plains 
needed  lumber  from  the  distant  mountains,  and  water  furnished  the  cheapest 
means  of  transportation.  The  paucity  of  the  perennial  streams  rendered  it 
necessary  for  towns  and  cities  to  construct  large  reservoirs  to  provide  regular 
water  supplies.  In  consequence  of  the  aridity  of  the  soil  over  wide  area.s, 
numerous  artesian  wells  -Acrc  bored,  and  long  ditches  were  dug  for  the  pur- 
pose of  irrigation.  It  '  mbtful  whether  any  other  region,  with  an  equal 
population,  has    so  greai  u    ty  aivl   number  of  interesting^    "orks  of 

hydraulic  engineering  as  arc  to  ijc  fou'    ;  m  (Jalifornia. 

Irrigation. — Irrigation  is  necessaiy  loi  the  cultivati'  n  of  many  crops  in 
most  of  the  valleys  of  California,  Nevada,  Utah,  Arizon  ,  and  Sonora;  and 
for  this  purpose  water  is  obtained  by  dams,  pumps,  and  whii-ls  from  the 
streams,  and  by  pumps  and  artesian  wells  from  subterrancai  trata.  The 
district  destined  to  be  most  notable  on  our  coast  fm  its  irrigation  works,  is 
the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  which  exceeds  the  plain.^  ol  Lonibardy  in  extent, 
and  has  a  surface  better  adapted  for  the  construction  of  canals;  but  the 
rainfall  in  the  low  lands,  and  the  supply  of  snow  in  the  adjacent  mountains, 
arc  less,  though  great  enough  for  the  thorough  cnltivatio*  of  a  large  area. 
The  waters  of  all  the  larger  streams  of  the  Sierra  \i  ,  from  the  Merced 

to  the  Feather,  have  been  appropriated  and  taken  oui  111  ditches  for  mining 
purposes;  but  considerable  quantities  are  sold  for  agricultural  uses.  South 
of  the  Merced,  the  waters  of  the  San  Joaquin,  Fresno,  King's,  Kawcah, 
and  Kern  rivers,  and  of  smaller  streams,  are  applied  almost  exclusively  to 
irrigation,  for  which  large  and  costly  canals  have  been  built.  The  San 
Joaquin  Canal  can  irrigate  2<X),cxx)  acres,  and  the  Fresno  Canal  220,000 
acres.  The  canals  taking  water  from  Kern  River  have  an  aggregate  length 
of  more  than  200  miles,  and  are  about  equally  divided  between  the  two 
sides  of  the  .stream.  The  greater  part  of  the  length  is  in  canals  not  less 
than  20,  and  some  of  them  60  feet  wide.     The  bringing  of  the  water  to  the 


t 

1 

I 


404 


ENGINEERING,   ETC. 


soil  by  artificial  means  is  a  new  business  to  Americans,  but  they  have 
gathered  all  the  text-books,  studied  it  carefully  from  the  engineering,  agri- 
cultural, and  pccuniarj'  standpoints,  and  have  achieved  much  within  a  brief 
])crioil.  The  cost  of  irrigating  an  acre  of  land  for  wheat  varies  from  $1  to 
$5,  averaging  $1.50  under  favorable  circumstances.  The  supply,  including 
the  natural  rainfall,  to  make  a  crop  of  wheat,  should  not  be  less  in  a  season 
than  a  depth  of  one  foot ;  but  for  meadows,  4  or  5  feet  is  not  too  much. 

The  shadoof,  or  hand-bucket,  extensively  used  in  Egypt,  is  not  employed 
in  California  for  irrigation,  and  the  sakkia,  or  pump  driven  by  oxen,  is  un- 
known here.  In  a  few  instances,  steam-pumps  and  wheels,  driven  by  the 
streams  from  which  they  lift  the  water,  have  been  employed.  The  dam 
and  ditch  are  almost  the  only  expedients  in  most  of  the  irrigation  districts. 
Storage  reservoirs  are  used  for  mining  ditches,  and  for  the  supply  of  several 
towns,  but  have  not  yet  come  into  extensive  use  for  irrigation. 

Californi.i  has  made  a  commencement  with  her  irrigation  enterprises,  but 
her  greatest  reservoirs  ajid  canals  are  to  be  constructed  in  the  future,  per- 
haps a  distant  future.  The  develrpii.-int  of  her  wealth  depends,  to  a  con- 
siderable extent,  on  irrigation  work.;. 

San  Joaquin  Canal. — The  largest  irrigating  canal  in  California  is  that 
of  J'lii;  S.\N  J().\(,iuiN  AND  Kixci'.s  RivKR  Canal  and  Irrigating 
Company,  commencing  on  the  west  bank  of  the  San  Joaquin  River  at 
I'resno  Slough,  and  thence  extending  in  a  north-westward  direction  nearly 
parallel  with  the  river,  and  on  an  avcr;igc  10  miles  from  it,  for  a  distance  of 
74  miles.  The  construction  was  commenced  in  1871,  and  much  of  the 
work  was  done  under  the  control  of  W.  (.'.  R.VLSTON,  who  ordered  the 
survey  of  the  entire  San  Joaciuin  and  Sacramento  valleys.  He  exi)ectcd 
to  sell  the  canal  to  an  English  company,  and  supposed  he  could  afford  to 
do  things  on  a  grand  scale.  The  total  cost  of  the  work  anil  its  surveys  was 
$1,300,000,  though  the  canal  itself  coukl  now  be  made  for  less  than  half  that 
sum.  The  first  section  of  38}^  miles  was  completed  in  1871,  the  second  of 
303,  in  I  878,  the  third  of  4'^^,  in  1881,  and  a  fourth  of  8  miles  is  under  con- 
sideration. The  branch  ditclie.s,  averaging  12  feet  in  width,  are  120  miles 
long.  The  area  irrigated  in  1880  was  29,000  acres,  including  12,000  in 
grain,  and  5,000  in  alfalfa.  The  company,  under  control  of  I.nx  & 
MiLLEU,  charges  $2  per  acre  for  the  water  nccdetl  to  make  a  crop  of  grain, 
if  the  l.mdowner  enters  into  a  contract  JK-fore  Octtjbcr.  The  gross  receipts 
of  the  canal  for  w.iler  sold  in  1880  were  $50,000,  and  the  net  earnings 
$25,000,  less  than  2  per  cent,  a  year  on  the  original  investment,  and  less 
than  4  |)er  cent,  on  the  sum  which  the  canal  wtJiiKl  ■  osl  now.  Yet,  when 
this  company  offered  to  sell  its  water  at  the  rate  ot  $1.50  for  each  acre 


WATER  WORKS. 


405 


irrigated  annually,  the  Anti-Monopoly  Party,  which  had  the  support  of 
30,000  voters  under  the  leadership  of  the  Governor  of  the  State,  denounced 
it  as  a  greedy  and  detestable  monopoly,  which  should  be  crushed  by  the 
indignation  of  the  community,  and  the  legislative  power  of  the  State. 
If  we  suppose  that  such  property,  which  is  insecure  because  of  floods,  and 
the  possibilities  of  litigation,  high  taxation  and  communistic  laws  and 
judgments,  should  pay  only  6  per  cent,  net  annually,  then  the  present  cash 
value  of  the  canal  is  $400,000,  leaving  a  loss  of  $900,000  on  the  invest- 
ment The  canal  was  constructed  with  the  expectation  that  it  would  ulti- 
mately receive  part  of  its  water  supply  from  Tulare  Lake,  but  a  chemical 
analysis  has  shown  that  the  water  has  too  much  saline  matter  for  irrigation. 
The  plan  of  extending  the  canal  to  the  lake  has  therefore  been  abandoned. 
For  the  lack  of  local  experience,  some  .serious  mistakes  were  made  in  the 
engineering  plan  of  the  canal.  The  first  section  has  a  descent  of  one  foot 
in  a  mile,  whereas  6  inches  would  have  saved  the  banks  from  washing,  and 
would  have  enabled  the  canal  to  run  farther  from  the  river,  thus  command- 
ing a  larger  area  to  be  irrigated.  The  slope  of  the  banks,  originally  2)^ 
to  I,  has  been  changed  to  3  to  i.  Although  many  authorities  assert  that 
water  one  foot  in  depth  will,  when  applied  to  land,  secure  a  good  crop  of 
grain,  the  experience  of  the  San  Joaquin  and  King's  River  Company  shows 
that  the  land  which  it  supplies  requires  5  feet  the  first  year,  and  3  feet  after- 
wards. The  average  supply  in  1879  was  3^  feet.  The  area  that  can  be 
irrigated  from  the  canal  is  120,000  acres.  The  land  slopes  10  feet  in  a  mile 
from  the  canal  to  the  river;  so  there  is  no  difliculty  in  carrying  the  water 
over  the  intervening  district.  The  canal  is  divided  into  sections  10  miles 
long,  each  of  which  has  its  tender,  who  rides  the  length  of  his  district  every 
day,  to  see  that  all  is  right;  and  a  telephone  line  runs  along  the  bank,  and 
makes  a  great  saving  in  the  repairs,  by  securing  immediate  help, 

Kern  Canals. — A  leading  irrigation  district  of  California  is  Kern  Island, 
a  name  given  to  the  delta  of  Kern  River,  wlich  issues  from  the  Sierra 
Nevada  into  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  in  latitude  35°  30',  and  near  Hakcrs- 
field  divides  into  a  number  of  branches,  radiating  out  to  the  south  and 
.south-westward,  making  a  triangle,  16  miles  long  on  the  cast,  and  25  on  the 
north-west  side,  the  southern  line  consisting  of  Kern  and  Bucna  Vista 
lakes,  each  6  miles  long,  and  Kern  Slough,  about  as  long,  between  them. 
Into  these  lakes  the  waters  of  Kern  River  poured,  so  long  as  they  were 
allowed  to  pursue  their  natural  course,  but  now  they  are  excluded ;  and  the 
beds  of  the  lakes  are  nearly  dry  in  ordinary  seasons.  In  times  of  flood  the 
surplus  water  of  Buena  Vista  Lake  flowed  out  northward  through  the  tulc 
to   the   San  Joaquin  River.      The  area  of  Kern  Island,  or  the  delta,  as 


! 


4o6 


ENGINEERING,   ETC. 


increased  by  the  drying  of  the  lakes  and  adjacent  tiile,  is  about  100,000 
acres;  and  is  supplied  with  water  for  irrigation  by  7  large  ditches,  with 
an  aggregate  length  of  66  miles,  constructed  at  an  average  cost  of 
$4,000  a  mile.  Five  of  these  canals  radiate  out  from  the  head,  or  north- 
eastern corner  of  the  delta,  following  the  highest  ridges  between  the 
natural  channels  of  the  river.  The  branch  ditches  arc  perhaps  4  times 
as  long  as  the  main  canals,  and  cost  in  the  aggregate  nearly  as  much — in 
some  cases  more.  Check-ridges  in  the  fields  to  be  irrigated  cost  $2  an 
acre  for  construction ;  and  after  these,  and  the  main  and  branch  ditches, 
have  been  made,  the  cost  of  distributing  the  water  for  each  irrigation  varies 
from  10  to  25  cents  an  acre.  Tlie  largest  of  the  Kern  River  canals,  the 
Calloway,  34  miles  long,  and  80  feet  wide,  with  40  branch  ditches,  aggregat- 
ing 120  miles  in  length,  starts  near  Bakersfield,  and  flows  north  north-west- 
ward, the  entire  course  being  outside  of  the  delta,  and  supplying  water  to 
an  extensive  tract  previously  dry  and  desolate.  It  now  supplies  water  to 
13,000  acres  under  cultivation,  and  the  irrigated  area  will  probably  increase 
rapidly. 

Along  the  southern  border  of  Kern  Island  there  arc  1 1  flowing  artesian 
wells,  each  furnishing  from  3,000  to  10,000  gallons  an  hour  for  domestic  use 
and  for  the  irrigation  of  gardens  and  orchards.  Nearly  all  of  the  delta  and 
of  the  ditches  mentioned,  and  of  the  area  supplied  with  water  by  them,  belong 
to  J.  B.  H,\GC"ilN,  who  owns  300,000  acres  in  Kern  County,  including  250,- 
000  acres  of  valley  land.  Of  this,  150,000  acres  are  susceptible  of  irriga- 
tion, and  the  main  ditches  have  been  constructed  and  filled  with  water  to 
supply  100,000  acres.  On  account  of  the  lack  of  branch  ditches,  and  of 
men  to  till  the  soil,  only  40,000  acres  are  now  irrigated.  Other  persons 
own  15,000  acres  of  irrigated  land  in  Kern  County,  making  55,000  acres  as 
the  total  irrigated  area.  The  lands  of  Mr.  Haggin  are  leased  in  first-class 
farms  (varying  in  size  from  640  to  1,920  acres),  with  buildings  costing  from 
$2,500  to  $3,000;  and  .second-class  farms  (from  320  to  640  acres)  each  hav- 
ing improvements  costing  from  $1,500  to  $2,000.  The  leases  arc  for  5  years; 
no  rent  being  required  for  the  first  year,  and  for  the  other  4  years  the 
tenant  pays  one  quarter  of  the  crop. 

Mr.  Maggin  commenced  the  construction  of  these  irrigation  works  in  the 
expectation  that  he  would  soon  be  able  to  sell  off  his  large  estate  in  small 
farms,  but  his  project  of  selling  has  been  postponed  on  account  of  a  lawsuit 
instituted  by  MiM.KR  &  Lu.\  against  The  Kern  Land  and  Canal  Com- 
pany, to  obtain  a  judgment,  that  the  plaintiffs,  as  owners  of  land  fronting 
on  Ikicna  Vista  Slough,  have  a  riparian  right  to  have  all  the  waters  of  Kern 
River  run  to  that  slough  by  natural  channels.  If  judgment  should  be 
rendered  for  plaintiffs,  it  would  overthrow  the  established  system  of  appro- 


WATER   WORKS. 


407 


priating  water  for  irrigation,  and  might  deprive  Mr.  Haggin's  irrigated 
lands  of  their  supply  of  water,  thus  rendering  them  comparatively  worthless; 
and  therefore  the  sale  must  be  postponed  till  the  suit  is  terminated  by  a 
final  judgment. 

J.  B.  Haggln.— James  Bei-  Ali  Haggin  is  the  grandson  of  John 
Haggin,  a  Virginian,  prominent  in  the  settlement  of  Kentucky  before  the 
outbreak  of  the  Revolutionary  War.  The  maternal  grandfather  was  a  Turk 
who  became  a  convert  to  Christianity,  left  his  native  land,  studied  mcdiciiic 
in  England,  and  made  his  home  in  Philadelphia.  From  him  the  grandson 
received  his  middle  name.  JAMES  B.  received  a  collegiate  education,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1845,  when  23  years  of  age.  He  pr<-icticed  4 
years  as  a  lawyer  in  New  Orleans;  in  1850  he  arrived  in  California  and 
opened  a  law-office  in  Sacramento,  with  MiLTON  S.  LATHAM  as  his  partner; 
and  in  1S51  he  formed  a  partnership  with  Lloyd  Tevis.  Their  business, 
as  brokers  and  capitalists,  .soon  prevented  them  from  seeking  practice  as  at- 
torneys, and  they  never  became  prominent  at  the  bar,  but  achieved  great  suc- 
cess othenvisc,  both  having  become  millionaires.  Mr.  Haggin  has  had  large 
interests  in  many  of  the  most  important  pecuniary  enterprises  of  San 
Francisco,  and  has  the  credit  of  being  worth  several  millions, 

ether  Irrigation  Canals. — The  other  irrigation  canals  on  this  coast  arc 
very  numerous,  and  some  of  them  important,  though  inferior  to  the  canals 
tjiken  from  the  San  Joaquin  and  Kern  rivers.  Near  the  City  of  Los 
Angeles  8,000  acres  of  land  are  irrigated  by  water  from  the  Los  Angeles 
River;  in  the  Valley  of  San  Gabriel  19,000  acres  are  irrigated  from  the  San 
Gabriel  River;  in  the  Los  Angeles  portion  of  the  Ipanta  Ana  Valley  8,000 
acres  from  the  Santa  Ana  River.  The  San  Joaquin  Valley  has  many  wells 
for  irrigation  purposes,  each  .supplying  from  10  to  80  acres.  Ut.ah  irrigates 
290,000  acres  of  land,  from  ditches.  Nevada,  Arizona,  and  Sonora  have 
many  small  irrigation  ditches. 

Artesian  Wells. — Artesian  wells  are  u.sed  extensively  in  California  for 
purposes  of  irrigation,  as  well  as  to  supply  water  for  household  uses  and 
for  farm  animals.  The  number  in  the  State  is  at  least  2,000,  and  perhaps 
very  much  larger.  Sa\i  Francisco,  San  Jos(5,  San  Bernardino,  Westminster, 
and  Colonia  have  more  wells  than  any  other  towns,  thougii  the  wells 
are  numerous  ip  many  valleys.  The  deepest  borings,  1,400  feet  deep, 
one  on  the  Norris  Grant,  14  miles  from  Sacramento,  and  another  on  the 
National  Arsenal  tract,  at  Benicia,  did  not  succeed  in  finding  water.  One, 
1,000  feet  deep,  at  Sacramento  City,  was  also  a  failure.  Generally,  however, 
in  the  districts  where  artesian  water  is  found,  the  wells  are  not  more  than 


^^nmmmm 


m 


408 


ENGINEERING,   ETC. 


250  feet  deep;  in  some  places  not  more  than  100  feet.  The  cost  of  a  well, 
complete,  varies  in  different  districts,  but  generally  for  a  bore  of  7  inches  it 
is  $120  for  100  feet;  $275  for  200  feet,  and  $450  for  300  feet.  In  the  valleys 
cast  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  the  artesian  water  is  rarer,  and  usually  found  at 
greater  depths  than  nearer  the  ocean.  The  Willamette  Valley  and  western 
\\'ashington  have  no  need  of  artesian  wells. 

Steam  Iii'igation. — On  several  occasions  steam  has  been  employed  to 
pump  water  for  irrigation,  but  usually  only  for  short  periods  in  seasons  of 
drought.  No  pumping  by  steam  on  a  large  scale  for  irrigation  has  been 
pursued  from  year  to  year,  so  as  to  furnish  material  for  calculations  of  profits. 
An  Italian  gardener,  who  has  erected  a  steam-engine  to  replace  a  windmill, 
reports  that  he  irrigates  1 5  acres  for  8  months  in  the  year,  at  an  expense  of 
$90  a  month.  His  fuel  costs  $1.50  a  day.  His  water  supply  thus  obtained 
is  more  regular  than  he  could  get  from  a  windmill.  His  15  acres  give  em- 
ployment to  10  men. 

Windmills  are  very  common  in  California,  for  pumping  purposes,  and 
are  especially  abundant  in  the  market  gardens  cultivated  by  Italians,  near 
San  Francisco.  The  cost  varies  from  $30  to  $500,  some  of  the  Italians 
making  them  run  at  a  cost  not  exceeding  the  former  figure. 

Mining  Ditches. — The  mining  ditches  of  California,  constructed  at  a  cost 
of  $20,000,000,  take  water  from  the  higher  portions  of  the  Tuolumne,  Stan- 
islaus, Calaveras,  Mokelumnc,  Cosumnes,  American,  Bear,  Yuba,  and  Feather 
rivers,  and  lead  it  to  the  placers  in  the  hillsides  at  lower  levels.  These 
canals,  besides  providing  the  means  indispensable  for  obtaining  more  than  half 
the  gold  of  California,  also  supply  the  towns  for  domestic  purposes,  and  the 
gardens,  orchard.s,  and  vineyards  for  irrigation.  These  ditches  carry  2,000,- 
000,000  gallons  daily,  or  enough  for  the  use  of  60,000,000  people,  allowing 
each  30  gallons  a  day.  A  large  hydraulic  mine  will  take  as  much  water 
as  docs  a  citj-  of  200,000  inhabitants  in  Northern  Europe. 

Water-power  Canals. — The  only  canal  built  mainly  for  the  purpose  of 
navigation  is  one  3  miles  long  at  Oregon  City,  completed  January  i,  1873, 
at  a  cost  of  .$460,000.  It  was  designed  to  enable  boats  to  pass  round  the 
Willamette  I^iUs,  40  feet  high.  There  are  5  locks,  each  275  feet  long,  and 
40  feet  wide.  The  canal  itself  is  70  feet  wide.  At  the  lock.s,  the  surplus 
water  passes  through  waste  weirs,  which  will  supply  a  large  amount  of  power, 
which  secures  to  Oregon  City  a  place  in  the  future  of  Oregon,  like  that  of 
Lowell  in  Massachusetts.  At  Tumwater,  3  miles  from  Otympia,  the  Des- 
chutes River  falls  80  feet  in  lialf  a  mile,  furnishing  a  large  amount  of  power 
in  situations  convenient  for  use  by  extensive  manufacturing  establishments. 


mmm 


WATER   WORKS. 


409 


At  Folsom  the  American  River  makes  a  large  fall,  and  supplies  the  best 
water-power  in  California  for  the  establishment  of  an  extensive  manufac- 
turing industry. 

The  government  of  the  Canadian  Dominion  is  giving  favorable  considera- 
tion to  a  scheme  for  the  construction  of  a  canal  60  miles  long  to  connect 
Shuswap  and  Okanagon  lakes,  which  are  both  navigable,  and  are  separated 
by  a  line  of  low  land  well  suited  for  a  canal.  Shuswap  Lake  is  connected 
by  a  navigable  river  with  the  line  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad,  and  the 
outlet  of  Okanagon  Lake  is  also  navigable,  so  that  the  canal  would  make 
3CX)  miles  of  continuous  navigation,  and  give  convenient  access  to  one  of  the 
richest  agricultural  districts  in  the  province. 

San  Franoisoo  Water  Works. — The  question  of  water  supply  is  one  of 
the  most  important,  and  at  times  most  perplexing  problems  that  con- 
front the  inhabitants  of  a  city.  Especially  is  this  the  case  in  Californian 
towns,  most  of  which  have  to  bring  their  fresh  water  from  a  considerable 
distance.  In  the  smaller  towns  the  necessary  water  is  often  obtained 
by  boring  artesian  wells  and  raising  it  by  means  of  windmills;  but 
although  some  individuals  adopt  these  methods  also  in  large  towns,  the 
main  supply  is  usually  furnished  by  one  or  more  corporations,  who,  by 
means  of  pipes,  distribute  the  fluid  through  all  parts  of  the  city.  The 
quantity  of  water  required  for  all  the  purposes  which  a  public  work  is  in- 
tended to  supply,  may  be  considered  as  equal  to  30  gallons  a  day  for  each 
inhabitant.  San  Francisco,  in  1850,  was  supplied  with  water  from  Saucelito, 
brought  across  the  bay  in  steamboats.  This  water,  which  came  originally 
from  springs  on  the  adjacent  hills,  was  conducted  to  the  beach  and  collected 
in  2  tanks  respectively  30  and  60  feet  square,  and  8  feet  high.  Captain  W. 
A.  Richardson  and  his  son-in-law,  Manuel  Torres,  were  the  proprietors 
of  the  works. 

Amongst  the  subsequent  attempts  to  supply  San  Francisco  with  the 
necessary  water,  may  be  mentioned  The  Mountain  Lake  Water 
Company,  organized  in  185 1,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $500,000,  which  was 
subsequently  increased  to  $1,000,000;  but  the  company  failing  to  comply 
with  the  conditions  on  which  the  franchise  was  obtained,  ceased  to  exist 
in  1862.  The  San  Francisco  City  Water  Works  Company  in- 
troduced water  into  the  city  in  1858,  and  continued  to  .supply  part  of 
the  wants  until  1865,  when  this  corporation  was  merged  into  TiiE 
Spring  Valley  Water  Works,  which  derives  its  name  from  Spring  Val- 
ley, near  the  corner  of  Taylor  and  Clay  streets,  a  valley  that  disappeared 
long  since,  having  been  filled  with  earth  to  a  depth  of  30  or  40  feet.  The 
company  was  incorporated  in  1858,  and  on  April  23d  of  that  year,  the  Leg- 
Si 


■■liii 


410 


ENGINEERING,   ETC. 


islature  passed  an  act  "  to  authorize  GEORGE  H.  ENSIGN  and  other  owners  of 
the  Spring  Valley  Water  Works,  to  lay  down  water  in  the  public  streets  of 
San  Francisco."  For  7  years  the  2  companies  (San  Francisco  and  Spring 
Valley)  shared  the  supplying  of  the  inhabitants,  the  Spring  Valley  having 
the  contract  of  the  city  for  public  purposes.  From  that  time  until  now  the 
latter  has  been  the  only  water  company  in  existence  in  San  Francisco.  The 
city  has  3  storage  reservoirs,  fed  by  a  number  of  creeks  located  in  the  moun- 
tains of  San  Mateo  County,  the  Pilarcitos,  San  Andreas,  and  the  Crystal 
Springs  Reservoirs,  with  a  combined  storage  capacity  of  over  16,000,000,000 
gallons.  The  dam  which  converts  the  Pilarcitos  Valley  into  a  reservoir  is 
650  feet  long,  100  feet  high,  500  feet  wide  at  the  bottom,  and  30  at  the  top. 
The  water  of  San  Andreas  Creek  is  kept  in  by  a  dam  situated  about  2  miles 
west  from  Milbrae,  650  feet  long,  80  feet  high,  and  480  feet  thick  at  the  bot- 
tom. At  the  time  the  last  dam  of  Pilarcitos  Creek  was  constructed,  a  tun- 
nel 1,500  feet  long  was  pierced  through  the  ridge  lying  between  this  creek 
and  San  Mateo  Valley.  Wrought-iron  pipes  16  miles  long,  with  a  fall  of 
14  feet  per  mile,  bring  the  water  from  this  tunnel  into  Lake  Honda  Reser- 
voir. A  second  tunnel,  3,420  feet  long,  runs  from  San  Mateo  Valley  to  the 
San  Andreas  Reservoir,  and  a  third,  2,800  feet  long,  from  the  Ocean  House 
road  to  Lake  Honda.  All  these  tunnels  are  built  with  solid  brick  arches. 
The  water  is  t;tored  in  2  rcscn'oirs,  the  Lake  Honda  and  College  Hill,  each 
about  4  miles  distant  from  the  city.  A  brick  tunnel  2,850  feet  long,  conducts 
the  water  from  the  San  Andreas  Reservoir  into  a  canyon  between  San  Bruno 
and  Milbrae,  and  a  30-inch  wrought-iron  pipe,  from  there  to  College  Hill, 
253  feet  above  the  city  level.  This  latter  reservoir  has  a  capacity  of  15,000,- 
000  gallons,  and  the  Lake  Honda  one,  of  33,000,000  gallons.  The  San 
Andreas  Reservoir,  which  supplies  about  two  thirds  of  the  water  of  San 
Francisco,  is  also  fed  by  means  of  water  running  through  iron  pipes,  and  a 
tunnel  3,300  feet  long,  from  the  lower  Pilarcitos  and  other  small  creeks. 
From  Lake  Honda  and  College  Hill  reservoirs,  the  water  is  brought  by 
means  of  iron  pipes  into  distributing  reservoirs,  which  have  a  combined 
capacity  of  more  than  60,000,000  gallons,  and  are  tapped  by  cast-iron  pipes 
of  from  3  to  22  inches  in  diameter,  aggregating  in  length  more  than  175 
miles,  for  distribution  to  all  parts  of  the  city.  About  2,000,000  gallons  a 
day  are  aLso  obtained  from  Lobos  Creek,  by  means  of  an  aqueduct  and 
pumping  works  at  Black  Point.  The  Point  Lobos  Aqueduct  is  about  7 
miles  long.  The  annual  amount  of  water  furnished  by  the  company  is 
about  4,500,000,000  gallons,  or  12,330,000  daily. 

Oakland  Water.— Oakland    is  supplied   with  water  by  The  Contra 
Costa  Water  Co.mpany,  which  was  organized  in  1866.     Its  capital  stock 


I 


WATER  WORKS. 


4" 


is  $3,000,000.  The  supply  is  taken  from  Temescal  Creek,  in  Oakland 
Township;  Sausal  Creek,  in  Brooklyn  Township;  and  San  Leandro  Creek, 
in  Brooklyn  and  Eden  townships.  The  latter  can  be  made  to  supply 
75,000,000  gallons  daily;  its  water  is  250  feet  above  the  city  level.  The  dam 
of  the  San  Leandro  Creek  lies  2  miles  above  the  town  of  that  name,  and  at 
a  distance  of  8  miles  from  Oakland,  to  which  the  water  is  conveyed  in 
wrought-iron  pipes.  The  Sausal  Creek,  in  the  hills  of  Brooklyn  Township; 
flowing  through  Fruit  Vale,  was  dammed  up  in  1874,  by  the  people  of  that 
vicinity,  organized  in  a  company.  They  built  a  reservoir,  laid  down  pipes 
for  a  length  of  3  or  4  miles,  erected  hydrants  at  convenient  points,  and  sold 
out  to  the  Oakland  Company  in  1 876. 

Sacramento  Water. — Sacramento  City  is  supplied  with  water  pumped 
up  from  the  river.  The  pump  is  of  the  Holly  pattern,  and  was  designed  to 
supply  water  for  extinguishing  fires  as  well  as  for  household  purposes,  but 
has  failed  to  give  satisfaction,  and  an  auxiliary  pump  has  been  introduced. 
It  is  probable  that  the  present  water  works  will  be  abandoned  within  a  few 
years,  as  many  leading  citizens  desire  a  change  in  the  method  of  supply. 

Stockton  Water. — The  Stockton  Water  Company  supplies  the  city 
of  Stockton  with  water  from  artesian  wells,  one  of  which,  1,003  ^^et  deep, 
discharging  300,000  gallons  daily,  is  ov/ned  by  the  city  and  county,  and 
leased  to  the  water  company  for  an  annual  rental  of  $700.  Aimther  well 
dug  by  the  company  in  1880,  to  a  depth  of  1,040  feet,  has  a  daily  capacity 
of  280,000  gallons,  while  3  other  wells  are  from  80  to  200  feet  deep.  The 
total  daily  capacity  of  their  wells  is  900,000  gallons,  which  is  pumped  into 
reservoirs  and  thence  distributed. 

Los  Angeles  Water. — Los  Angeles  City  gets  its  water  supply  from  the 
Los  Angeles  River.  In  1868,  THE  Los  Angei.ks  City  Water  Works 
Company  was  incorporated  with  a  capital  of  $220,000.  They  erected  a 
dam,  and  made  a  ditch  and  a  tunnel  from  the  river  to  the  city,  a  distance  of 
6^  miles;  3  miles  of  the  ditch  being  through  sandstone.  The  tunnel  was 
182  feet  long,  3^^  feet  wide,  and  s  feet  high,  and  the  ditch  discharged  into 
a  canyon  running  parallel  with  the  river,  till  within  2  miles  from  the  town, 
where  a  dam  was  laid,  forming  in  this  manner  a  reservoir,  from  which  the 
water  was  distributed  by  pipes.  These  works  were  enlarged  in  1878.  A 
new  dam,  330  feet  long,  and  18  feet  high,  was  built  4  miles  above  the  old 
one,  and  from  the  upper  dam  a  ditch  dug,  6  feet  wide  at  the  bottom 
and  12  at  the  top,  with  a  depth  of  3  feet.  This  brought  the  maximum 
supply  of  available  water  up  to  45  cubic  feet  per  second.  Near  the  old  dam 
this  ditch  divides,  one  branch  joining  the  old  canal,  and  the  other  running 


■MM 


■MHMHi 


413 


ENGINEERING,   ETC. 


towards  the  east  side  of  the  river.     These  branches  reach  the  city  at  differ- 
ent points,  and  fill  5  reservoirs,  from  which  the  water  is  led  by  pipes  into 
•  the  streets  and  houses. 

Other  Towns.— Vallejo  is  supplied  with  water  by  The  Vallejo  City 
W.\TER  COMP.\NY,  incorporated  in  1870.  The  water  is  caught  in  the  hills, 
and  the  main  reservoir  is  situated  near  the  Napa  road,  3  miles  north  of  the 
city.  The  dam,  80  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  is  300  feet  wide  and  40 
feet  high,  forming  a  reservoir  having  a  capacity  of  900,000,000  gallons.  The 
water  is  conducted  through  12-inch  cast-iron  pipes  to  2  reservoirs  near  the 
city,  which  is  supplied  from  these,  as  is  also  the  Navy  Yard ;  the  latter, 
to  the  amount  of  1,000,000  gallons  per  month,  by  means  of  a  submarine 
cast-iron  pipe  with  flexible  joints. 

The  Cloverdale  Water  Works  were  erected  by  a  company  in  1 872,  to 
supply  water  from  a  spring  2^  miles  from  the  town,  and  300  feet  above  its 
level. 

Healdsburg  obtains  its  water  from  springs  flowing  out  of  the  base  of 
Fitch  Mountain,  2  miles  distant.  The  reservoir  is  170  feet  above  the  town 
level,  and  iron  pipes  distribute  the  water. 

Petaluma  obtains  water  from  the  Adobe  and  Copcland  creeks,  in  the 
Sonoma  hills;  the  former  5  miles,  the  latter  8  miles,  from  the  town.  The 
water  is  conveyed  through  7-inch  wrought-iron  pipes,  and  delivered  into  a 
reservoir  situated  on  a  hill  near,  175  feet  above  the  town,  and  having  a 
capacity  of  500,000  gallons.  The  average  daily  consumption  is  225,000 
gallons,  and  this  quantity  is  distributed  through  about  20  miles  of  pipes. 

Napa  City  obtains  2,000,000  gallons  of  water  daily  from  Rector  Canyon, 
through  a  flume  and  pipes. 

Santa  Rosa  has  a  water  company,  and  draws  its  water  through  a  wrought- 
iron  pipe,  5  miles  long,  from  Santa  Rosa  Creek. 

San  Rafael  gets  its  water  from  Lagunitas  Creek ;  the  main  reservoir 
being  on  the  side  of  Mount  Tamalpais,  740  feet  above  the  sea.  An  8-inch 
pipe,  6  miles  long,  carries  the  water  to  the  town,  and  a  branch  pipe  4  miles 
long,  delivers  60,000  gallons  per  day  to  the  prison  at  San  Quentin,  for  which 
latter  supply  the  company  receives  $1,000  per  month. 

Redwood  City,  San  Mateo  County,  California,  built  its  own  water  works. 
They  consist  of  2  wells,  each  146  feet  deep.  Three  storage-tanks,  suffi- 
ciently elevated  on  trestle-work  to  carry  water  into  any  building  in  the 
town,  have  a  capacity  of  1 50,000  gallons,  while  the  wells  are  able  to  supply 
20,000  gallons  per  hour. 

The  town  of  San  Luis  Obispo  gets  its  chief  supply  from  the  San  Luis 
Obispo  Creek,  through  a  reservoir  4  acres  in  extent,  holding  20,000,000 


am 


WATER  WORKS. 


413 


gallons,  which,  at  the  present  rate  of  consumption,  is  equal  to  4  months' 
supply.     The  main  pipes  have  a  diameter  of  10  inches. 

In  Gilroy,  the  water  is  brought  a  distance  of  8  miles,  from  Uvas  Creek, 
by  means  of  a  flume,  and  pipes  17  inches  in  diameter,  to  a  reservoir  capable 
of  holding  10,000,000  gallons;  whence  it  is  conducted  by  13-inch  mains  into 
the  town. 

San  Diego  is  supplied  with  water  from  the  San  Diego  River,  4  miles  dis- 
tant, by  The  San  Diego  Water  Company.  The  water  is  pumped  by 
steam,  from  the  stream  into  a  reservoir  situated  on  the  mesa  land  back  of 
the  town,  and  thence  distributed  through  pipes.  The  storage  is  ample  for 
present  wants,  and  the  river,  fed  by  mountain  snows,  is  capable  of  supplying 
a  largely  increased  population. 

Virginia  City  is  supplied  with  water  through  a  pipe  of  which  an  account 
will  be  given  in  the  chapter  relating  to  inventions.  The  Pioche  water  pipe 
is  mentiotied  in  the  same  place.  Portland  obtains  water  from  the  Willamette 
River,  and  Seattle  from  springs. 

The  Sutro  Tunnel. — When  the  miners  on  the  Comstock  Lode,  about 
1865,  reached  a  depth  of  1,500  feet,  they  felt  the  need  of  an  adit  or  tunnel  to 
drain  off  the  water,  to  ventilate  and  cool  their  drifts  and  slopes,  and  to 
supply  a  channel  through  which  thieir  timbers  could  be  taken  in,  and  their 
ores  taken  out  cheaply.  The  temperature  in  the  lower  levels  rose  to  110°, 
and  rendered  it  impossible  for  the  miners  to  do  much  work.  The  air  was 
foul.  Great  quantities  of  water  were  encountered,  and  to  pump  them  up 
more  than  a  quarter  of  a  mile  was  very  costly.  The  shafts  opened  high  up 
on  the  side  of  a  steep  mountain,  far  from  tillable  land,  from  sites  desirable 
for  comfortable  homes,  from  supplies  of  fuel  and  timber.  The  benefits 
to  be  derived  from  a  great  tunnel  were  evident,  and  its  need  was  a  matter 
of  common  talk.  But  who  would  take  charge  of  an  enterprise  which  would 
require  millions  of  dollats,  and  years  of  time,  perhaps  not  to  be  completed 
until  the  fickle  mineral  treasures  had  fled,  and  in  the  mean  time  be  involved 
in  vexatious  questions  with  lawyers,  mining  companies,  and  capitalists  .' 
Adolpii  Sutro  came  forward  and  a.ssumcd  the  responsibility.  He  was 
not  supposed  to  be  rich,  but  he  devoted  himself  to  the  task  with  energy 
and  success.  He  employed  journalists  to  explain  the  advantages  of  the 
tunnel;  civil  engineers  to  examine  the  country  and  locate  the  line;  and 
geologists  (including  Baron  RiCHTHOFEN),  to  report  on  the  mineral  charac- 
ter of  the  Comstock  Lode  and  the  country  rock.  He  then  organized  a  tunnel 
corporation,  of  which  he  was  the  manager,  and  in  its  name  he  made  con- 
tracts with  the  mining  companies  that,  in  return  for  constructing  the  tunnel, 
he  should  receive  a  certain  amount  on  every  ton  of  ore  extracted  after  his 


■■■ 


"T»(pn(!awwww» 


— "^p^ 


414 


engineering;,  etc. 


work  had  been  done.  These  contracts  were  not  secured  until  after  lonp  and 
vexatious  negotiation.  Each  company  wanted  peculiar  conditions.  With 
the  indorsement  of  the  mining  companies,  Mr.  SUTRO  went  to  Washington 
and  persuaded  Congress  to  pass  an  act  granting  to  him  a  tract  of  land 
4,000  feet  wide,  including  a  town  site  at  the  opening  of  the  tunnel,  with  the 
ownership  of  all  the  lodes  which  he  should  discover  in  his  underground 
borings.  The  act  also  ratified  his  contracts  with  the  mining  companies. 
After  success  in  Washington,  he  crossed  the  Atlantic  to  get  the  money,  and 
there  again  he  succeeded.  European  capitalists  supplied  the  funds,  and 
October  19,  1869,  the  construction  began.  He  had  made  little  progress 
before  the  great  bonanza  of  the  Consolidated  Virginia  and  California  mines 
was  struck,  and  then  the  idea  began  to  prevail  that  he  was  to  make  far 
more  than  a  fair  .share  of  profit  out  of  his  tunnel.  Enemies  arose  on  every 
side.  Obstructions  were  thrown  in  his  way.  Litigation,  ridicule,  and 
abuse  surrounded  him.  Nevertheless  he  kept  on.  The  tunnel  was  com- 
pleted in  October,  1878,  after  9  years  of  work.  But  the  last  of  tke  bonanzas 
discovered  up  to  that  time  had  been  nearly  exhausted.  The  only  mining 
companies  deriving  any  revenue  from  their  mines  were  uiiwiiling  to  share  with 
him.  They  refused  to  pay  his  demands.  He  closed  his  tunnel  so  that  their 
water  should  not  drain  off  Finally  an  amicable  settlement  was  made,  and 
The  Sutro  Tunnel  Company  and  the  Comstock  mining  companies  are 
in  harmony.  Mr.  SUTRO  has  secured  a  handsome  competence  by  selling 
out  his  interest  in  the  company,  leaving  to  others  the  chances  of  profit  and 
loss  from  the  contingencies  of  future  mineral  developments  of  the  Comstock 
Lode.  Hitherto,  the  cntcrpri.sc  has  yielded  little  revenue.  The  tunnel  is 
12  feet  wide,  10  high,  and  20,500  feet  long,  with  north  and  south  branches, 
which  have  8,000  feet  in  the  aggregate,  making  the  entire  length  more  than 
5  miles.  The  cost,  without  interest,  was  $4,500,000,  and  including  it, 
$6,500,000. 


INVENTIONS. 


415 


CHAPTER  XXVII.— INVENTIONS. 


Industrial  Art. — It  is  a  lamentable  fact,  that  even  in  the  most  polished 
nations,  the  useful  arts  have  been  despised  by  the  ruling  classes.  Until  re- 
cently, scholars  and  statesmen  have  agreed  with  nobles  and  soldiers,  that 
agricultural  and  mechanical  occupations  were  "servile,"  fit  only  for  slaves, 
while  painting,  sculpture,  and  the  ornamental  arts  generally  were  "  liberal," 
and  proper  for  gentlemen.  And  yet  industrial  art  was  the  main  force  of 
culture,  the  chief  and  indispensable  aid  in  raising  our  race  from  primeval 
savagism  to  the  present  enlightenment.  But  for  its  help  we  should  still  be 
living  a  life  similar  to  that  of  the  Californian  Indians,  when  first  seen  by 
white  men,  or  even  in  a  lower  condition ;  for  they  had  bows,  spears,  nets, 
and  baskets,  the  products  of  the  toil  which  they  too  considered  servile,  and 
left  ordinarily  to  the  squaw. 

But  industrial  art,  like  our  race  itself,  is  irrcprcssibly  progressive.  It  is 
destined  to  achieve  the  highest  successes  and  to  conquer  the  highest  honors. 
While  liberal  art  was  crushed  by  the  barbarian  invasion  of  the  Roman  Empire, 
industrial  art  continued  to  advance,  and  at  the  close  of  the  Middle  Ages 
came  forth  enriched  by  the  mariner's  compass,  gunpowder,  linen  paper,  the 
chimney,  window-glass,  the  stirrup,  clothes  made  with  the  needle,  the  wire- 
drawing frame,  and  higher  skill  in  the  construction  and  rigging  of  ships. 
With  the.se  acquisition.s,  civilization  was  prepared  to  transfer  her  chief  seat 
from  the  southern  to  the  northern  slope  of  Europe,  a  fact  of  vast  impor- 
tance to  the  progress  of  the  race.  Precious  as  is  industrial  art,  equally 
necessary  to  the  happiness  of  individuals  and  the  prosperity  of  nations,  it 
has  one  subdivision  preeminently  beneficent — that  of  invention.  It  taught 
men  how  to  make  tools  and  machinery,  without  which  we  should  have 
neither  houses,  clothes,  books,  roads,  wagons,  ships,  orderly  government, 
nor  refined  society.  Inventive  genius  is  the  foundation  of  the  temple  of 
civilization,  the  walls  of  which  are  composed  of  productive  industry,  com- 
merce, science,  and  national  economy;  while  the  pictorial,  plastic,  poetical, 
and  oratorical  arts  are  the  mere  stucco,  whitewash,  fresco,  and  othei-  super- 
ficial ornaments. 

This  branch,  in  which  our  age  and  country  have  taken  leading  positions, 
has  not  been  neglected  here,  and  there  would  be  no  extravagance  in  claim- 


■i 


416 


ENGINEERING,   ETC. 


ing  that,  within  the  last  30  years,  the  inhabitants  of  this  coast  have  made  a 
greater  number  of  highly  vahiablc  inventions  than  have  been  made  by  an 
equal  number  of  people  in  any  other  part  of  the  globe.  The  inventive  fer- 
tility of  California  is  one  of  her  chief  claims  to  tlie  respect  of  mankind, 
and  we  arc  not  disposed  to  let  its  honorable  character  be  passed  by  as  un- 
worthy of  consideration  or  honor. 

Notable  Inventions. — It  is  impossible  to  obtain  a  complete  list  of 
the  valuable  inventions  of  this  coast,  with  the  names  of  their  authors, 
without  devoting  years  of  investigation  to  the  subject;  nor  can  any  person, 
after  getting  such  a  list,  give  a  correct  idea  of  the  merit  and  practical  value 
of  the  improvements,  without  much  additional  study.  This  account,  though 
more  comprehensive  than  anything  hitherto  published,  is  not  offered  as  ex- 
haustive. 

Among  the  most  notable  inventions  of  this  Occidental  region  are  Eddy's 
sluice,  and  Matteson'.S  hydraulic  pipe,  in  placer  mining;  the  Stetefeldt 
furnace,  for  roasting  rebellious  silver  ores;  P.\UL's  Washoe  pan,  for  amalga- 
mating silver  ores,  the  Deetken  chlorination  apparatus,  for  reducing  roasted 
auriferous  sulphurets. 

In  the  department  of  machinery  needed  for  deep  mines  arc  DICKIE'S 
hydraulic  pump,  Dickie's  hydraulic  air  compressor,  DICKIE'S  hoisting  en- 
gine, and  Dickie's  sinking  pump. 

In  lumbering,  we  have  H.MNEs'  lumber  flume,  Spaulding's  adjustable 
saw  tooth,  Doi.UEER's  logging  machine,  RoBB's  gang  edger,  RoBB's  gang 
lath  machine,  Ronn's  tightening  lever,  Roiili's  saw  guide,  ROBB's  set  work, 
IJ.  Kv.\Ns'  triple  circular  saw,  and  SWAN's  wood-slicing  macliinc. 

In  transportation,  we  have  Halliluk's  cable  railroad  and  Hallidie's 
wire  rojicway. 

In  the  electrical  department,  we  have  LADIi's  telephone  exchange,  Ladd'S 
messenger  box,  and  L,\DD's  double  magneto-electric  machine  to  supply  a 
current  for  telegraphic  purposes. 

ScilUSSI.ER's  lead  joint,  for  water  pipe,  DiCKlE's  high  pressure  accumu- 
lator, for  obtaining  jiydraulic  power,  WiCNZEl.'s  pneumatic  clock,  and  MUY- 
BKIDGk's  apparatus  for  taking  instantaneous  photographs  of  animals  in 
motion,  are  important  inventions,  and  others  will  be  mentioned  hereafter. 
A  mullituilc  of  ingenious  and  valuable  atlaplations,  that  scarcely  deserve  to 
be  classed  among  the  inventions,  have  had  their  origin  here. 

No  attempt  will  be  made  here  to  describe  machines  in  detail.  If  the  main 
idea  of  the  inventor,  his  method  of  applying  it,  an<l  the  benefit  of  th(!  im- 
provement can  be  explained,  with  a  brief  sketch  of  the  progress  of  develop- 
ment, our  purpose  will  be  attained. 


INVENTIONS. 


4t7 


Sluice  and  Hydraulic  Pipe.— California  has  been  fertile  in  its  contribu- 
tions to  the  science  of  hydraulic  engineering.  The  richness  of  the  placers, 
the  great  dcplh  of  the  auriferous  deposits,  the  need  of  immense  supplies  of 
water  to  separate  the  gold  from  the  gravel,  and  the  magnitude  of  the  ravines 
to  be  crossed,  demanded  bold  and  costly  aqueducts,  and  new  methods  of 
using  the  water  when  it  had  been  obtained.  Original  ideas  followed  each 
other  in  rapid  succession,  most  of  them  small  as  considered  .separately,  and 
yet  of  much  importance  in  the  aggregate,  and  leading  to  important  inven- 
tions and  great  results.  The  most  effective  method  of  washing  for  gold 
used  bcf'  re  1848,  was  the  ground  sluice,  an  artificial  channel  leading  through 
the  auriferous  gravel,  and  supplied  with  a  current  of  water  into  which  the 
dirt  from  the  banks  was  thrown.  The  Californian  miners  had  never  heard 
of  the  ground  sluice,  but  soon  they  invented  it.  Mr.  Eddv  wanted  to  wash 
some  auriferous  gravel  near  Nevada  City,  California,  in  the  spring  of  1850, 
but  the  owners  of  the  claim  below  him  refused  to  let  him  discharge  his  tail- 
ings on  their  land.  With  their  consent,  he  built  a  board  flume  across  their 
land,  putting  cleats  across  the  bottom  at  the  joints  of  the  boards.  A  stream 
of  water  was  turned  into  the  flume  and  the  dirt  thrown  in  to  cany  it  to  the 
rocker  below.  But  the  gravel,  which  had  paid  well  before,  yielded  nothing 
to  the  rocker.  An  examination  of  the  flume  showed  that  the  gold  had 
lodged  against  the  cleats.  Without  any  expectation  of  inventing  a  more 
efficient  method  of  washing  auriferous  gravel,  he  had  invented  it;  and  he  at 
once  discovered  the  value  of  his  board  sluice,  though  he  could  not  anticipate 
the  great  importance  which  it  .soon  acquired,  becoming,  it  might  be  said,  the 
chief  aid  of  the  placer  miner  for  years.  The  strong  current  running  through 
large  sluices,  carrying  along  large  bowlders,  wore  away  the  transverse  wooden 
cleats  very  rapidly,  and  led  to  the  substitution  of  a  pavement  of  either 
wooden  blocks,  or  cobblestones.  To  trace  the  development  of  the  sluice 
through  all  its  modifications,  including  the  undercurrent,  tail  sluice,  and 
grizzly,  would  require  a  book.  The  main  merit  in  the  invention  of  the 
sluice,  was  the  immediate  perception  of  its  value,  and  its  universal  adoption 
in  many  places  on  a  grand  scale. 

The  hydraulic  pipe  was  invented  at  American  Hill,  Nevada  County,  Cal- 
ifornia, in  February,  1852,  by  EnwAun  K.  MattI'ISON,  who  thought  that 
by  throwing  a  stream  of  water  under  pressure  through  a  nozzle,  he  could 
save  the  labor  of  digging  down  a  low  bank  of  auriferous  gravel.  He  used 
a  barrel,  at  the  top  of  a  hill  30  feet  high,  for  a  reservoir,  and  led  the  water 
down  in  a  canvas  hose.  The  success  of  the  device  led  to  imitations,  cn- 
largcmcntr,  and  improvements,  until  now  the  water  is  led  down  through 
iron  pipes  under  a  pressure  of  3CX)  vertical  feet,  and  thrown  through  a 
Si 


wmmmm 


mmmmmmm 


418 


ENGINKICKING,    DTC. 


nozzle  10  inches  in  diameter,  against  a  bank  200  feet  high,  and  100  feet  dis- 
tant, doing  more  work  in  tearing  down  the  gravel  than  could  10,000  men. 

Great  Water  Pipes.— The  flumes  to  carry  water  for  mining  purposes, 
across  deep  ravines,  were  in  many  cases  very  high,  bold,  and  costly  struct- 
ures, but  they  showed  no  new  ideas  in  architecture  or  hydraulic  engineer- 
ing. When  they  were  built,  the  only  large  pipes  used  for  carrying  undor 
pressure  were  made  of  cast  iron;  and  the  freight  on  the  quantity  required 
to  cross  many  of  the  ravines,  would  have  exceeded  the  cost  of  a  wooden 
flume  200  feet  high.  Sheet-iron  pipe  for  low  pressure  was  used  in  the 
hydraulic  claims,  and,  as  it  bore  the  test,  the  pressure  was  gradually 
increased,  until  a  suspicion  aro.sc  that  under  many  circumstances,  wrought 
iron  would  be  better  than  cast  iron.  In  1867  Her.MAN  Sciiusslkr,  the 
consulting  hydraulic  engineer  of  TilE  Sprin'c;  Vali.ev  Water  Companv, 
recommended  a  pipe  30  inches  in  diameter,  of  wrought  iron,  and  16  miles 
long,  to  bring  water  to  San  Francisco.  The  heaviest  pressure  was  340  ver- 
tical feet,  and  the  iron  at  the  thickest  was  a  sixth  of  an  inch.  No  similar 
pipe,  so  far  as  known,  was  in  use  elsewhere  at  that  time,  for  such  a  purpose. 
The  sheet  and  wrought-iron  pipes  then  used  iti  the  mines,  lost  more  water 
than  the  .Spring  Valley  Company  could  afford  to  lose.  Cast-iron  pipe, 
however,  could  not  be  obtained,  and  the  wrought-iron  was  put  down,  after 
it  hail  been  boiled  at  a  heat  of  400"  in  a  mixture  of  asphattum  and  coal 
tar.  After  use  for  14  years,  this  pipe  is  tight,  abundantly  strong,  and  ap- 
parently in  as  good  condition  as  when  first  laid.  The  success  of  that  ex- 
periment led  to  the  construction  of  another  pipe  12  miles  long,  to  bring 
water  to  San  Francisco  from  the  San  Andreas  reservoir,  with  a  pressure,  at 
the  lowest  point,  of  320  feet. 

The  first  pipe  to  bear  more  than  400  feet  of  pressure,  was  constructed  at 
Cherokee,  J5utte  County,  California,  in  1869,  under  i>lans  preparetl  by  Mr. 
.SCHUS.SLER,  as  consulting  engineer.  A  depression  2'/j  miles  long,  on  the 
line,  and  887  feet  deep,  with  a  pressure  of  384  feet  to  the  square  inch,  was 
to  be  crossed.  Wrought  iron  was  used,  three  eighths  of  an  inch  thick  at 
the  bottom  of  the  ravine.  The  pipe  is  in  excellent  condition,  after  having 
been  in  constant  use  for  twelve  )'car,s. 

In  1873  Virginia  City  demanded  an  additional  .supply  of  fresh  water,  but 
a  question  arose  whether  it  would  be  |K)ssiblc  to  carry  the  liquiil  across  a 
depression  7  nn'les  long  and  1,720  feet  deep,  at  the  deepest,  with  12  inter- 
mediate summits  to  surmount,  at  an  elevation  of  7,000  feet  above  the  sea, 
in  a  climate  where  the  mercury  often  falls  to  zero  in  tiie  winter,  and  rises  to 
80"  in  the  sununer.  Mr.  ScilUssi.l.R,  having  been  employed  as  engineer, 
risked  his  reputation  by  advising  the  Water  Company  to  invest  its  money 


INVENTIONS. 


419 


tn  a  pipe  of  wrought  iron,  five  sixteenths  of  an  inch  at  the  thickest.  To 
allow  for  the  contraction  and  e.xpansion,  without  loss  of  water,  Mr. 
SCIIU.SSLICK  invented  a  peculiar  slip  joint  with  a  double  facing  of  lead.  At 
every  summit  there  is  a  valve  to  let  the  air  out  or  in,  when  the  pipe  was 
being  filled,  and  at  the  bottom  of  each  depression  there  is  a  valve  to  let  the 
water  out,  if  necessary.  The  pipe  is  buried  for  3  feet  under  the  soil  to  pro- 
tect it  against  extreme  heat  and  cold,  and  also  against  sudden  changes. 
The  diameter  is  about  a  foot,  and  the  quantity  of  water  supplied,  2,000,000 
gallons  a  day.  This  pipe  continues  without  a  rival  in  the  amount  of  pres- 
sure, and  after  a  lapse  of  years,  is  in  excellent  condition.  It  proves  the 
great  superiority  of  wrought  iron  for  such  a  purpose,  over  cast  iron. 

A  pipe  4^<$  inches  in  diameter,  and  six  miles  long,  carrying  water  for  the 
town  of  Pioche,  in  south-eastern  Nevada,  over  a  depression  700  feet  deep, 
was  constructed  under  the  plans  of  Mr.  SCIIUSSLER,  soon  after  the  Virginia 
City  pipe  proved  a  success.  In  1878  Mr.  SCHUSSLIiK  supplied  the  sugar 
plantation  of  Mr.  Cl.\US  SpreCKELS  with  water  through  wrought-iron 
pipes  varying  in  diameter  from  35  to  41  inches,  crossing  31  ravines,  some 
of  them  350  feet  deep,  with  an  aggregate  length  of  21,400  feet.  The  town 
of  Rochester,  New  York,  is  the  only  one  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
using  wrought-iron  pipes  for  its  water  supply,  and  they  were  made  after 
plans  prepared  by  Mr.  ScilUSSLER. 

V-Flume. — The  V-flume — so  called  because  a  cross  section  of  it  looks 
like  a  V,  the  sides  rising  at  an  angle  of  45°  from  the  bottom — one  of  the  im- 
portant recent  improvements  in  the  industrial  irts,  had  its  origin  in  the 
State  of  Nevada  in  1868.  The  history  of  the  invention  has  hitherto 
attracted  no  public  attention  sav«  in  a  lawsuit,  which  contributed  toob.scure 
the  truth.  So  far  as  the  facts  are  a.scertainatle,  tlic  credit  is  due  to  jAMES 
W.  IIaine.S,  of  Genoa.  In  1867,  having  some  co.-dwood  in  a  part  of  King.s- 
bury  Canyon  (which  opens  into  Carson  Valley),  almost  inaccessib!  ■  to 
wagons,  he  built  a  square  flume,  with  a  horizontal  floor  and  vertical  sides, 
supposing  that,  with  a  current  of  water,  it  would  carry  his  wood  out  to  the 
valley.  Hut  it  would  not  work.  The  sticks  stuck  fast.  The  (lume  filled  up 
with  them.  The  water  ran  over  the  sides,  washed  away  the  foundation, 
and  the  flume  broke.  The  break  was  rcpp.ired,  the  flume  cleared  out  at 
much  expense,  the  water  turned  in  again,  and  when  the  wood  was  added, 
the  same  experience  was  repeated.  The  vertical  side.s,  no  matter  how 
smooth  they  were,  caught  the  sticks,  and  soon  the  flume  was  full  of  wood 
and  empty  of  water.  W.  S.  CllAP.MAN,  N.  IC.  Bunki;r,  and  O.  LONKEV 
had  built  ii  similar  flume  in  Little  Valley,  the  previous  year,  to  carry  wood 
and  lumber,  and  that  failed  in  the  same  manner.     Tho.se  gentlemen  aban- 


.-.-.rf'Ms 


420 


ENGINEERING,    ETC. 


,doncd  their  flume,  but  Mr.  Haines  could  not  give  up  his  without  insolvency. 

All  his  property  was  involved  in  that  venture.  While  studying  over  his 
trouble,  it  occurred  to  him  that  he  had  seen  his  children  throw  cobs  and 
chips  into  a  little  V-shaped  trough  of  water  used  to  irrigate  his  garden,  and 
it  never  clogged,  no  matter  how  much  was  thrown  in.  Perhaps  there  was 
some  beneficent  influence  in  the  sloping  sides.  He  would  try  it.  He  nailed 
boards  20  inches  wide,  16  feet  long,  and  an  inch  and  three  quarters  thick, 
together  at  the  edges,  in  couples,  making  a  right-angled  joint.  He  took 
these  to  his  square  flume;  put  the  first  couple  in  at  the  lower  end  with  the 
angle  down;  let  the  next  pair  of  boards  lap  over  the  upper  end  of  the  first 
couple;  and  thus  converted  his  .square  flume  into  a  V  flume,  with  a  fall  of  an 
inch  and  three  quarters  at  the  end  of  every  pair  of  boards.  He  turned  in 
his  water,  threw  in  his  wood,  and  watched  the  result.  It  was  a  success.  If 
2  sticks  got  wedged  together,  as  they  sometimes  would,  the  water  rose  and 
lifted  them  up,  the  channel  widened,  the  wedging  situation  ended,  and  the 
freight  went  down  with  the  current.  His  flume  was  a  good  investment;  his 
land  was  valuable;  he  could  send  his  wood  to  market  cheaply;  and  instead 
of  coming  out  insolvent,  he  had  laid  the  basis  for  a  profitable  business.  He 
used  his  flume  through  1868,  but  did  not  like  the  fall  at  the  end  of  every 
bo.x  or  pair  of  boards,  for  the  current  was  not  regular;  the  flume  would  not 
carry  so  much  as  with  a  imiform  descent,  and  the  wear  and  tear  were  greater. 
In  the  spring  of  1869,  he  substituted  a  joint  for  the  lap,  and  found  a  decided 
improvement  from  the  change.  The  transportation  of  his  wood  was  so  cheap 
that,  with  the  help  of  some  partners,  he  delivered  1 5,cx)0  or  20,000  cords, 
annually,  at  Empire  and  Dayton,  employing  200  or  300  choppers  to  furnish 
the  material.  His  flume  was  extended  until  it  had  a  length  of  12  miles, 
with  several  branches. 

As  immense  quantities  of  cordwood,  timber,  and  lumber  were  consumed 
at  Virginia  City,  and  the  flume  made  a  great  reduction  in  the  cost  of  trans- 
portation, the  lumbermen  in  the  vicinity  quickly  caught  the  idea,  and  several 
of  them  built  V-flumes.  In  August,  1870,  Mr.  H.MNKSapplicd  for  a  patent, 
and  after  its  receipt  in  1872,  he  brought  suit  against  Yeurixgton,  Bliss 
&;  Ci».,  a  wealthy  firm  of  Carson,  to  restrain  them  from  using  a  V-flumc 
built  about  2  years  before.  The  defendants  contested  the  suit  vigorously  on 
the  grounds  that  the  invention  was  old,  that  if  new,  Mr.  H.MNES  was  not  the 
inventor,  and  th.it  if  he  was  the  inventor,  he  l.'d  neglected  to  apply  for  a 
patent  until  there  was  a  presumption  of  dedication  to  the  public. 

The  attempt  to  prove  the  invention  old  failed.  It  was  shown  that  the 
lumbermen  on  the  Hartz  Mountains  have  been  in  the  habit,  from  remote 
times,  of  turning  little  currents  of  water  into  thpse  parts  of  their  log-slides 


INVENTIONS. 


421 


where  there  is  little  descent,  but  the  use  of  the  water  there  was  merely  to 
lubricate,  whereas  in  the  flume  it  is  to  float. 

Ross  Lewers  had  a  V-shaped  trough,  with  a  current  of  water  in  it,  to 
carry  slabs  and  refuse  from  his  sawmill  in  Washoe  Valley,  as  early  as  i860; 
and  O.  LONKEY  had  a  similar  trough  at  his  sawmill  at  Little  Valley  in 
1864  The  shape  of  these  troughs,  however,  was  a  mere  accident,  and  its 
value  was  not  appreciated  by  the  builders.  Mr.  LoNKEY  made  a  square 
flume  in  1866,  and  when  it  failed,  abandoned  the  idea  of  transporting  lum- 
ber in  a  current  of  water.  In  1859,  J.  L.  PEEL,  and  a  partner,  cut  some 
short  cordwood  on  a  hill  near  Marion  Flat,  Plumas  County,  near  a  square 
flume  which  was  fed  by  some  V-shaped  troughs.  As  the  flume  ran  down 
to  the  mining  camp,  they  threw  their  wood  into  the  troughs,  and  the 
current  took  it  down  to  their  market.  Here  a  V-flume,  built  for  carry- 
ing water,  was  used  a  short  time  for  transporting  firewood.  A  dry  V- 
shaped  trough  or  slide  lias  been  u,sed  at  sawmills  in  Maine,  for  many  years, 
to  carry  bark,  slabs,  and  sawdust,  down  hill  away  from  the  mill.  But  in  all 
these  cases  the  value  of  the  V-shaped  trough,  for  transporting  wood  and 
lumber  long  distances  in  a  current  of  water,  was  not  understood. 

There  is  no  intention  to  express  an  opinion  here  about  the  merits  of  the 
lawsuit  mentioned,  or  about  the  right  of  Mr.  Haines  to  a  patent  under  an 
application  made  several  years  after  he  had  tried  his  V-flume.  He  may 
have  done  nothing  more  than  apply  an  old  device  to  a  new  u.se  ;  but  he  did 
so  by  processes  of  original  thought,  and  he  achieved  important  industrial 
rcsult.s.  He  was  the  first  to  invent  a  practicable  method  of  using  a  small  cur- 
rent of  water,  in  an  artificial  channel,  for  transporting  wood  long  distances, 
with  little  expense ;  he  made  a  practical  application  of  his  invention,  and 
proved  its  value  publicly,  thus  securing  its  extensive  adoption,  making  a 
new  field  for  the  investment  of  capital,  and  the  employment  of  labor,  making 
the  forests  on  the  high  mountains  accessible  for  lumbermen,  and  chca])cn- 
ing  wood  in  the  valleys.  The  first  V-flume,  as  we  uow  understand  that 
term,  was  built  in  Nevada,  and  jAMES  \V.  Haines  was  the  builder. 
Whether  the  law  gives  him  the  profit  of  his  invention  or  not,  the  industrial 
historian  must  give  him  the  cre<'it. 

Chollar-NororoBS  Pump.— Tiie  great  enemy  of  deep  mines  is  water,  ever 
encroaching,  ne\'cr  resting,  and  always  threatening  the  destruction  of  the 
miner's  toil,  and  the  defeat  of  his  iiope-s.  His  only  reliance  in  this  ceaseless 
contest  is  the  pump,  and  its  capacil>-,  power,  and  reliability  arc  to  him  of 
prime  importance.  The  manufacture  of  pumps  of  vast  power  has  become 
a  specialty  of  Californian  machinists  and  engineers,  and  in  nothing  do  our 
foundries  and  machine  shops  e.\cci  those  of  the  l"!astern  States  more,  than  in 


■11 


■Ml 


■il 


mmmm 


423 


ENGINEERING,  ETC. 


the  manufacture  of  the  powerful  pumps  used  in  deep  mines.  X^e  greatest 
CahTornian  work  in  this  line  is  the  Chollar-Norcross  pump,  to  hoist  water 
from  the  2,400  to  the  1,600  foot  Icfcl,  in  the  combination  shaft  of  the 
Chollar,  Norcross,  and  Savage  mining  companies  on  the  Comstock  Lode. 
At  tiic  1,600  foot  level  there  is  an  outlet  for  the  water  through  the  Sutro 
Tunnel ;  and  at  the  surface,  there  is  a  supply  of  water  that  can  be  used  for 
driving  machinery.  The  Chollar-Norcross  pump,  devised  by  JOSEPH  MoORE 
and  G.  W.  DiCKIE,  of  TlIE  RiSDON  IRON  WORKS,  uses  a  column  of  water 
from  400  feet  above  the  surface  to  the  1,600  foot  level,  to  pump  the  column 
of  water  800  feet  high  from  the  2,400  to  the  1,600  foot  level.  In 
other  words,  a  column  of  watei  2,000  feet  high  above  the  Sutro  Tunnel,  is 
used  to  raise  another  column  of  water,  800  feet  below  the  level  of  the  tun- 
nel. This  pump  is  entirely  different  in  conditions,  requirements,  and 
height  of  its  column  of  water  from  any  elsewhere  in  use;  and  has  a  number 
of  new  inventions  and  adaptations.  The  pipes  are  made  of  cast-iron, 
because  there  was  no  sufficient  stock  of  thick  sheet  on  the  coast,  nor  of 
machinery  to  roll  the  .sheets,  nor  was  there  time  to  wait  for  obtaining  the 
machinery  or  the  sheet-iron  from  the  Atlantic  Slope.  But  there  was  no 
cast-iron  that  would  endure  the  strain ;  and  after  careful  experiments,  a  new 
mixture  was  made,  including  some  cast-stccl,  that  would  bear  the  tremen- 
dous pressure.  A  new  pump  was  invented  by  Mr.  DICKIE,  on  a  plan  which, 
it  is  thought,  is  less  likely  to  get  out  of  order  than  any  other;  and  air  cham- 
bers were  placed  on  the  side  of  the  pipe,  to  prevent  shocks  from  exceptional 
influences.  The  result  is,  that  the  pump  raises  1,600  gallons  of  water 
every  minute,  or  nearly  10,000  tons  in  24  hours.  The  success  of  this  ex- 
periment— it  was  generally  considered  a  very  bold  experiment — is  complete, 
and  arrangements  are  now  being  made  to  obtain  a  water  supply  large  enough 
to  hoist  the  water  and  ore  of  all  the  Comstock  mines  by  similar  power, 
and  thus  save  a  vast  expenditure  in  fuel. 

The  pump  now  driven  by  water  was  built  to  be  driven  by  either  water  or 
steam.  The  mining  companies  owning  the  shaft  wanted  to  make  it  for 
water  power  exclusively;  but  the  Water  Company  demanded  too  much  for 
their  water.  Thereupon  the  companies  applied  to  THE  RiSDON  IRON 
Works,  which  furnished  a  plan  for  a  pump  to  work  by  either  water  or 
steam.  This  plan,  adopted  in  1880,  provided  for  a  double  pipe  8  inches  in 
diameter,  from  the  surface  to  the  2,400  foot  level,  with  a  pump  at  each  end. 
Withstcam  power,  the  upper  pump  should  force  a  currcntof  water  under  heavy 
pressure  down  one  pipe  and  up  the  other,  passing,  at  the  bottom,  through  a 
hydraulic  pump,  which  should  raise  the  surplus  water  of  the  mine  from  the 
2,400  foot  level  to  the  Sutro  Tunnel.  This  method  of  working  required 
that  the  same  body  of  water  should  be  used  over  and  over  again,  without 


INVENTIONS. 


423 


noteworthy  waste,  for  driving  the  lower  pump.  To  obtain  sufficient  power, 
as  well  as  make  the  machinery  work  evenly,  it  was  necessary  to  subject  the 
water  to  a  pressure  much  higher  than  that  ever  obtained  before  on  a  large 
scale  by  forcing  machinery,  and  this  was  done  by  the  help  of  an  accumu- 
lator, or  air  chamber,  70  feet  high,  and  25  inches  in  diameter  inside,  of  cast- 
iron,  with  walls  5  inches  thick.  The  air  was  forced  into  this  under  a  pressure 
of  1,000  pounds  to  the  square  inch,  and  there  were  10  feet  of  water  at  the 
bottom,  and  60  of  air  above,  making  a  cushion  of  air  that  maintains  a 
steady  pressure  under  the  pulsations  of  the  pumps.  Other  accumulators, 
of  smaller  size,  are  attached  to  the  pipes  at  various  elevations.  When  the 
combination  pump,  driven  by  steam,  proved  to  be  a  complete  success,  ren- 
dering the  Chollar-Norcross  shaft  independent  of  the  Water  Company, 
then  the  latter  offered  to  furnish  water  cheaper  than  steam.  The  offer  was 
accepted,  the  steam-engine  and  the  upper  pump  were  disconnected,  and  the 
only  power  now  used  is  that  of  a  pressure  of  a  column  of  water  2,000  feet 
high,  which  water  runs  to  waste  through  the  Sutro  Tunnel.  The  steam- 
engine,  upper  pump,  and  pipes,  carrj'ing  water  to  the  surface,  are  all  re- 
tained, so  that  in  case  of  a  stoppage  of  water  supply,  the  steam  can  be 
turned  on  at  short  notice. 

The  idea  of  this  pump  is  new  and  original  with  Mr.  DICKIE.  It  is  the 
only  pump  that  raises  so  large  a  quantity  of  water  in  one  continuous  col- 
umn, 8oo  feet  high.  About  the  same  time  that  Mr.  DICKIE  undertook 
this  work,  HENRY  Davy,  a  distinguished  hydraulic  engineer  of  Leeds, 
England,  made  2  pumps  with  continuous  lifts  of  about  800  feet,  for  mines 
in  Westphalia,  but  they  raise  only  about  one  quarter  so  much  as  does  the 
Chollar-Norcross  pump. 


Dickie's  Other  Inventions.— The  hydraulic  pump  in  the  Chollar-Nor- 
cro.ss  shaft,  the  only  one  of  its  kind  now  in  use,  was  invented  by  Mr.  DiCKIE. 
Its  main  feature  is  a  time  cylinder  which,  operated  from  the  cro.ss-head  of 
the  pump,  opens  and  closes  the  valves  in  regular  rotation,  and  at  proper  in- 
tervals, so  that  the  water  shall  be  admitted  into  the  water-chamber  of  the 
pump  from  one  direction,  and  forced  out  in  another,  at  proper  periods  in 
the  successive  strokes  of  the  ram  or  piston.  The  idea  of  a  time  cylinder 
originated  with  Mr.  DICKIE,  and  its  form  and  that  of  its  valves  are  covered 
by  his  patent. 

Mr.  Dickie  is  the  inventor  of  a  hydraulic  air  compressor,  the  piston  of 
which  is  to  be  driven  by  a  number  of  small  rams,  working  in  hydraulic 
cylinders.  The  power  exerted  by  a  piston  directly  compressing  air  is  sub- 
ject to  continuous  variations,  being  little  at  the  beginning  of  each  stroke 
and  much  at  its  end.     The  purpose  of  this  invention  of  Mr.  Dickie,  is  to 


424 


ENGIXEERING,   ETC. 


make  the  power  vary  with  the  requirement.  As  the  piston  advances  in  its 
stroke,  it  opens  valve  after  valve,  and  each  sets  a  new  hydraulic  ram  in  opera- 
tion ;  thus  increasing  the  pressure,  which  can  be  regulated  to  the  precise 
force  desired. 

The  air  compressor  used  at  the  Chollar-Norcross  pump  for  supplying  the 
accumulator,  is  made  on  a  new  design,  invented  and  patented  by  Joseph 
Moore  and  G.  VV.  Dickie.  It  is  a  compound  compression  cylinder,  which 
moves  up  and  down,  while  its  hollow  pistons,  one  at  each  end,  are  stationary. 
One  of  these  pistons  is  4  times  as  large  as  the  other,  and  the  air  being  admit- 
ted into  the  larger  piston  from  a  subordinate  compressor,  under  a  pressure  of 
60  pounds,  is  raised  to  240  pounds  in  the  large  arm  of  the  cylinder,  and  to 
960  in  the  small  arm,  and  by  increasing  the  pressure  in  the  large  cylinder, 
that  in  the  small  one  has  been  raised  to  2,000  pounds  without  passing  a 
temperature  of  1 80°.  The  machine  has  been  employed  extensively  without 
inconvenience  from  heat  or  any  other  source,  and  is  the  simplest  instrument 
for  obtaining  a  high  air  pressure. 

Mr.  Dickie's  ne.xt  patent  is  for  a  hydraulic  hoisting  engine,  the  power  to 
be  supplied  either  by  natural  head  or  from  an  accumulator.  The  main 
features  of  tliis  invention  are,  that  each  reel  is  independent  of  its  hydraulic 
engine;  that  when  the  cage  and  rope  are  going  down,  their  weight  is  utilized 
to  pump  water  from  a  reservoir  into  an  accumulator,  thus  storing  power  to 
be  used  in  hoisting;  and  that  the  crank-pins  of  the  pitman  slide  from  the 
center  to  the  periphery  of  the  crank  disk  under  the  control  of  the  engineer 
thus  giving  a  speed  or  power  adjustable  at  will.  This  invention  is  to  be 
applied  .soon  on  a  large  scale  for  hoisting  from  a  depth  of  3,000  feet,  in  the 
main  .shaft  of  the  Eureka  Consolidated  Mine. 

Mr.  Dickie  is  the  inventor  of  a  hydraulic  sinking  pump,  intended  to  be 
used  in  the  bottom  of  a  shaft,  and  so  arranged  that  it  can  be  easily  hoisted 
out  of  the  way  of  blasts.  The  power  is  applied  through  a  pair  of  hydraulic 
rams  in  a  station  above,  connected  by  adjustable  levers  with  another  pair 
of  rams  at  the  bottom  of  the  pipes,  the  pump  being  of  the  DICKIE  time- 
cylinder  pattern.  The  length  of  the  column  of  water  can  be  extended  from 
Tj  to  600  feet  without  changing  the  power,  or  making  any  material  altera- 
tion m  the  mechanism,  save  that  of  adding  more  pipe.  One  is  being  built 
now  for  the  Eureka  Consolidated  Mine. 


Spaulding's  Savr  Teeth. — N.  W.  SPAULDING,  at  present  assistant  treas- 
urer of  the  United  States  in  San  Franci.sco,  and  manager  of  the  business 
of  The  Pacific  Saw  Manufacturing  Company,  is  the  inventor  of 
circular  removable  teeth  for  large  saws.  Removable  teeth  had  been  made 
for  large  saws  before  Mr.  SPAULDING  took  hold  of  the  subject,  but  they 


INVENTIi   NS.  425 

had  square  corners,  which  strained  and  often  cracked  the  saw-blade.  Me 
adopted  a  circular  form,  which  not  nn\y  distributed  the  j 'cssurc,  but  alsD 
permitted  the  y;radual  advancemeni  of  the  tooth  as  it  wore  away,  an  1  thus 
made  it  wear  longer.  The  invention  is  used  extensively,  and  its  value  is 
universally  recognized  among  skillful  lumbermen. 

Dolbeer's  Logging  Machine  — Joux  Doldeer,  of  San  Francisco,  of 
the  firm  of  DoLUEER  &  CARSON,  is  the  inventor  of  a  steam  logging 
machine,  which  is  of  great  service  in  handling  the  immense  redwood  logs 
in  Humboldt  County.  To  move  a  log  7  or  .S  feet  in  diameter,  and  from  12 
to  20  feet  long,  is  a  tedious  and  costly  operation  when  a  long  train  of  slow 
oxen  must  supply  the  power;  and  the  substitution  of  steam  is  a  decided 
success. 

Triple  Ciroalar. — The  triple  circular  saw  is  one  if  the  novelties  of 
lumbering  in  California.  A  circular  saw  is  never  more  than  6  feet  across, 
or  3  feet  on  each  side  of  the  axle  or  arbor.  Two  circular-  running  in  the 
same  plane  divide  a  log  5  feet  through  without  difficulty.  Hut  the  immense 
logs,  7  feet  or  more  in  diameter,  required  somcthiTig  new  for  convenient 
handling,  and  D.  Ev.\NS  devised  a  third  circula;  saw,  which  slices  off  part 
of  the  top  of  the  log,  and  thus  en  ibles  the  double  circulars  to  cut  through 
the  remainder,  the  entire  work  being  done  at  one  motion. 

Hallldie'a  Wire  Ropeway.— In  1868  A.  S.  Hallidie,  a  manufacturer 
of  wire  and  various  articles  made  of  wire,  invented  his  wire  ropeway, 
which  is  now  used  on  this  continent  for  the  transportation  r<(  ores  more  ex- 
tensively than  any  similar  device.  Mr.  Hallidie  can  not  claim  priority  in 
the  idea  of  a  wire  ropeway,  because  about  the  same  time  that  he  made  his 
invention,  a  Mr.  Hodgson,  in  England,  devised  what  was  called  a  wire 
tramway.  Of  the  two,  iiowever,  it  is  admitted  that  Hallidie's  is  superior, 
very  few,  if  any,  of  Hodgson's  tramways  being  now  in  use,  as  they  arc  not 
well  adapted  for  steep  grades,  and  those  are  the  situations  where  such 
means  of  transportation  are  most  needed. 

The  original  features  of  most  value  in  Hallidie's  ropeway  are  the  clip  to 

which  the  bucket  is  attached;  the  grip  pulley,  which  either  transmits  power 

to  the  rope,  or  serves  as  a  brake,  to  check  its  speed,  as  occasion  may  require; 

the  self-dumping  bucket;  and  gearing  transmitting  surplus  power  from  the 

descending  cable  on  one  side  of  the  post,  to  the  ascending  cable  on  the  other. 

The  Hallidie  ropeway  is  used  in  30  mines  or  more,  and  so  far  as  known,  is 

the  only  one  used  in  the  United  States.      The  longest  one  has  4  miles  of 

endless  wire  cable  between  stations  2  miles  apart.     At  Mineral  King  the 

stations  are  6,000  feet  apart,  and  the  mine  is  1,900  feet  above  the  mill.     The 
54 


426 


ENGINEERING,   ETC. 


ascending  buckets  are  used  to  carry  up  mine  timbers,  fuel,  tools,  other  sup- 
plies, and  occasionally  water.  The  cost  of  transporting  the  ore  by  this 
ropeway  is  usually  about  20  cents  a  ton,  whereas  by  wagon  it  would  be  $1,  and 
in  some  places  $3  or  more.  The  weight  of  the  ore  furnishes  all  the  power 
needed  for  transportation,  and  in  several  mines  there  is  a  surplus  for  pump- 
ing, or  doing  other  work.  The  largest  span  between  posts  is  7CX5  feet,  at 
an  Inyo  mine,  and  there  the  ropeway  is  600  feet  above  the  bottom  of  a 
canyon. 

Cable  Railroad. — Soon  after  Mr.  H.\LLIDIE  had  invented  his  ropeway 
he  invented  the  cable  railroad,  which  is  one  of  the  prominent  features  of  the 
street  railroad  system  of  San  Francisco,  having  been  in  use  now  for  10  years. 
In  the  cable  railroad  the  car  is  drawn  by  an  endless  wire  rope,  moving  con- 
tinually under  the  surface  of  the  street.  The  steep  hills  of  San  Francisco 
demanded  such  an  invention,  but  the  problem  of  devising  a  method  of  sup- 
plying the  want  was  surrounded  with  difficulties  which  can  net  be  explained 
here  in  detail.  Mr.  Haixidie  overcame  them  all,  and  the  cable  cars,  pro- 
pelled by  a  hidden  power,  carrying  heavy  loads  of  passengers  up  hills  that 
rise  25  feet  in  100  feet  of  roadway,  arc  among  the  attractions  of  the  city. 
An  open  slot,  seven  eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  between  iron  bars,  extends  mid- 
way in  the  track  from  end  to  end  of  the  road,  and  an  arm  extending  down 
through  this  slot,  grips  the  cable,  and  moves  with  it,  under  the  control  of  the 
driver.  Under  the  slot  is  an  open  channel,  in  which  the  cable  moves.  The 
main  features  of  the  invention  are  the  open  channel  and  slot;  the  position 
of  the  rope,  not  under  the  slot,  but  at  one  side,  so  that  dirt  shall  not  fal) 
on  it;  the  grip  which  catches  the  rope  or  lets  go  at  the  will  of  the  engineer, 
and  acts  gradually,  so  that  there  .shall  be  no  sudden  jerks;  and  the  dummy 
to  carry  the  grip.  It  is  estimated  that  on  the  Sutter  Street  cable  line  in 
San  Francisco,  the  power  costs  30  per  cent,  less  than  it  would  if  horses  were 
used;  and  in  large  cities  where  the  amount  of  travel  is  great,  the  saving 
would  be  50  per  cent. 

It  has  been  observed  that  after  a  cable  has  oeen  used  for  a  time,  the  outer 
M'ircs  arc  ^vorn  so  that  they  lose  their  rounded  form.  Mr.  Hallidie  has 
invented  a  machine  to  give  his  wires  the  shape  which  they  assume  under 
the  influence  of  wear.     This  device  will  reduce  the  amount  of  change. 

Robb's  Savr-Mill  Inventions. — J.  A.  RODD,  of  San  Josd,  is  the  inventor 
of  half  a  dozen  machines  valuable  in  the  production  of  lumber.  His  Set 
Work  or  Mead  Block  enables  the  sawyer,  with  little  effort,  to  instantaneously 
move  the  longest  and  largest  log  sidcwise  on  the  carriage  to  any  position 
needed,  so  that  the  saws  can  cut  lumber  of  such  width  as  may  be  required. 


INVENTIONS. 


427 


This  device  enables  one  man  to  do  the  work  of  4  men  in  changing  the 
position  of  a  log  by  the  old  method. 

Robb's  Gang  Edgcr,  a  scries  of  circular  saws  on  one  axle,  used  to  cut 
up  lumber  prepared  for  them  by  primary  saws,  has  several  valuable  improve- 
ments to  save  labor  and  expedite  work.  The  saws  can  be  changed  in  posi- 
tion on  the  axle  instantaneously,  or  they  can  be  taken  off  in  a  moment  by 
means  of  a  hinge  arrangement ;  whereas  in  other  gang  edgcrs  much  time  is 
required  for  such  changes.  The  top  rolls,  which  feed  the  lumber  and  keep 
it  in  place,  are  so  arranged  that  they  must  always  be  parallel  with  the  lower 
rolls,  and  thus  the  feed  is  straight.  It  is  admitted,  by  all  lumber  manufac- 
turers, that  the  machine  has  decided  advantages  in  some  respects  over  any 
other  gang  edger. 

Robb'.S  Tightening  Lever  is  a  device  for  stopping  or  moving  the  top  saw 
in  a  double  circular,  by  a  simple  and  convenient  appliance.  Connected  with 
the  lever  is  an  "  idler  pulley,"  to  gig  and  feed  the  carriage  with  one  belt 
directly  from  the  saw  arbor. 

Robb's  Saw  Guide  is  a  device  for  instantaneously  adjusting  circular  .saws 
while  in  motion,  the  sawyer  remaining  at  a  distance  of  2  feet  from  the  saw, 
and  thus  being  out  of  danger.  It  adds  greatly  to  the  safety  of  working 
with  circular  saws. 

Robb's  Gang  Lath  Bolter  has  back  rolls,  each  independent  of  the  others, 
and  each  drawing  its  own  lath  or  picket  from  its  saw,  in  such  a  manner  that 
slabs,  bolts,  or  sticks,  of  irregular  shapes,  shall  be  carried  away  as  promptly 
as  if  they  were  of  uniform  thickness. 

These  inventions  by  Mr.  ROBB,  all  patented  and  in  extensive  use,  are 
manufactured  by  Tatum  &  BOWEN,  No.  12  California  Street,  San  Francisco. 


Pneumatio  Clock. — Hermann  J.  Wenzel,  of  San  Francisco,  is  the 
inventor  of  a  pneumatic  clock,  devised  for  the  purpose  of  driving  a  multi- 
tude of  dials  in  exact  harmony  with  a  central  clock  which  keeps  perfect 
time.  The  pneumatic  connection  is  less  liable  to  interruption  than 
electricity;  and  is  therefore  the  best  yet  devised.  Mr.  Wenzel  was 
the  first  to  adopt  and  perfect  it.  His  patent  was  issued  in  1873,  and 
about  !88o  the  same  idea  was  introduced  in  Paris,  as  of  French  origin. 
Mr.  VVenzel'.S  clocks  have  been  u.sed  extensively  in  San  Franci.sco  for  the 
last  7  years  and  have  given  the  most  complete  satL'-'faction.  -The  power  of 
the  central  machinery  is  transmitted  .by  air.  The  air  pumps  consist  of 
inverted  glass  cups  or  cylinders  suspended  on  a  level,  and  moving  every 
other  minute  up  and  down  into  glass  jars  partially  filled  with  glycerine, 
which  will  neither  freeze  nor  evaporate.  A  small  pipe  runs  through  the 
jars,  one  end  reaching  above  the  liquid  ;  the  other  end  is  conducted  and 


■H! 


1 


428 


ENGINEUIUXG,    ETC. 


branched  off  to  the  different  clocks  in  the  building.  The  clocks  no  con- 
nected, contain  only  dial-work  and  a  .small  air-pump;  and  so  long  as  the 
connection  is  com|)lete,  must  move  exactly  with  the  central  machinery,  even 
if  a  mile  distant. 

Telegraphic  Inventions. — The  first  practical  application  of  the  electric 
speaking  telephone  was  to  replace  the  Morse  apparatus,  pointers,  magnetic 
dial.s,  and  other  instruments  in  use  on  short  private  lines,  conned  ing  offices 
with  factories,  wharves,  mills,  and  mines.  The  next  step  was  to  develop 
the  private  lines  into  club  lines,  each  embracing  perhaps  as  many  as  10  sta- 
tions, the  subHcribcrs  having  such  business  or  personal  relations,  as  to  permit 
the  commwnuise  of  one  line  for  all  their  telephone  stations.  But  the  great 
field  forthe:ibie  of  the  telephone  origmatcd  with  the  exchange  system,  which 
wiu.  devised  >iv  Geouge  S.  Ladu,  then  and  now  president  of  The  Gold 
itJKD  Stock  T-ELEGRAPH  Company,  and  ax  present  also  president  of  The 
Paciitc  UlXL  Telepiion'E  Co.MPANV.  This  system  was  first  put  into 
practical  <;«peE3Ction  under  Mr.  Laud'.s  management.  Soon  after  the  first 
apfiearance  rf  the  telephone,  he  recognrzetl  its  value,  but  saw  that  few 
gatrsons  canili: afford  to  maintain  lines  leading  only  to  their  own  houses, 
aBdrtfaat  cluato  iiiaes  never  could  be  numerous,  because  there  was  no  privacy 
of  caBBwcrsatum.  He  studied  out  the  plsae  lor  a  separate  wire  from  every 
sttiaawiriJjBr  <ar  ««mcr  of  a  telephone  to  a  central  office — now  termed  an  ex- 
dmassii' — ^lilii&biSimiitdiminig  apparatus  at  ihc  office,  so  that  the  operator  there 
oamUiiattTa^fimtimaBmact  the  telephones  of  an\'  2  subscribers,  allowing  them 
tO'ommtnmaa  Iwng  as-liacy  might  wisii,  without  danger  of  being  overlicard 
hy  wagiaadBfi  Ntit  onir  could  2  subscribers  in  the  same  city  be  placed  in 
tmmmaaiBKtian,  but  vrtsca  adjacent  cities  are  connected  by  trunk  lines,  every 
subscriber  in  'ine  city  caa  converse  with  every  subscriber  in  the  other.  The 
first  connection  ai  tha;  system  ever  oadc,  was  to  the  office  of  TlIK  C.\EI- 
I'ORNIA  CK.VCKER  CtMDi'ANV,  on  February  18,  1881;  and  in  September, 
1881,  a  subscriber  in  S-ii:  Francisco  could  command  immediate  and  pri\ate 
conversation  with  140c  other  points,  in  his  own  city  and  Oakland.  The 
success  of  this  admirable  system  was  complete  from  the  first,  and,  within  a 
few  months,  the  example  of  the  Golden  City  was  followed  by  New  York, 
Chicago,  rhiladclphia,  and  other  Atlantic  cities,  until  now  every  large  and 
prosperous  lown  in  the  United  States  has  its  telphone  exchange.  The 
invention  will  increase  in  importance  with  the  extension  of  the  telephonic 
range,  and  if  that  shuukl  reach  across  the  continent,  the  telephone  e.vchange 
will  be  one  of  the  most  prominent  factors  of  business  and  social  life.  There 
is  no  exaggeration  in  saying  that  Mr.  Ladd'.s  addition  of  the  exchange  has 
much  more  tiian  doubled  the  value  of  the  telephone. 


Ki\ 


INVENTIONS. 


429 


The  cstablishiTi  ;.W  of  the  American  District  Tclc;:jraph  system  in  San 
Francisco,  in  1S75,  nas  soon  foUowctl  by  tlic  invention  of  the  San  I'ran- 
cisco  siffnai  box,  which  has  12  signals  and  a  bell  to  let  the  patron  know 
that  his  signal  has  been  heard  and  attended  to.  The  old  bo.x,  wliich  had 
only  3  signals  and  no  rcspon.sc  bell,  will  disappear  everywhere.  The  .S.m 
Francisco  box  was  invented  by  Geouck  .S.  l,.\i)r)  and  .S  ir.i'iiKN  1).  I'li:i.ii. 

After  the  adoption  of  a  bo.x  with  signals  for  hacks  and  coupes,  a  carri.ige 
company  was  organized  to  keey)  such  vehicles  ready,  at  ail  hoin's  of  the  d.iy 
and  night,  for  the  patrons  of  the  District  Telegraph  Compan\-.  .San  I'ran- 
cisco  was  the  first  city  to  have  such  a  company,  and  it  now  has  the  best 
carriage  service  in  the  United  .States. 

The  first  successful  application  of  the  magneto-electric  m.'ichine,  ;is  a 
substitute  for  the  galvanic  battery,  to  furni.sh  a  regular  electric  current  for 
telegraphic  i)urposes,  was  made  in  California  in  if^JQ.  Many  ;ittcmpls  to 
use  the  machine  for  this  purpose  had  been  made  in  ICuropc  without  suc- 
cess, the  current  having  a  pulsating  motion  which  rendered  it  unserviceable. 
Georck  S.  L.vno  and  .Spkimien'  D.  Field,  while  working  t<K.eiher  over 
the  problem,  hit  upon  the  idea  of  starting  the  current  in  one  m.ichine  and 
transmitting  it  through  another.  The  pulsation  of  one  counterbalanrwl  ilie 
pulsation  of  the  other,  and  a  steady  cvn-rcnt  was  obtained.  Magneto-elec- 
tricity is  now  used  in  San  Francisco  and  New  York,  ;ind  perh.ips  other 
places,  with  a  great  saving;  and  will  doubtless  be  substituted  in  all  the  cities 
where  a  large  telegraphic  business  is  done,  with  a  decided  reduction  in  ex- 
pense. In  the  city  business  of  San  Francisco,  the  saving  in  the  cost  of 
the  electric  current  is  50  per  cent. 

Washoe  Pan,  etc. — The  iron  pan  first  used  for  the  am.ilgamation  of 
silver  ore  August  11,  i860,  in  the  mill  of  y\LM\RIN  B.  I'AUL  at  Virginia 
City,  proved  to  be  a  great  success,  working  with  a  speed  far  exceeding  the 
Mexican  patio,  and  the  German  barrel,  and  being  far  more  economical  for 
general  use  on  our  slope.  It  is  used  exclusively  for  inducing  all  the  free 
milling  ores  in  the  y\merican  territory.  Mr.  l'.\UE  had  used  llu'  pan  unsuc- 
cessfully in  a  gold  mill  at  Nevada  City,  and  was  ridiculed  when  he  to<ik  it 
to  the  Comstock  Lode,  but  the  result  \iiulicated  the  wisdom  of  his  course. 
ZENAS  VViii;ei,ER  invented  the  first  fast  grinding  jian,  and  also  introiluced 
revolving  blankets  for  catching  sulphurcts.  The  F"ruk  revolving  rubber 
sheet  concentrator  and  the  Ginn  tappet  are  other  inventions,  the  value  of 
which  is  recogni/<'<l  among  miner^l. 

Deetken  8  Chlorinatlon  ProceM.— The  process  of  separating  gold  from 
roasted  auriferous  sulphurcts  by  exposing  them  to  chlorine,  and  then  leach- 
ing out  the  soluble  chloride  of  golil  with  water,  was  discovered  by  the  Gcr- 


430 


LMil.NLlCRINi;.    ETC. 


mail  clicmisi  I'i.a  ITNER.  The  Germans  were  perfect  in  the  chemical  part 
of  the  Ini'iiiics-,  but  they  did  not  kni)w  how  to  make  tlu'  apparatus  needed 
tn  appl)'  it  ccon<jmically.  At  Rcichenstcin,  the  chief  cliiorination  establish- 
ment in  l'',urope,  the  ,Ljas  is  gcnerateii  in  clay  jiots  with  lead  covers,  in  con- 
nection with  stone\\are  jars  for  washin<^  it,  and  with  small  stoneware  im- 
])re_L;nation  pots,  each  holdiiiL;  150  ixiiinds  of  roasted  sulphurcts.  G.  F. 
l)):i;i'Ki:.\,  at  present  a  resident  of  Auburn,  California,  in  1865  obtained  a 
jiatcnt,  now  obsolete,  for  a  cheap  chiorination  apparatus.  J[c  made 
a  leaden  f^enerator  with  water  joints  and  a  stirrer;  the  gas  was  washed 
in  a  bell  glass;  the  roasted  sulphurcts  were  placed  on  a  filter  bottom  in  a 
large  wooden  vat  lined  with  rosin  and  tar  or  an  equivalent.  The  cover  of 
the  vat  was  made  tight  with  dougli,  and  the  gas  was  admitted  under  the 
filter  bottom.  Di:i'.'l  KEN'.s  apparatus  for  a  3-ton  establishment  costs  here 
$300,  while  the  RiaciIKNSTiax  apparatus  would  cost  $4,800;  and  the 
former  requires  less  than  one  fourtii  the  quantity  of  manganese,  and  costs 
$4  less  a  ton  for  handling  the  ore.  The  Uiiiri'lCEN  apparatus  is  used  by  7 
chlorinati<3n  establishments  in  Nevada  County,  one  in  Placer,  one  in  El 
Dorado,  one  in  Calaveras,  one  in  Tuolumne,  one  in  Mariposa,  one  in  Siski- 
you, and  2  in  Amador.  With  it,  large  stuns,  perhaps  millions,  have  been 
added  to  the  gold  production  of  California.  The  Reichcnstein  is  not 
used  on  this  slope. 

Loading  Chutes. — The  shore  of  California  has  a  number  of  chutes,  or 
large  wo  len  troughs,  through  which  hunber,  firewood,  grain,  and  mis- 
cell.iiieous  articles,  including  pigs  with  their  feet  tied,  are  .sent  sliding 
down  from  a  high  bank  to  a  vessel  anchored  out  pcrliaps  10,  perhaps  30 
yarils  from  the  land.  The  chutes  arc  supported  by  strong  derricks,  and 
some  of  them  ha\c  sliding  extensions  which  can  be  adapted  to  the  distance 
at  which  the  vessel  finds  it  convenient  to  anchor.  All  the  chutes  are  made 
so  that  they  can  be  rai-scd  or  lowered  to  suit  the  condition  of  the  tide.  At 
the  lower  end  there  is  a  brake  to  check  the  momentum  of  the  ilcscending 
object,  which  if  a  railroail  tie  or  heavy  piece  of  timber,  if  not  checked  in 
speed  might  crush  the  deck  or  side  of  the  vessel.  These  chutes,  which  vary 
in  form  and  size,  were  first  used  fm  the  coast  of  California,  and  ])robably 
have  not  been  adopted  elsewhere.  Ihey  would  be  of  no  use  on  a  Hat  beach 
or  on  a  shore  ahouiiding  in  harbors. 

Photographs  of  Motion.— IC.  J.  Mt'VliUlDC.i:,  of  San  Francisco,  was  the  in- 
\entor  of  ;in  interesting  app.tratus  for  taking  instantaneous  ]iliotographs  of 
animals  in  motion,  lie  obtained  views  to  show  the  successive  positions  of 
H  horse  in  one  stride,  which  extends  from  the  time  that  Itc  puts  down  one  foot 
(the  right  front  foot  for  instance)  on  thi'  ground  until  he  [luts  it  down  again. 


INVKNTIOXS. 


4.V 


The  distance  for  a  swift  liorsc  ai  full  speed  niitjlu  lie  2X  feet;  llie  time  half 
a  second  approximately.  The  motions  of  the  feet  are  so  swift  that  the  eye 
can  not  distinguish  tliem ;  and  artists  ha\e  made  a  practice  of  painting;  run- 
ninij  horses  in  conventional  positions  which,  with  the  hel[)  of  .Ml'NliKlDCK'.S 
photographs,  wc  now  know  to  be  unlike  anything'  in  nature,  and  absolutely 
impossible.  The  problem  was  to  take  13  in  itant.mcous  pictures  at  eiiual 
intervals  of  time  within  half  a  second,  in  positions  sci)arated  by  equal  dis- 
tances of  28  inches.  MUYBRIUGE  succeeded,  and  the  accuracy  and  interest 
of  his  pictures  have  been  admitted  in  the  largest  cities  on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic.  Mis  inxention  was  suggested  by  a  request  made  by  Lel.VXL) 
Stanford  for  photographs  of  a  horse  in  rapid  motion  at  different  portions 
of  his  .stride,  and  this  request  was  based  on  a  conviction  that  the  conven- 
tional pictures  of  running  horses  were  false  to  nature. 

Von  Schmidt's  Submarine  Blasting. — ikfore  1867  the  only  method 
known  to  engineers  of  blasting  under  water,  was  to  lay  the  explosive  on  the 
rock  an(J  touch  it  off,  thus  shattering  the  surface,  the  effect  being  slight  in 
proportion  to  the  amoimt  of  explosive  used.  In  that  year  A.  \V.  Vdn 
Schmidt  devised  a  new  and  much  more  effective  plan.  As  the  contractor 
of  the  Stone  Dry  Docl;  at  Hunter's  I'oint,  in  San  Francisco,  he  excavated 
what  ma>-  be  called  the  body  of  the  dock,  and  then  hat!  to  make  an  entrance' 
through  rock  extending  out  with  a  gradual  .slope  100  feet  into  the  ba)-. 
Instead  of  blasting  on  top  of  this  rock,  he  tunneled  vmder  the  water,  took 
out  a  large  amount  of  material,  and  ;it  one  blast  broke  down  the  roof  and 
columns  of  his  honeycomb  work.  This  process  having  been  a  complete 
success,  Mr.  VoN  ScinilDT  took  a  contract  from  the  National  Government 
to  blast  away  Blossom  Rock,  the  top  of  which  \i'as  5  feet  below  low  tide,  in 
San  Francisco  Uay.  He  built  a  coffer  dam  on  the  rock,  sunk  a  shaft,  ran  a 
drift  through  a  space  of  140  Icet  long  and  40  feet  wide,  37  feet  below  low 
tide,  and  then  blew  up  all  his  galleries  at  once,  and  accomplished  his  task. 
The  superiority  of  this  method  of  blasting  submarine  rock,  accessible  by 
tunneling,  is  adnn'ttcd  b)-  ail  engineers,  and  it  was  adopted  in  blasting  tlie 
rock  at  Mell  Gate,  New  York  harbor,  in  1S79. 

Oates'a  Steering  Apnaratua.— JOHN  G.\TKS,  an  engineer  in  the  service 
of  rili;  Oricgon  RjMI.WAV  Company,  is  the  inventor  of  a  steering  appa- 
ratus driven  by  stcani-j  ower,  which,  however,  is  transmitted  by  water  so 
that  it  has  a  hydraulic  cl  aractcr.  This  invention  enables  the  helmsmen  to 
direct  the  course  of  the  boat  instantly  and  without  effort.  It  is  the  only 
steering  apparatus  suitable  for  narrow  and  swift  streams,  but  is  useful  every- 
where.    Mr.  GaTUS  is  also  the  inventor  of  the  "  Light- I'ecd  Lubricator,"  in 


433 


ENGINKKRINC;,    KTC. 


which  the  oil  passes  by  drops  through  glass,  so  that  any  interruption  can  be 
discovered  readily. 

Deldesheimev's  Mine  Timbering.— In  i86o  PHILIP  Dkidesheimer 
w.is  employed  to  take  charge  of  timbering  the  third  gallery  of  the  Ophir 
l\Iine  on  the  ComstocU  Lode.  This  gallery  was  in  a  body  of  ore  200  feet 
long  horizontally,  G5  feet  wide,  and  560  feet  deep.  The  mineral  was  too 
rich  to  spare  any  portion  of  it  for  columns,  such  as  are  left  in  narrow  veins 
to  support  the  roof,  and  the  methods  of  timbering  familiar  to  miners  were 
not  adapted  to  such  immense  chambers.  Mr,  DEiniCSliElMlCR  invented  a 
system  of  timbering  known  as  the  square  set,  which  is  now  in  universal  use 
among  American  miners  for  large  ore  chambers.  It  consists  of  a  succes- 
sion of  cribs,  each  6  feet  cubic,  made  of  strong  timbers  set  together  in  very 
simple  manner,  and  braced  across  the  dip  of  the  vein.  These  cribs,  piled 
one  on  another  from  the  floor  tf)  the  roof,  arc  much  stronger  than  any 
other  kind  of  timbering  containing  an  equal  amount  of  material. 

Agricultural  Implements. — -The  scarcity  of  wood  and  superabundance 
of  straw  in  some  of  the  larger  agricultin'al  valleys  of  California,  made  a 
demand  for  threshing-engines  which  should  burn  straw.  Several  vain  at- 
tempts were  made  to  use  it  as  fuel,  but  llARVEY  W.  RiCK  succeeded  by 
using  it  under  a  boiler  Milh  return  flues.  Out  of  400  straw-burning  engines 
in  California,  more  than  300  arc  constructed  on  Mr.  Rice's  pattern.  The 
straw-burning  engine  has  been  sent  from  California  to  Mexico,  ("luatcmala, 
and  the  II;uvaiian  Islands,  and  has  been  introduced  into  some  of  the  States 
and  Territories  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  In  California,  the  expense 
of  the  straw-burner  is  from  $5  to  $S  a  day  less  than  a  wood-burner,  or  $500 
for  each  machine  in  a  season,  $200,000  in  a  j-ear  for  the  State. 

Another  valuable  Californian  invention  is  the  machine-feeder  for  thresh- 
ing-machines, invented  by  nvRO.N  jAt:KSO\.  It  saves  the  labor  of  one  man, 
$2  a  da\-,  and  docs  the  work  ^vith  a  regularity  that  the  man  can  never  ob- 
tain. Out  of  i,(xx)  Ihresiiing-macliines  in  tlic  State,  700  use  Jackson's 
feeder.  It  has  been  sent  to  Australia  by  i\I.  C.  IIawi.EV  &  Co.  J.VCKSON 
is  also  the  inventor  of  a  derrick-feeder  for  threshing-machine.s.  It  saves 
labor  anil  is  extensively  used. 

Other  Inventions.  -The  patents  issued  to  residents  of  this  coast  number 
thousands,  but  most  of  them  have  no  practical  value,  and  many  arc  valua- 
ble, but  the  infcuination  about  them  is  not  coineniently  accessible  or  it 
is  difTicull  to  explain  their  merits  in  a  manner  intelligible  t<i  the  general 
reader,  for  whom  this  bcxik  is  designed.  t'ARl.TON  NEWMAN,  manager  of 
TuE  San   Francisco  and  Paciiic  Glass  Works,  is  the  inventor  of 


\ 


INVENTIONS. 


433 


a  valuable  glass  melting-pot.  Derrick-nets,  for  loading  and  .stacking  hay 
and  straw,  were  invented  by  Osc.\R  M.\i^sil.\l-i.  and  TliOM.vs  I'owiaj., 
of  Stockton.  The  best  table  for  working  butter  and  the  most  convenient 
mold  to  shape  it  for  the  market,  were  invented  by  Ol.lVKK  Al.l.l  N,  of 
Sonoma  County,  California,  and  are  in  extensive  use.  Tait  &  H.M.N'i.iUi;, 
of  San  Francisco,  were  the  inventors  of  the  method  of  printing  box  shooks 
— pieces  of  board  prepared  to  be  nailed  into  boxes — with  the  label  of  the 
manufacturer.  An  auger  patented  by  BENJAMIN  Forstnkk,  of  Salem, 
Oregon,  is  novel,  and,  in  certain  kinds  of  work,  valuable.  JOIIN  Wkst,  of 
Westport,  Oregon,  is  the  inventor  and  patentee  of  a  valuable  machine  for 
filling  cans  with  salmon. 

The  hydraulic  elevators  in  the  Palace  Hotel,  designed  by  Vlr.  DlClCIK 
and  Mr.  MoORE,  have  5  cylinders  to  each  elevator,  .so  that  the  power  can 
be  varied  to  suit  the  load — a  novel  principle  in  elevator  structure.  The 
accumulator  of  the  Palace  Hotel,  to  give  power  to  the  elevator  machinery, 
has  the  heaviest  dead-weight  load — 180  tons— used  in  any  accumulator. 
55 


434 


MANUl-ACTUKKS. 


DIVISION  VII.-MANUFACTURES. 


CHAPTER  XXVIII.— TEXTILE  FABRICS. 


?! 


Textile  Production. — The  pliiasc  "textile  fabrics"  is  applied,  in  this 
chapter,  not  only  to  the  productions  of  the  loom,  but  to  the  different  arti- 
cles manufactured  from  such  productions.  It  includes,  therefore,  not  only 
the  blankets  and  flannels,  the  tweeds,  cassimcres,  and  doeskins,  the  ho- 
siery and  knit  goods  produced  at  the  woolen-mills,  but  all  the  different  arti- 
cles that  are  made  from  such  fabrics ;  the  coats,  pants,  and  vests  made  from 
the  cloth,  and  the  overshirts  and  underwear  made  from  the  flannels  and 
knit  goods.  Those  articles,  which  are  made  of  imported  material,  but 
fashioned  for  wear  or  prepared  for  other  use  by  means  of  Pacific  Coast 
labor,  such  as  shirts  and  linen  underclothing,  flags  and  regalia,  hats  and 
caps,  dress  and  upholstery  trimmings,  rope  and  cordage,  jute  and  cotton 
bags,  will  also  be  included  under  the  head  of  textile  fabrics. 

It  may  be  stated  approximately  that  the  several  departments  of  this 
branch  of  industry  give  employment  to  $4,900,000  of  capital  and  to  6,000 
operatives;  that  the  amount  distributed  for  wages  is  about  $2,450,000,  and 
for  material  $5,900,000  a  year;  and  that  the  gross  wholesale  value  of  all 
manufactured  fabrics  is  about  $11,800,000.  In  stating  the  value  of  mate- 
rial, the  cloth  and  flannels  of  our  woolen-mills,  so  far  as  they  arc  matle  into 
clothing  and  underclothing  on  this  coast,  and  all  fabrics  of  Pacific  Coast 
production,  to  which  the  labor  of  operatives  adds  a  second  \alue,  are  esti- 
mated only  once.  Probably  not  more  than  $1,000,000  worth  of  outer  cloth- 
ing and  underwear  arc  made  from  the  products  of  our  woolen-mills.  If  to 
this  amount  there  be  added  $450,000  as  the  value  of  hosiery  and  knit  goods 
made  into  articles  of  domestic  underwear,  we  include  all  the  important 
branches  in  which  labor  adds  a  second  value  to  Pacific  Coast  fabrics. 

I'iic  capital  invested  in  our  woolen-factories  is  estimated  at  $3,340,000; 
and  the  value  of  their  mainifactures  at  $4,850,000.  The  capital  invested  in 
all  other  branches  of  this  industry  is  estimated  at  $1,600,000,  and  the  value 
oi'  mainifactures  at  $6,950,000. 

The  [Jiogress  niade  within  the  last  few  years  in  tlie  manufacture  of  tex- 
tile fabrics  is  very  remarkable,  and  contains  many  features  of  general  inter- 


m 


TKX'IILK    lAllRICS. 


4}S 


est.  The  census  reports  for  1870  give  the  number  of  operatives  cmploycil 
at  1,700  (in  round  numbers),  of  whom  650  v.crc  at  work  in  uoolcn-niills; 
ami  the  total  of  all  products  at  $3,750,000,  of  which  $1,750,000  were  woolen- 
mill  fabrics.  Since  1870  the  manufacture  of  textile  fabrics  of  all  kinds  has 
increased  466  per  cent.,  and  that  of  woolen-mill  fabrics  177  per  cent. 

It  may  appear  singular  that  the  increase  in  the  maiuifacturc  of  woolens, 
for  which  material  of  good  quality  is  produced  on  this  coast,  should  be  so 
much  less  than  in  the  manufacture  of  other  fabrics,  for  which  the  material 
is  mainly  imported.  The  capital  at  present  i"  csted  in  the  woolen-mills  if 
the  Pacific  Coast  is  estimated  at  $3,340,000,  a'ld  the  value  of  their  maiuifai.'- 
tures  at  $4,850,000.  The  capital  invested  in  the  production  of  all  other 
fabrics  is  estimated  at  $1,560,000,  and  the  t'alue  of  their  manufactures  at 
$6,950,000. 

The  reason  for  this  apparent  anomaly  is  not  that  there  is  a  lack  of  cap- 
ital, or  that  the  public  fail  to  appreciate  the  quality  of  our  woolen-mill 
fabrics.  If  it  were  clearly  establisheil  that  a  fair  profit  could  be  assured  in 
that  branch  of  enterprise,  the  capital  could  readily  be  obtained,  and  Pacific 
Coast  .'blankets,  flannels,  tweeds,  and  cassimeres  sell  not  only  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  but  in  Chicago,  New  York,  and  to  .some  extent  in  foreign 
countries.  At  the  close  of  1881,  many  of  the  factories  were  unable  to  fill 
their  orders,  and  one  establishment  had  orders  on  hand  from  New  York  for 
all  the  blankets  it  could  manufacture  until  the  following  September.  What 
then  is  the  reason  that,  as  will  be  seen  in  this  chapter,  our  woolen-mills  con- 
sume only  one  fifth  of  the  wool  clip  of  the  entire  coast,  while  clothing 
made  from  their  cloth  sells  in  New  York;  while  duck  and  denim  goods  of 
Eastern  cotton  can  be  imported,  made  into  overalls  ami  suits  In'  the  labor 
of  Pacific  Coast  operatives,  and  sold  at  a  profit  even  in  the  ICastcrn  States, 
after  paying  commissions  and  double  freight;  and  while  regalia,  upholstery 
trimmings,  ;uid  other  fabrics  of  Eastern  material,  manufactured  on  this  coast, 
arc  rapidly  driving  these  classes  of  Eastern  goods  out  of  the  market?  It  is 
probable  that  one  reason  is  the  uncertainty  still  existing  in  the  labor  market. 
The  capital  needed  to  start  a  woolen-mill  is  so  large  in  proportion  to  the 
value  of  production,  that  capitalists  can  find  more  secure  and  more  profit- 
able investments.  The  ca[Mtal  of  the  woolen-mills  on  this  coast  is  to  the 
volume  of  their  production,  almost  in  the  proportion  of  2  to  3.  The  capital 
employed  in  other  branches  of  the  manufacture  of  textile  fabrics  is  about 
as  2  to  (J.     Several  woolen-factories  have  paid  large  profits. 

In  former  years,  and  even  recently,  one  of  the  Californian  factories 
paid  for  1881  a  dividend  of  30  per  cent.;  another  paid  iS  per  cent.,  but  the 
average  profits  of  the  business  are  much  less  than  those  made  in  other 
branches  requiring  far  less  capital.     The  value  of  outer  clothing  and  flannel 


436 


MANUFACTURES. 


underwear  made  up  on  this  coast  is  estimated  at  $3,650,000,  and  it  is 
dcnibtfiil  wliethcr  the  cai)ital  solely  invested  in  those  branches  amounts  to 
$1,000,000,  and  that  represents  ahnost  entirely  the  value  of  stock.  These 
goods  are  manufactured  almost  entirely  by  Chinamen  in  their  own  quarters, 
and  the  manufacturer  takes  little  risk.  In  other  branches  of  the  manu- 
facture of  textile  fabrics  there  is  a  .scarcity  of  skilled  labor;  and  with  the 
present  unsettled  condition  of  the  labor  market,  it  is  evident  that  the  day 
is  not  yet  ni<jh  at  liand  when,  as  political  econo-nists  predict,  the  manu- 
facturing interests  of  the  Pacific  Coast  shall  exceed  both  mining  and  agri- 
culture in  aggregate  wealth. 

Woolen-Mills. —About  one  fifth  of  the  wool  produced  on  our  coast  is 
consumed  in  our  coa.st  mills,  and  this  fact  is  one  of  the  most  striking  illus- 
trations of  the  undeveloped  condition  of  our  manufacturing  industries. 
The  greater  portion  of  the  remaining  four  fifths  is  sent  away  not  only  un- 
worked,  but  even  unwashed,  to  be  cleansed,  spun,  woven,  dyed,  cut,  sewn, 
and  returned  to  us,  quadrupled  in  price,  as  clothing. 

The  entire  capitid  invested  in  the  28  woolen-mills  of  our  slope  may  be 
estimated  at  $3,340,000;  the  weight  of  unwashed  wool  used  by  them  is 
5,750  tons,  costing  on  an  average  22  cents  a  pound,  or  $2,530,000  in  the 
agi^regatc;  and  they  consume  300  tons  of  cotton  worth  14  cents  a  pound, 
or  $84,000.  The  entire  value  of  all  manufactured  fabrics,  which  include 
blankets,  horse,  mining,  and  ice  blanketings,  flannels,  cassimeres,  doeskins, 
ladies'  cloaks  and  ulsters,  coat  and  overall  linings,  glove-cloth,  and  knit 
hose  and  underwear,  may  be  estimated  at  $4,850,000.  About  93,000  pairs 
of  blankets,  800,000  yards  of  flannel,  and  700,000  yards  of  cloth  and 
tweed  arc  manufactured  every  year  in  San  Francisco.  Tlie  doeskins  and 
cassimeres  average  about  17)2  ounces  to  the  .square  yard;  the  tweeds  about 
1 5  ounces. 

At  the  close  of  iSSt  the  following  were  the  prices  of  the  leading  descrip- 
tions of  goods  manufactured  at  the  Pioneer  and  Mission  Woolen  Factory, 
in  San  Francisco,  the  largest  establishment  of  the  kind  on  the  Pacific 
Coast:  Mission  lambs'-wool  blankets,  $14.50  to$l5  a  pair;  colored  blankets, 
$375  to  $15.50;  flannels, 40  cents  to  $1.25  a  yard;  ca.ssimcres  and  doeskins, 
$1  to  $1.75  ;  tweeds,  50  cents  to  $1.25  ;  check  shawls,  $10.50  to  $36  a  dozen ; 
plaid  shawls,  $42  to  $78;  gray  shawls,  $36  to  $72;  flannel  ovcrshirts,  $16  to 
$.|.5 ;  knit  underwear,  $15  to  $48  a  dozen. 

It  is  usually  estimated,  that  in  a  factory  which  produces  all  classes  of 
articles,  3  pounds  of  unscoured  wool  arc  required  to  make  one  poimd  of 
finished  gf)i)ds,  and  that  the  manufactured  fabrics  are  worth,  on  an  average, 
$1.30  a  pound  at  wholesale.     Accepting  this  estimate,  it  will  be  found  that 


13 


i;   <i\ 


TEXTILE   lAIiKICS. 


437 


the  woolens  produced  on  the  Pacific  Coast  in  1881  were  worth  about 
$5,000,000,  instead  of  $4,850,000  as  above  stated;  bui  liic  difference  is 
accounted  for  by  the  fact,  that  some  of  the  smaller  mills  limit  their  opera- 
tions mainly  to  the  production  of  blankets  and  coarse  flannels. 

The  amount  paid  out  for  wages  in  1881  may  be  stated  approximately  at 
$1,000,000,  and  the  number  of  hcinds  employed  at  2,150,  of  whom  700  to 
800  are  Chinamen,  and  the  remainder  white  operatives.  The  proportion  of 
Chinese  to  white  labor  would  be  much  greater,  but  for  the  fact  that,  in  th-j 
woolen  mills  of  Utah  Territory,  white  labor  is  employed  exclusively'. 

Of  the  13  woolen-mills  now  in  operation  in  California,  2  are  located  in 
San  Franci.sco.  and  one  each  at  San  Josd,  Sacramento,  Stockton,  Santa 
Rosa,  Marysville,  Merced,  Los  Angeles,  and  San  Bernardino.  There  arc  in 
Oregon  5  woolen-mills,  which  are  located  at  Oregon  City,  Dayton,  Ashland, 
Brownsville,  and  Dallas.  Utah  contains  10  factories,  the  largest  of  which 
is  situated  at  Provo  City.  The  others  are  located  at  Salt  Lake  City,  Jieavcr 
City,  Brigham  City,  Ogdcn,  Big  Kanyon  Creek  (near  Salt  Lake  City), 
Springville,  Manti,and  St.  George.  The  13  woolen  mills  of  California  have 
in  operation  64  sets  of  cards  and  about  260  looms,  in  addition  to  knitting 
machinery  equal  in  power  to  that  of  40  or  50  additional  looms.  With  an 
invested  capital  of  about  $2,400,000,  they  manufacture  $1,200,000  worth  a 
year  of  material  into  goods  valued  at  nearly  $3,000,000,  and  pay  about 
$630,000  in  wages.  The  total  number  of  employes  may  be  set  down  at 
1,600. 

Importation  of  Woolens. — It  is  estimated  by  2  of  the  largest  importing 
houses  in  San  F"ranci.sco  that,  4  years  ago,  the  value  of  woolen  goods 
brought  overland  by  rail  included  40  per  cent,  of  Eastern,  and  60  per  cent, 
of  foreign  fabrics,  but  that  for  the  year  1880,  75  per  cent,  were  of  Eastern, 
and  only  25  per  cent,  of  foreign  manufacture.  The  indications  are  that, 
instead  of  sending  abroad  four  fifths  of  our  wool  crop,  and  expending 
nearly  the  entire  sum  received  for  it  in  the  importation  of  woolen  goods, 
the  Pacific  Coast  will,  in  course  of  time,  manufacture  largely  for  export. 
During  the  year  1880,  nearly  500  ca.ses  of  clothing,  prin,  /ally  woolens  of 
home  production,  were  shipped  from  .San  Francisco  to  China,  the  Hawaiian 
Islands,  and  other  foreign  countries  ;  and  the  trade  of  at  least  one  of  our 
factories  has  gained  some  foothold  even  in  England.  As  matters  now 
stand,  the  wool  in;.nufacturing  industry  is  making  rapid  progress  on  the 
Pacific  Coast,  as  will  be  seen  from  a  comparison  of  the  statistics  just  given 
with  those  for  the  )car  1H70.  During  that  year  there  were  but  18  factories 
in  operation  on  the  co.ist,  manufacturing  $903,000  worth  of  material  into 
$1,750,000  worth  of  good.s.     Comparing  the.sc  with  the  figures  for  1881,  wc 


i 

1 1 

if 


438 


MANUFACTURES. 


find  an  incrca'ic  in  the  cost  of  niatciiai  of  180  per  cent.,  and  in  the  value 
of  fabric  produced  of  about  177  per  cent. 

In  tiic  centennial  year,  when  our  wool  clip  reached  its  maximum,  and  the 
price  of  wool  fell  to  the  low  average  of  14}^  cents  per  pound,  the  factories 
on  this  coast  were  running  up  to  their  full  capacity,  turning  out  goods  that 
would  bear  comparison  with  any  in  the  Union,  while  Eastern  manufacturers 
were  complaining  of  dull  times  ami  over-production.  A  brief  comparison 
of  the  operations  of  Californian  and  Oregon  mills  for  the  jear  1S70  with 
those  for  1876  will  show  the  fluctuations  to  which  this  branch  of  indus- 
try is  liable.  In  both  years  the  average  price  of  wool  was  almost  identi- 
cal, 14  cents  in  1S70  against  14^4  cents  in  1876.  Between  these  dates  the 
wool  clip  had  increased  threefold,  from  9,500  to  30,500  tons.  In  1S70  we 
find  that,  with  a  capital  of  a  little  over  $2,000,000,  1 1  factories  in  California 
and  Oregon  (Utah  is  not  included,  on  account  of  the  difficulty  in  obtaining 
exact  figures  for  1876)  were  manufacturing  $800,000  worth  of  material  into 
fabric  valued  at  $1,600,000,  and  paying  out  $340,000  a  year  in  wages.  In 
1876  we  find  only  9  woolen-mills  in  operation,  but  with  nearly  the  same 
amount  of  capital,  making  up  $1,200,000  worth  of  raw  material  into  $3,000,- 
000  worth  of  finished  goods,  and  paying  out  $600,000  for  wages. 

The  quantity  of  woolen  goods  imported  to  the  Pacific  Coast  from  the 
East  and  from  abroad  is  estimated,  from  inquiry  carefully  made  among  gen- 
tlemen largely  interested  in  this  branch  of  business,  at  $5,000,000  to  $6,000,- 
000,  against  $4,850,000  worth  of  home-manufactured  fabrics,  including 
cassimeres  and  doeskins  sent  East  either  for  sale  or  to  be  made  up  and  re- 
turned to  this  coast  as  ready-made  clothing.  The  enormous  glut  of  woolen 
goods  that  accumulated  after  the  close  of  the  civil  war,  and  during  the  busi- 
ness prostration  of  1873  and  subsequent  yeans,  no  longer  exists,  and  the 
recent  revival  of  commercial  activity  has  done  much  to  clear  off  surplus 
stocks,  and  to  leave  the  markets  generally  in  fair  condition,  with  a  special 
demand  for  some  lines  of  goods  both  on  the  I'aciilc  Coast  and  in  the  Eastern 
States.  The  substantial  quality  of  Californian  and  Oregonian  blankets, 
cloths,  and  flannels  is  rapidl)'  gaining  for  them  a  preference  over  those  of 
Eastern  or  foreign  manufacture.  Cassimeres  and  doeskins  made  on  this 
coast  are  largel)'  in  request  for  the  cheaper  classes  of  clothing.  The  manu- 
facture of  the  finest  iiualitiesof  woolens  has  not  j'ct  been  attempted  here  on 
a  large  scale,  but  it  seems  probable  that  our  greatest  production  may  even- 
tually be  in  these  fine  goods,  which  can  best  bear  the  large  freights  that 
obstruct  our  access  to  the  markets  of  the  world. 

Early  Woolen  Manufacture.— .>\  brief  sketch  of  the  growth  and  devel- 
opment of  this  imjjortant  branch  of  our  Pacific  Coast  industries,  and  a  de- 


) 


TEXTILE    FABRICS. 


439 


scription  of  the  present  condition  of  a  few  leading  factories,  may  not  be 
without  interest  to  the  reader.  Tor  nearly  a  half  century,  while  the  mis- 
sion.s  of  California  were  in  a  prosperous  condition  under  the  dominion  of 
Spain  and  the  management  of  the  Franciscan  triars,  wool  was  manufactured 
into  rough  blankets  of  the  coarsest  quality.  When  the  missions  were  seized 
and  plundered  by  the  civil  authorities,  the  herds  were  killed  and  the  looms 
abandoned.  Long  after  1849,  wool  and  pelts  were  thrown  away  as  refuse, 
and  for  years  there  was  .scarcely  any  market  for  them  even  in  San  I'rancisco, 
only  the  carcass  being  in  demand.  An  idea  of  the  condition  of  the  wool 
industry  in  early  days  may  be  obtained  from  an  advertisement  in  the  Alia 
of  June  IS,  1854,  in  which  Darius  Stokes,  129  Montgomery  Street,  "begs 
respectfully  to  inform  dealers  in  wool  that  he  is  prepared  to  pack  wool  and 
goods  of  all  descriptions  in  large  or  small  bales,  and  that  he  also  buys  old 
clothe-s."  Among  an  assorted  cargo  of  old  junk,  rope,  rags,  nails,  and  cop- 
per, a  few  bales  of  wool  occasionally  found  their  way  to  the  New  York 
market. 

With  a  good  supply  of  skillful  and  steady  laborers,  and  protected  by  the 
great  cost  of  exporting  wool  and  importing  clothing  over  1,000  miles  of 
wagon-road,  Mormon  enterprise  built  the  first  I'acific  woolen-mill  at  West 
Jordan  in  1853,  and  made  a  success  of  the  business.  Oregon  started  her 
first  mill,  the  Willamette,  in  1857,  at  Salem,  but  obtained  no  profit  from  it 
until  after  the  civil  war  began.  California  opened  her  first  woolcn-mill 
at  a  period  wiien  industrial  labor  was  scarce  and  extravagantly  high ;  when 
the  raw  material  was  difficult  to  obtain  and  of  inferior  quality,  and  when 
interest  was  at  least  double  its  present  rates.  The  manufacturer  had  to 
struggle  against  all  the  difficulties  incident  to  starting  a  new  industry,  while 
Eastern  trade  influence  helped  to  check  the  growth  of  a  branch  of  enter- 
prise that  is  now  second  to  none  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  When,  in  1861,  it 
became  evident  that  armies,  drawn  from  the  productive  industry  of  the 
nation,  were  to  be  clothed  and  equipped;  when,  in  Eastern  cities,  old  mills 
were  being  enlarged  and  new  ones  hurried  into  operation ;  when  every  card 
and  spindle  and  loom  was  taxed  to  its  utmost  capacity,  the  I'acific  woolen- 
mills  began  to  reap  the  benefits  which  the  energy  and  sorely  taxed  patience 
of  their  promoters  had  so  well  deserved. 

The  blankets  from  the  mills  of  California  and  Oregon  were  not  only  thick, 
warm,  and  durable,  but  were  made  of  a  fine  wool  that  seldom  got  into 
Eastern  blankets,  and  they  soon  achieved  a  reputation  as  unequaled  any- 
where. They  presented  a  remarkable  contrast  to  the  miserable  shoddy 
blankets  served  out  to  many  of  the  soldiers,  and  they  were  supplied  in  large 
quantity  for  the  American  army,  and  also  for  some  European  armies.  The 
reputation  then  acquired  has  been  maintained  since  and  extended  to  other 


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440 


MANUFACTURES. 


grades  of  Pacific  Coast  blankets,  and  to  other  descriptions  of  woolen  goods, 
especial!}-  to  iwccds  and  cassiincres.  In  the  face  of  man)-  obstacles  and 
dirficultics,  our  woolen-mills  have  been  steadily  training  ground  of  late,  and 
the  year  1 88 1  closed  with  a  very  promising  outlook  for  the  future.  During 
the  fall  and  early  winter  months,  the  demand  for  their  fabrics  was  so  urgent 
that  many  of  them  were  unable  to  fill  their  orders. 

Pioneer  Mill.— The  Pioneer  Woolen-Mills,  built  at  Rlack  Point  in 
1858  by  Mevxeman,  Pick  &  Co.,  merchants  of  San  I'rancisco,  were  the 
first  woolen-mill  enterprise  in  California,  The  project  starteil  in  the  mind 
of  Mr.  Pick,  who  gave  his  attention  to  the  subject,  and  satisfied  liiinself 
that  the  wool  yield  of  the  coast  would  continue  to  increase  rapidly,  that  the 
necessity  of  exporting  the  bulk  of  the  clip  would  give  a  great  achantage  to 
the  San  I'rancisco  manufacturer,  in  the  quality  and  price  of  his  wool,  and 
that  the  weaving  of  coarse  woolen  goods  must  be  a  .source  of  profit  after  a 
few  )-ears.  Just  when  the  market  began  to  assume  a  most  promising  appear- 
ance for  the  San  I-'rancisco  woolen  manufacture,  in  October,  1861,  the 
Pioneer  Mills,  which  then  had  4  sets  of  cards  and  16  looms,  were  burned 
down.  In  December  of  that  year  a  companj'  was  incorporated  to  [)urchasc 
the  business,  with  a  capital  of  .$100,000,  afterwards  increased  to  $500,000. 
New  mills,  erected  at  the  same  place,  commenced  running  in  June,  1862, 
with  machinery  for  9  sets  of  cards,  31  looms,  and  2,800  spindles.  For  some 
time  almost  the  entire  capacit)'  of  the  mill  was  ixxpiired  to  meet  the  demand 
for  blankets  and  flannels,  and  all  the  goods  manufactured  were  consumed  on 
this  coast.  In  conjuncticin  with  the  Mission  Mills,  they  had  within  5  )-cars 
almost  ilriven  out  of  the  niaiket  all  woolen  goods  of  the  kiiul  they  manu- 
factured. Their  llannel  was  of  much  better  wool  than  that  of  the  Eastern 
make,  and  was  sewetl  up  into  shirts  on  the  premises,  50  or  60  sewing- 
machines  being  keep  in  constant  operation  for  the  purpose.  In  the  article 
of  blankets,  nothing  made  at  the  ICast  found  such  favor  among  purcha.sers 
as  those  manufactured  in  this  city.  The  Pioneer  Mills,  which  have  now 
absorbetl  the  Mission  Mills,  occupy  the  4-stor)' brick  building,  60  by  400  feet, 
that  stands  ouii  as  so  prominent  a  feature,  clo.se  to  tin;  reservation  of  Point 
San  J<ise.  In  addition  to  38  .sets  of  cards,  130  looms,  and  12,000  spindles, 
the)-  ha\e  knilling  machinery,  taken  from  the  Pacific  Mills,  v  ith  a  power 
e(|ual  to  that  of  24  looms, 

The  )-early  proihiction  of  goods  is  at  least  30,000  pair  of  blankets,  white, 
gra)',  and  colored;  flannels  of  ,dl  kinds  in  white,  gray,  blue,  and  scarlet; 
cassinieres  and  doeskins;  robes,  chiefl)'  for  buggies;  ladies'  cloakings,  prin- 
cipally coloretl,  and  for  ordinary  use.  About  3,500,000  pounds  of  wool  and 
100,000  pounds  of  cotton  are  consumeil  yearl)-,  as  raw  material.     Though 


•f\ 


TEXTILE   lACKICS. 


441 


their  Eastern  trade  has  fallen  off  somewhat,  general  business  is  reported  to 
be  in  a  fair  condition.  Allouintj  3  pounds  of  wool  at  20  cents  (their  ma- 
terial being  purchased  at  low  rates  and  in  large  ([uanlityj  to  one  of  manu- 
factured goods,  worth,  on  an  average,  $1.30  per  pound,  the  cost  of  material, 
including  cotton,  a  little  exceeds  $600,000,  while  the  total  value  of  their 
manufactures  amounts  to  $1,500,000.  The  pay-roll  and  running  expenses 
are  about  $350,000  a  )-ear.  The  single  item  of  coal  coSts  $70  a  day,  and 
that  of  water  $700  a  month.  As  the  factory  furnishes  employment  to  800 
hands,  including  500  white  persons,  and  pays  out  at  least  $25,000  a  month 
in  wages,  a  sketch  of  its  ri.se  and  progress  may  not  be  without  interest. 

Mission  Mill.— TlIK  Ml.SSION  WOOLEN-Mll.l.s,  started  and  maintained 
for  14  years  as  a  separate  enterprise,  though  now  owned  by  the  same  com- 
pany which  has  the  Pioneer  Mills,  were  founded  in  1.S59  by  DtJN.M.D  Mc- 
Lennan  and  John  Ci;nteR,  and  began  to  run  in  November  of  that  year, 
with  2  sets  of  cards  and  10  looms.  In  December,  McLr.NNAN  became  the 
sole  proprietor,  and  he  had  not  a  little  difficulty  in  keeping  the  establish- 
ment going  for  several  years.  The  war  made  a  market  for  him  as  for 
others,  and  then  capitalists  came  to  his  aid.  LazarI)  Frekks  bought  a 
large  interest  in  the  mills  in  18C3,  anil  30  looms  wove  650  tons  of  wool 
annually  into  manufactured  articles  worth  $500,000  a  year.  In  1864 
the  property  was  solil  to  an  incorporated  company  with  a  capital  of 
$500,000.  The  next  year,  VV.  C.  Rai..sio.\  bought  up  the  stock  so  as  to 
become  almost  the  exclusive  owner;  and  at  that  time  the  quantity  of  the 
raw  material  consumed  annuallj'  amounted  to  1,150  tons,  and  the  value  of 
the  manufactured  jiroduct  to  $1,000,000.  The  mills  took  a  premium  at  the 
Paris  Exposition  of  1867  for  their  go(jds,  ami  in  1870  they  received  an 
order  from  A.  'i .  o'l'EWAR  T  &  Co.  for  blankets  and  robes,  to  the  amount 
of  $275,000.  Hlankcts  from  the  Mission  Mills  took  the  gold  medal  for  the 
best  article  of  its  kind,  either  for<;ign  or  domestic.  The  Mission  Mills  have 
been  now  for  about  5  years  under  their  present  ownership. 

Qolden  Qato  Mill.— Till'.  CioLDKN  (iAtK  VWjolen-Mili.s,  on  Hiyant 
Avenue,  oceup)-  a  site  200  by  408  feet,  between  Nineteenth  and  Twentieth 
streets.  Their  two-story  brick  building  extends  the  entire  length  of  the 
lot,  antl  has  a  depth  of  50  feet.  The  property  is  owned  by  a  joint  stock 
company,  incorporated  with  a  capital  of  $200,000.  The  experience  of  Mr. 
DoNAI.n  MiLennan,  the  manager,  has  enal)led  him  to  i)l,in  and  obtain 
llic  most  recent  inventions  anil  the  most  perfect  appliances.  It  is  said  that 
the  factory  contains  everything  needed  to  transform  the  fleece,  as  it  leaves 
the  sheep's  back,  into  cloth  of  the  finest  quality.  At  present  there  are  in 
operation  6  sets  of  cards,  8  spinning-uniles,  and  36  looms.  The  engine,  of 
$« 


442 


MANUFACTURES. 


1 30  linr.c-powcr,  was  made  by  I'RESCOTT,  ScOTT  &  Co.,  and  has  a  fly- 
wliccl  1 8  feet  in  diameter,  wcii^hintj  23,000  pounds.  The  limit  of  tlicir 
present  capacity  for  turning  out  goods  is  about  $400,000  a  year,  but  tiiis 
could  readily  be  increased  to  $600,000.  An  artesian  well  on  the  premises 
furnishes  the  needed  supply  of  water.  The  first  cost  of  such  a  well  need 
not  exceed  $1,000,  and  the  expense  of  raising  water  by  steam-power  to  a 
height  of  60  feet,  is  but  half  a  cent  per  1,000  gallons. 

The  mill  went  into  operation  in  October,  1880,  just  6  months  after  the 
corner-stone  was  laid.  They  will  manufacture  woolen  goods  of  every  de- 
scription, from  the  heaviest  blankets  to  cloth  of  fine  grade.  I'or  the  3 
months  ending  May  31,  1881,  they  u.sed  about  250,000  pounds  of  wool, 
costing  on  an  average  22  cents  per  pound,  while  the  production  is  now  1,000 
pounds  of  fini.-ihed  goods  per  day.  There  arc  70  men  employed  at  $1.75  to 
$2  per  day,  50  women  and  girls  at  50  cents  to  $1.60,  10  boys  at  50  cents 
to  75  cents,  and  .4.0  Chinamen,  at  an  average  of  about  $1  a  day.  II.  G. 
Kl'lll,,  the  secretary  of  the  company,  makes  the  following  statement,  which 
he  was  kind  enough  to  write  out,  on  the  subject  of  employing  Chinese 
labor:  "  It  was  the  intention  of  the  management  to  employ  none  but  white 
labor,  but  after  a  trial  of  a  year,  it  was  found  difficult  to  make  the  boys  and 
girls  pay  sufficient  attention  to  their  work,  and  from  this  and  other  reasons, 
a  gang  of  Chinamen  was  put  to  work  in  the  mill  on  the  first  of  Scptemi)cr, 
18S1.  Having  to  compete  with  other  mills,  we  find  that  white  labor  e.xclu- 
sivcl)'  will  not  do.  Our  young  population  are  not  steady  and  industrious 
enough,  and  think  that  after  working  a  few  weeks  their  wages  ought  to  be 
doubled." 

San  Jose  Mill.— TiiK  San  J o.sE  Woolen  Mills  Comi'any  was  incor- 
porated in  1869  with  a  capital  of  $100,000.  It  was  estimated  by  Judge  R. 
F.  IM:cKll,\M,  who  was  the  main  [jrojector  of  the  enterprise,  and  has  been 
the  president  ami  general  agent  of  the  company  since  its  organization,  that 
$200,000  would  be  necessary  to  establish  the  business  of  a  6-set  mill,  but 
it  was  determined  to  defer  the  raising  of  the  second  half  of  the  capital 
stock  until  the  mills  shoukl  be  ready  for  operation.  The  first  $100,000  was 
subscribed  by  residents  of  Santa  Clara  County,  more  to  assist  in  building  up 
a  public  industry  than  in  expectation  of  gain.  Subscriptions  for  the  re- 
maining $100,000  amountetl  only  to  $17,100.  The  company  was  left  with- 
out adequate  fuiuls,  and  the  enterprise  had  to  be  abandoned  or  carried  on 
with  borrowed  capital.  This  drawback,  added  to  the  inexperience  of  work- 
men who  damaged  stocks  and  made  imperfect  goods  that  could  only  be 
.sold  at  ruinous  prices,  was  a  great  clog  on  the  early  efforts  of  the  company. 
No  profits  could  be  accumulated.  The  income  would  hardly  meet  expenses 
and  interest  on  borrowed  money. 


TEXTIM:   lAIiRICS. 


443 


Things  went  on  from  bad  to  worse  until,  in  April,  187.^,  it  had  become  an 
absolute  necessity  that  the  stockholders  should  take  measures  to  obtain 
fresh  workinj^  capital,  or  that  the  company  should  ^o  into  liquidation  and 
sacrifice  the  amount  already  subscribed.  This  was  plainly  stated  by  the 
president  at  a  meeting  held  at  that  time.  After  much  discussion,  it  was 
agreed  that  the  capital  should  be  increased  to  $400,000,  and  that,  when  one 
third  of  their  face  \ahie  had  been  paid  on  the  new  shares,  the\-  should  stand 
on  an  equal  footing  in  all  respects  with  the  new  stock.  Enough  was  soon 
subscribed  to  pay  off  all  indebtedness.  The  >,omp;iny  htid  now  fairly  over- 
come its  early  difficulties,  and  under  the  skillful  a.nl  energetic  management 
of  the  president  and  of  AucillliAM)  McDoNAI.n,  formerly  of  the  Tionccr 
and  Mission  Mill.s,  a  surplus  of  $90,000  has  been  added  to  the  paid-up  cap- 
ital of  $21 1,400,  and  dividends  have  been  declared  amounting  to  $168,000. 
The  surplus  and  dividends  earned  since  1873  show  a  net  profit  of  nearly  14 
per  cent,  a  year,  while  for  the  year  1880  the  dividend  was  30  per  cent.  The 
excellent  quality  of  the  company's  goods,  especially  in  the  line  of  blanket.s, 
is  now  recognized,  not  only  in  local,  but  in  ICastcrn  markets,  and  has  even 
gained  for  them  some  foothold  in  England,  China,  and  Japan. 

The  San  Jose  ictory  gives  employment  to  a  large  number  of  operatives, 
nearly  all  of  whom  are  wliite  persons.  Resides  paying  wages  averaging  for 
white  men  nearly  $2,  for  women  about  $1.30,  and  for  children  over  85  cents 
a  day,  a  sum  is  distributed  yearly,  among  white  operatives  only,  in  propor- 
tion to  the  wages  earned  by  each.  For  1880,  this  sum  amounted  to  $4,500, 
or  a  bonus  of  17  per  cent,  added  to  the  )-car's  wages  of  Ctich  individual. 

The  year  1881  was  a  very  prosperous  one  for  this  establishment.  The 
amount  paid  out  for  wages  amounted  to  about  $75,000,  and,  at  the  close  of 
the  year,  the  mills  had  orders  on  hand  from  New  York  for  all  the  blankets 
they  could  make  until  September,  r882. 

The  articles  mainifactured  are  blankets,  white  and  colored,  horse  blanket- 
ings, flannels,  and  flannel  shirtings,  glove  cloth,  coat  linings,  and  cassimeres. 
The  president  states  that  the  protection  afforded  by  the  high  tariff  rates 
of  the  railroad  companies  has  alone  rendered  it  possible  for  the  San  Jose 
mills  to  exist,  and  that  if  the  amount  of  goods  made  by  t'  ("actoiy  had 
been  brought  bj-  rail  from  New  York,  the  freight  would  have  equaled  all  the 
profits  ever  made  by  the  companj-. 


Faoratnento  Mill.— TllK  CaI'ITAL  VVoiM.KN  Mll.l.s,  Sacramento,  have  4 
sets  of  canis,  anil  17  looms.  The  factory  w.is  built  in  1870,  and  after  being 
destroyed  by  fire  in  1875,  was  rebuilt  in  the  fall  of  1876.  The  main  build- 
ing occupies  a  site  60  by  250  feet.  In  connection  with  the  mills  is  a  cloth- 
house  and  tailoring  establishment  on  J  Street,  between   Eighth  and  Ninth 


444 


MANUFACTURES. 


The  enterprise  was  established  by  an  incorporation  with  a  capital  of  $200,- 
000.  The  Ljoods  manufactured  arc  white  and  colored  blankets,  red,  white, 
and  check  Hanncls,  and  flannel  underwear,  cassimercs,  tweeds,  and  water- 
proofs. Most  of  these  products  are  marketed  in  California  and  Nevjida,  but 
the  trade  of  the  factory  extends  over  all  portions  of  the  Pacific  Coast  be- 
tween Washington  Territory  and  New  Mexico.  Quite  a  large  percentage 
of  them  finds  a  market  in  San  Franci.sco.  During  18S1  the  demand  for  the 
goods  of  this  factory  was  greater  than  it  could  supply,  and  early  in  1882  the 
capacity  of  the  mills  was  increased,  and  the  machinery  furnished  with  the 
latest  inventions,  in  order  to  impro\e  still  further  the  quality  of  the  goods. 
It  is  anticipated  that  there  will  soon  be  employment  for  125  hands,  and  that 
the  consumption  of  wool  will  be  at  the  rate  of  1,200  ])ounds  a  da)'.  Occu- 
pation is  given  at  the  mill  to  125  hands,  of  whom  50  are  Chinamen,  luii- 
ployment  is  afforded  to  35  or  40  additional  hands  in  the  tailoring  depart- 
ment, where  suits  and  flannel  underwear  arc  made  to  order.  J.  S.  Tkyon 
is  the  president  and  superintendent  of  the  company. 


Other  Californian  Mills. — The  woolen-mill  at  .Stockton  commenced  the 
manufacture  of  flannels  and  blankets  in  1870,  and  now  claims  to  be  turn- 
ing out  more  goods  than  an>'  other  mill  of  the  size  on  the  co.ast.  Dorcinv 
&  Tattkrson,  the  owners,  have  invested  $30,000  in  the  cnterpri.se.  I'or  a 
mill  with  2  sets  of  cards  and  200  spindles  a  very  large  amount  of  goods  is 
turned  out,  among  which  the  6-ouncc  check  flannel,  and  three-quarter  gray 
and  magenta  blankets  are  special  features.  There  are  24  men  cmplo)-eil, 
18  of  whom  are  Chinamen,  and  good  accounts  arc  given  of  the  results  of 
their  labor. 

TllK  Santa  Rosa  Woolkn  Company  was  incorporated  in  1877,  with  a 
capital  of  $100,000,  of  which  $50,000  is  paiil  up.  There  are  but  4  stock- 
holders--C.  C.  I<"ARMi',K,  E.  T.  I'"aumi:r,  John  Walkkr,  and  ]■'..  C.  Fkrcu- 
SON.  The  factory  occupies  a  brick  building,  60x1 20  feet,  2^^  stories  in  height. 
It  is  a  3-set  mill,  anil  is  furnisheil  with  the  best  I'.astern  machinery.  The 
manufactures  consist  of  7-ounce  flannel,  blankets,  j'arns,  buggy  robes,  tweeds, 
and  cassimercs.  The  enterprise  was  not  fairly  in  operation  until  January, 
1881.  Within  6  months  from  that  date  the  factory  turned  out  gooils  to  the 
value  of  $35,000,  and  v.hen  working  at  its  full  capacity  can  make  up  $85,000 
worth  of  goods  a  )ear.  The  products  of  the  mill  arc  marketed  in  San 
Francisco. 

In  the  spring  of  1867  after  y\.  SHIELDS  and  W.  H.  PARKS  had  can- 
vassed Yuba  and  Sutter  counties  for  the  purpo.se  of  raising  the  necessary 
funds.  Till'.  Marv.svii.i.k  W()oi,i:n  Mills  Cd.mpanv  was  incorporated 
with  a  capital  of  $50,000,  and   I).  F.  Kniuht,  the  present  superintendent, 


TEXTILE   lABRICS. 


445 


went  East  to  purchase  macliinory  for  a  4-sct  mill.  The  propcrt)- of  TllE 
Calii'ORMA  Stack  Company,  on  B  and  Second  streets,  on  which  stood  a 
brick  building  140x160  feet,  was  purchased,  and  the  factory  went  into 
operation  in  September  of  the  same  )-ear.  Good  management  and  the 
cheapness  of  wool  enabled  the  company  to  ileclare  a  25  per  cent  dividend 
the  first  year.  The  same  dividend  was  paid  the  second  year.  Uctwecn 
1S67  and  1879,  the  factory  earned  enough  to  pay  out  $500,000  for  material 
and  $300,000  for  labor,  to  make  additions  to  the  buildings  of  2  substantial 
and  expensive  rooms,  and  to  make  very  handsome  returns  to  stockholders, 
either  as  dividends  or  additions  to  capital  stock.  The  ilividcnd  for  the  year 
icSSo,  was  18  per  cent.  There  are  6  .sets  and  20  looms  in  operation,  giving 
employment  to  45  white  men,  .several  women,  and  30  Chinamen,  the  latter 
receiving  the  high  wages  of  $1.15  per  day.  The  superintendent  states  that 
he  could  not  make  the  mill  pay  unless  Chinamen  were  employed.  He  re- 
ports an  excellent  state  of  business,  a  ready  market,  and  very  good  pros- 
pect.s. 

Oregon  Mills. — There  arc  in  Oregon  5  woolen-factories,  one  of  which, 
owned  by  TiiE  Orecon  Citv  Wool  Manufacturing  Company,  ranks, 
in  point  of  capital  and  capacity  for  turning  out  fabric,  second  only  to  the 
rioncer  and  Mission  Mills  of  San  Franci.sco.  Cloth  and  blankets  of  Oregon 
manufacture  are  of  superior  quality,  the  long  staple  of  the  Oregon  wool 
being  better  for  certain  cla.sscs  of  goods  than  the  shorter  and  finer  merino 
of  California.  The  entire  capital  invested  in  tliis  branch  of  industry  in  the 
State  of  Oregon  may  be  estimated  at  $450,000  to  $500,000,  and  her  factories 
have  in  operation  about  16  sets  of  cards  and  75  looms,  manufacturing  nearly 
$400,000  worth  of  material  into  about  $840,000  worth  of  fabric. 

Tin:  Willamette  Woolen  Mills  at  Salem  were  established  in  1857, 
at  a  cost  of  $75,000,  and  were  then  the  most  important  enterprise  of  this 
nature  on  tiic  Pacific  Coast.  For  some  time  the  Willamette  factory  was  a 
source  of  little  profit,  but  of  much  cheap  ridicule  to  the  surrounding  com- 
munity, and  of  vexation  to  stockholders.  Within  a  few  years  the  skill  and 
perseverance  of  its  managers  had  achieved  for  this  untlertaking  a  success 
seldom  equaled  in  the  history  of  manufacturing  enterpri.se;  and  the  com- 
pany's stock  had  risen  from  a  heavy  discount  to  1 100  per  cent,  premium. 
After  a  long  and  prosperous  career,  and  considerable  enlargement,  the  mills 
were  burned  to  the  grouml  in  May,  1876.  The  main  edifice  of  the  Willa- 
mette factory  was  the  largest  one  of  the  kind  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  measuring 
200x541  Icct. 

The  Oregon  Crrv  Wool  Manukacturing  Company  was  organized 
in  April,  1 864,  with  a  capital  of  $60,000,  and  went  into  operation  the  follow- 


m^i^fmn 


^mm 


446 


MAM  !A(  TLkKS. 


ing  year  with  3  .-.ot-i  of  aiachincn-.  The  present  capital  is  $300,000,  a  por- 
linti  of  which  rcpi-cscnts  the  accumulated  carnin;^s  of  the  mill.  The  factory 
was  burned  ilown  in  1S72,  and  rebuilt  the  (ollowin^  year.  It  is  now  in  full 
operation,  with  1 1  sets  of  cards  and  48  looms.  The  annual  consumption  of 
wool  is  little  less  than  1,000,000  pounds.  The  goods  manufactured  are 
mainly  blankets,  flannel.s,  tweeds,  and  cassimcres,  to  the  value  of  $40,000  to 
$45,000  a  month.  Their  excellent  quality  finds  for  them  a  ready  market. 
Small  (juantitics  occasionally  sent  to  New  York  are  eagerly  taken  b>'  the 
trade;  hut  the  demand  for  the.se  goods  in  Oregon  and  Caliornia  is  now  m> 
great  that  there  is  little  surplus  left  for  more  distant  markets.  Connected 
with  the  establishment  is  a  clothing  department,  giving  cmplojn.cnt  to  a 
number  of  skilled  cutters  and  about  50  tailors.  The  superior  quality  o(  liic 
cloth  is  at  once  noticed  by  visitors,  while  in  inice  it  is  below  that  of  I'^abtcni 
make.  In  .San  Francisco  the  mills  are  represented  by  Hrowx  I>ro.s.  &  Co., 
24  and  26  Sansomc  street,  who  manufacture  cloth  and  dannei  from  the 
Oregon  City  .Mills  into  goods  valuetl  at  over  $400,000  a  year.  The  Nahie 
to  a  community  of  such  an  institution  as  the  Oregon  City  Isictor)-  ean 
hardly  be  overestimated.  ISesides  paying  out  nearly  $250,000  a  jcar  to 
wool-growers,  and  about  $90,000  a  year  in  wages  to  150  hands  (i;i_  greater 
jjortion  of  whom  arc  white  operatives),  employment  is  furnisheil  to  hundreds 
of  persons  in  making  up  cloth  and  flannel  into  suits  and  clothing.  Ncarl\' 
all  the  monc)-  paid  out,  for  whatever  purpose,  is  circulated  on  this  coast  and 
finds  its  way  into  different  channels  of  trade. 

Till'.  BUOWNSVIIXK  WOOLKN  Mll.l,  CoMl'AW  was  established  at  Hrowns- 
\illo,  I. inn  County,  in  1S75.  It  lias  now  4  sets  of  machinery.  At  the 
annual  meeting  of  the  comp.iny  held  in  1 88 1,  it  was  found  that  the  concern 
had  paid  well  during  the  preceding  year.  The  factory  has  not  been  kept 
steadily  running,  but  has  all  the  machinery  needed  for  turning  out  cassi- 
mcres, doeskins,  tweeds,  satinets,  flannels,  and  blankets,  which  have  been 
produced  in  considerable  ([uantity  since  the  mill  went  into  operation.  The 
compan)-  has  a  ])aid-up  capital  of  $36,00x1.  I^mployment  is  given  to  40 
operatives,  ,ill  white  persons,  anil  the  sales  amount  to  about  $150,000  worth 
a  )ear  of  goods,  which  are  marketed  in  Oregon, California,  Idaho, and  Wash- 
ington.    1).  DALi;i,r.lsil,  71  Front  Street,  ''ortland,  is  the  agent. 

Tin:  Asiii,A\l)  W(ioi.i;n  Mill.s,  a  joint  stock  incorporation,  are  located 
in  Jack.son  Count)-,  315  miles  south  of  Portland,  and  on  the  line  of  the  Cal- 
ifornia and  Oregon  overland  stage  route.  Though  at  present  only  a  one- 
set  factory,  with  4  looms  antl  3  knitting  luachines,  the  mill  building  is  tjf 
sufficient  size  to  admit  machinery  for  another  .set  of  cards.  The  goods  man- 
ufactured consist  chiefly  i.>f  cassimercs,  doeskins,  tweeds,  blankets,  and  lio- 
sicry,  to  the  value  of  $40,000  or  $50,000  a  year.    It  is  claimed  that  the  power 


TEXTILi:    i  AtUICS. 


447 


derived  from  Ashland  Creek  would  be  sufficient  to  drive  all  the  machinery 
of  Birmingham. 

The  Dayton  Woolen  Mills  were  founded  in  1C72  at  the  county  scat 
of  Columbia  County,  on  a  site  which,  a  few  months  previously,  was  the 
center  of  a  large  grain  ranch,  owned  by  J.  N.  Da\'.  The  president  of  the 
mill,  S.  M.  Wait,  is  a  native  of  Vermont,  and  came  to  California  in  1S50 
at  the  age  of  28.  In  1851,  he  took  an  immense  drove  of  hogs  (the  first 
venture  of  the  kind)  from  the  Willamette  Valley  to  California,  and  the  fol- 
lowing year  made  the  same  trip  with  a  large  band  of  cattle.  Engaging 
afterwards  in  various  enterprises,  Mr.  W.MT  became  acquainted,  during  his 
travels  in  Oregon,  with  the  capabilities  and  wants  of  the  country  through 
which  he  passed.  In  the  course  of  his  journeys  he  frequently  had  occasion 
to  pass  through  the  ranch  of  Mr.  DAY,  and  often  spoke  to  him  of  the  many 
advantages  it  possessed  as  a  town  site.  The  woolen  mill  cost,  with  ma- 
chinery, $40,000,  and  distributes  every  year  over  $30,000  for  material  pur- 
chased in  its  vicinity,  besides  disbursing  nearly  $25,000  a  year  for  wages. 

Utah  Mills.— Utah  contains  10  woolen-mills,  one  of  which — TllK  RiO 
Virgin  Manuiactuuinc;  Company — also  produces  cotton  fabrics.  From 
the  best  information  that  can  be  obtained  from  so  distant  a  territory,  her 
woolen  factories  arc  furnished  with  20  sets  of  cards,  118  looms,  and  about 
6,300  spindles.  The  capital  invested  may  be  set  down  at  $650,000,  the  cost 
of  raw  material  used  at  $600,000,  and  the  value  of  goods  manufactured  at 
$1,300,000.  The  very  large  quantity  of  wool  forwarded  by  rail  from  Salt 
Lake  City  to  Ogdcn,  and  the  small  amount  of  that  staple  forwarded  from 
Ogden  to  any  part  of  Utah  Territory,  indicates  that  the  wool  used  is  al- 
most entirely  of  lotal  production.  Utah  may  claim  t(}  have  established  the 
pioneer  woolen  factory  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  In  the  Dcscrct  News  of  April 
19.  1853,  Mr.  Gaunt  informs  his  patrons  "that  he  has  commenced  weaving 
satinets  at  his  factory  at  Western  Jordan,  and  that  very  soon  he  will  full 
and  finish  some  cloth." 

The  largest  woolen-mill  between  the  Mis.souri  River  and  San  Francisco 
is  that  of  TllK  Provo  Manukacturing  Co.mpany,  at  Provo,  Utah  County. 
This  factory  occupies  a  four-.story  stone  building,  60  by  140  feet,  and  is  fitted 
up  as  an  8-card  mill,  with  2,880  spindle.s.  In  addition  to  the  main  edi- 
fice is  a  building  30  by  140  feet,  used  for  offices,  store-rooms,  carpcntor  and 
machine  shop.s,  and  a  dye-house  30  by  60  feet,  containing,  among  other 
apparatu.s,  a  hydro-extrcicter,  for  drying  purposes.  The  machinery  is  run 
by  35  and  40-inch  turbine  wheels.  The  finishing-house,  30  by  70  feet,  is  2  Vj 
stories  high.  About  $100,000  worth  of  wool  is  made  annually  into  fabric, 
consisting  of  blankets,  plain  and  twilled,  white,  and  of  various  colors,  tweeds, 


448 


MANUFACTURES. 


jccins,  linscys,  and  other  cloth  for  male  and  female  attire,  of  material  light 
enough  for  summer  wear,  or  heavy  enough  for  overcoats.  The  wool  used  i.s 
very  carefully  graded.  That  which  is  of  poor  or  unserviceable  quality  i.s 
sent  to  liastern  markets.  Employment  is  given  to  about  125  hands,  30  of 
whom  are  men,  and  the  remainder  women  and  boys.  The  pay-roll  amounts 
to  about  $45,000  a  year,  making  average  earnings  of  about  $1.15  a  day  for 
each  operative.  The  hands  are  employed  on  the  piece-work  system.  The 
buildings  were  erected  in  1872,  on  the  cooperative  plan.  Each  citizen  of 
the  county  was  solicited  to  contribute  means  or  labor  for  the  enterprise,  and 
building  material,  rock,  lime,  sand,  and  lumber  were  procured  at  the  expense 
of  very  little  money. 

The  Rio  Virgin  Manufacturing  Company,  at  St.  George,  Wash- 
ington County,  has  a  capital  of  $100,000.  The  factory  has  3  sets  of  cards 
and  22  looms  for  the  production  of  woolen  fabrics,  and  4  cards  with  24 
looms  for  the  making  of  cotton  goods.  The  chief  articles  produced  arc 
jcan.s,  linseys,  kersey.s,  doeskins,  and  ginghams. 

There  is  not,  at  present,  any  woolen  factory  in  operation  in  the  State  of 
Nevada,  or  in  any  of  the  Territories  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  Utah.  A  mill  was  established  in  Arizona,  and  turned  out  its  first 
blanket  in  December,  1874,  but  is  now  closed. 

In  Victoria  a  factory  was  engaged,  some  years  ago,  in  the  manufacture 
of  tweed  cloth,  and  produced  in  all  not  less  than  250,000  yards.  The 
result  of  its  operations  was,  that  the  banker's  account  was  overdrawn,  and 
no  return  was  made  to  stockholders,  except  a  5  per  cent,  dividend  to  be 
taken  out  in  cloth.  The  corporation  of  Victoria  offers  a  bonus  of  $5,000, 
and  the  Provincial  Government  of  British  Columbia  a  like  amount,  towards 
the  establishment  of  a  woolen-mill  at  Victoria. 


Hosiery  and  Knit  Gk>ods. — These  classes  of  goods,  known  to  the  trade 
under  the  term  of  "  domestic  underwear,"  include  such  articles  as  knit  under- 
shirts, drawers,  and  half-hose  for  men  and  boys ;  and  vests  and  hose  for 
women.  During  1881  there  was  but  a  single  factory  on  the  Pacific  Coast 
exclusively  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  knit  good.s — TlIE  CALIFORNIA 
Hosii'.RY  Company,  located  at  Oakland.  This  establishment  has  been  in 
operation  only  since  January  of  that  year,  and  has  so  far  been  very  suc- 
cessful. The  Pioneer  and  Mis.sion  Woolen  Mills  of  San  Francisco 
(of  which  a  general  account  has  been  given  heretofore)  produced  in 
1 88 1  about  $200,000  worth  of  domestic  underwear.  One  of  the  Oregon 
mills,  and  2  at  least  of  the  Utah  factories,  have  also  a  few  knitting-ma- 
chines in  operation.  The  entire  consumption  of  all  the  hosiery  and  knit 
goods  manufactured  on  the  Pacific  Coast  may  be  estimated  at  $450,000  a 


""•"iilpp 


■Kwwnii 


TEXTILE   lAURICS. 


449 


year;  the  cost  of  the  wool,  cotton,  and  other  materials  used  at  $150,000; 
the  sum  expended  for  labor  at  $175,000,  distributed  among  500  operatives. 

Cotton  can  now  be  imported  from  Texas,  by  the  Southern  Pacific  Rail- 
road, as  cheaply,  or  very  nearly  so,  as  it  can  be  laid  down  in  Lowell,  or 
other  large  manufacturing  cities  in  the  Eastern  States.  Freight  to  San 
Franci.sco  Vy  this  route  is  i  ]4  cents  a  pound.  The  production  of  Califor- 
nian  cotton  was  estimated  for  1881  at  500  bales,  of  400  pounds  each, 
or  about  I03  tons  in  all.  At  present  about  300  tons  of  cotton  are 
consumed  every  year  by  the  Pacific  Coast  Mills.  Taking  into  account 
the  lower  price  of  wool,  it  is  probable  that  the  cost  of  material  is  less 
than  in  Eastern  factories,  while  the  operatives  employed  consist  largely  of 
boys  and  girls,  whose  wages  are  little  if  any  above  Eastern  rates.  It  is 
therefore  reasonable  to  expect  that,  in  the  near  future,  there  will  be  a  con- 
.  siderablc  development  in  this  branch  of  industry.  Moreover,  the  advance 
which  has  occurred  within  the  last  few  years,  in  Eastern  markets,  in  the 
price  of  all  textile  fabrics,  tells  very  much  in  favor  of  manufacturers  on  this 
coast.  There  is  still  a  large  importation  of  hosiery  and  knit  goods,  but  on 
the  other  hand,  domestic  underwear  made  by  Californian  mills  has  already 
gained  some  foothold  in  Chicago,  Boston,  and  New  York. 

In  the  fall  of  the  year  1880,  a  number  of  enterprising  business  men 
formed  thcm.selves  into  a  company,  bearing  the  name  of  TllE  California 
Ho.SIERY  Co.Ml'ANY,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  mill,  where  hosiery 
and  underwear  of  all  kinds  could  be  manufactured.  A  sum  of  money  was 
at  once  raised,  an  expert  sent  East  to  purchase  the  required  machinery,  and 
within  a  very  few  months  the  factory  was  in  operation  at  the  cprner  of  First 
and  Jefferson  streets,  Oakland.  The  main  building  is  of  brick,  with  numer- 
ous adjuncts  in  the  way  of  drying-sheds,  store-rooms,  receiving  warehouses, 
etc.  The  driving  engine  of  the  works  is  of  60-horse  power,  and  was  manu- 
factured by  Mr.  IVES  ScoviLLE,  of  the  Oakland  Iron  Works.  The  mill  is 
furnished  with  all  necessary  machinery,  of  the  latest  patents,  for  4  sets  of 
cards,  and  turns  out  daily  40  dozen  of  undershirts,  and  various  articles  of 
underwear,  and  60  to  100  dozen  of  hose.  These  goods  are  marketed  in 
San  Francisco,  New  York,  Boston,  and  Chicago.  Californian  and  Oregon 
wools  are  used  in  about  equal  proportions.  Employment  is  given  to  about 
240  hands,  at  wages  varying  from  50  cents  to  $4  per  day — the  former  rate 
for  boys  and  girls  as  young  as  15.  Not  a  single  Chinamen  is  to  be  seen  on 
the  premises.  The  factory  ■-■)  now  running  on  orders.  Mr.  John  A.  SWEN- 
ARTON,  who  may  be  called  the  founder  of  the  company,  is  the  present  man- 
ager. The  railroad  to  San  Jose  passes  within  15  or  20  feet  of  the  mill,  and 
large  vessels  can  discharge  cargo  at  a  distance  of  200  yards  from  the 
establishment. 
57 


.^»i«»b'i*^' 


450 


MA.\UKACrt;RES. 


Wool  Soourins. — Until  1877  all  the  wool  forwarded  East  from  the 
Pacific  Coast  was  unscourcd  wooi;  but  of  late  years  several  firns  in  San 
Francisco  have  entered  into  the  business  of  wool  scouring.  The  object  of 
the  process  is  to  cleanse  the  staple  from  all  impurities,  and  render  it  fit  for 
manufacturers'  use.  Most  of  it  is  shipped  to  'Eastern  markets,  as  the  mills 
on  the  Pacific  Coast  arc  usually  furnished  with  apparatus  for  scouring  their 
own  wool.  The  quantity  prepared  for  shipment  during  1881  was  about 
8,000  tons,  or  about  28  per  cent,  of  the  entire  clip.  It  is  estimated  that  for 
18S2  the  amount  will  be  increased  to  12000  or  13,000  tons;  and  it  is  prob- 
able that,  before  long,  nearly  all  the  wool  shipped  East,  from  San  Francisco, 
will  be  scoured  wool.  In  every  pound  of  wool  taken  from  the  back  of  the 
sheep,  two  thirds  of  the  weight  consists  cf  grease,  dust,  burs,  grass-.sceds, 
and  other  impurities,  which  are  removed  bj-  the  .scouring  process.  By  first 
cleansing  tiic  wool,  the  shipper  therefore  saves  two  thirds  of  the  freight  . 
As  the  bulk  of  our  wool  is  shipped  East  by  rail,  the  saving  is  very  consid- 
erable. At  present,  about  5,750  tons  a  year  are  used  by  the  Pacific  Coast 
woolen-mills,  and  nearly  19,000  tons  are  forwarded  East,  of  which  about 
1 1,000  tons  arc  shipped  in  the  grea.sc.  As  two  thirds  of  the  weight  of  un- 
scourcd wool  consists  of  refuse,  and  the  freight  is  I  ^  to  2  cents  a  pound,  it 
follows  that  at  least  $220,000  were  paid  out,  in  1881,  for  the  transportation 
of  over  7,300  tons  of  grease,  dust,  burs,  etc. 

The  leadiijg  firms  at  present  engaged  in  wool  scouring  are  Falkner, 
Bell  &  Co.,  Lardnkr  &  Lee,  Grisar  &  Co.,  Simon  &  Breslauer, 
Franic  p.  McLennan,  and  John  F.  Knox.  The  2  first  mentioned  pre- 
pare about  2,000  tons,  and  the  others  about  800  tons  each  a  year.  About  100 
men  are  employed  in  this  industry,  and  the  business  is  at  present  restricted 
to  San  Francisco.  The  need  is  felt  of  a  mill  for  spinning  woolen  yarn  for 
shipment  East,  instead  of  sending  the  wddI  in  its  raw  state;  and  it  is  prob- 
able that  such  an  establishment  will  soon  be  in  operation. 


Clothing. — The  Pacific  States  and  Territories  import  ready-made  cloth- 
ing and  under-clothing  to  the  value  of  $20  annually  for  every  man,  woman, 
and  child  of  their  population.  Not  more  than  one  fifth  of  our  wool  crop  is 
manufactured  on  this  coast,  and  even  of  this  some  portion  is  exported  in 
the  .shape  of  doeskins,  cassimercs,  and  tweeds,  to  return  as  ready-made  suits. 
Supposing  that  the  wool  in  a  suit  of  clothes  costs  about  one  tenth,  and  that 
Eastern  manufacturers,  merchants,  and  railroad  incorporations  absorb  the 
remaining  nine  tenths,  we  make  our  profit  on  but  a  small  portion  of  the 
material.  The  quantity  of  cloth  .sent  East  for  sale  or  manufacture  can  not 
easily  be  estimated,  but  the  amount  of  wool  exported  for  the  year  1881  was 
about  20  per  cent,  of  the  total  crop.     It  may  be  stated,  with  a  very  near 


TEXTILK   lABRICS. 


45' 


approximation  to  truth,  that  \vc  send  abroad  four  fifths  of  our  wool  crop, 
and  expend  on  imported  woolen  goods  an  amount  almost  equal  to,  and, 
according  to  some  c^fi'natcs,  exceeding  the  market  price  of  the  clij). 

The  entire  value  ol  tl.  thing  manufactured  in  San  Francisco,  including 
suits,  overalls,  and  under.v.ar,  is  estimated  at  $3,650,000,  and  the  number  of 
men,  women,  and  Chiiinien  employed  in  this  branch  of  industrj-,  the  year 
round,  at  1,800,  o:  whom  it  least  1,400  arc  Chinamen.  The  number  of 
Chinamen  employed  is  much  lar;^cr  at  times.  For  the  year  1870  the  value 
of  men's  cloihing  manufactured  in  San  Francisco,  including  custom  work, 
V. as  stated  m  the  Cen.ns  Report  at  $964,750,  and  the  number  of  hands  em- 
ployed at  459^ 

During  1881  t^alcs  of  clothing  exceeded,  L-y  at  least  20  per  cent.,  those 
of  the  previous  year.  The  fall  trade  was  especially  prosperous.  A  feature 
in  the  year's  business  was  the  increased  demand  for  tweeds,  cassimere.s,  and 
doeskins  of  Pacific  Coast  manufacture.  For  the  making  of  suits,  cloth 
manufactured  at  the  Pioneer  and  Mission  Mills,  San  Francisco,  and  at  the 
Oregon  City  Woolen  Mills,  is  very  much  in  demand.  It  is  admitted,  that 
Californian  and  Oregon  cloth  wear  better  than  Eastern  goods,  though  less 
fine  as  to  face,  finish,  and  neatness  of  pattern.  If  this  defect  were  reme- 
died, the  demand  for  Californian  and  Oregon  cloth  would  be  more  general 
instead  of  being  limited,  as  it  now  is,  almost  exclusively  to  the  laboring 
classes. 

Imports  of  clothing,  for  1881,  amounted  to  7,500  cases.  For  1878,  1879, 
and  1880,  they  were  about  5,700  cases;  for  1877,  5,000  cases;  and  for  1876 
7,000  cases.  The  large  imports  for  1881  were  not  caused  by  any  falling  ol 
in  home  manufacture.  On  the  contrary,  more  clothing  was  made  on  this 
coast  in  that  year  than  during  any  previous  twelvemonth.  All  the  .sister 
States  and  Territories,  with  the  exception  perhaps  of  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico,  consume  a  fair  amount  of  California-made  clothing,  and  there  is  a 
small  but  increasing  export  trade  amounting,  for  1881,  to  553  cases,  against 
478  cases  for  1880.  Our  best  foreign  customers  are  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
which  took  from  us  (in  1881)  232  cases;  British  Columbia,  which  took  /J 
cases;  China,  42  cases;  and  Mexico,  41  cases.  Some  of  these  goods  were, 
no  doubt.  Eastern  clothing  in  transit,  but  the  bulk  of  them  were  of  home 
prodiiJtion. 

A  considerable  quantity  of  the  cloth  manufactured  on  this  coast,  especi- 
ally in  the  line  of  >.assimeres,  is  still  sent  East,  partly  for  the  reason  that 
sufficient  labor  can  not  be  obtained  to  make  them  into  clothing,  at  prices 
that  manufacturers  can  afford  to  pay. 

The  prospects  in  the  business  of  manufacturing  clothing  are  thus  ex- 
pressed by  Mr.  GreeneBAUM,  the  proprietor  of  a  factory  in  which  girls  are 


mmtmm 


452 


MAXUKACrUKKS. 


largely  employed:  "The  outlook  for  the  future  is  good.  All  that  we  need 
is  white  labor,  good  and  experienced  hands,  which  arc  not  in  San  Francisco 
at  present,  and  will  not  be,  until  mothers  and  daughters  lay  aside  their  pride, 
and  are  willing  to  work,  and  not  ashamed  to  be  called  factory  hands."  In 
establishments  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  fringe,  gimp,  braid,  regalia, 
etc.,  no  Chinamen  are  to  be  seen,  but  there  arc  numbers  of  contented  and 
healthy-looking  women  and  girls,  who  c-immence  as  apprentices  at  $.3  or  $4 
a  week,  and  after  learning  their  trade  can  earn  $8  to  $12,  and  sometimes 
even  $20  a  week.  These  establishments,  however,  can  employ  but  a  small 
number  of  person.s.  The  chief  branches  of  manufacture  that  could  afford 
employment  to  women  who  have  to  depend  on  sewing  for  a  livelihood,  are 
those  of  clothing,  under-clothing,  and  shirtmaking.  At  least  four  fifths  of 
all  this  work  is,  at  present,  in  the  hantls  of  Chinamen,  who  receive  every 
year  in  wages  at  least  $850,000. 

If  large  clothing  factories,  such  as  exi.st  in  Eastern  cities,  were  established 
in  San  Francisco,  there  is  no  doubt  that  buj-crs  from  the  country  would 
patronize  them,  in  preference  to  purchasing  from  importers.  They  would 
be  able  to  purchase  goods  made  up  in  new  and  varied  style  instead  of 
those  that  have  lain  on  the  shelves  of  Eastern  mainifacturing  houses  per- 
haps for  6  or  12  months,  and  on  those  of  San  Francisco  importing  houses 
almost  as  long.  It  is  estimated  that  if  all  the  outer  and  under  clothinglhat 
is  sold  in  .San  I'rancisco  were  manufacturctl  in  that  city,  thirty  large  facto- 
ries could  be  kept  constantly  in  operation,  and  employment  could  be  fur- 
nished to  8,000  or  10,000  hands. 

Clothing  Operatives. — Complaint  is  made  by  .several  leading  houses  in 
San  Franci.sco,  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  cloth  suits  and  of  under-cloth- 
ing, that  the  supply  of  skilled  labor  is  not  sufficient  to  enable  them  to  keep 
pace  with  the  ilemand  for  their  goods.  Such  an  institution  as  an  organized 
clothing  factory,  conducted  by  white  labor,  can  hardly  be  said  to  exist  oil 
the  Pacific  Coast.  The  industry  is  at  jircscnt  mainly  in  the  hands  of  Chira- 
men.  White  operatives  work  by  the  i)icce,  and  their  earnings  average,  for 
skiUeil  workmen  $12  to  $1 8,  and  for  cvjiert  women  $8  to  $10  a  week.  These 
wages  are  about  the  same  as  Ivistern  rates,  except  for  female  operatives, 
and  may  be  taken  as  the  average  earnings,  whether  on  piece-work  or  by 
daily  wage.  In  luistcrn  cities  an  advertisement  will  at  once  be  answered 
by  200  or  300  skilled  applicants,  and  work  is  done  on  what  is  called  the 
gang  .system.  A  gang  consists  of  ,'i  pressman,  who  shapes  the  garment  after 
it  is  cut,  and  a  luimbcr  of  sewing-machine  girls  anil  assistants,  each  of  whom 
works  only  at  one  portion  of  the  garment.  Skilled  sewing-machine  opera- 
tives receive,  in  tiie  East,  $10  to  .$12  a  week,  anil  assistants  $6  to  $8.     The 


^^^i^i^ 


TEXTILE   FABRICS. 


453 


extent  to  which  Chinese  workmen  are  employed  in  San  Francisco,  in  this 
branch  of  industry,  is  perhaps  hardly  appreciated.  Hy  far  the  greater  part 
of  the  ready-made  clothing  and  nearly  all  the  under-clothing  made  in  San 
Francisco,  for  both  sexes,  is  manufactured  by  Chinamen. 

There  are  numerous  Chinese  firms  working  for  wholesale  houses,  and 
employing  probably  not  less  than  i,ooo  hands  in  the  aggregate.  Their  fac- 
tories are,  of  course,  located  in  the  Chinese  quarter.  There  are  also  num- 
bers of  Chinamen  working  under  the  superintendence  of  white  foremen  at 
small  factories  in  the  suburbs  of  San  Francisco.  The  bulk  of  the  goods 
manufactured  by  Chinese  labor  consists  of  overalls,  jumpers,  and  pants  made 
of  imported  Eastern  denim  and  duck,  over  and  under  shirts  of  Californian 
flannel,  and  cloth  pant.s,  chiefly  of  home-made  tweeds  and  cassimeres.  Over- 
alls and  other  goods  of  duck  and  denim  are  .sold  chiefly  to  miners  and  to 
laborers  on  ranches.  The  importation  of  this  class  of  goods  has  now  almost 
entirely  ceased.  It  is  estimated  by  a  leading  firm  in  San  Francisco  that 
not  less  than  $750,000  worth  a  year  of  ducks  and  denims  (cotton  fabrics, 
dyed  in  blue  or  brown)  are  manufactured  on  tliis  coast,  and  that  not  more 
than  $75,000  worth  arc  imported.  Suits  made  of  ther.e  goods  are  usually 
lined  with  Californian  blanket  lining.  By  employing  Chinese  labor,  manu- 
facturers can  afford  to  pay  3  cents  a  pound  for  freight  on  the  material,  which, 
with  the  exception  of  the  blanket  lining,  is  all  imported,  and  not  only  sup- 
ply nearly  all  the  demand  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  but  sell  their  goods  at  a 
profit,  nearly  as  far  East  as  New  York,  after  paying  a  second  freight. 

Besides  the  regular  Chinese  firms,  there  are  small  co-operative  bodies  of 
4  or  5  who  work  on  their  own  account,  and  send  out  one  of  their  number  to 
effect  sales.  In  addition  to  our  large  wholesale  hou.ses,  some  of  the  smaller 
ones  also  employ  Chinamen.  Their  earnings  average  about  $1.50  a  day, 
and  aggregate  (for  1,400  employees,  <vorking  7  days  a  week)  about  $765,- 
000  a  year.  This  sum,  added  to  the  profits  made  by  Chinese  employers, 
would  furnish  work  to  an  equal  number  of  female  operatives  on  the  system 
and  at  the  rates  of  wages  prevailing  in  ICastern  clothing  factories.  As  the 
case  now  stands,  white  women  and  girls  can  find  more  remunerative  em •■ 
jiloyment  in  domestic  .service  than  in  work  on  clothing,  though  a  small 
number  make  living  wages  mainly  by  working  for  custom  tailors.  Manu- 
facturers state  that  but  for  tlic  aid  of  Chinese  l.ibor,  the  making  of  ready- 
made  clothing  would  amount  U:  almost  nothing  on  this  coast.  A  single 
illustration  will  show  that  the  real  trouble  is  rather  the  lack  of  proper 
organization,  than  the  want  of  cheap  white  labor.  Some  years  ago  a  firm, 
who  let  out  large  contracts  for  clothing  of  various  descriptions,  had  paid 
from  $27  to  $30  a  dozen  for  the  making  of  certain  •articles  of  hoys'  wear. 
They  shipped  an  invoice  of  the  material  to  l'hiladei|)hia.     It  was  made  up 


■Mi 


454 


MANUl'ACTURES. 


in  a  better  and  more  substantial  manner  than  similar  work  had  been  done 
here,  and  returned  at  a  cost,  including  freight  both  ways,  of  only  $i8  a 
dozen.  The  uagcs  of  clothing  hands  in  Philadelphia  arc  fully  equal  to 
those  of  white  operatives  in  San  Francisco,  and  for  skilled  labor,  nearly 
double  the  rates  paid  to  Chinamen.  Yet  it  is  quite  probable  that  the  San 
Francisco  contractor,  while  receiving  from  $27  to  $30  a  dozen,  employed 
mainly  Chinese  labor  at  about  $1  a  day,  while  the  Philadelphia  manufac- 
turer paid,  on  an  average,  perhaps  $1.50  a  day.  The  explanation  of  the 
matter  lies  partly  in  the  fact  that,  in  Eastern  cities,  operatives  work  only  on 
one  portion  of  th"^  garment,  while  in  San  Francisco,  a  single  person  makes 
up  the  whole  garment,  and  often  the  entire  suit.  In  Philadelphia,  clothing 
hands  work  for  years,  and  with  the  best  appliances,  on  separate  pieces  of 
one  article  of  attire.  It  is  probable  that  one  thus  working,  say  for  instance 
on  coat-sloeves,  can  perform  labor  equal  to  at  least  double  the  value  of  that 
done  by  operatives  who  make  up  a  complete  garment  or  suit.  The  fault 
rests  not  with  the  m.anufacturcr,  nor  with  the  operative,  but  n-ith  the  sys- 
tem. There  seems  to  be  no  good  reason  why,  with  proper  organization, 
clothing  factories,  employing  white  labor,  should  not  be  established  in  San 
Francisco  to  utilize,  more  largely,  the  excellent  fabrics  produced  on  this 
coast. 


Various  Factories. — There  are  but  2  substantial  hou.scs  in  San  Fran- 
cisco largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  ready-made  cloth  suits  for  men 
and  boys — Brown  BROTIIIdi.s  &  Co.,  and  STRAUS  &  I.EVV.  Neither  estab- 
lishment possesses  any  workshop  or  factory;  all  work  of  whatever  description 
being  let  out  by  contract.  Other  clothing  houses  manufacture  small  quan- 
tities of  home-made  cloth  suits,  and  numerous  firms  let  out  contracts  for 
duck  goods,  flannel  underAvear,  etc.,  but,  as  already  stated,  such  an  institu- 
tion as  a  clothing  factory,  in  its  proper  sense,  for  the  making  of  outer-cloth- 
ing, does  not  exist  in  this  State,  and  probably  not  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  with 
the  exception  of  an  overall  factory  at  Sacramento,  established  in  1879  by 
L.  Klkus  &  Co.  Straus  &  Lkvv,  22  Sansome  Street,  manufacture  chiefly 
boys'  clothing,  for  which  purpose  they  u.sc  both  Californian  and  Oregon 
cloth.  Their  sales  average  $200,000  a  year,  one  half  of  which  consists  of 
goods  made  by  the  firm;  the  remainder  being  imported.  Employment  is 
gi%'en  to  about  70  pcrson.s,  white,  Chinese,  and  Mexican.s,  at  wages  averaging 
$40  a  month.  The  trade  of  the  firm  extends  over  California,  Oregon,  Idaho, 
and  Arizona. 

Brown  Bros.  &  Co,,  24  and  26  Sansome  Street,  are  the  largest  manu- 
facturers of  ready-made  clothing  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  The  value  of  goods 
made  up  by  this  one  firm  is  about  $550,000  a  j-ear.     Their  trade  extends 


TEXTILE  FABRICS. 


455 


all  over  the  Pacific  States  and  Territories,  and  as  far  east  as  New  York. 
They  are  sole  agents  for  the  OREGON  City  Woolex  Mills,  and  manufac- 
ture from  cloth  made  in  that  establishment,  ready-made  suits  to  the  value 
of  $300,000  a  year,  in  addition  to  flannel  underwear  and  other  goods,  worth 
$150,000,  from  material  produced  at  the  same  establishment.  They  al.so  do 
a  large  business  in  goods  of  Eastern  make.  In  duck  goods  alone,  such  as 
overalls  and  blanket-lined  pants  and  coats  (the  material  for  which  is  entirely 
imported),  their  trade  exceeds  $100,000  a  year.  The  firm  complain  that 
they  can  not  obtain  labor  at  prices  which  they  can  afford  to  pay,  sufficient 
to  manufacture  goods  up  to  the  full  ex-tent  of  the  demand. 

Neustadter  Brothers  manufacture  large  quantities  of  cloth  suits,  and 
various  descriptions  of  under-clothing.  They  arc  better  known,  however,  as 
the  proprietors  of  the  STANDARD  SlIIRT  FACTORY,  on  Gough  and  Grove 
streets,  and  mention  is  made  of  their  establishment  under  the  heading  of 
shirts. 

The  overall  factory  of  Elkus  &  Co.  occupies  the  second  story  of  a  build- 
ing on  J  Street,  Sacramento,  together  with  2  small  shops,  run  by  Chinamen, 
and  situated  on  the  same  street.  In  addition  to  Samson  pants  (overalls), 
the  firm  manufacture  Canton  flannel  shirts,  cotton  .shirts,  and  blanket-lined 
clothing.  Starting  only  2  years  ago,  with  a  nominal  capital,  their  sales  now 
amount  to  $70,000  a  year,  and  their  goods  already  find  a  market  in  portions 
of  Nev.ada,  though  sold  mainly  in  the  mining  districts  of  California.  Twenty 
Chinamen  are  employed,  who  work  by  the  piece,  and  16  girls,  who,  working 
alsoby  the  piece,  make  about  $  I  a  day.  The  material  used  includes  flannel 
made  in  San  Francisco,  though  the  cheaper  grades  of  flannel  are  brought 
from  the  East.     The  firm  reports  a  thriving  business  and  excellent  prospects. 

Furnishing  Goods.— Mention  has  already  been  made  of  some  of  the  arti- 
cles which  come  under  the  definition  of  furnishing  goods.  Hosiery  and 
knit  goods,  .shirts  and  linen  underwear,  have  been  noticed  under  those  head- 
ings; neckties  and  suspenders  will  also  be  spoken  of  separately,  because 
there  are  factories  in  San  Francisco  engaged  in  making  those  articles.  The 
manufacture  of  furnishing  goods  is  so  widely  distributed  that  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  form  any  exact  or  even  approximate  estimate,  as  to  the 
quantity  and  value  of  all  the  different  descriptions.  Most  of  the  dry-goods 
houses  employ  women,  and  some  emjjloy  Chinamen  to  make  up  goods  in 
stock,  and  large  numbers  of  Chinamen  are  engaged  in  this  line  of  business 
on  their  own  account,  working  in  small  gangs  and  employing  one  of  their 
number  to  effect  sales.  The  larger  portion  of  this  class  of  work  is  done  by 
Chinamen,  and  a  single  circumstance  will  show  the  extreme  difiiculty  ex- 
perienced by  sewing-women  in  competing  with  them.     The  price  usually 


:.W?9^' 


mmmfmm 


mmmm 


456 


MANUKACTURES. 


paid  to  women  for  making  the  button-holes  of  shirts  and  some  other  arti- 
cles, is  50  cents  a  dozen,  and  Chinamen  are  willing  to  do  the  same  work  for 
7^-2  cents,  or  15  per  cent,  of  the  price  paid  to  seamstresses. 

There  arc  two  factories  in  San  Francisco  engaged  in  the  making  of  men's 
furnishing  goods.  Neustadter  BROTHERS  are  the  proprietors  of  an 
establishment  at  which  the  manufacture  of  shirts  is  made  a  specialty,  and 
their  factory  has  therefore  been  mentioned  under  that  heading.  The  other 
one  is  worthy  of  special  mention,  as  it  presents  some  features  of  'general 
interest. 

B.  &  O.  Greenebaum.— B.  &  O.  Greenebaum,  1047  and  1049  Market 
Street,  arc  the  proprietors  of  a  factory,  in  which  men's  furni.shing  goods  of 
all  descriptions  are  made  up  specially  for  wholesale  houses  in  San  Francisco. 
Their  establish. uont  oc  upies  2  stories  of  a  building  50  feet  by  165,  and  af- 
fords occupation  to  more  than  200  operatives.  When  Messrs.  GREENE- 
BAUM commenced  business  in  1878,  they  employed  only  10  person.s.  They 
now  distribute  over  $60,000  in  wages,  and  manufacture  goods  of  excellent 
quality  to  the  value  of  $750,000  a  year.  At  least  150  of  the  employees  are 
women  and  girls.  The  Chinamen  do  not  number  more  than  50;  they  arc 
emploj'ed  only  on  hea\y  work,  at  which  women  can  not  earn  fair  wages,  and 
are  kept  in  an  apartment  by  themselves.  Skilled  seamstresses  make  $9  to 
$12  a  week,  and  apprentices  $3  to  $5.  The  .sewing-machines  are  all  run  by 
steam-power,  and  arc  employed  on  all  grades  of  men's  furnishing  good.s, 
from  the  finest  to  the  heaviest.  Large  quantities  of  duck  and  denim  goods 
are  also  manufactured.  Messrs.  GREENEn.VUM  consider  that  the  prospects 
of  their  trade  are  good,  and  base  their  opinion  partly  on  the  fact  that  the 
supply  of  white  labor  is  gradually  increasing.  They  state  that  they  arc 
now  constantly  receiving  applications  for  employment  from  girls  belonging 
to  respectable  families.  With  regard  to  the  question  of  employing  China- 
men, they  remark  that  Chinamen  can  not  compete  with  girls  in  fine  work, 
and  that  on  the  other  hand  girls  can  not  compete  with  Chinamen  in  rough 
work.  They  believe  that  the  goods  made  up  by  Chinamen  are  losing  caste 
in  the  market  every  day,  and  that  those  made  by  white  labor  are  rapidly 
taking  their  jilace.  They  f.nd  that  Chinamen  will  do  good  work  on  the 
portion  of  the  garment  that  is  likely  to  be  inspected,  but  will  take  no  pains 
with  the  other  portion,  while  sewing-women  will  do  all  their  work  carefully. 
Moreover,  if  a  Chinaman  be  ordered  to  make  a  seam  in  a  manner  or  direc- 
tion differing  from  the  previous  custom,  he  will  look  upon  it  as  some  new 
process,  and  demand  extra  pay.  On  moving  into  their  present  quarters, 
Messrs.  Greeneuaum  determined  not  to  employ  Chinamen  on  any  de- 
scription of  fine  work,  but  to  have  their  more  expensive  goods  made  up 


TEXTILE  FABRICS. 


457 


entirely  by  sewing-girls,  who  thus  have  an  opportunity  to  make  good  rates 
of  wages.  The  firm  deserve  credit  for  the  assistance  they  render  to  sewing- 
women  by  always  employing  them,  when  possible,  in  preference  to  China- 
men, and  paying  them  the  highest  rates  of  wages  that  the  business  will  af- 
ford. In  several  instances  there  are  3  or  4  members  of  the  same  family 
employed  at  their  establishment,  and  their  joint  earnings  afford  them  the 
means  of  a  comfortable  livelihood. 


Cotton  Under'tvear. — Among  dry-goods  houses  in  San  Francisco,  cotton 
fabrics  are  included  in  the  word  "  domestics,"  and  would  therefore  include 
goods  made  of  duck  and  denim,  of  which  mention  is  made  under  the  head 
of  "  clothing."  The  value  of  imported  domestics  is  estimated,  by  one  of 
the  leading  importing  houses  of  this  city,  at  $5,000,000  to  $6,000,000,  of 
which  about  90  per  cent,  is  manufactured  into  garments  in  San  Francisco, 
the  remaining  10  per  cent,  being  brought  here  in  the  shape  of  ready-made 
clothing.  Apart  from  duck  and  denim,  the  importation  of  cotton  goods  and 
of  linens  and  muslins,  which  are  not  included  in  the  term  "  domestics,"  may 
be  estimated  at  $4,000,000  to  $4,500,000. 

Ladies'  underwear,  to  the  value  of  about  $200,000  a  year,  is  manufactured 
in  San  Francisco,  and  about  $250,000  worth,  chiefly  of  the  finer  descriptions, 
is  imported.  There  are  employed  at  this  branch  of  sewing,  on  the  average, 
about  130  Chinamen,  and  not  more  than  20  white  women,  although  the 
number  so  employed  for  a  portion  of  the  year  is  very  much  larger.  The 
earnings  of  all  operatives  average  about  90  cents  a  day ;  and  this  is  one  of 
the  very  few  instances  in  which  the  price  of  labor  falls  below  Eastern  rates. 
The  average  earnings  of  sewing-women  employed  on  cotton  and  linen  un- 
derwear in  any  large  Eastern  city  are  not  less  than  $1  a  day.  The  cost  of 
material  in  this  branch  of  manufacture  is  estimated  at  60  per  cent.,  and  of 
labor  20  per  cent. 

Shirts. — The  average  number  of  white  persons  employed  in  San  Fran- 
cisco the  year  round  on  making  white  shirts,  is  about  450,  and  of  Chinamen 
about  200.  The  quantity  made  is  estimated  at  37,500  dozen  a  year,  and 
their  value  at  $600,000,  against  $450,000  worth  of  imported  shirts.  Al- 
though articles  of  fair  quality,  made  by  Chinamen,  are  sometimes  sold  as 
low  as  $9  a  dozen,  the  goods  made  up  in  San  Francisco  consist  almost  en- 
tirely of  the  more  expensive  grades.  Shirts  that  sell,  let  us  say  at  $t 
apiece,  can  not,  as  a  rule,  be  made  at  a  profit,  mainly  for  the  reason  that  the 
prices  [)aid  for  finishing  are  too  high  to  allow  of  competition  with  cheap 
articles  of  Eastern  make.  On  the  price-list  of  one  factory,  goods  are  marked 
as  low  as  $10.50  a  dozen,  but  this  is  probably  the  only  instance  of  the  kind, 


458 


MANUFACTURES. 


and  the  reason  for  it  is,  that  this  establishment  is  the  only  one  engaijcd  in 
manufacturing  on  any  large  scale,  for  the  general  market;  other  houses  pro- 
ducing goods  only  to  order,  or  at  least  not  making  up  any  great  quantity  of 
stock.  The  entire  value  of  shirts  made  up  in  San  Francisco,  otherwise  than 
to  ortler,  is  probably  not  more  than  $250,000  a  year,  and  this  work  is  ilone 
almost  entirely  by  Chinamen.  It  is  estimated  that  the  cost  of  material  1:5 
about  50  per  cent.,  and  of  labor  25  to  30  per  cent,  of  the  wholesale  value 
of  the  goods  produced,  leaving  20  or  25  per  cent,  for  rent,  profit,  and  mis- 
cellaneous expenses. 

In  the  making  of  shirts,  as  in  other  branches  of  sewing,  about  80  per  cent, 
of  all  the  goods  made  up  in  stock  are  manufactured  by  Chinamen,  and  the 
remaining  20  per  cent,  by  white  operatives.  In  the  case  of  goods  made  up 
to  order,  these  conditions  are  reversed.  At  least  80  per  cent,  of  such  work 
is  done  bj"  white  men  and  women,  and  only  20  per  cent,  by  Chinamen. 
Women  arc  paid  I2j,4  to  50  cents  a  dozen  more  than  Chinamen,  but  even 
with  this  advantage,  fail  to  make  anything  near  the  same  wages.  The  earn- 
ings of  .skilled  seamstresses  average  $7.50  to  $8,  and  of  expert  Chinamen 
about  $9.50  a  week.  A  few  highly  skilled  women,  who  also  possess  the 
requisite  strength  can  make  $10  to  ,$ii,  but  these  instances  are  very  rare. 
y\pprcntices  receive  $3  a  week',  and  have  to  work  about  2  years  before  they 
can  earn  as  much  as  $6  a  week.  The  only  process  at  which  women  can,  as 
a  nile,  earn  good  wages  is  that  of  ironing  unlaundricd  shirts.  At  this  work, 
a  strong  and  skillful  woman  irtay  earn  as  much  as  $14  or  $15  a  week,  but 
the  average  is  not  more  than  $12. 

Nkustadtek  Bros,  commenced  the  manufacture  of  shirts  in  1874,  at  a 
small  factory  on  the  corner  of  IMarkct  and  Tirst  streets.  Within  one  year 
their  business  increased  so  largely  that  it  became  necessary  to  secure  very 
ample  accommodation.  A  site  was  purchased  on  the  corner  of  Gough  and 
Grove  streets,  and  a  3-story  b'nli'ing,  i27'A  by  150  feet,  was  completed 
in  August,  1875.  Goods  are  now  manufactured  to  the  value  of  several 
hundred  thousand  dollars  a  year.  Of  late  years  the  firm  has  engaged 
lai-gely  in  the  making  of  various  descriptions  of  under-clothing.  There  arc 
constantly  employed  at  the  factory  about  400  hands,  a  large  portion  of 
whom  are  Chinamen,  making  from  $9  to  $11  a  week.  Female  operatives 
earn  from  .$3.50  to  $10,  averaging  not  more  than  $6  to  $7  a  week.  Employ- 
ment is  also  furnished  to  a  large  number  of  sewing-women  who  work  out- 
.side  the  factory. 

H.  &  O.  GREI:ni;I!AUM  make  some  shirts,  but  the  account  of  their  estab- 
lishment will  be  given  under  the  head  of  under-clothing,  which  is  their  main 
product.  In  W.  A  .Stillman's  factory,  San  I'Vancisco,  goods  consisting 
of  shirts  and  men's  underwear,  arc  m.ide  up  at  the  rate  of  about  $5,000 


mM 


TEXTILE   FABRICS. 


459 


a  month.     Employment  is  given  to  lo  white  men  at  $3  a  day,  and  to  40 
girls,  whose  average  earnings  are  $8  a  week. 

Regalia. — The  gicat  number  of  .secret  societies  on  our  slope,  and  espe- 
cially in  California,  where  such  association.s  thrive  with  a  luxuriance  un- 
equaled  in  any  other  part  of  the  world,  has  made  a  large  demand  for 
regalia,  a  term  applied  originally  to  the  symbols  and  paraphernalia  of 
royalty,  but  afterwards  extended,  by  common  usage,  to  the  special  articles 
of  dress  worn  by  the  members  of  the  Masonic,  Odd  Fellows,  and  similar 
organizations.  Collars,  sashes,  and  aprons  that  can  be  conveniently  slipped 
on  over  the  ordinary  dress,  and  badges  that  can  be  fastened  to  it,  as  marks 
of  membership,  or  of  different  grades  of  advancement  or  of  office,  arc  re- 
quired to  be  worn  in  their  meetings  or  on  public  occasions;  and  these  are 
made  of  velvet,  silk,  satin,  or  fine  cloth,  elaborately  embroidered  with  silk, 
or  gold,  or  silver  thread.  Much  skill  and  taste  is  needed  in  the  production; 
but  there  is  a  great  scarcity  of  competent  seamstresses,  though  the  wages, 
for  the  best,  range  from  $15  to  $20  a  week.  Orders  are  often  delayed  for 
months  before  they  can  be  filled,  and  a  small  proportion,  perhaps  5  per 
cent,  of  the  total  supply — which  amounts,  in  the  opinion  of  Plate  &  Co.  to 
$50,000  a  year — is  obtained  from  Eastern  cities,  the  remainder  being  made 
in  San  Francisco.  The  regalia  seamstresses,  including  women  and  girls, 
number  about  30,  and  their  wages  range,  according  to  skill,  from  $9  to  $20 
a  week. 

The  firm  of  A.  J.  PLATE  &  Co.,  418  and  420  Market  Street,  San  Fran- 
cisco, manufacturers  of  uniforms  and  equipments  for  military  and  civic 
societies,  as  well  as  regalia,  was  established  in  1850,  although  the  regalia 
department  was  not  added  until  18G5.  Its  business  and  credit  have  grad- 
ually extended  as  it  became  better  known,  until  it  stands  at  present  at  the 
head  of  the  trade.  Within  the  last  few  years  there  has  been  an  increase  of 
500  per  cent,  in  the  demand  for  regalia.  Most  of  the  work  is  done  in  ele- 
gant style,  and  the  hou.sc  has  in  its  service  workers  as  skillful  as  can  be 
found  anywhere.  NOUCROSS  &  Co.,  6  Post  Street,  was  established  in  1849, 
and  commenced  manufacturing  regalia  3  years  later.  They  now  manufac- 
ture, in  addition  to  regalia  and  society  articles,  naval  and  military  good.s, 
flags,  swords,  costumes,  and  carry  stocks  of  laces,  fringes,  bullions,  and  other 
decorations  required  for  theatrical  and  masquerade  costumes.  Several 
other  houses  make  the  manufacture  and  .sale  of  regalia  a  minor  feature 
of  their  busine.s.s,  but  the  firms  mentioned  are  the  only  ones  that  engage- 
in  it  on  a  large  scale. 

Flags  and  Bunting. — Owing  to  the  great  variation  in  the  demand  for 
flags  from  year  to  year,  and  the  fact  that  the  active  demand  for  them  is 


mum 


46o 


MAXUKACTURES. 


limited  to  a  few  weeks  preceding  the  anniversary  of  our  national  independ- 
ence, it  is  more  convenient  to  dealers  to  have  their  flay;s  manufactured  on 
this  coast,  though  previous  to   i  S74  they  depended  mainly  on  importation. 

B.  Pasquale.— About  1861,  B.  Pasquale,  an  Italian  educated  in  France 
to  the  silk  manufacture,  residing  at  San  Francisco  since  1849,  started  a 
manufactor>'  of  flags  at  650  Washington  Street,  where  his  establishment 
has  since  been  maintained.  Mis  business  expanded  as  he  became  known, 
until  it  reached  its  greatest  development  in  the  centennial  year,  when  his 
sales  amounted  to  $23,000,  leaving  him  a  profit  of  $5,000,  lie  gives  a 
pleasant  employment  to  a  number  of  women,  as  many  as  60  at  one  time — 
working  at  home.  This  business  includes  banners  of  all  sizes,  materials,  and 
national  patterns  for  use  on  land,  or  on  merchant  or  marine  vessels.  He 
.,;ives  special  attention  to  orders  for  fine  silk  flags. 

J.  &  VV.  HanNA,  dealers  in  bags,  duck,  felt,  twine,  etc.,  at  308  Davis 
Street,  have  a  flag  department,  in  which  their  stock  of  goods  is  worth  about 
$20,000,  and  they  do  a  large  business  in  the  line  of  bunting.  They  pre- 
sented a  flag  24  feet  wide  and  40  long,  with  a  streamer  60  feet  in  length, 
worth  about  $300,  to  the  Golden  Gate  Park,  where  it  was  hoisted  by  order 
of  the  commissioners,  May  17,  1881.  For  such  banners,  Washington  fur- 
nishes magnificent  flag-staffs  150  feet  high  at  a  cost  of  about  $250.  NOR- 
cuoss  &  Co.,  who  devote  their  chief  attention  to  regalia,  also  manufacture 
flags  and  banners  of  all  kinds,  but  most  of  the  material  which  they  u.sc  is 
of  fine  (]uality.  We  have  no  information  that  the  manufacture  of  flags  is 
conducted  as  a  regular  business  or  department  of  business  by  any  house 
on  the  Pacific  Coast  save  the  three  mentioned. 

Neckties. — Not  less  than  $1,000,000  a  year  is  remitted  by  San  Francisco 
merchants  to  New  York,  and  elsewhere  in  the  East,  for  this  small  article  of 
dress;  and  not  more  than  $125,000  worth  a  year,  or  about  1 1  per  cent,  of 
the  entire  consumption  are  made  on  this  coast.  The  materials  used  in 
making  neckties,  as  silk,  satin,  lawn,  and  cambric,  are  all  imported  to  the 
value  of  about  $75,000  a  year.  The  cost  of  manufactured  articles  varies 
from  $1  to  $60  a  dozen,  and  averages  not  less  than  $5  to  $6  a  dozen.  The 
freight  on  a  dozen  of  neckties  is  but  a  small  fr.action  of  one  per  cent,  on 
their  value,  antl  the  difference  in  freight  between  the  material  and  the  fin- 
ished goods  is  almost  imperceptible.  It  is  not  surprising,  therefore,  that 
merchants  can  import  articles,  made  up  principally  in  the  tenement-houses 
of  New  York,  at  cheaper  rates  than  they  can  be  made  for  on  this  coast. 
There  are  three  parties  in  San  Francisco,  and  one  at  Dutch  I-'lat,  who,  in 
connection  with  other  business,  employ  hands  the  year  round  to  make  up 
neckties.     The  industry  is  entirely  in  the  hands  of  women,  who  work  by  the 


J 


i-uM  u^i^ 


TEXTILE   FABRICS. 


461 


piece,  and  the  number  of  operatives  employed  depends  very  much  on  the 
quantity  of  imported  goods  on  the  market.  The  average  number  engaged 
on  tills  work  is  not  more  than  30  or  at  most  35 ;  but  there  is  a  number  of 
women  and  girls  who  fill  up  their  spare  time  by  making  up  goods  for  stores, 
when  not  engaged  on  more  profitable  work.  An  expert  operative  can  make 
$9  or  $10  a  week,  but  there  is  not  work  enough  to  keep  any  considerable 
number  steadily  employed.  H.  M.  Heini:m.\\,  who  makes  up  more  than 
half  the  neckties  manufactured  in  San  Francisco,  has  sometimes  as  few  as 
5,  and  at  other  times  as  many  as  25  hands.  The  .same  gentleman  states 
that  the  cost  of  material  averages  about  Co  per  cent.,  and  of  labor  about  1 5 
per  cent,  of  the  wholesale  price  of  the  finished  goods,  leaving  only  25  per 
cent,  for  profit,  rent,  insurance,  and  all  other  expenses. 

Suspenders. — In  the  making  of  so  simple  an  article  as  a  pair  of  suspend- 
ers, even  of  the  commonest  kind,  there  arc  at  least  5  different  materials 
used.  These  are  the  clastic  webbing  and  the  trimmings,  the  buckles  and 
rings,  and  the  leather.  All  the  webbing  and  trimK.ings  used  on  this  coast, 
for  this  or  for  other  purposes,  are  imported  from  New  York  or  from  Germany; 
the  buckles  and  rings  are  obtained  direct  from  New  England  manufacturers, 
and  the  leather  is  of  home  production.  Were  it  not  that  California  oak- 
tanned  leather  can  be  purchased  for  the  same,  or  for  less  money,  than  Eas- 
tern manufacturers  have  to  pay  for  their  less  durable  hemlock-tanned 
leather,  it  would  hardly  be  possible  to  make  suspenders  on  this  coast  at  a 
profit.  Even  with  this  advantage,  Matiie.s  &  Co.  are  the  only  house  on 
the  entire  Pacific  Coast  that  makes  this  its  chief  business,  and  only 
one  other  (II.  M.  Heineman)  makes  up  any  considerable  quantity  of 
goods.  Both  of  them  arc  in  San  Francisco,  and  though  recently  started, 
and  therefore  doing,  as  yet,  a  small  business  in  this  line,  they  look  for  a 
large  increase  of  patronage,  when  the  superior  quality  of  their  goods  be- 
comes more  generally  known.  They  make  at  present  about  $20,CXX)  worth 
of  suspenders  a  year,  varying  in  price  from  $1  to  $6  a  dozen  at  wholesale. 
It  is  estimated  that  the  ijiaterial  costs  50  to  65  per  cent,  and  labor  1 5  to  20 
per  cent,  of  the  value,  leaving  about  i^}4  per  cent  for  profit  and  contingent 
expenses.  The  low  price  of  goods  made  in  San  Francisco  is  accounted  for 
by  the  fact  that  it  is  not  yet  profitable  to  make  up  any  but  cheap  and  heavy 
lines  of  suspenders.  All,  or  very  nearly  all  the  finer  grades  are  still  im- 
ported. Not  more  than  3  or  4  men  and  about  half  a  dozen  boys  arc  at 
present  employed  at  this  trade.  The  highest  rate  of  earnings  for  a  man  is 
$15  a  week,  and  boys,  working  by  the  piece,  can  make,  after  a  brief  appren- 
ticeship, about  $1  a  day. 


4G: 


MAXUIACTURES. 


Hats  and  Caps. — Silk  hats,  or,  as  they  are  termed  by  the  trade,  silk- 
plush  hats,  lire  now  almost  the  only  kind  made  in  San  Francisco.  In  1872 
the  silk  Iiat  factories  had  more  business  than  they  could  attend  to.  In  1S81 
there  w  crc  only  15  to  20  men  and  about  6  women  employed  in  that  branch 
f)f  manufacture,  making  up  goods  to  the  %'aluc  of  $100,000  a  year.  The 
entire  capital  at  present  engaged  in  the  industry  is  about  $25,000,  invested 
principally  in  stocks  of  material.  The  necessary  tools  and  machinery  cost 
but  little.  As  silk  hats  are  entirely  an  article  of  fashion,  the  demand  fluc- 
tuates largely  from  j-ear  to  year,  and  the  trade  is  therefore  very  uncertain. 
Tiic  quantity  manufactured  is  now  much  smaller  than  it  was  3  years 
ago.  Stiff  felt  hats  have,  to  a  great  extent,  driven  silk  hats  out  of  the 
market,  not  only  on  this  coast,  but  in  the  Eastern  States  and  in  Europe. 
The  importation  of  silk  hats  has  entirely  ceased.  The  framework  or  body 
of  the  hat  was  formerly  made  of  felt.  Muslin  bodies  are  now  commonly 
used.  The  muslin  is  manufactured  in  England  at  a  cost  of  12  to  19  cents 
a  yard.  Silk  plush  is  imported  from  France,  and  the  quality  used  in  San 
Francisco  is  worth  $6  to  $6.50  a  yard. 

In  making  a  silk  hat  there  are  several  different  processes.  The  first  one  is 
to  dip  the  framework  in  a  solution  of  shellac  and  alcohol,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  stiffening  it.  The  difference  between  a  light  hat  and  a  heavy  one 
is  but  one  ounce,  and  this  is  caused  by  the  quantity  of  the  solution  that  the 
muslin  is  allowed  to  absorb.  The  framework  is,  therefore,  only  allowed  to 
retain  enough  to  give  it  the  requisite  amount  of  stiffness.  The  next  pro- 
cess is  to  varnish  it  with  a  coating  of  seedlac.  The  silk  plush  is  then  ap- 
plied, and  for  this  purpose  heated  irons  arc  used  as  in  laundry  operations. 
The  heat  causes  the  varnish  to  act  like  a  cement,  and  makes  the  outer 
covering  adhere  very  firmly  to  the  framework.  This  operation  requires 
great  care  on  the  part  of  the  workman.  If  the  iron  is  overheated,  or  drawn 
too  slowly  across  the  hat,  the  varnish  is  apt  to  come  through,  and  cause  a 
stain  on  the  outside.  For  linings,  various  substances  are  used.  The  one 
most  in  favor  is  made  of  cork,  which  is  cut  as  thin  as  a  sheet  of  paper. 
The  hat  is  now  ready  to  be  trimmed,  a  process  that  is  always  performed  by 
women.  The  nap  is  then  smoothed  with  a  small  concave  iron.  The  last 
process  is  that  of  curling  or  .shaping,  which  is  done  eitlicr  by  liand  or  by  an 
instrument  called  a  conformateur,  that  gives  to  the  brim  its  elliptical  .shape. 

Hatmakers  form  a  guild  exercising,  perhaps,  more  influence  in  their  tfadc 
than  any  other  class  of  operatives.  All  work  is  done  by  the  piece.  The 
employer  is  only  allowed  to  have  one  man  on  wages,  who  acts  in  the  capac- 
ity of  foreman.  None  of  the  hands  can  obtain  employment  the  year  round. 
There  arc  2  busy  seasons,  each  of  3  months,  commencing  in  February  and 


^^ 


MMM 


TEXTILE  FABRICS. 


463 


in  August,  during  which  every  one  is  kept  fully  occupied.  For  about  6 
weeks  after  each  season  there  is  half  work,  and  for  the  remaining  6  weeks, 
before  the  advciit  of  the  next  busy  period,  operatives  have  very  little  to 
do.  During  the  season,  the  earnings  of  hatmakers  vary  from  $30  to  $35  a 
week  for  men,  and  $15  to  $20  for  women.  Apprentices  arc  not  taken  in 
the  business,  as  it  costs  too  much  to  teach  them.  Moreover  there  are  usually 
more  hatmakers  in  San  Francisco  than  can  find  employment,  and  if,  on 
occasion,  more  operatives  be  needed,  they  can  readily  be  procured  from  the 
Eastern  States. 

Railroad,  military,  and  naval  caps,  and  caps  for  children,  arc  manufac- 
tured in  San  Francisco  to  the  extent  of  about  800  dozen  per  month,  and  to 
the  value  of  $40,000  or  $45,000  a  year.  The  importation  is  not  more  than 
200  to  250  dozen  a  year.  It  is  estimated  that  the  cost  of  material  is  about 
one  half,  and  of  labor  about  one  fourth  of  the  value  of  manufacture,  leaving 
25  per  cent,  for  profit  and  miscellaneous  expenses.  There  arc  5  small 
factories  in  operation,  giving  employment  to  25  hands,  nearly  all  of  whom 
are  women.     The  materials  used  are  principally  silk,  cloth,  satin,  and  velvet. 

Dress  and  Upholstery  Trimmings. — A  singular  contrast  is  presented  in 
these  branches  of  manufacture.     While  there  are  6  houses  whose  business 
is  the  importation  of  dress  trimmings,  and  while  our  local  factories  only 
exist  by  making  to  order  goods  that  can  not  be  obtained  at  the  stores,  the 
importation  of  upholstery,  frin,  ■-  etc.,  is  but  a  small  percentage  of  the 
home  manufacture,  and  in  a  couple  of  years  more  will  probably  cease  en- 
tirely.    Of  the  4  leading  establishments  in  this  line,  all  in  San  Francisco, 
FrOMM  &  SciIAEFER  make  upholstery  trimmings  exclusively.     The  busi- 
ness of  E TTINGER  &  Co.  is  restricted  to  dress  trimmings.     Gaetii  &  RoEIl- 
RIGS  and  Allwortii  U  Thompson  manufacture  both  kinds.     The  capital 
cmployetl  by  these  firms  amounts  to  $40,000.     The  silk,  worsted,  and  other 
material  used  may  be  valued  at  a  little  over  $40,000,  and  the  production  of 
goods  at  a  little  below  $I  10,000  a  year.     Employment  is  given  to  90  per- 
sons, about  fifty  of  whom  are  girls,  at  wages  averaging  about  $9  a  week. 
Seventeen  men  receive  $2  to  $3  per  day,  and  young  girls,  in  the  first  stage 
of  apprenticeship,  as  little  as  $2.50  a  week.     Gaetii  &  ROEIIRIGS  estimate 
the  value  of  home-manufactured  dress  trimmings  at  less  than  20  per  cent, 
of  importation.     Deducting  $35,000  for  l^c  value  of  upholstery  trimmings 
from  the  total  of  $1 10,000,  and  accepting  the  remaining  $75,000  as  one  fifth 
of  the  imports,  we  have  the  sum  of  $375,000  sent  abroad  eveiy  year  for 
trimmings  for  ladies'  dresses. 

Fromm  &  SCHAEFER  manufacture  the   greater  portion  of  the  uphol- 
stery trimmings  used  by  such  houses  as  that  of  Plum  &  Co.  and  THE 


464 


MANUFACTURES. 


West  Coast  Furniture  Comi'anv.  The  most  expensive  fringes,  re- 
quired for  the  best  class  of  furniture,  are  made  entirely  in  this  city.  The 
firm  buy  all  their  silk  of  TlIE  CALIFORNIA  SiLK  MANUFACTURING  COM- 
PANY, paying  from  $8  to  $12  per  pound.  The  worsted  is  purchased  from  one 
of  the  largest  houses  in  New  York,  at  the  low  price  of  $1.35.  Some  of  the 
most  beautiful  specimens  of  trimmings  for  furniture  and  drapery  are  pro- 
duced at  this  establishment,  but  to  appreciate  their  effect  they  must,  of 
course,  be  seen  in  drawing-rooms.  Employment  is  given,  at  full  wages,  to 
about  20  persons;  and  there  arc  10  weaving  looms  at  work,  besides  braid- 
ing, chenille,  and  ruff  machines. 

The  hou.ses  mentioned  find  their  market  almost  entirely  in  this  city.  A 
small  quantity  of  braid  is  manufactured  here,  but  this  article  is  almost  en- 
tirely imported.  Gimp  and  tassels  arc  of  course  usually  made  up  with  the 
fringe.  Now  that  the  house  of  Fromm  &  SciIAEFER  is  rapidly  driving  out 
of  the  market  imported  fringes  and  gimps  for  upholstery,  there  is  reason  to 
hope  that  other  firms  will  soon  compete  more  largely  with  the  Eastern 
manufacture  of  ladies'  dress  trimmings.  Ettinger  &  Co.  report  sales 
exceeding  $26,000  a  year.  Until  recently  they  have  never  kept  any 
stock  of  goods  on  hand,  and  arc  just  beginning  to  attempt  competition 
with  the  Eastern  trade.  They  are,  at  present,  the  only  firm  that  manufac- 
ture dress  trimmings  in  advance  of  orders,  and  are  hopeful  of  ultimate  suc- 
cess. Gaetii  &  Roehrigs  are  well  satisfied  with  the  business  they  have 
done,  during  the  5  years  that  their  factory  has  been  in  operation.  They 
manufacture  fringes,  gimps,  cords,  tassels,  buttons,  etc.,  and  sell  about  the 
same  amount  of  goods  as  Ettinger  &  Co.  For  a  portion  of  their  silk 
they  pay  as  much  as  $13  a  pound,  and  for  worsted  $1.60.  They  have  8 
hand  looms  at  work,  4  spooling  machines,  5  twisting  reels,  3  .spinning,  and  3 
chenille  machines.  A  spare  hour  may  be  spent  very  plea.santly  in  watching 
their  process  of  manufacture.  The  factoiy  of  Allworth  &  TlIO.MPSON, 
though  established  17  years  ago,  passed  into  the  hands  of  its  present  owners 
in  1879.  They  use  1,000  pounds  of  worsted,  worth  $2  per  pound,  and  500 
pounds  of  silk  at  $12  per  pound,  for  an  average  year's  consumption,  and 
market  their  goods  for  $15,000  to  $20,000.  They  complain  very  much  of 
the  difficulties  caused  by  excessive  importations  from  New  York. 


Stra^v  Hats  — About  3,000  dozen  a  year  of  straw  hats,  for  male  and 
female  wear,  are  made  in  San  Francisco.  Their  value,  without  trimmings, 
is  on  an  average  about  $5  a  dozen,  or  a  total  of  $15,000.  When  trimmed, 
they  are  estimated  to  be  worth  $8.50  a  dozen.  One  half  of  the  wholesale 
price  is  required  to  pay  for  the  cost  of  material,  and  after  paying  for  labor 
and  other  items  of  expense,  a  small  profit  is  usually  left  over  from  the  re- 


TEXTILE   l-ABRICS. 


4G3 


maining  half.  Apart  from  hats,  all  the  straw  goods  used  on  this  coast  are 
imported,  and  there  are  none  of  any  kind  made  outside  of  San  Francisco. 
The  straw,  which  is  entirely  imported,  comes  in  bales  of  130  to  145  pounds. 
The  cheaper  grades  come  from  China,  and  were  formerly  ordered  as  required, 
from  New  York  houses,  but  within  the  last  year  manufacturers  have  com- 
menced to  import  directly  from  China.  IJach  bale  contains  240  bunches, 
and  costs,  when  laid  down  in  San  Francisco,  about  $140.  The  more  expens- 
ive descriptions  of  straw  arc  imported  from  England,  Italy,  and  Japan. 

The  quantity  of  ladies'  hats  made  on  this  coast  is  very  inconsiderable, 
but  a  good  business  is  done  n  dyeing  and  renovating  them,  and  in  altering 
the  shapes,  both  of  straw  and  felt  hats.  This  branch  of  industry  is  almost 
entirely  in  the  hands  of  women  and  girls,  whose  earnings  average  about 
$7.50  a  week.  The  busy  season  for  the  making  of  men's  hats  lasts  from 
April  to  July,  for  the  making  and  refitting  of  women's  hats  from  April  to 
August. 

The  process  of  manufacturing  men's  straw  hats  is  a  very  simple  matter. 
The  narrow  strips  of  straw  arc  first  stitched  together,  according  to  quality 
and  shades  of  color;  the  hats  are  then  blocked;  the  different  bands  and  rib- 
bons stitched  on;  and  after  being  assorted  and  "nested"  (packed  one  into 
the  other)  in  dozens,  they  are  ready  for  market. 

The  "American  Straw  Machine,"  a  patented  invention  resembling  some- 
what the  Wilcox  &  Gibbs  sewing-machine,  is  the  one  commonly  used  in  San 
Francisco. 

At  The  Atlantic  Straw  Works  of  J.M.  Forrest  in  San  Francisco, 
besides  straw  hats,  frames  are  made  of  buckram  and  stiff  net.  The  mate- 
rials for  these  frames  are  imported  from  New  York,  and  after  being  made  into 
desired  shapes  by  first  steaming,  a^d  then  pressing  on  blocks  made  for  the 
purpose,  the  frames  arc  ready  for  covering  with  silk,  velvet,  or  any  of  the 
different  materials  used  by  milliners.  The  value  of  work  turned  out  an- 
nually at  this  establishment  is  from  $16,000  to  $18,000.  The  only  straw 
works  now  in  operation  on  our  coast  for  the  manufacture  of  gentlemen's 
straw  hats  is  THE  ENTERPRISE  Straw  Works,  in  San  Francisco.  F.  A. 
Halsey  is  the  founder  and  present  owner.  Employment  is  given  to  25 
persons,  of  whom  20  are  women,  engaged  in  arranging,  plaiting,  and  sew- 
ing straws.  About  600  dozen  of  hats  are  made  monthly,  during  the  summer 
season,  when  straw  goods  are  in  most  demand. 

Parasols,  etc. — The  price  of  an  umbrella  varies,  in  San  Francisco,  from 
60  cents  to  $20,  and  of  a  parasol  from  $1.75  to  $75.     The  value  of  um- 
brellas made  on  this  coast  is  about  $35,000  a  year,  and  of  parasols  about 
$55,000.     There  ar«  20  different  patterns  of  umbrellas  made  in  San  Fran- 
59 


W^mmm 


rnmm 


"""^piwwiiPippip"" 


WSUP! 


466 


MAN'UI'ACTUKES. 


Cisco,  and  25  of  parasols.  The  value  of  imported  parasols  and  umbrellas, 
consisting  chiefly  of  inferior  grades  of  goods,  but  including  nearly  all  de- 
scriptions, is  a  little  larger  than  that  of  home-manufactured  articles.  Of 
parasols  about  $120,000,  and  of  umbrellas  $75,000  worth  are  yearly  im- 
ported. 

The  materials  used  in  making  parasols  and  umbrcllat  are  almost  entirely 
imported.  The  frames  come  from  England  and  from  the  East;  the  cover- 
ings and  linings,  as  silk,  alpaca,  gingham,  cotton,  and  Chinese  silk,  and  the 
handles  of  wood,  ivorj',  bone,  and  a  composite  material  resembling  cellu- 
loid, are  none  of  them  of  home  production.  Some  of  the  prettiest  designs 
in  liandlcs  come  from  France  and  Germany.  There  are  in  San  Francisco 
8  establishments  engaged  in  making  antl  rcp-.iring  parasols  and  umbrellas. 
They  have  about  $30,000  of  capital  invested,  distnbutc  $15,000  for  labor 
among  10  men  and  49  women,  and  manufacture  $45,000  worth  of  material 
in  $90,000  worth  of  good.s.  Labor  represents  about  1 7  per  cent,  and  ma- 
terial 50  per  cent,  of  the  gross  value  of  production.  The  amount  paid  out 
for  labor  does  not  include  the  sum  e.\pendcd  for  repairs,  which  would  ccn- 
sidcr.ibly  swell  the  average  earnings  of  operatives,  some  of  whom  make  as 
much  as  $  1 8,  and  none  less  than  $5  a  week.  Most  of  the  hands  work  at  their 
own  homes,  and  many  of  them  are  only  employed  for  a  portion  of  the  year; 
all  work  by  the  piece.  In  New  York  labor  costs  over  25  per  cent,  of  the 
value  of  the  goods  manufactured,  against  17  per  cent,  in  San  Francisco; 
but  in  Eastern  factories  the  frames,  coverings,  and  handles  are  usually 
made  on  the  premises,  while  in  .San  I'rancisco  they  are  simply  put  together. 
There  are  many  shops  on  the  coast  that  do  repairing,  but  the  principal 
factory  is  that  of  John  D,  Barr,  323  Bush  Street,  San  Francisco.  After 
acquiring  an  c.\tcnsi\'e  experience  in  New  York,  Mr.  Barr  came  to  Cali- 
fornia in  1864  and  opened  a  shop  with  no  help  save  that  of  his  wife;  and 
his  business  has  gradually  increased  until  he  is  now  the  proprietor  of  a  large 
establishment,  and  imports  his  own  material. 

Oil  Clothing -—The  consumption  of  this  class  of  goods  docs  not  exceed 
in  value  $60,000  a  year  for  ail  the  States  and  Territories  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  The  dry  climate  of  the  Pacific  Coast  renders  oil  clothing  un- 
ncccssar)',  except  for  persons  engaged  in  outdoor  work  during  the  winter 
months.  There  is  also  a  small  dcmaiui  from  seafaring  men  and  from  those 
engaged  in  hydraulic  mining.  Oil  clothing  is  less  heating  than  rubber 
clothing,  and  equally  impervious  to  water.  The  articles  that  come  under 
the  definition  of  oil  clothing  include  coats,  pants,  hats,  caps,  tarpaulins,  and 
wagon-covers.  From  500  to  Coo  dozen  of  suits  satisfy  the  demands  of  the 
entire  coast,  and  about  90  per  cent,  of  the  demand  for  all  clas.scs  of  articles 
is  supplied  by  San  Francisco  manufacturers. 


TEXTILE  I'AURICS.  467 

The  chief  materials  used  in  the  making  of  oil  suits  are  Eastern  cotton, 
both  bleached  and  unbleached,  and  linseed  oil  of  Californian  production. 
In  the  process  of  manufacture,  the  suits,  after  being  cut  into  shape,  are 
handed  over  to  needle-women,  who  usually  stitch  and  make  them  up  at 
their  own  homes.  The  goods  arc  then  returned  to  the  manufacturer,  and 
the  next  process  is  to  boil  them  in  linseed  oil,  in  which  is  dissolved  a  quan- 
tity of  beeswax.  When  sufficiently  impregnated  with  the  solution  they  arc 
hung  up  to  dry ;  an  operation  which  requires  from  30  to  90  days.  When 
finished  the  suit  has  usually  a  bright  yellow  hue.  Oil  clothing  is  also 
colored  in  black,  by  a  process  that  manufacturers  do  not  care  to  reveal.  One 
establishment  in  San  Francisco  uses,  in  place  of  beeswax,  a  certain  liquid, 
which,  it  is  claimed,  absorbs  the  combustible  properties  from  the  oil,  and 
renders  the  clothing  'oss  liable  to  catch  fire  than  that  prepared  by  the  usual 
method. 

The  busy  season  for  manufacturers  lasts  from  October  to  the  end  of  Jan- 
uary, or  a  little  later  if  the  winter  happens  to  be  unusually  stormy.  There 
are  4  factories  in  San  Francisco,  one  in  Portland  and  one  in  Astoria,  Ore- 
gon, making  up  into  goods  valued  at  $55,000  a  year,  and  distributing  about 
.$7,000  for  wages  among  30  operatives,  who  are  employed  only  for  a  portion 
of  the  year.  With  the  exception  of  a  very  small  quantity  of  oil  suits  im- 
ported into  the  State  of  Oregon,  the  requirements  of  the  Pacific  Coast  arc 
met  by  goods  of  home  manufacture.  The  wholesale  price  of  oil  coats  ranges 
from  $18  to  $J2  a  dozen,  of  pants  from  $12  to  $18  a  dozen,  and  of  hats  from 
$3  to  $9  a  dozen.  The  factories  on  this  coast  engaged  in  the  production  of 
oil  clothing,  are  those  of  C.  SUTTON,  Jr.,  AsilER  &  Smith,  and  M.  MARKS 
in  San  Francisco,  ISAAi  ^'  VRKS  in  Portland,  and  W.  M.  McCORMiCK,  in 
Astoria. 

Bedding. — Of  the  various  articles  used,  apart  from  natural  hair,  for  mat- 
tress and  other  fillings,  only  two.  Eureka  hair  and  shoddy,  or  patent 
wool,  arc  manufactured  on  this  coast.  The  consumption  of  the  former  is 
about  300  tons  a  year,  worth  as  raw  fiber  $60,  and  when  prepared  for  use 
$250  a  ton.  Of  shoddy  about  400  tons  arc  made  up,  and  its  price  may 
be  stated  at  yyi  cents  a  pound.  Excelsior  is  now  entirely  imported,  and 
is  consumed  in  about  the  same  quantity  as  shoddy.  It  present  value  is  $3 
to  $3.25  per  cental  New  Orleans  moss,  worth  10  cents  a  pound,  is  used  to 
the  extent  of  at  least  60  tons  a  year;  and  the  annual  consumption  of  bris- 
tles and  cow-hair,  together  with  the  small  amount  of  real  horse-hair  that 
finds  its  way  to  this  market,  may  be  estimated  at  300  tons.  These  are  the 
chief  articles  used  for  filling  purposes,  and  their  total  value  probably  exceeds 
$300,000.     Of  this  amount,  material  to  the  value  of  nearly  $200,000  is  man- 


i,>^Mii»- 


■i 


4G8 


MANUFACTURES. 


ufactured  on  this  coast,  and  35  to  40  per  cent,  of  the  entire  consumption  is 
imported,  mainly  from  New  York.  For  real  horse-hair  there  is  little  demand 
in  this  mark-ct.  The  best  quality  sells  at  60  cents  a  pound,  and  the  article 
that  passes  under  that  name  is  usually  a  mixture  of  cows'  and  hoj^s'  hair. 
Cows'  hair  is  worth  about  26  cents,  and  hogs'  hair  (or  short  hair,  so  called)  4 
or  5  cents  per  pound.  Nearly  all  the  short  hair  is  obtained  here,  but 
about  nine  tenths  of  the  consumption  of  cows'  hair  is  supplied  from  the 
East.  One  giving  an  order  for  horse-hair  can  be  supplied  at  rates  vary- 
ing from  10  to  50  cents  per  pound,  and  a  mixture  is  made  of  the  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  hair,  whether  horse,  hog,  or  cow,  in  proportion  to  the  price 
paid.  Pulu,  a  mo.ss-like  vegetable  growth  from  the  Sandwich  Islands,  was 
largely  u.scd  in  former  years  for  mattress  filling,  but  has  now  almost  entirely 
disappeared  from  the  market. 

The  wages  in  this  branch  of  manufacture  are  not  higher  than  those  of 
Eastern  cities.  In  San  Francisco,  spring  and  top  mattress  makers  arc  paid 
from  $2  to  $3  a  day,  the  difference  being  due  not  to  the  class  of  work-,  but 
to  the  experience  and  dexterity  of  the  operative.  Unskilled  labor  is  paid 
fis  low  as  $1  a  day.  In  New  York  and  Chicago  the  highest  wages  are  $3  a 
day,  and  the  lowest  $1.50,  but  the  average  is  about  the  same  as  in  this  city. 
Pillow  malccrs  are  paid  the  same  rates  as  top  mattress  men.  In  the  manu- 
facture of  shoddy  wool,  material  assorters  receive  .$1.50  to  $2  a  day,  and 
pickers  $2  to  $3.  In  San  Francisco  onl)'  men  and  boj-s  work  at  this  occu- 
pation, but  in  Eastern  cities  W(jmen  are  also  employed,  and  the  wages  are 
little  more  than  half  the  above  rates.  Operatives  in  all  branches  work  lO 
hours  a  ilaj',  unless  employed  on  piece-work.  The  entire  number  of  hands 
engaged  in  San  Francisco  in  the  manufacture  of  bedding  (not  including 
comforters),  may  be  estimated  at  300,  and  the  value  of  the  different  articles 
manufacturctl  during  the  year  1881,  at  $800,000. 

The  P.wiiic  Spuing  AN'D  Maitrkss  Co.\irANV,  25  ami  27  New  Mont- 
gomery Street,  manufacture  and  sell  to  the  trade  mattresses,  pillows,  and 
bcdiling  material  of  all  descriptions.  At  their  factory  on  Sixteenth  and 
Harrison  streets,  the)-  make  u[)  from  rags  a  large  ipiantity  o{  "Lane's  Pu- 
rified Wool."  It  is  claimed  "that  the  process  used  in  its  preparation  and 
purification  is  such  that  it  is  impossible  for  it  to  contain  anj'thing  that  could 
prove  in  any  w.iy  injuriiHis  to  health."  They  ha\e  the  signature  to  this 
effect  of  \V.  T.  \Vi:NZi;i,l,,  Profes.sor  of  Chemistry  in  the  College  of  Phar- 
macy. 

Such  hou.ses  as  Coi.K  &  Co.,  Ciii,iii;u  r  &  MouRK,  and  TiiK  Wkst  Coast 
l-'UUMTUKli  Ci)Mi'.\NV,  are  importers  of  nuiterial,  and  manufacture-  the 
different  articles  of  bedding,  but  as  no  separate  accounts  aie  kept  of  this 
branch  of  their  business,  a  statement  in  detail  is  not  obtainable.     In  bed- 


m 


TEXTILE   FABRICS.  469 

ding,  soap-root  fiber,  known  in  tlic  trade  as  Eureka  hair,  and  word  fiber, 
styled  Excelsior,  are  used  to  a  small  extent.  Further  mention  of  them  will 
be  found  under  the  head  of  upholstery. 

Comforters. — The  making  of  comforters,  an  article  that  is  rapidly  coming 
into  favor,  on  account  of  its  lightness,  and  the  preference  entertained  by 
certain  insects  for  woolen  blankets  as  a  lurking-place,  was  commenced  on  a 
very  small  scale  by  WlLLl.\M  Banks,  in  San  Francisco,  in  i860.  F.  F.  Du 
Rose,  29  Second  Street,  San  Francisco,  who  succeeded  to  the  business,  now 
reports  sales  of  $2,500  a  month.  This  is  a  small  part,  probably  less  than 
10  per  cent,  of  the  entire  consumption.  Mr.  Du  ROSE,  at  present  the  only 
manufacturer  of  comforters  on  this  coast;  is  doing  a  constantly  increasing 
busines.s.  lie  supplies  many  large  houses  in  San  Francisco,  and  has  cus- 
tomers in  Utah,  Idaho,  Nevada,  and  Arizona.  Comforters  of  average  size 
weigh  6  pounds,  and  are  6  feet  square.  Extras  weigh  8  pounds  and  measure 
7  feet  by  6.  The  former  article  is  sold  to  the  trade  at  from  $18  to  $25  a 
dozen,  and  the  larger  size  for  $30  to  $36.  The  covering  of  print  is  filled 
entirely  with  cotton  batting ;  not  a  particle  of  shoddy  or  patent  wool,  as  it 
is  called,  is  u.scd  in  this  establishment.  Shoddy,  which  is  in  fiict  ground 
rags,  is  mainly  used  in  the  filling  of  Eastern-made  comforters.  Mr.  Du 
Rose  uses  about  1 5  thousand  yards  of  print  and  3,000  pounds  of  batting 
per  month.  The.se  arc  average  figures;  the  winter  is  more  than  double  the 
summer  trade.  Employment  is  furnished  to  8  or  10  women  and  girls.  The 
lowest  wages  are  $6  to  $7  a  week,  paid  to  those  who  woik  only  at  sewing 
together  the  print.  Basters,  who  put  in  the  wadding,  and  makers  or  finish- 
ers, who  complete  the  manufacture  of  the  comforter,  receive  $9  to  $10.  All 
the  hands  are  employed  10  hours  a  day.  Eastern  work,  both  sewing  and 
filling,  is  done  by  machinery,  and  it  would  not  be  possible  to  compare  the 
rates  of  wages. 

Pillows.— J.  Westhall,  764  Mission  Street,  San  Francisco,  restricts 
his  manufacture  solely  to  the  making  of  pillows.  He  combines  with  this 
business  the  sale  of  feathers,  German  ticking,  and  linen.  All  feathers  used 
or  sold  by  Mr.  VVestiiali,  are  thoroughly  cleansed  by  his  "patent 
steam  renovator."  The  price  of  an  ordinary  pillow  varies  from  75  cents  to 
$5,  while  down  pillows  sell  for  $15  to  $18.  The  cheapest  feathers  cost  6 
cents  a  pound,  and  after  undergoing  the  cleansing  process  are  salable  at 
10  cents.  The  best  geese  feathers  are  worth  70  cents  when  fit  for  use.  and 
the  price  of  difTerent  do.scriptioiis  may  be  averaged  at  a  little  under  40 
cents  per  jiound.     Down  sells  for  $3  a  pound. 

Including  $25,000  expended  for  lot  .ind  building,  Mr.  VVestiiall  has  a 
capital  invested  of  $40,000.     His  purchases  of  ticking  amount  to  $2,000  a 


mum 


470 


MANUFACTURES. 


year.  He  claims  that  his  patent  machinery  for  cleaning  and  curing  feathers 
does  that  work  more  effectually  than  any  other  on  the  coast. 

Owen  McCabe,  921  Market  Street,  also  makes  a  specialty  of  manu- 
facturing pillows,  though  also  engaged  in  mattress-making  and  in  selling 
articles  used  in  the  pillow  and  mattress  trade.  He  also  has  a  "patent 
steam  renovator,"  but  not  of  the  same  description  as  that  used  by  Mr. 
Westii.ALL.  His  business  has  been  established  19  years,  and  is  now  in  a 
very  prosperous  condition. 

Three  fourths  of  all  the  feathers  used  here  are  imported  from  the  East 
or  from  Germany;  some  even  from  Australia.  These  2  firms  alone  use 
about  25  tons  of  feathers  a  year,  which,  at  an  average  of  40  cents  per  pound, 
would  cost  $20,000.  A  description  of  the  3  articles  mainly  used  as  sub- 
stitutes for  natural  hair  in  the  filling  of  mattresses,  etc.,  will,  perhaps,  be 
of  interest.  These  are  Eureka  hair.  Excelsior,  and  Patent  Wool,  and  they 
will  be  mentioned  in  this  order 


Soap-Root.  —The  soap  plant  (Chlorogalum  pomeridianuni)  was  used  by 
Spaniards  and  Indians  for  washing  purposes,  long  before  California  was 
numbered  among  the  States.  For  some  cutaneous  eruptions  its  lather  pos- 
sesses medicinal  qualities  of  great  value.  The  fiber  of  the  mature  plant, 
when  manufactured  into  Eureka  hair,  is  dry,  cool,  flexible,  and  almost  in- 
capable of  destruction.  It  docs  not  mat,  nor  breed  vermin,  nor  harboi 
moths,  and  can  be  renewed  at  a  trifling  expense,  no  matter  how  long  in  use 
It  is  now  employed  for  bedding  purposes  at  our  public  infirmaries,  almost 
to  the  exclusion  of  other  material.  At  the  Centennial  Exhibition  a  medal 
and  diploma  were  awarded  to  HertzoG  &  Co.  for  producing,  in  this  article, 
one  of  the  best  substitutes  for  horse-hair.  MORRIS  Cahn,  the  present 
owner  of  the  business,  has  letters  in  his  possession  from  the  commissioners 
ot  the  German,  Swiss,  and  Austrian  governments,  who  were  desirous  of  ob- 
taining it  for  bedding  purposes.  In  1876  the  export  had  reached  700  tons^ 
but,  unfortunately,  the  fiber  was  shipped  in  its  raw  state,  and  being  unskill- 
fully  treated,  the  experiment  proved  a  failure.  Its  high  price  also  (the  cost 
of  laying  down  the  raw  material  being  $60  a  ton)  prevented  any  large  expor- 
tation. The  soap  plant  is  a  bulbous  root,  with  a  very  tough  and  supple 
fiber,  resembling  somewhat  the  husk  of  the  cocoanut.  It  is  found  only 
on  the  Pacific  Coast,  as  far  south  as  Mexico,  but  the  best  roots  are  obtained 
in  California  or  Nevada,  near  the  snow  belt  of  the  Sierra,  and  on  the  shaded 
side  of  the  mountains.  That  which  grows  on  low  and  sandy  .soil  is  unfit  for 
manufacturing  purposes,  on  account  of  the  coarseness  of  its  fiber. 

The  roots  are  first  put  through  a  picker,  worked  by  steam-power,  sim- 
ilar to  a  threshing-machine.     This  .separates  the  fiber  into  a  hair  8  or  10 


^p^ 


TEXTILE  FABRICS. 


471 


inches  long,  which  is  placed  in  a  large  vat,  or  steamer,  till  it  becomes  flex- 
ible, and  is  freed  from  all  glutinous  matter.  It  is  then  dried  in  the  sun, 
put  through  another  finer  picker,  twisted  into  ropes,  and  after  lying  for  some 
time  to  give  it  a  curl,  it  is  steamed,  opened,  and  picked  over  again,  and  is 
then  ready  for  market.  The  natural  color  is  brown,  but  if  colored  black,  as  it 
can  easily  be,  it  will  take  an  expert  to  tell  it  from  the  best  curled  hair.  So 
many  substitutes  have  come  into  the  market  during  the  last  4  years  that  the 
production  of  fiber  has  fallen  off  to  3CX)  tons  a  year.  From  100  to  150  root- 
gatherers  divide  among  them  $18,000  for  the  earnings  of  an  average  season. 

Excelsior. — The  article  known  as  e.xcelsior  is  now  entirely  imported, 
though  until  recently  it  was  produced  in  Washington.  E.xcelsior  is  a 
threadlike  wood  shaving,  and  was  first  used  in  filling  mattresses,  etc.,  as  a 
substitute  for  pulu.  In  the  Eastern  States  the  fiber  of  the  poplar  is  com- 
monly in  use,  but  that  of  the  cotton-wood  tree  is  preferred  on  this  coast. 
Its  fiber  is  lighter,  stronger,  and  less  liable  to  pack.  Its  weight  in  equal 
bulks,  as  compared  with  that  of  the  poplar,  is  one  si.xth  less.  J.  J.  Spauld- 
ING,  in  conjunction  with  Flint,  Peadodv  &  Co.,  established  at  Pugct 
Sound  a  factory  which  almost  drove  Eastern  excelsior  out  of  the  market. 
Unfortunately  for  the  trade,  this  factory  was  burned  down  last  year.  Before 
this  accident  Mr.  SPAULDING  sold  excelsior  as  low  as  $1.50  per  cental.  Of 
late  it  is  scarce.  It  is  almost  a  necessity  for  packing  purposes  and  for 
upholstering,  one  layer  being  placed  over  the  springs  of  couches,  etc.,  before 
the  hair  is  inserted.  It  is  very  probable  that  the  home  manufacture  of 
e.xcelsior  will  soon  be  renewed,  and  if  its  price  remains  at  anything  near 
present  rates,  such  an  enterprise  can  hardly  fail  of  success. 

Patent  wool,  or  shoddy,  or  ground  rags  (for  the  material  is  known  by  all 
these  names),  forms  at  the  East,  and  here,  too,  a  staple  article  of  commerce. 
It  is  used  extensively  for  filling  mattresses  and  lounges,  and  takes  the  place 
of  cotton  batting  in  the  manufacture  of  Eastern-made  comforters. 

Spring  Mattresdea. — Not  many  years  ago  all  the  springs  used  by  furni- 
ture houses,  whether  for  mattresses,  lounges,  or  chairs,  were  imported  from 
the  East.  During  the  year  1880  two  thirds  of  the  home  consumption 
of  these  articles  were  manufactured  in  San  Francisco.  About  600  tons  a 
year  of  Hessemer  steel  wire  are  used  in  this  branch  of  business,  costing,  at 
an  average  of  10  cents  a  pound,  the  sum  of  $120,000,  and  worth,  when  man- 
ufactured, a  little  over  $200,000.  The  wire,  in  its  unmanufactured  state,  is 
all  imi)ortcd,  and  is  copper-covered,  with  the  exception  of  about  25  tons  of 
tinned  wire,  used  in  making  what  are  called  woven-wire  mattresses. 

Three  houses  in  San  Francisco  are  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  springs, 
and  employ  from  20  to  25  men.     Those  who  work  only  at  making  springs 


472 


MANUFACTURES. 


cam  from  $1.50  to  $2  a  day,  for  10  hours'  work,  while  2  or  3  operatives, 
who  combine  other  branches  of  business,  receive  as  much  as  $20  a  week. 
In  Eastern  factories  the  usual  rate  is  $1.50  a  day. 

The  process  of  making  springs  is  so  simp'o.  that,  at  the  establishment  of 
The  California  Spring  Manufacturing  Company,  8  or  9  workmen 
produce  springs  worth  no  less  than  $50,000  a  year.  From  a  reel  the  wire  is 
wound  on  a  form,  which  gives  to  the  spring  the  requisite  shape.  It  is  after- 
wards pressed  for  the  purpose  of  testing  its  qualities.  The  spring  is  then 
held  in  a  vice,  and  the  ends  are  knotted  by  an  ingenious  little  machine, 
invented  for  the  purpose.  One  man  performs  all  these  operations,  and  easily 
turns  out  2  or  3  springs  to  the  minute.  In  Eastern  factories  there  are  sep- 
arate workmen  for  the  different  processes,  known  as  winding,  knotting,  and 
packing;  and  an  operative,  coming  fresh  from  New  York,  can  not  make 
an  article  complete  in  all  its  parts. 

The  California  Spring  Manufacturing  Company  make  springs 
of  all  sizes,  and  combine  with  this  business  the  sale  of  bedding  and  other 
material.  The  consumption  of  material  is  1 5  tons  of  wire  a  month,  and 
sales  are  reported  in  this  one  department  of  over  $4,000,  against  a  monthly 
outlay  for  material  and  wages  of  about  $3,000.  A.  S.  Warner  and  WiLLl.VM 
Cr.VWFORD  are  the  proprietors  of  the  business,  and  have  a  branch  estab- 
lishment at  224  First  Street,  Portland,  under  the  management  of  J.  C. 
KiMUALL. 

Samuel  Beale,  47  to  53  Second  Street,  makes  springs  and  spring  mat- 
tresses, and  is  an  importer  and  dealer  in  bedding  material.  He  uses  50 
tons  a  year  of  Bessemer  wire,  and  about  27,000  yards  of  ticking.  His 
sales,  chiefly  of  mattresses,  amount  to  $30,000  or  $35,000  a  year.  Employ- 
ment is  given,  in  all  the  departments,  to  16  hands. 

The  Pacific  Spring  and  Mattress  Company  use  about  100  tons 
of  wire  a  year,  and  have  4  hands  constantly  employed  in  making  springs. 
In  addition  to  those  mentioned,  there  are  2  or  3  houses  in  San  Francisco, 
and  one  at  Sacramento,  that  manufacture  springs  in  small  quantity,  chiefly 
for  their  own  use. 

Truman  S.  Clark  &  Son,  21  Montgomery  Street,  are  probably 
the  only  firm  on  this  coast  engaged  in  making  woven  wire  mattresses. 
In  their  busiest  seasons  they  use  about  2  tons  a  month  of  Bessemer 
tinned  steel  wire,  worth  $250  a  ton.  Female  operatives,  of  whom  there 
are  6  or  8,  cam  by  piece-work  from  $1.50  to  $2  a  day.  While  learn- 
ing the  business  they  are  paid  $1  a  day.  Eastern  wages  are  about 
25  per  cent,  below  these  rates.  With  the  exception  of  the  wire,  all  the 
material  u.sed,  even  to  the  castings,  is  of  home  production.  In  making 
up  the  mattress,  the  wire  is  wound  off  a  reel,  and  passed  through  a  sta- 


' 


TKXTILE   FABRICS. 


473 


tionary  tube.  This  tube  gives  it  the  necessary  coil,  and  the  machinerj'  is 
made  so  that  it  can  be  adjusted  to  the  size  of  the  wire,  like  the  stitcli  of  a 
sewing-machine.  By  changing  the  tube,  14  or  15  different  varieties  of  mat- 
tress can  be  made,  with  larger  or  smaller  coil.  What  is  termed  the  "  treble- 
weave  mattress"  is  made  of  the  finest  wire  used  for  the  purpose,  and  sells  for 
$10.50  for  the  full  size  of  5  feet  by  6  feet  2  inches.  The  "single  weave,"  of 
coarser  wire,  and  of  the  same  dimensions,  is  worth  $8.  The  bedsteads,  to 
correspond,  are  made  of  gas-pipe  iron,  and  the  attachments  of  angle-iron 
clamps.     These  are  specially  suited  to  warm  climates. 

Flax. — A  flax-mill,  established  in  1877,  at  Albany,  Oregon,  is  the  only 
enterpri.se  of  the  kind  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  The  flax  is  raised  in  Linn 
County,  by  tenant  farmers,  who  work  on  .shares,  receiving  one  third  of  the 
crop  after  it  is  rotted,  broken,  and  scutched  (dressed  by  beating  and  sepa- 
rating from  the  woody  substance).  The  mill  takes  the  entire  crop,  allowing 
the  tenant  12  cents  a  pound  for  his  share  of  the  fiber.  The  seed  is  divided 
in  the  same  proportion  as  the  fiber,  but  the  tenant's  .share  is  not  purchased  by 
the  mill.  It  is  estimated  that  a  good  crop  will  produce  fiber  worth  $42  and 
seed  worth  $45  per  acre.  The  mill  has  a  capacity  for  turning  out  5,000  pounds 
of  manufactured  goods  per  month,  and  makes  up  all  kinds  of  linen  twines 
and  thread.s,  including  fishing-twine,  bagging-twine,  twine  for  self-bindefs,etc., 
worth  on  an  average  50  cents  a  pound,  and  valued  at  $30,000  a  year.  The 
goods  are  marketed  in  Oregon,  California,  and  Washington.  Employment 
is  given  to  5  men  at  $3  a  day,  and  20  girls  at  $3  to  $5  a  week.  Connected 
with  the  establishment  is  a  scutch  mill,  where  the  flax  is  broken  and  sepa- 
rated from  the  woody  substance,  giving  work  to  8  Chinamen  at  $1.10  a  day. 
The  pay-roll  of  the  fiictory  is  $11,500  a  year,  and  the  consumption  of  ma- 
terial about  80,000  pounds  of  flax  per  annum,  worth,  at  12  cents  a  poimd, 
$9,600.  If  cash  were  paid  for  all  the  material,  it  is  evident  that  the  enter- 
prise could  not  be  profitable,  but  by  letting  their  land  on  shares,  and  paying 
only  for  one  third  of  the  material,  receiving  from  the  tenant  the  remaining 
two  thirds  in  consideration  of  rent,  etc.,  the  proprietors  manage  to  do  a 
profitable  business. 

Upholstery. — Upholstery  in  California  during  the  Mexican  possession, like 
upholstering  in  all  the  Spanish-American  States,  was  limited  in  quantity  and 
crude  in  design.  The  mild  climate  did  not  force  attention  to  upholstery  as  an 
essential  element  of  home  comfort,  as  do  the  colder  regions  of  the  north,  and 
the  outdoor  habits  of  the  native  people  led  to  a  neglect  of  the  refinements  and 
pleasures  afforded  by  tasteful  and  artistic  upholstery,  which  the  indoor  as- 
sociations of  home  develop,  where  the  winters  are  long  and  rigorous, 

00 


■M 


474 


MANUFACTURES. 


When  the  pioneers  made  their  appearance  on  this  coast,  many  of  them 
having  left  Eastern  homes  in  which  the  decorative  taste  and  slcill  of  the 
upholsterer  had  aided  to  make  life  enjoyable,  their  first  effort  was  in  ever  so 
rude  a  fashion  to  improvise  from  the  material  at  hand  at  least  some  articles 
of  comfort.  The  eager  struggle  to  obtain  the  necessaries  of  life  too  often 
prevented  the  newcomers  from  giving  any  thought  to  the  adornment  and 
comforts  of  their  temporary  homes,  and  it  was  a  rare  exception  to  find  a 
habitation  having  any  pretensions  to  taste  and  refinement.  As  early  as 
1850,  however,  there  were  evidences  of  improvement.  Establishments 
began  to  be  opened  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  materials  with  which  to 
make  life  more  endurable.  Like  all  manufacturing  industries  of  that  day, 
the  upholstery  business  was  dependent  for  the  raw  materials,  partly  manu- 
factured articles,  and  supplies,  upon  importation,  which  was  so  very  irreg- 
ular and  uncertain  that  upholstery  shops  would  sometimes  have  to  suspend 
business,  from  lack  of  materials  with  which  to  carry  on  work;  and  at  other 
times  there  would  be  a  glut  in  the  market  from  a  temporary  oversupply. 

It  was  not  until  the  year  1853  that  the  upholstery  business  began  to 
assume  the  proportions  of  a  well-defined  industry.  At  that  time  the  lead- 
ing furniture  and  upholstery  house  of  the  city  of  San  Francisco  was  that  of 
Fr.wis.  BaIvIlR,  in  wl'ose  small  paper-hanging  establishment  on  Clay  Street 
the  great  fire  that  swept  the  city  in  1851  is  said  to  have  had  its  origin,  and 
he  did  a  large  and  prosperous  business,  though  there  were  several  other 
smaller  establishments  doing  a  fair  business.  In  the  rebuilt  city  many 
families  from  the  Eastern  States  and  some  from  Europe  began  to  settle 
and  make  homes,  at  least  temporary  homes  for  a  few  years,  and  there  was 
an  immense  sale  of  furniture,  much  of  which  was  well  upholstered,  but 
generally  in  rather  plain  style.  So  profitable,  indeed,  was  the  business  of 
house-furnishing,  including  carpets  and  plain  and  upholstered  furniture,  that 
many  dealers,  in  a  few  years,  made  small  fortunes,  on  which  they  retired 
from  trade.  FRANK  BAKER,  it  is  said,  found  himself  .so  well  off  from  the 
profits  of  his  business  that  during  a  visit  to  New  York  in  1862,  he  embarked 
in  Wall  Street  speculations,  disposed  of  his  business  to  his  employees,  and 
never  saw  California  again.  The  chief  aim  of  dealers  at  thtit  time  was  to 
produce  an  article  that  would  sell,  rather  than  one  of  artistic  taste  and 
mechanical  merit.  This  era  of  bad  taste  continued  longer  than  it  otherwise 
would  had  our  people  sooner  discovered  the  fact  that  California  was  not  only 
a  good  country  in  which  to  make  money,  but  also  to  live  and  to  build  up 
homes  of  refinement,  which  would  rival  those  of  any  other  land.  But  the 
demand  for  a  better  class  of  upholstered  furniture  began  to  be  more  pro- 
nounced, and  in  1862  B.  P.  MoORIi,  at  present  secretary  and  a  leading 
member  of  TiiK  Calii'ornia  Furniturk  Manukacturinc;  Company, 


TEXTILE   FABRICS. 


475 


started  the  first  regular  upholstery  factory  for  the  manufacture,  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, of  a  superior  class  of  modern  and  antique  furniture,  in  which  he  con- 
tinued until  his  business  was  absorbed  in  that  of  the  great  company  in  which 
he  is  now  an  active  member.  At  about  the  same  time  the  house  of  Plu.M 
&  Co.  began  to  make  a  specialty  of  fine  upholstery,  in  which  they  have  since 
made  a  mark  for  superior  taste  and  artistic  finish. 

Soon  after  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  many,  perhaps  a  majority,  of  the 
prosperous  business  men  of  California,  abandoned  their  long-cherished  wish 
and  intention  to  make  their  permanent  homes  on  the  Atlantic  slope,  so 
soon  as  they  could  accumulate  a  competence  in  the  land  of  gold.  That  was 
the  beginning  of  a  new  era  for  this  coast.  About  the  same  time  trade  and 
industry  became  more  profitable  than  they  had  been;  wealth  accumulated 
rapidly;  and  the  influence  of  the  change  was  felt  in  many  departments,  per- 
haps in  none  more  strikingly  than  in  upholstery,  which  served  to  give  ele- 
gance and  splendor  to  the  homes  of  the  wealthy.  The  numerous  millionaire 
fortunes  of  the  Pacific  metropolis  found  their  reflection  in  the  costly  furni- 
ture and  upholstery  of  their  owners. 

In  the  language  of  one  of  our  principal  dealers  in  San  Francisco,  "  It 
may  be  called  an  outburst  of  latent  taste  and  culture,  as  exhibited  by  the 
railroad  and  bonanza  kings,  and  the  wealthy  families  of  our  coast,  which 
has  developed  to  such  an  extent  as  to  excite  the  surprise  of  all  cultured 
people  of  the  older  States  and  Europe  who  have  visited  us,  and  to  tax  the 
resources  of  manufacturers  for  the  production  of  the  rarest  articles  made 
up  with  the  costliest  fabrics."  The  same  authority  also  says:  "  So  persist- 
ently has  this  advance  of  refinement  extended  into  the  homes  of  our  peo- 
ple, and  so  general  has  become  the  desire  to  discard  the  gaudy  and 
unrefined  of  the  past  for  the  harmonious,  tasteful,  and  artistic  style  of  the 
present,  that  we  claim  front  rank  on  the  score  of  beauty  in  design  and 
intrinsic  value  of  product  with  any  of  the  older  countries,  and  the  tastes  of 
our  people  arc  as  esthetic  and  generous  as  those  of  any  other  people.  It 
can  reasonably  be  said  of  the  upholstery  business  on  our  coast,  that  it 
deserves  as  much  credit  for  the  present  high  state  of  advancement  as  any 
other  branch  of  industry." 


Upholstery  with  Furniture.— It  is  the  custom  on  our  side  of  the 
continent  to  carry  on  the  upholstery  business  in  connection  with  the  furni- 
ture factories,  instead  of  making  it  a  separate  branch  of  business  as  in  the 
East,  and  so  we  find  our  leading  furniture  manufacturers  are  doing  their 
own  upholstering  as  a  rule.  The  styles  which  prevail  here  are  those  of  the 
Eastern  States,  and  the  materials  used  are  of  the  best  quality,  and  mainly 
imported   from   the    East  and   from    Europe.      Silk   tapestries,  damasks, 


m^f^m 


476 


MANUFACTURES. 


figured  plush,  raw  silks,  and  velours  arc  mostly  used  for  covers  on  fine 
furniture;  patterns  of  velours  ranging  as  high  as  $100  a  yard,  and  in  one 
house  in  San  Francisco  patterns  worth  $1 50  a  yard  may  be  seen.  For  stuff- 
ing, in  fine  furniture,  the  best  curled  hair  and  moss  arc  used;  in  a  cheaper  class 
of  furniture  gray  hair,  soap-root,  or  Eureka  hair,  excelsior,  and  tow  are  used. 
The  latest  style  of  parlor  furniture  is  in  cb.'U),  and  the  upholstering  is  in 
harmony  with  it.  The  springs  used  on  the  coast  arc  nearly  all  of  hc.'uc 
manufacture.  Soap-root  is  a  Californian  product,  and  most  of  the  tow  used 
comes  from  Oregon.  Cheap  and  auction  furniture  is  stuffed  with  prepaVcd 
rags  or  .shoddy,  which  is  no  doubt  often  the  lurking-place  of  disease,  and  is 
always  uncleanly  and  unsafe.  There  is  no  need  of  a  resort  to  the  use  of 
rags  in  the  Pacific  States.  Indeed,  even  the  production  of  suitable  cover- 
ings is  now  possible.  As  a  gentleman  of  large  intelligence,  who  has  been 
in  the  upholstery  business  since  1862,  has  expressed  it:  "We  have  the 
means  of  producing  every  kind  of  material  needed,  from  silk  to  cotton,  from 
wool  to  hemp,  and  there  is  no  reason  why  they  should  not  be  converted  into 
fabrics  where  they  grow."  And  .so  long  as  we  arc  dependent  upon  the 
Eastern  States  and  Europe  for  the  materials  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
fine  upholstery,  we  shall  have  to  wait  for  a  full  profit  from  this  large  and 
important  industry. 

Wages  are  about  the  same  on  our  side  of  the  continent  as  in  the  East. 
They  vary  according  to  the  skill  and  ability  of  the  workmen,  from  $2.50  to 
$4  anil  $5,  and  good  work  can  be  done  as  cheaply  here  as  there.  In  some  of 
the  large  establishments  of  our  coast  are  now  found  excellent  workmen,  who 
learned  their  trade  where  they  work,  and  have  developed  talent  and  skill 
which  will  bear  comparison  with  the  best  in  the  older  and  more  favored 
establishments  of  the  East. 

The  market  for  the  sale  of  Pacific  Coast  upholstery  is  expanding  rapidly. 
During  the  bonanza  times,  a  few  years  ago,  the  business  developed  great 
extravagance  and  lu.xury;  and  following  immediately  came  the  days  of  the 
Kearney  agitation,  when  the  business  was  greatly  depressed,  and  underwent 
material  changes.  But  once  more  it  has  reached  a  normal  state  of  growth, 
cliaractcri/.ed  by  richness  of  quality  and  refinement  of  taste,  and  it  is  be- 
lieved by  those  engaged  in  the  business,  that  there  is  a  prosperous  future 
before  them.  Goods  that  are  imported  into  California  .sell  at  about  the 
same  rate  as  in  the  I'^astern  cities,  with  freight  added.  There  is  a  class  of 
inferior  goods  manufactured  on  the  Pacific  Coast  which  finds  a  market 
among  the  poorer  people,  because  of  its  cheapness;  but  there  is  a  decided 
preference  for  superior  goods,  and  while  some  inferior  work  finds  a  market 
here,  the  average  of  the  work  done  is  not  of  so  low  a  grade  as  the  average 
of  Eastern  work;  and  the  demand  for  upholstered  furniture  is  greater  in 


mm 


I 


TliXTri.E    KABRICS. 


477 


proportion  to  the  population,  as  well  as  of  better  quality,  than  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  The  proprietor  of  a  leading  house  in  San  I'rancisco, 
before  quoted,  referring  to  the  market,  says:  "As  the  wealth  of  the  Pacific 
States  increases  and  becomes  great,  which  the  near  future  now  promises, 
our  business  will  grow,  and  it  can  safely  he  said  of  the  people  that  they  arc 
developing  great  taste  in  the  furnishing  of  their  homes  and  the  rising  gen- 
eration is  receiving  an  education  in  this  direction  which  will  entitle  the  future 
housekeeper  to  the  rank  of  artist,  and  the  embellishment  of  hor  home  as 
high  art;  and  in  these  better  days  the  trade  will  flourish,  and  the  character 
of  fhe  work  will  improve."  Since  the  leading  upholsterers  arc  also  dealers 
in  furniture,  mention  of  them  will  be  made  under  that  heading. 

Carpets.— In  1864  a  three-ply  carpet  made  by  DOXALD  McLennan  at 
the  Mission  Mills  was  exhibited  at  the  Mechanics'  Fair  as  the  first  one 
manufactured  in  California.  The  manufacture  of  ingrain  carpets  was  tried 
at  the  Mission  Mill  in  1873,  but  without  profit,  and  the  Provo  Woolen 
Mill  has  made  some  carpets,  probably  more  than  any  other  establishment 
on  our  coast.  The  chief  production  of  this  class  is  rag-carpet,  made  by 
perhaps  100  hand-looms  scattered  over  California,  Oregon,  Washington, 
and  Utah.  The  rags  are  obtained  by  tearing  up  woolen  garments  into 
strips  half  an  inch  or  three  quarters  of  an  inch  wide.  The  rags  furnish  the 
weft,  and  cotton-twine  the  warp.  The  total  annual  product  may  be  100,- 
000  yards.  The  largest  establishment,  that  of  MacIvAY  &  Co.  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, employs  only  3  maleoperatives,  who  earn  $1.75  a  day;  and  the  annual 
product  of  rag-carpet  is  about  10,000  yards. 

Carpet  Lining. — Of  the  several  materials  used  for  carpet  linings,  the 
principal  arc  tule,  cotton  batting,  paper,  and  Japanese  paper-carpet,  and  of 
these  the  only  one  manufactured  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  the  one  first  men- 
tioned. The  cotton  lining  is  the  one  most  commonly  in  use;  the  demand 
for  it  exceeding,  by  at  least  50  per  cent,  the  consumption  of  tule  lining. 
It  is  made  of  cotton  batting  placed  between  sheets  of  paper,  and  sells  at 
10  cents  a  yard.  It  has  the  advantage  of  being  impervious  to  moths,  and 
the  disadvantage  of  offering  so  little  resistance  to  the  tread  that  it  is  soon 
pressed  almost  as  flat  as  a  sheet  of  blotting-paper.  The  tule  lining,  made  of 
the  round,  elastic,  porous  reed,  which  grows  extensively  in  the  tule  swamps 
of  our  upper  rivers,  yields  gradually  to  the  footfall,  and  resumes  its  shape 
when  the  foot  is  removed.  The  saline  qualities  of  the  tule  make  it  a 
natural  in.sect-destroyer.  While  the  cotton  lining  retains  dust  between  its 
paper  covering  and  the  carpet,  the  tule  lining  allows  the  dust  to  sift  through 
to  the  floor,  where  it  remains  until  the  carpet  is  taken  up.  The  thickness 
and  elastic  quality  of  the  pith,  that  forms  the  interior  portion  of  the  tule, 


Mittl 


m 


478 


MANUFACTURES. 


prevent  the  heaviest  footfall  from  resounding.  Hence,  it  is  commonly  in 
use  in  the  courtroom.s  of  San  Francisco.  It  is  also  claimed  that  the  tule 
pos.ses.ses  disinfecting  qualities  which  counteract  the  effect  of  noxious  odors. 
The  main  objection  to  it  .seems  to  be  that,  the  rccds  being  bound  closely 
together  before  being  used  for  carpet  lining,  the  continual  pressure  of  the 
foot  causes  the  outside  portions  of  the  tule,  which  are  of  a  woody  nature, 
to  rise  in  ridges  and  cause  considerable  friction  or  wear  on  the  carpet. 
If  this  objection  could  be  removed,  the  tule  lining  would,  no  doubt,  come 
more  into  favor.     Its  price  is  10  cents  a  yard. 

Carpet  Beating. — The  summer  winds  and  sand  dunes  of  San  Francisco 
combine  to  furnish  a  lively  business  in  carpet  beating.  At  THE  PIONEER 
Carpet  Beating  Works,  on  Tehama  Street,  a  3  weeks'  run  gives  Sn  ac- 
cumulation of  6  to  8  cart-loads  of  dust  and  refuse.  At  times  they  have  a.s 
much  as  30  loads  awaiting  removal  at  the  back  of  their  machine-room. 
Let  any  one  try  the  experiment  of  treading  for  some  time  with  a  pressure 
of  1 50  pounds  on  a  piece  of  .sandpaper  placed  over  a  ixjrtion  of  carpet,  and 
he  will  get  some  idea  of  the  friction  that  is  constantly  taking  place.  The 
sand  becomes  well  ground  into  the  carpet,  and,  cutting  into  the  woolen 
fabric,  remove.^  with  it  a  portion  of  the  nap  at  each  sweeping.  In  a  heavy 
velvet  carpet,  costing  $6  a  yard,  cleaned  in  1S81  by  CONKLIN  BROTHERS, 
for  The  First  National  Bank,  there  was  an  accumulation  of  dust  equal 
to  nearly  one  third  of  its  weight.  This  is  a  common  occurrence,  and  it  is 
claimed  that  if  carpets  arc  cleaned  once  a  year,  at  a  cost  of  5  cents  a  yard, 
the  expense  is  far  more  than  coi.ipcnsated  by  the  saving  in  wear  and  tear. 
In  Eastern  cities  the  cleanirg  piocei  s  is  often  performed  twice  a  year.  A 
visit  to  any  of  the  leading  estaLUshirients  during  the  bu.sy  season  in  June, 
would  be  of  interest,  and  wofKl  enable  the  reader  to  determine  which  of  the 
different  machines  is  least  destructive  to  the  carpet.  The  proprietors  are 
extremely  courteous,  and  always  ready  to  explain  their  process,  which  is 
in  amusing  contrast  with  the  times  when  carpets  were  taken  out  by  negroes 
and  beaten  with  sticks  over  a  fence. 

In  San  Francisco  there  are  5  prominent  carpet-beating  houses,  those  of 
SPAULDING  &  Co.,  CONKLIN  BROTHERS,  JaMES  E.  MITCHELL,  McDoWELL 
&  Gould,  and  P.  Merrill.  The  aggregate  capital  of  the  5  establishments 
is  $40,000,  and  they  clean  3,500  runningyards  of  carpet  daily,  with  the  help 
of  40  or  45  men,  all  white.  The  cost  of  laying  the  carpets  after  cleaning 
is  5  cents  a  yard.  Mr.  SPAULDING  uses  a  sweeping-machine  of  his  own 
invention  to  cleanse  the  carpets  after  they  have  been  beaten. 

Silk. — Silk  has  been  manufactured  on  a  small  scale  by  half  a  dozen  dif- 
ferent establishments,  most  of  which  are  now  closed  or  are  occupied  in  work- 


TEXTILE   I'ABRICS. 


479 


ing  up  coarser  material.  The  principal  factory  now  in  existence  is  that  of 
The  Caliiornia  Silk  Manuiactuking  Companv,  at  South  San  I-'ran- 
cisco.  This  mill  spins  20,000  pounds  of  raw  silk  annually,  and  makes  twist, 
embroidery,  tailors'  and  saddlers'  sewing-silk,  worth  in  the  aggregate  $150,- 
000.  The  reeled  silk,  imported  from  China  and  Japan,  is  the  raw  material, 
which  they  prepare  for  the  needle  by  spinning  and  dyeing.  Their  sewing- 
silk  has  a  high  reputation  for  strength,  smoothness,  permanence  of  twist, 
and  excellence  of  color,  and  has  no  superior  in  the  market.  The  mill  has 
no  looms.  Employment  is  given  to  8  men,  100  women,  and  many  children. 
Among  the  extinct  silk-mills,  one  to  spin  ribbons  was  in  Visitation  Valley, 
on  the  border  of  San  Mateo  County,  and  one  which  produced  dress  silks 
was  in  the  hands  of  men  who  smuggled  as  much  cloth  as  they  wove. 

Cotton. — Nearly  every  Mexican  State  on  the  western  slope  of  the  country 
cultivates  cotton,  and  has  at  least  one  mill  to  convert  it  into  yarn  and  cloth. 
The.sc  factories  produce  nothing  for  exportation  to  foreign  countries,  and 
are  not  remarkable  for  either  size,  excellence  of  machinery,  or  quality  of  the 
goods  made.  The  laborers  are  all  natives;  the  owners  and  superintendents 
are  in  some  states,  Colima  for  instance,  mostly  foreigners.  In  cotton  man- 
ufacture, as  in  many  other  industrial  branches,  the  Mormons  have  the  oldest 
establishments  on  our  side  of  the  continent.  They  have  several  small  mills 
in  the  southern  part  of  Utah,  working  on  cotton  grown  in  the  vicinity.  In 
1865  W.  H.  Rector  &  Son  built  a  cotton-mill  in  East  Oakland,  and  made 
yarn  and  cloth  for  .several  years,  but  found  it  unprofitable,  and  the  machin- 
ery was  used  for  jute,  with  which  it  has  since  been  occupied. 

Jute  Bags  and  Burlaps. — Besides  the  jute-factory  in  the  Californian 
State  Prison  at  San  Ouentin,  there  is  but  one  establishment  on  this  Pacific 
Coast  that  manufactures  burlaps  from  the  raw  jute — TllE  PACIFIC  JUTE 
Manufacturinc;  Company,  at  East  Oakland.  Nearly  all  the  burlap 
produced  at  this  factory  is  made  into  bags  of  various  descriptions  on  the 
premises.  There  are  also  several  firms  in  San  Francisco  that  make  up  bags 
both  of  jute  and  cotton,  from  fabric  already  manufactured.  The  production 
of  bags  at  the  Oakland  factory  for  1881  amounted  in  number  to  about 
5,250,000.  The  number  of  hands  employed  at  the  Oakland  works  was 
800,  and  elsewhere  in  the  making  of  jute  goods,  about  lOO.  The  amount 
distributed  for  labor  was  estimated  at  $270,000,  or  $300  a  year  for  each  op- 
erative. The  low  average  of  wages  is  caused  by  the  iact  that  the  industry 
is  mainly  in  the  hands  of  women  and  Chinamen,  and  that  many  of  them 
are  not  employed  the  year  round.  Nearly  all  work  is  done  by  the  piece. 
Women  can  earn  $7  to  $10  a  week  by  making  up  goods  for  San  Francisco 


m 


48o 


MANUFACTURES. 


firms.     Chinamen  cam  about  $i  a  day  by  working  at  the  Oakland  Jute 
Works. 

Burlaps  arc  made  in  widths  of  40,  45,  and  60  inches.  The  principal  ar- 
ticles made  from  burlaps  are  grain-bags,  20  by  36,  and  22  by  36  inches  (the 
laitcr  being  the  standard  size),  with  an  average  weight  of  12  ounces;  wool- 
bags  weighing  3J2  to  4  pounds;  potato  gunnies,  ore,  salt,  and  bean  bags,  of 
different  sizes.  California-made  goods  usually  range  from  half  a  cent  to  a 
cent  a  pound  lower  than  bags  shipped  from  Calcutta. 

In  making  grain-bags,  the  burlap  is  first  cut  into  the  required  lengths  by 
means  of  a  scale,  on  which  the  material  is  folded.  Those  made  at  the  Oak- 
land jute  works  arc  hand-sewed,  and  the  sewing  is  d'  nc  by  Chinamen. 
Goods  made  in  San  Francisco  arc  usually  machine-sewed,  and  the  work  's 
done  by  women.  An  expert  machine  hand  can  turn  out  800  to  1,000  bags 
a  day,  and  at  20  cents  per  100 — the  present  rate  of  payment — can  make 
fair  wages. 

The  Pacific  Jute  Manufacturixg  Company,  located  on  tlie  San 
Anlonio  Creek  at  East  Oakland,  has  a  nominal  capital  of  $1,000,000 
divided  into  10,000  shares  of  $100  each.  The  company  was  incorporate  I  in 
1868,  under  the  name  of  TlIE  OAKLAND  COTTON  MANUFACTURING  COM- 
r.VNY;  but  the  necessity  of  importing  the  raw  staple,  and  the  high  price  of 
labor,  made  it  impossible  to  manufacture  cotton  fabrics  at  a  profit,  and  thp 
establishment  was  converted  into  a  jutc-factory.  The  machinery  in  use  was 
im]5orted  from  luigland  and  Scotland,  and  the  present  capacity  of  the  works 
is  equal  to  a  power  of  120  looms,  each  producing  90  yards  of  burlap  per 
working  day  of  1 1  hours.  In  busy  times  the  factory  is  run  23  hours 
out  of  the  24,  and  the  production  is  then  at  the  rale  of  23  yards  to  the  loom. 
The  goods  manufactuied  are  principally  grain-bags,  wool-bags,  burlaps, 
twines,  and  yarns.  In  the  process  of  manufacturing  burlaps  from  the  raw 
jute,  the  greatest  possible  strength  is  imparted  by  means  of  close  weaving 
at  the  .selvages  of  the  cloth,  which  become  the  seam  sides  of  the  bags,  and 
are  thercfdre  subject  to  the  greatest  pressure. 

When  the  jute  works  first  went  into  operation,  a  corps  of  Scotch  work- 
men and  women  was  brought  out  from  Dundee  at  the  expense  of  the  fac- 
tory. They  soon  found  more  profitaljie  employment,  and  the  company  had 
recourse  t(j  the  only  available  substitute — that  of  Chinese  labor.  During 
bu.sy  .sea.sons,  800  operatives  are  emplo)'ed.  The  manual  labor  is  performed 
by  Chinamen,  whose  average  earnings  are  $1  a  day;  the  skilled  labor  by 
mechanics,  who  receive  $18  to  $30  a  week. 

The  goods  manufactured  arc  all  sold  in  the  San  Francisco  market.  The' 
average  price  of  grain-bai;s  for  each  year  since  1870  has  varied  from  9J6 
to  i6^i  cents.     The  average  for  the  5  years  ending  December  31,  1875,  was 


TEXTILE   FABRICS. 


481 


about  I3J^  cents;  for  the  5  years  ending  December  31,  1880,  less  than  io3:( 
cents.  At  the  former  rate  there  would  be  a  handsome  margin  of  profit  ;•  at 
the  latter  rate  it  would  seem  that  the  company  can  only  make  a  profit  by 
taking  advantage  of  the  fluctuations  in  the  market,  for  the  labor  and  ma- 
terial in  a  grain-bag,  apart  from  other  expenses,  cost  from  8  to  9  cents. 
Results  have,  of  course,  varied  considerably  from  year  to  year,  but  the  en- 
terprise has  proved,  in  the  main,  successful.  Laboring,  as  it  does,  under  the 
disadvantage  of  having  to  pay  freight  and  duty  on  the  raw  staple,  its 
success  is  most  creditable  to  the  management.  This  corporation  dis- 
tributes $200,000  a  year  in  wages,  and  in  1880  paid  a  dividend  of  14  per 
' .  at.  to  its  stockholders. 

The  jute-factory  at  the  State  Penitentiary,  Sar  Ouentin,  started  in  1882, 
has  a  capacity  equal  to  the  power  of  100  looms,  with  all  the  latest  appli- 
ances for  softening,  breaking,  twisting,  spinning,  and  dressing  the  material, 
and  for  measuring  and  cutting  it  into  the  shapes  required  for  sacks.  The 
motive  power  will  bo  supplied  by  a  low-pressure  engine  with  steel  boilers, 
having  a  30-inch  cylinder  with  a  60-inch  stroke. 

Cordage. — Among  the  many  purposes  for  which  hemp  rope  is  used,  those 
of  ship-building,  farming,  and  mining  cause  the  largest  consumption.  More 
than  one  third  of  all  the  rope  made  on  this  coast  is  required  by  farmers  for 
use  in  harvesting,  etc.  This  description  is  called  baling  rope.  Very  large 
quantities  are  of  course  consumed  in  mining  operations,  Though  ship- 
building is  not  as  yet  a  very  prominent  industry  or.  'his  coast,  there  is  a  con- 
siderable d.;mand  from  vessels  lying  in  harbor  for  the  repair  of  rigging 
damaged  by  storm,  or  rendered  useless  by  wear. 

The  materials  used  on  this  coast  in  rope-making  are  Manilla  and  Sisal 
hemp.  The  former  is  a  fibrous  material  obtained  from  the  Afusa  tcxtilis,  a 
plant  allied  to  the  banana,  and  one  that  grows  readily  in  the  Philippine 
Islands ;  the  latter  a  substance  obtained  from  a  species  of  aloe,  and  called 
Sisal,  from  the  name  of  a  port  in  Yucatan,  whence  it  is  imported.  Si.=al  is 
less  strong  than  Manilla  rope,  but  its  first  cost  is  from  2  to  4  cents  a  pound 
lower,  and  it  is  therefore  used  in  larger  quantity.  Manilla  hemp  is  imported 
in  bales,  which  are  covered  with  matting  and  bound  with  rattan.  Each  bale 
weighs  278  pounds.  There  are  2  ropewalks  now  in  operation  on  the  Pa- 
cific Coast,  The  San  Francisco  Cordace  Company,  established  in 
1856,  of  which  A.  L.  &  HiRAM  Tuuus  are  the  proprietors;  and  one  in  Port- 
land, Oregon,  owned  by  MoLSON  &  SONs,  which  commenced  running  on 
January  1,  1878.  According  to  the  best  available  estimates,  the  production 
of  these  establishments  is  about  2,750  tons,  worth,  at  an  averiige  of  $275  n 
ton,  a  little  ever  $750,000.  The  number  of  hands  employed  is  about  150. 
61 


.i 


mm 


wmmmm 


^"HHi 


w 


482 


MANUFACTURES. 


The  sum  expended  for  labor  may  be  estimated  at  $80,000,  and  for  material 
at  $530,000. 

Nearly  all  the  different  kinds  of  rope  and  cordage,  from  the  heaviest 
hawser.s,  for  shipping  use,  to  the  lightest  hay-rope,  are  made  in  San  Fran- 
cisco. Manufacturers  on  this  coast  possess  advantages  which  compensate, 
in  a  mca.surc,  for  the  high  price  of  labor  and  capital,  and  enable  them  to 
ciinipctc  successfully  with  the  Eastern  trade.  1  hese  arc  the  closer  proxiniit 
of  San  Francisco  to  the  sources  from  which  supplies  of  material  are  ob- 
tained, and  the  facility  for  making  up  goods  of  such  grade  and  size,  as  the 
market  may  at  the  moment  require. 

Early  in  1881  Manilla  rope  was  quoted  at  14  to  15  cents  a  pound.  At 
the  close  of  the  year  the  prices  of  Manilla  rope  were  for  i"^  inch,  16  cents; 
i2-thread  rope,  iCyi  cents;  and  6  and  9  thread,  17  cents.  Sisal  bale  rope 
(3  and  4  threads)  was  quoted  in  December,  1881,  at  12  cents.  A  dis- 
count of  $20  a  ton  is  allowed  for  invoices  of  5  tons  and  upward.s.  During 
the  year  there  was  a  considerable  advance  in  the  price  of  hemp,  mainly  on 
account  of  the  I'Lastern  demand  for  use  in  harvest-binding  machines.  The 
year's  business  was  on  the  whole  satisfactory. 

Cordage  Factories.— The  San  Francisco  Cord.\gii:  Company  occu- 
pic.i  a  site  of  16  acres  at  the  Potrcro.  The  original  factory  was  a  wooden 
structure  50  by  100  feet.  In  1872  this  was  removed  to  make  room  for  the 
present  buildings,  which  are  of  brick,  most  of  them  being  fire-proof,  with 
brick  flooring,  supported  by  iron  girders  and  with  roofs  of  tiling.  The  main 
factory  is  200  by  50  feet,  and  ihcrc  is  a  storehouse  100  by  35  feet,  an 
engine-room,  bo'ler-housc,  and  ropewalk.  The  latter  is  20  feet  in  width, 
and  over  a  third  C/f  a  mile  in  length;  and  is  connected  with  a  wharf,  which 
leads  out  to  water  deep  enough  for  schooners  of  heavy  draught.  The  power 
is  transmitted  by  a  large  wheel,  24  feet  in  diameter  and  30  inches  wide  in 
the  face,  to  machinery  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  mile  distant.  A  number  of 
smaller  wheels,  connected  with  it  by  belting,  communicate  the  necessary 
power  to  different  portions  of  the  works. 

In  the  process  of  maiuifacture,  the  hemp  is  first  opened  and  the  fiber 
straightened  out.  It  then  has  the  appearance  of  -avy  blonde  hair  u(  indefi- 
nite length.  It  is  afterwards  lubricated  with  coarse  whale  or  petroleum  oil 
(3  pounds  of  oil  being  required  for  each  bale),  for  the  purpose  of  making  it 
run  smoothly  through  the  machinery.  'I'he  hemp  is  then  run  through  a 
.scries  of  large  spreaders,  which  draw  out  and  straighten  the  fiber,  by 
means  of  revolving  teeth,  until  it  is  in  a  condition  to  ho  spun  int(;  rope-yarn. 
The  advantage  in  the  use  of  spreaders  is,  that  the  hcmj)  >  :tii  1:''  i Mkcd  at 
full  length  without  injury  to  the  fiber.     This  couiu  v\o    h    <ionc  until  the 


wm 


pnppHi 


TEXTILE   FADRICS. 


483 


introduction  of  spreading  machines,  an  invention  patented  by  JoilN  GOOD, 
of  Brooklyn,  New  York,  and  for  tlic  use  of  whicli  TUBBS  &  Co  have  pur- 
chased the  exclusive  right  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  After  passing  through  the 
large  spreaders  into  smaller  ones,  and  again  through  drawing  frames,  the 
fiber  is  ready  for  the  spinning  jennies,  of  which  there  are  about  170  ;--  the 
company's  works.  The  yam  is  run  from  the  jennies  on  to  bobbins  and 
thence  to  the  rope-making  machines  in  the  ropcwalk.  The  threads  are 
united  in  tightly  twisted  strands,  several  of  which  arc  joined  together  to 
form  small  ropes,  and  .several  of  the  smaller  ropes  to  make  one  of  large  size. 
The  largest  size  made  is  14  inches  in  circumference.  After  some  further 
manipulation  the  rope  is  rolled  on  a  spindle  into  coiLs,  and  the  process  of 
manufacture  is  completed.  At  the  tarring  hou.se,  w^hcre  ropes  are  tarred  for 
shipping  and  other  use,  the  yarn  is  run  through  a  trough  of  tar,  which  is 
kept  boiling  by  coils  of  steam-pipe,  placed  underneath.  The  boiling  tar 
thoroughly  saturates  the  threads,  which  are  drawn  through  a  compressor, 
and  squeezed  by  weights,  which  regulate  the  quantity  of  tar  to  be  left  in 
the  yarn.  Tarred  rope  has  the  advantage  of  offering  the  greatest  resistance 
to  the  action  of  air  and  water.. 

The  number  of  employees  at  this  establishment  is  1 10,  of  whom  80  arc 
white  men,  and  the  remainder  boys  and  Chinamen.  Until  February,  1880, 
there  were  50  Chinamen  employed,  who  were  useful  in  doing  work  which 
in  Eastern  factories  is  performed  by  women  and  girls;  but  white  labor 
always  receives  the  preference,  and  whenever  good  boys  can  be  obtained, 
their  .services  are  always  substituted  for  those  of  Chinamen.  About  2,000 
tons  a  year  of  rope  and  cordage,  of  all  sizes  and  descriptions,  are  manu- 
factured by  The  S.vn  Fr.vncisco  Coru.vge  Comp.vny.  The  offices  and 
store  are  at  61 1  and  613  Front  Street,  and  communicate  by  telephone  with 
the  factory,  which  is  4  miles  distant.  During  1881  the  works  were  running 
the  entire  year  on  regular  time. 

MOLSON  &  Sons'  establishment  at  Portland,  Oregon,  has  been  about 
3  years  in  operation,  and  is  now  working  up  to  its  full  capacity,  giving 
steady  employment  to  1 1  hands,  and  producing  at  the  rate  of  750  tons  of 
rope  a  year,     E.  D.  Pitman  is  the  foreman  and  superintendent. 

Among  other  enterprises  whicii  have  been  started  from  time  to  time,  but 
arc  now  no  longci  in  operation,  the  most  important  one  was  THE  PACIFIC 
CoKDAGE  CoMPANV,  whose  works  were  at  Melro.sc,  Alameda  County. 
In  1877  this  factory  emi)loycd  90  han;ls,  and  was  producing  at  the  rate  of 
2,000  tons  of  rope  a  year.  Among  tho  orders  filled  at  this  establishment 
was  one  for  sounding-lines  for  the  use  of  the  ship  Tuscarora,  in  making 
surveys  for  the  Pacific  Oceanic  Telegraph  Cable.  Some  of  these  lines 
w^re  10  miles  in  length,  and  in  a  single  piece. 


■i 


mmmfm 


484 


MANUFACTURES. 


Sailmaklng. — Tlic  only  establishments  on  this  coast  engaged  exclu- 
sively or  mainly,  in  the  manufacture  of  sails,  arc  in  San  Francisco.  They 
give  emp!  i  cnt  to  40  men,  and  their  annual  production,  usually  in  com- 
pliance wii.  I  Tiay  be  worth  $140,000.  The  wages  for  good  sailmak- 
ers  arc  $3  a  c'.  1  all  arc  white  men.  In  material  and  workmanship  no 
sails  are  better  ih  ihose  made  here.  The  manufacturing  establishments 
arc  those  of  HARDING,  Brann  &  PRIOR  (founded  in  1853),  SIMPSON  & 
Fisher,  Thomas  Reynolds,  W.  C.  Wood,  J.  I.  Blakiston,  C.  C.  Funk, 
and  4  or  s  others. 


MHMMM 


LEATHER. 


485 


CHAPTER  XXIX.— LEATHER. 


Leather  Products. — The  tanneries  of  the  Pacific  Coast  manufactured,  in 
1881,  about  8,750  tons  of  leather,  valued  at  $4,000,000.  Considering  the 
excellent  quality  of  our  hides  and  tan-bark,  it  is  not  remarkable  that  the 
production  of  leather  should  already  have  assumed  such  large  proportions. 
The  present  condition  of  this  branch  of  industry  seems  to  indicate  that  the 
volume  of  manufacture  will  be  limited,  not  by  the  demands  of  the  market, 
but  by  the  scarcity  of  material,  already  existing,  and  threatening  to  be,  in 
the  near  future,  a  serious  drawback  to  manufacturers.  Californian  and 
Oregon  hides  are  in  such  demand,  not  only  on  this  coast,  but  in  the  Eastern 
States,  that  the  market  is  often  bare  of  desirable  qualities,  and  it  is  neces- 
sary to  import  largely  from  foreign  sources  of  supply.  During  i88i,  first- 
class  hides  were  in  such  request,  that  their  price  was  maintained  at  a  point 
which  left  but  small  profit  for  the  tanneries,  and  yet  receipts  in  San  Fran- 
cisco for  that  year  were  largely  in  excess  of  those  for  several  former  years, 
and  nearly  50  per  cent,  above  those  for  1880.  So  urgent  was  the  demand 
from  manufacturers  on  this  coast,  that  shipments  of  hides  to  the  Eastern 
States,  for  1881,  were  about  55  per  cent,  below  those  for  the  previous  year. 

The  main  difficulty,  however,  that  confronts  our  leather  interests,  is  the 
scarcity  of  chestnut-oak  bark,  the  best  substance  to  add  weight  to  the  hide, 
but  being  consumed  so  rapidly  that  if  the  consumption  continues  at  the 
present  rate,  the  supply,  within  easy  access,  will  probably  be  exhausted 
within  20  or  30  years.  The  demand  for  Pacific  Coast  leather  in  the  Eastern 
States  is  constantly  increasing,  and  exports  to  foreign  countries  are  increas- 
ing in  a  still  greater  ratio.  During  1881,2,127  rolls  of  leather,  valued  at 
$117,500,  were  shipped  to  foreign  countries,  against  1,500  rolls,  valued  at 
$81,000,  for  1880;  an  increase  of  45  per  cent,  within  a  single  year.  The 
home  demand,  however,  for  manufacturing  purposes,  for  boot  and  shoe  fac- 
tories, for  harness  and  sjiddlery,  for  leather  hose  and  belting,  for  trunks, 
valises,  and  satchels,  and  for  other  leathern  goods,  all  of  which  will  receive 
mention  in  this  chapter,  leaves  but  a  small  surplus  for  Eastern  or  foreign 
shipment.  In  1881,  the  volume  of  manufactures,  in  the  line  of  boots  and 
shoes,  far  exceeded  the  figures  for  any  previous  year,  and  that  in  the  face  of 
larger  imports  from  the  East  than  have  occurred  for  10  or  12  previous  years. 
Saddle  and  skirting  leathers  manufactured  on  this  coast  are  in  such  demand 


486 


MANUFACTURES. 


in  the  Eastern  States  that  saddle  and  harness  makers  in  San  Francisco  can 
not  always  obtain  supplies  of  first-class  material,  and  yet  harness  and  sad- 
dlery of  Pacific  Coast  manufacture  find  a  market  in  the  Eastern  States,  and 
in  common  with  other  leathern  goods,  arc  exported  to  Mexico,  China, 
Japan,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  other  foreign  countries. 

The  aggregate  value  of  leather  and  leathern  fabrics  manufactured  on  the 
Pacific  Coast  in  1881  may  be  estimated  approximately  at  $14,750,000,  and 
of  this  sum  $8,750,000  represents  the  additional  value  that  labor,  machinery, 
and  other  factors  added  to  the  original  cost  of  the  leather.  In  all  its  various 
branches  this  department  of  industry  gives  employment  to  about  8,100 
operatives  and  to  $7,000,000  of  capital.  The  sum  distributed  for  labor  is 
estimated  at  $3,600,000,  and  for  material  at  $8,000,000.  The  items  of  labor 
and  expense  include,  of  course,  all  the  second  values  that  are  added  to  the 
leather  after  it  is  made  into  goods,  and  the  cost  of  imported  or  other  mate- 
rial used  in  the  process  of  manufacture.  The  different  fabrics  produced  on 
this  coast,  during  1881,  include  3,000,000  pairs  of  boots  and  shoes,  $2,750,- 
000  worth  of  harness  and  saddlery,  $350,000  Worth  of  trunks,  valises,  and 
satchels,  200,000  "oct  of  leather  belting,  500,000  pairs  of  gloves,  and  about 
$  1 50,000  worth  of  other  leathern  goods. 

Tannage  Production. — The  aggregate  capital  of  the  different  tanneries 
and  wool  puUerics  in  the  State  of  California  may  be  estimated  at  a  little 
over  $2,000,000,  of  which  $800,000  is  invested  in  San  Francisco.  The 
value  of  material  used  during  the  year  1881  may  be  set  down  at  about 
$2,600,000,  including  hides  and  skins  to  the  value  of  $1,900,000;  28,000 
cords  of  bark,  worth  at  $20  a  cord  (the  average  price  for  1881),  $560,000; 
600  tons  of  tallow,  3,600  gallons  of  oil,  250  tons  of  gambler,  and  300  tons 
of  sumach,  worth  in  all,  $140,000.  The  total  \aluc  of  leather  manufac- 
tured was  estimated  at  $3,750,000  to  $4,000,000;  the  amount  cxfjcnded  for 
labor  at  $930,000. 

It  will  be  seen  from  these  figures  that  the  year  1 88 1  was  not  a  pros- 
perous one  for  the  tanneries  of  California.  Accepting  the  higher  estimate 
of  $4,000,000  as  the  value  of  leather  produced,  and  subtracting  the  cost  of 
material  and  labor,  amounting  in  all  to  $3,530,000,  there  would  remain  only 
$470,000  to  cover  depreciation  of  properly,  repairs,  insurance,  and  other 
incidental  expenses,  to  say  nothing  of  profit  and  interest  on  capital. 

The  operations  of  a  well-conducted  tannery,  situated  near  San  Francisco, 
may  serve  to  show  the  present  condition  of  affairs.  The  proprietors,  who 
were  kind  enough  to  furnish  the  information,  do  not  wish  their  names 
to  be  published.  The  estimates  are  made  for  the  year  1881.  The  tannery 
cost  $14,000,  carries  a  stock  worth  $40,000,  ami  has,  besides,  an  average  of 


LEATHER. 


487 


$20,000  worth  of  goods  sold  on  outstanding  credits,  making  a  total  fixed 
and  working  capital  of  $74,000.  The  sales  arc  at  the  rate  of  $120,000 
a  year.  The  cost  of  hides  is  $72,000,  of  labor  $10,000,  of  bark  and  other 
material  $17,000.  Ini5urancc,  repairs,  and  miscellaneous  expenses  are  about 
$2,000  a  year,  and  $7,400  (10  per  cent.)  is  allowed  for  interest  on  capital. 
The  entire  outlay  amounts  to  $108,400.  Subtracting  this  from  the  amount 
of  sales  ($120,000),  there  is  a  margin  for  profit  of  $11,600.  The  value  of 
waste  material  will  probably  raise  the  profit  to  $12,000,  or  a  little  over  16 
per  cent,  on  the  capital  of  $74,000.  At  the  establishment  in  question  this 
is  considered  rather  a  small  result  for  the  year's  business,  but  is  probably 
above  the  average  profit  made  by  the  tanneries  of  California  for  the  year 
1 88 1.  On  the  Pacific  Coast,  as  well  as  in  the  Eastern  States,  the  largest 
tanneries  arc,  as  a  rule,  the  most  profitable.  Some  of  the  Eastern  tanneries 
have  a  capital  of  $2,000,000  to  $3,000,000,  and  tan  100,000  sides  a  year. 

The  entire  number  of  men  employed  in  Californian  tanneries  (not  includ- 
ing wool  pullerics)  is  about  1,200,  and  the  aggregate  of  wages  $Goo,ooo,  or 
an  average  of  $50  a  month  for  each  operative.  This  is  very  much  above 
Eastern  rates,  where  tanners  receive  only  $20  to  $30,  and  curriers  $32.50  to 
$50  a  month. 

The  usual  prices  paid  in  San  Francisco  for  bark  vary  from  $15  to  $25  a 
cord.  The  average  in  1881  was  $18  a  cord.  .Some  inland  tanneries  have  an 
advantage  in  this  respect.  Grozelier  &  NELSON,  for  instance,  of  San 
Jos(5,  obtain  their  bark  at  $15  to  $16  a  cord,  on  account  of  their  establish- 
ment being  near  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains,  where  bark  is  abundant. 

The  production  of  all  the  Oregon  tanneries  amounted  in  1881  probably 
to  $  1 50,000  or  $200,000.  Within  the  past  10  years  it  has  about  doubled, 
and  though  Oregon  still  imports  more  leather  and  leathern  goods  than  she 
manufactures,  it  is  not  probable  that  this  will  long  continue  to  be  the  case. 
At  the  Centennial  Exhibition  the  grand  prize  for  manufactured  leather  was 
awarded  to  the  State  of  Oregon. 

In  the  )-ear  1870  all  the  tanneries  of  California,  Oregon,  Utah,  and  Wash- 
ington manufactured  leather  to  the  value  of  about  $1,400,000.  In  1881  the 
tanneries  of  California  alone  manufactured  leather  to  the  value  of  $4,000,000 ; 
while  the  value  of  boots  and  shoes  made  in  San  Francisco,  apart  from  custom 
work,  was  not  less  than  $5,000,000.  Although  the  high  price  of  material  and 
the  low  price  of  leather  reduced  somewhat  the  usual  margin  of  profit,  more 
leather  was  made  in  California  during  1 88 1  than  in  any  previous  year  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  State.  Nearly  all  the  tanneries  were  fully  employed.  Some  en- 
larged their  capacity.and  others  expect  that  their  increasing  business  will  soon 
compel  them  to  enlarge.  The  manufacture  of  home-made  boots  and  shoes 
is  assuming  very  large  proportions,  and  the  demand  from  this  source  tended 


488 


MANUFACTURES. 


grcatl)'  t«  support  the  price  of  leather  throughout  the  year.  There  is  a  con- 
stantly increasing  demand  in  the  Eastern  States  for  sole  and  harness  leather 
and  saddle  skirtint;  of  Pacific  Coast  manufacture.  The  market  is  sometimes 
bare  of  lirst-class  goods  of  this  description;  and  it  is  anticipated  that  when 
their  durable  quality  becomes  more  generally  known,  they  will  be  still  more 
in  request.  The  Eastern  and  foreign  demand  for  all  descriptions  of  Califor- 
nian  leather  is  rapidly  increasing.  In  1881  920  tons,  worth  about  $480  a 
ton,  and  worth  ,$440,000  in  the  aggregate,  were  shipped  to  the  Atlantic  slope 
by  rail. 

In  the  States  of  the  Mississippi  basin,  tanners  complain  that,  with  hides 
at  10  cents  a  pound,  and  bark  at  $12  to  $12.50  a  cord,  they  can  not  profita- 
bly manufacture  leather  at  present  prices.  They  say  that  when  hides  were 
only  8  cents  a  pound,  and  bark  somewhat  cheaper  than  it  is  now,  leather 
sold  at  about  the  .same  price  as  it  now  commands.  Pacific  Coast  tanneries 
pay  on  an  average  not  less  than  $18  a  cord  for  bark,  and  10^  to  1 1  cents  a 
pound  for  hides,  and  still  manufacture  nearly  all  the  leather  used  on  the 
Pacific  Coast.  Even  with  the  low  prices  now  ruling  for  leather,  our  tanne- 
ries can  make  a  small  profit  on  their  capital.  The  fact  that  they  can  do  so, 
while  man)''  Eastern  manufacturers  can  barely  get  back  a  new  dollar  for  an 
old  one,  speaks  veiy  hopefully  for  the  future  interests  of  the  business  on  this 
coast.  While  paying  considerably  more  than  Eastern  rates  for  both  labor 
and  material,  we  already  export  more  than  double  the  quantity  of  leather 
that  is  imported.  This  circumstance  may  probably  be  attributed  to  the 
superior  quality  of  Pacific  Coast  hides,  and  to  the  fact  that  while  tan  bark 
costs  about  50  per  cent,  niore  than  in  the  East,  it  contains  nearly  double  the 
percentage  of  tannin  matter. 

Hides. — Early  in  the  present  century,  while  California  was  a  Spanish 
colony  under  the  control  of  the  Franciscan  friars,  the  valleys  and  hills  of 
the  Coast  Range  were  overrun  with  wild  cattle.  Vessels  began  to  visit  the 
coast  to  trade  in  exchange  for  hides,  and  long  before  the  discovery  of  gold 
a  profitable  business  was  done  by  enterprising  Boston  houses,  in  collecting 
and  .shipping  them  to  Eastern  markets.  Cattle  were  slaughtered  indis- 
criminately for  iheir  hides  and  tallow.  Large  kettles,  capable  of  trying  out 
40  beeves  at  once,  v.-ere  used  by  the  Spaniards  for  converting  the  carcasses 
into  tallow,  while  the  hides  were  worth  $I  apiece.  Half  a  dozen  vessels 
were  steadily  employed  in  the  trade.  The  business  must  have  been  exceed- 
ingly profitable,  for  while  paying  a  nominal  price  for  hides  and  tallow,  trad- 
ers sold  manufactured  goods  to  Indians  and  Spaniards  at  exorbitant  rates. 
The  discovery  of  gold,  and  the  extravagant  price  of  labor  in  1849  and  suc- 
ceeding years,  put  a  stop  for  a  while  to  this  branch  of  industry,  but  after  a 


f 


LEATHER.  489 

few  years  it  again  began  to  assume  large  proportions.  In  1854,  50,ocx) 
hides  were  exported  from  San  Francisco.  In  the  following  year,  shipments 
were  more  than  double  that  quantity,  and  gradually  incr'iased  from  that 
time  until  1865,  when  the  exportation  reached  its  maximum  figure  of  340,- 
692  hides. 

In  1 88 1,  exports  by  sea  had  almost  entirely  ceased;  but  large  quantities 
were  forwarded  East  by  rail.  In  1880,  i,6cxD  tons  of  dry  hides,  valued  at 
$620,000,  were  sent  by  rail  to  New  York  and  other  Eastern  cities.  The  rail- 
road companies  carry  hides,  by  the  car-load,  to  the  Atlantic  Slope,  at  rates 
so  low  that  sailing-vessels  can  not  afford  to  compete  with  them.  Overland 
freight  on  hides,  from  San  Francisco  to  New  York,  is  $30  a  ton ;  on  leather, 
$40  a  ton.  Rates  on  hides  have  been  reduced  just  to  the  point  that  will  in- 
duce shippers  to  give  the  preference  to  the  railroad  companies,  when  taking 
into  account  the  loss  of  interest,  and  the  risk  of  damage  incidental  to  a  sea 
voyage. 

Until  1877  the  supply  of  hides  on  the  Pacific  Coast  was  not  only  suffi- 
cient for  home  consumption,  but  left  a  large  margin  for  export.  Since  that 
year,  on  account  of  the  growth  of  our  leather  interests,  manufacturers  have 
been  compelled  to  draw  for  supplies  on  Texas,  Mexico,  the  Hawaiian 
Islands,  and  Central  and  South  America.  Imports  for  1881  from  all 
sources  were  78,405  in  number;  for  1880,  172,756.  Salted  hides  from  South 
America  sell  from  half  a  cent  to  a  cent  a  pound  higher  than  Californian 
hides,  if  in  the  same  condition.  In  Eastern  markets  salted  hides  were  .sell- 
ing, in  the  fall  of  1881,  a  cent  a  pound  below  those  of  the  .same  quality  in 
California  (about  g^i  cents  in  New  York  against  10^  cents  in  San  Fran- 
cisco). Dry  hides,  on  the  other  hand,  were  3  cents  a  pound  higher,  selling 
at  22^  cents  in  New  York  against  19^  cents  in  San  Francisco.  On  the 
Pacific  Coast,  salted  hides  are  tanned  almost  exclusively.  In  the  East, 
dry  hides  are  in  most  demand.  In  California  only  140  pounds  of  leather 
can  be  made  from  100  pounds  of  dry  hides.  In  the  East,  170  to  200 
pounds  are  made  from  the  same  qu.intity.  Dry  hides  will  not  absorb 
enough  tanning  matter  from  the  chestnut-oak  bark,  used  on  thia  coast,  to 
give  them  the  extra  weight  imparted  by  the  hemlock  bark  commonly  in 
use  in  the  Eastern  States. 

Men  make  a  business  of  purchasing  large  quantities  of  green  hides  in  the 
markets  of  our  country  towns,  and  pay  for  them  prices  equal  to  those  paid 
by  tanners  in  San  Francisco.  The  profit  and  the  cost  of  freight  have  to  be 
made  by  some  means,  and  this  is  done  by  wetting  the  hides  to  .such  an  extent 
as  to  increase  their  weight  by  8  to  12  pounds.  By  this  practice  an  addition 
varying  from  80  cents  to  $1.25  is  made  to  the  market  price  of  the  hide. 

At  present  only  dry  hides  are  forwarded  to  the  Eastern  States,  but  in 
6* 


490 


MANUFACTURES. 


former  years,  when  salted  hides  were  shipped  in  large  quantity,  much  com- 
plaint was  made  of  their  being  salted  and  wetted,  and  Californian  hides 
were,  for  that  reason,  long  regarded  with  suspicion.  In  1881  the  price  of 
heavy  salted  hides  in  San  Francisco  ranged  from  10^  to  1 1  cents  a  pound, 
and  of  light  salted  hides  from  9  to  loj^  cents.  Dry  hides  ranged  from  18 
to  21  cents;  dry  kip  and  calf  skins  from  18  to  20  cents;  deer-ski'.is,  30  to 
55  cents. 

Tanning  Material. — Before  the  appearance  of  white  men  on  ihis  slope, 
the  Indians  knew  enough  of  tanning  to  make  the  skins  of  deer  and  other 
quadrupeds  soft  and  pliable,  and  suitable  for  warm  covering  in  cold  weather; 
but  the  process  was  tedious,  and  the  stock  of  such  leather  in  proportion  to 
the  population  was  very  small.  When  the  Franciscan  friars  established  the 
missions  of  California,  they  brought  with  them  the  art  of  tanning  as  prac- 
ticed in  Europe,  and  introduced  a  stock  of  neat  cattle  and  sheep,  which 
furnished  a  regular  supply  of  material  for  the  tanneries  of  the  missions. 
The  Russians  at  Fort  Ross,  and  the  American  settlers  before  the  conquest, 
had  small  tanneries,  but  the  business  did  not  become  extensive  until  about 
i860,  when  the  civil  war  gave  it  a  great  stimulus. 

Bark  suitable  for  tanning  purposes  is  becoming  every  year  more  difficult 
to  procure  in  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains,  from  which  the  tanneries  located 
in  the  vicinity  of  San  Francisco  Bay  have  been  accustomed  to  obtain  the 
main  portion  of  their  supplies,  but  in  Humboldt  and  Mendocino  counties 
there  is  still  an  abundant  supply  of  the  chestnut-oak,  the  bark  of  which  is 
most  valuable  for  tanning  purposes.  The  trees  are  stripped  during  the 
summer  months,  and  the  bark  is  kept  until  it  becomes  thoroughly  dry  and 
brittle,  when  it  is  ground  up  for  use.  In  the  Eastern  States  the  bark  of  the 
hemlock  is  commonly  used  for  tanning  purposes. 

Chestnut-oak  of  the  California  Coast  Range  contains  more  tannin  than 
the  oaks  of  the  Atlantic  Slope.  The  largest  trees  are  found  in  the  county  of 
Humboldt,  where  there  are  groves  covering  an  area  of  14,000  acres.  They 
arc  specially  abundant  in  the  neighborhood  of  Trinidad,  upper  Eel  River, 
and  a  section  of  country  16  miles  east  of  Eureka,  terminating  near  KneE- 
LAND's  Prairie.  There  are  in  this  district  over  16,000  cords  of  batk  imme- 
diately available.  A  bark-mill  in  Humboldt  County,  owned  by  JOHN  M. 
Sass,  manufactures  for  shipment  to  San  Francisco,  and  also  for  2  local  fac- 
tories in  the  neighborhood.  Groves  of  the  chestnut-oak  are  numerous  as 
far  south  as  Santa  Cruz. 

The  bark  is  stripped  in  lengths  of  4  feet  and  piled  up  like  cordwood.  The 
privilege  of  stripping  trees,  which  is  termed  "  stumpage,"  is  worth  about  $S 
a  cord,  when  within  easy  distance  of  rail  or  schooner  landings.     The  price 


mummmmm 


mmmmmmmmm 


LEATHER. 


491 


paid  in  less  accessible  locations  is  $2  to  $3  a  cord.  There  are  about  200 
men  employed  in  stripping  the  bark,  and  about  the  same  number  in  hauling 
it  to  the  railroad  or  schooner  landing.  Men  engaged  in  this  industry  make 
average  earnings  of  $4  a  cord  for  the  bark,  when  it  is  placed  on  board  the 
train  or  .schooner.  The  average  cost  of  freight  is  $4  a  cord.  Including 
all  expenses,  it  will  probably  be  found  that  the  cost  of  laying  down 
chestnut-oak  bark  at  the  wharves  of  San  Francisco  is  not  less  than  $14  to 
$15  a  cord.  In  the  fall  of  1881  bark  was  unusually  low  in  price,  selling  at 
$16  a  cord  wholesale,  delivered  on  the  city  wharves,  but  the  average  price 
for  the  year  was  not  less  than  $18.  It  seems  probable  that  unless  some 
substitute  can  be  found,  the  price  of  oak  bark  must,  before  long,  advance  to 
.  a  point  that  will  render  it  difficult  for  the  tanneries  of  California  to  keep 
pace  with  the  demand  for  leather.  A  large  sum  has  already  been  spent  in 
making  experiments  for  the  purpose  of  finding  a  substitute,  but  so  far  with 
little  success.  The  one  that  seems  most  likely  to  come  into  favor  eventu- 
ally, is  the  bark  of  the  Black  Wattle  (a  species  of  the  Acacia),  which  is  very 
common  in  Australia.  It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  most  of  the  Australian 
evergreens  shed  part  of  their  bark  in  the  winter,  and  that  it  grows  again,  to 
some  extent,  in  the  summer  season ;  whereas  the  oak  dies  when  once 
stripped  of  its  bark,  and  is  usually  cut  down  for  cordwood.  The  black  wattle 
grows  rapidly  in  California,  and  if  a  little  bark  be  left  on  the  tree,  it  will  in 
time  renew  its  entire  covering.  Tanners  have  made  experiments  with  black- 
wattle  bark,  and  some  consider  it  equal  to  that  of  the  chestnut-oak. 

Gambler  or  Terra  Japonica,  the  inspissated  juice  of  a  plant  found  in  the 
Malay  Peninsula,  is  also  largely  used  for  tanning  purposes.  When  mixed 
with  oak-bark  it  renders  the  hide  capable  of  absorbing  more  tannin  matter 
than  when  chestnut-bark  is  used  alone,  and  so  produces  extra  weight  of 
leather;  but  if  pure  gambler  be  u  -"H  for  tanning  it  produces  stiff,  unpliable 
leather  of  poor  quality.     The  p...-, :  v.ill  not  grow  in  California. 

Sumach. — Sumach  comes  next  to  bark  as  an  important  factor  in  tan- 
ning, and  the  sum  of  $45,000  is  expended  every  year  by  California  for  the 
purchase  of  the  needed  supply.  Only  certain  species  of  the  plant  have  any 
commercial  value.  The  best  article  comes  from  the  Island  of  Sicily,  and 
is  worth,  on  this  coast,  $150  a  ton,  at  which  rate  it  is  supplied  to  the  trade 
by  2  leading  houses  in  San  Francisco.  Several  species  are  indigenous  in 
the  Eastern  States,  but  the  plant  needs  a  mild  winter  in  order  to  develop 
the  acid  properties  which  make  it  serviceable  for  tanning  purposes.  Only 
2  or  3  of  the  Southern  States  produce  an  article  that  has  any  commercial 
value.  The  winter  climate  of  central  and  southern  California  is  very  simi- 
lar to  that  of  Sicily.     Dr.  Saxe  and  Mr.  Eberiiaro,  of  Santa  Clara,  have 


m 


— •  — *■* 


492 


MANUFACTURES. 


tried  the  experiment  of  growing  sumach  for  some  years,  and  in  1881  had 
plants  of  6  or  7  years'  growth.  A  species  of  native  sumach  grows  in  San 
Diego  County.  If  this  article  of  commerce  can  be  produced  in  California, 
of  such  quality  as  to  approach  in  value  that  which  is  imported  from  Sicily, 
a  new  and  most  valuable  addition  will  be  made  to  the  industries  of  the 
coast.  In  the  manufacture  of  the  finest  and  softest  grades  of  leather, 
sumach  is  a  necessary  ingredient,  and  if  it  could  be  supplied  to  tanneries  at 
$80  or  $100  a  ton,  there  is  no  doubt  that  a  great  stimulus  would  be  given 
to  our  leather-manufacturing  interests.  As  the  case  now  stands,  such  arti- 
cles as  might  compete  with  French  calf,  for  instance,  can  hardly  be  made 
on  this  coast  at  a  profit,  on  account  of  the  high  price  of  Sicilian  and  other 
descriptions  of  imported  sumach. 

Before  giving  such  a  description  of  different  tanneries  on  the  coast  as 
may  serve  to  indicate  the  present  condition  of  the  business,  it  may  be  well 
to  describe  briefly  the  usual  process  of  tanning  hides,  by  which  the  animal 
matter  is  killed,  and  durable  properties  arc  imparted  in  the  manufacture  of 
leather.  The  first  operation  is  to  soak  the  hides  in  water  for  about  24 
hours,  to  remove  the  blood.  After  being  kept  in  lime  for  a  week,  to  rid 
them  of  hair  and  flesh,  they  are  cleaned  with  the  proper  implements.  They 
are  then  covered  with  layers  of  bark,  and  placed  in  vats  containing  water. 
It  is  estimated  that  a  salted  hide  of  60  pounds,  when  freed  from  hair, 
grease,  and  flesh,  and  ready  for  the  tanning  process,  will  weigh  i  $  pounds. 
To  convert  this  into  leather  requires  the  use  of  about  200  pounds  of  bark. 
The  bark  will  assay  from  20  to  26  per  cent,  of  tannin,  but  only  I2)4  per 
cent,  can  be  put  into  the  leather,  as  the  hide  will  not  absorb  a  larger  pro- 
portion. The  tannin  matter  will  add  to  the  1 5  pounds  of  fiber  and  gelatine 
a  weight  of  25  pounds,  and  produce  40  pounds  of  leather.  It  will  be  seen, 
therefore,  that  in  a  pound  of  leather,  three  eighths  consist  of  hide  and  five 
eighths  of  tannin  matter.  This  calculation  applies,  however,  only  to  the 
heavier  grades  of  leather.  In  other  descriptions  the  proportion  varies. 
Tanning  costs  per  pound  nearly  in  proportion  to  the  gain  in  weight.  To 
make  a  pound  of  sole  leather  costs  25  to  30  per  cent,  more  than  to  make  a 
pound  of  upper  or  calf-skin  leather. 

In  Eastern  tanneries,  where  dry  hides  are  principally  u.sed,  the  estimate 
is  that  100  pounds  of  dry  hides  will  weigh,  when  ready  for  the  tanning 
process,  about  70  pounds,  and  that,  when  converted  into  leather,  the  addi- 
tion of  the  tannin  increases  this  weight  to  150  or  175  pounds,  the  difference 
depending  on  the  quantity  of  tannin  matter  contained  in  the  bark.  Hem- 
lock bark  is  principally  used  in  Eastern  tanneries,  and  about  one  ton  is 
needed  to  convert  70  pounds  of  hide  into  200  pounds  of  leather.     The  tan- 


LEATHER. 


493 


niii  matter  contained  in  a  given  quantity  of  hemlock  bark  varies  from  $}4 
to  8^<C  per  cent. 

San  Francisco  Tanneries. — Most  of  the  tanneries  of  San  Fra'^r'sco  arc 
near  the  San  Bruno  Road,  in  Islais  Valley,  where  they  arc  prominent  feat- 
ures of  the  landscape. 

The  tannery  of  Louis  Sloss  &  Co.  is  the  largest  one  in  San  Francisco, 
and  manufactures  more  sole  leather  than  any  establishment  of  the  kind 
on  the  Pacific  Coast.  The  consumption  of  hides  is  at  the  rate  of  420  a 
week,  and  of  bark  1,500  cords  a  year.  Estimating  the  average  weight  of 
hides  at  60  pou  .Js,  and  the  cost  at  1 1  cents  a  pound,  and  allowing  $18  a 
cord  for  bark,  it  will  be  found  that  the  cost  of  material  is  at  the  rate  of 
$180,690  a  year.  All  their  leather  is  sold  here,  but  they  ship  from  75,000 
to  100,000  dry  hides  to  the  East  annually.  In  their  tannery  they  employ 
30  men,  and  are  interested  in  several  other  important  industries. 

The  tannery  of  A.  B.  PATRICK  is  located  on  the  corner  of  Eighteenth  and 
Folsom  streets.  The  production  of  the  tannery  is  about  20,000  sides  of  sole, 
and  2,000  to  3,000  sides  of  harness  leather  a  year,  amounting  in  value  to 
$1 10,000.  Among  the  machinery  used  is  a  revolving  or  scouring  wheel,  by 
which  the  hides  are  scoured.  The  wheel,  which  is  inclosed  on  all  sides,  is 
about  8  feet  in  diameter.  After  the  hides  have  been  placed  inside,  hot 
water  is  constantly  poured  in,  and  the  wheel  revolves  at  the  rate  of  20  revo- 
lutions a  minute.  The  process  lasts  about  1 5  minutes.  The  scouring  was 
formerly  done  in  tanks,  and  the  hides  were  trampled  by  the  feet,  requiring 
a  much  longer  time  for  the  operation.  The  use  of  the  scouring-wheel  has 
only  been  adopted  of  late  years  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  It  is  employed  only 
in  one  or  two  tanneries  in  San  Francisco  besides  that  of  Mr.  Patrick. 

MORITZ  Wind's  tannery,  on  the  San  Bruno  road,  near  Twenty-sixth 
Street,  was  built  in  the  year  1877.  The  consumption  of  hides  is  at  the  rate 
of  5  50  per  month,  and  the  manufacture  is  mainly  of  upper  leathers,  to  the 
value  of  about  $50,000  a  year.  Twelve  men  are  employed  at  $2.50  per  day. 
Other  San  Francisco  tanneries  are  those  of  Anton  Kreig  and  C.  BECKER. 

Benioia  Tanneries.— The  tannery  of  McKay  &  Chisholm,  at  Benicia, 
gives  constant  employment  to  50  men,  and  distributes  $30,000  a  year  in 
wages.  The  annual  consumption  of  material  is  about  25,000  hides,  worth 
$130,000;  and  2,100  cords  of  bark  costing  $35,000,  besides  oil  and  other 
material  to  the  value  of  $12,000.  The  capital  invested  is  $150,000,  and  the 
value  of  manufactures  is  estimated  at  $280,000.  The  business  is  now  in  the 
hands  of  Thomas  McKay  &  Alexander  Chisholm.  Aj  this  is  one  of 
the  largest  enterprises  of  the  kind  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  a  brief  description 
of  its  origin  and  present  condition  may  be  of  interest  to  readers.     In  March, 


494 


MANUFACTURES. 


1866,  John  R.  Brown  came  to  Benicia,  from  Stockton,  having  made  the 
journc}-  on  foot,  and  with  his  worldly  goods  tied  in  a  handkerchief  This 
gentleman  was  a  native  of  Nova  Scotia,  where  he  had  learned  the  business 
of  tanning  and  currying.  At  Benicia  Mr.  BROWN  met  with  an  old  friend 
of  the  name  of  McK.W,  also  a  Novr  Scotian,  and  with  a  practical  experience 
in  the  tanning  business.  With  a  capital  of  less  than  $200,  these  gentlemen 
commenced  operations  on  the  site  of  an  abandoned  brickyard,  bought  a 
wagon  and  team,  obtained  a  supply  of  hides  on  credit,  and  \\'cnt  to  work 
with  such  energy  that,  in  a  very  few  year.s,  they  found  themselves  at  the  head 
of  a  thriving  and  prosperous  trade.  ALEXANDER  CIIISIIOLM  bought  an 
interest  in  the  business  in  1869,  but  the  firm  name  remained  unchanged 
unti'  in  1878,  Mr.  Brown  sold  his  interest  to  his  partners.  From  that  time 
McKay  &  Ciiismol.m  continued  to  e.\tcnd  their  business  facilities  and 
to  maintain  the  good  reputation  of  their  stock,  and  their  house  now  ranks 
as  one  of  the  largest  enterprises  of  the  kind  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
Near  the  beam-hou.se  are  the  tan-vats,  which  number  1 10,  and  are  covered 
by  substantial  shctls.  The  tanning  department  is  under  the  superintend- 
ence of  Mr.  Moori;,  who,  from  a  practical  experience  of  the  business  on  the 
Pacific  Coast,  extending  over  25  years,  has  acquired  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  the  properties  of  nati\e  barks.  A  wharf  on  which  are  built  several  ware- 
houses, extends  400  feet  into  deep  water. 

In  1878  Mr.  Brown  dis.solved  his  connection  with  Messrs.  McKav  & 
Clll.silOLM,  and  commenced  the  erection  of  a  large  tannery  modeled  after 
his  own  taste  and  experience.  Hides,  bark,  antl  other  material  aro  used  to 
the  value  of  about  $150,000  a  year.  The  invested  capital  is  $100,000,  and 
the  production  of  leather  is  estimated  at  $200,000.  Thirty-five  men  are 
employed,  whose  wages  aggregate  $18,000  a  )'ear.  The  present  capacity 
of  the  tannery  is  900  sides  per  week.  Mr.  ]?ROWN  makes  a  specialty  of 
manufacturing  Union  Crop  sole  leather;  and,  in  alum-tanned  goods,  he  has 
almost  a  monopoly  of  the  Pacific  Coast  markets,  that  branch  having  been 
generally  conceded  to  him  by  other  manufacturers. 

Among  the  taimerics  in  I3enicia  are  those  of  KuLLMAN,  WAGNER  & 
Co.  and  J.  L.  INXES. 


Other  Callfornlan  Tanneries.  —  Stockton  has  2  tanneries ;  one  of 
which,  the  Pacific,  owned  b>'  WaoNER,  KUI.I-MAN  &  Saltz,  is  prob- 
ably the  largest  establishment  of  the  kind  on  the  coast.  The  other  is 
owned  by  H.  M.  1'"an\iN(;.  At  Santa  Clara  is  the  tannery  of  J.\COi! 
EliERlIAUD  ;  at  San  Josti  that  of  Grozei.IER  &  Nel.soN;  at  Redwood 
City  that  of  J.  FRANK  &  Sons  and  that  of  IIhnrv  Beeger;  at  Santa 
Cruz  that  of  KlRBV  &  Co.  and  that  of  H.   F.   RuoN ;    at  Soquel  that  of 


LEATHER. 


49S 


Danforth,  Moore  &  Cummings;  at  Santa  Rosa  that  of  Wise,  Gold- 
fish &  Co.  and  that  of  Mrs.  J.  C.  JORDAN;  at  Pctaluma  that  of  J. 
Wicks  ;  and  at  Napa  that  of  B.  F.  Sawvkr  &  Co.,  who  produce  leather 
worth  about  $200,000,  and  whose  e.stabHshmcnt  being  also  engaged  in 
wool-pulling,  will  be  mentioned  again  under  that  heading. 

Oregon  Tanneries. —The  Oregon  Leather  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, Portland,  was  incorporated  in  1878.  The  president  of  the  company, 
A.  W.  Waters,  was  the  leading  promoter  of  the  enterprise.  The  abun- 
dance and  cheapness  of  material,  and  the  opportunity  for  obtaining  con- 
vict labor,  were  the  chief  inducements.  About  30,000  sides  are  manufac- 
tured every  year  into  leather,  which  is  sold,  in  about  equal  proportions,  in 
Oregon  and  in  the  San  Francisco  market.  The  material  used  is  obtained 
in  Oregon  and  Washington.  Forty  convicts  are  cmplo_\  cd  at  50  cents  a 
day,  under  the  direction  of  a  single  foreman.  With  this  advantage,  the 
company  has  been  able  within  3  years  to  outstrip  all  similar  enterprises 
in  the  State,  and  probably  manufactures  nearly  as  much  leather  as  is  made 
elsewhere  in  the  whole  of  Oregon.  There  are  2  small  establishments  in 
Portland,  one  of  which  manufactures  $5,000  to  $6,000,  and  the  other  about 
$3,000  worth  of  leather  a  year. 

The  tannery  of  B.  Leinenweber  &  Co.,  located  on  the  water  front  of 
Upper  Astoria,  is  the  most  important  manufacturing  enterprise  in  the  town, 
and  gives  employment  to  15  hand.s.  The  establishment  is  furnished  with 
a  steam  engine  of  20-horse  power,  and  with  all  the  modern  labor-saving 
machinery.  A  large  portion  of  the  leather  ;s  made  into  boots  and  shoes,  at 
a  factory  recently  started  in  connection  with  the  tannery.  Thirty  men 
are  employed  in  this  department,  and  the  goods  produced  are  all  sold  to  a 
single  firm  in  San  Francisco. 

Other  tannei '  in  Oregon  are  tho.se  of  Haines  &  PETERS,  at  Eugene 
City;  of  J.  H.  Pi.RKlNS,  at  CoquilleCity ;  and  of  W.  M.  &  J.  M.  Perkin.S,  at 
Parkersburg 

British  Columbia  Tanning. — Though  the  manufacture  of  leather  on  this 
portion  of  the  Pacific  Coast  is  small,  as  yet,  compared  with  the  production 
of  the  Californian  and  Oregon  tanneries,  there  arc  two  points  which,  in  time, 
must  tell  strongly  in  favor  of  British  Columbia.  These  are  the  heaviness 
and  excellent  quality  of  her  hides,  and  the  comparative  cheapness  of  tan 
bark.  Hides  in  British  Columbia  will  average  75  pounds  in  weight,  against 
60  pounds  in  California,  and  a  never-failing  supply  of  hemlock  bark  can  be 
obtained  in  Vancouver  Island,  and  laid  down  in  Victoria  at  a  cost  of  $9  a 
ton ;   while  double  that  price  must  be  paid  for  the  chestnut-oak  bark  com- 


■lli 


mmm 


496 


MANUFACTURES. 


monly  used  by  Californian  and  Oregon  tanners.  Moreover,  it  is  estimated 
that,  c'lt  the  present  rate  of  consumption,  the  supply  of  oak  bark  will  be  ex- 
hausted in  20  to  30  years. 

Belmont  Tannery. — Six  miles  from  Victoria  is  a  tannery,  occupying  a 
large  three-storied  frame  building  at  Belmont,  owned  by  the  BELMONT  BOOT 
AND  Shoe  Company  of  Victoria.  There  are  numerous  springs  on  the 
Belmont  Company's  property  of  560  acres,  which  supply  water-power  for 
the  tannery  and  for  the  British  vessels  of  war  at  Esquimalt.  The 
present  capacity  of  the  tannery  is  6,000  sides  a  year.  Hemlock  bark, 
of  which  there  is  an  inexhaustible  quantity  on  Vancouver  Island,  is 
u.scd  for  tanning  purposes.  The  tannery  is  well  fitted  up  with  labor- 
saving  machinery.  In  connection  with  this  establishment  and  conducted 
by  the  same  company  is  the  Belmont  Boot  and  Shoe  Factory,  of  which 
mention  is  made  under  its  proper  heading. 

Rook  Bay  Tannery.— This  establishment,  located  at  the  foot  of  Rock 
Bay  Bridge,  in  the  suburbs  of  Victoria,  and  owned  by  W.  HeathoRNi 
produces  $25,000  worth  a  year  of  sole,  grain,  kip,  calf,  buff,  and  belting 
leathers.  The  production  of  sole  leather  is  at  the  rate  of  3,000  sides  a 
year.  A  stock  of  hides  on  hand  and  in  process  of  manufacture  into 
leather,  is  valued  at  $8,000,  and  60  lime  and  liquor  vats  are  required  for 
their  treatment.  A  feature  of  this  tannery  is  a  large  revolving  drum, 
erected  in  1881  at  a  cose  of  $800,  by  which  the  hides  are  worked  in  large 
numbers,  instead  of  being  operated  upon  singly,  by  hand.  Mr.  IlE.VTHORN 
is  also  the  proprietor  of  the  Victoria  Boot  and  Shoe  Factory,  which 
is  conducted  in  cdnnection  with  the  tannery,  and  of  which  mention  is 
made  under  its  proper  heading. 

Wool-Pulling. — The  food  supply  of  San  Francisco  alone  requires  the 
annual  slaughter  of  more  than  600,000  sheep.  The  pelts  of  these  animals 
are  collected  and  graded,  through  the  agency  of  hide  dealers,  and  sold  by 
them  to  firms  engaged  in  preparing  the  wool  and  manufacturing  the  skins, 
tui  the  many  purposes  to  which  they  arc  applied.  In  years  past,  the  process 
of  wool-pulling  was  carried  on  in  connection  with  the  preparation  and  tan- 
ning of  heavy  leathers;  but  is  now  regarded  as  a  separate  and  distinct 
industry.  B.  F.  Sawyer  &  Comi'ANY,  of  Napa,  are  also  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  of  leather,  and  are  briefly  mentioned  under  the  head  of 
tanneries.  Persons  engaged  in  this  branch  of  imlustry  are  known  as  wool- 
pullers,  the  wool  being  the  main  object  of  the  business.  The  skins  little 
more  than  pay  the  expense  of  tanning,  and  large  quantities  of  them  arc 
placed  in  pickle  and  shipped  in  that  condition  to  New  York. 


%l 


LEATHER. 


497 


The  .innual  production  of  pulled  wool  on  our  slope  may  be  3,000  tons, 
worth,  at  35  to  37}^  cents  a  pound  (the  average  price  of  washed  wool  for  the 
past  5  years),  about  $2,100,000.  Exports  from  San  Francisco  may  amount 
to  1,250  tons  annually.  The  pelts  used  on  this  coast  will  average  2  or  2^ 
pounds  of  clear  wool,  and  the  skins  are  worth  1 5  to  20  cents  apiece  after  the 
wool  is  removed.  A  few  short  wool  pelts  are  dressed  with  the  wool  on,  for 
the  use  of  saddlers  and  harness  and  glove  makers.  When  required  for  other 
purpo-ses  of  manufacture,  the  pelts  arc  first  placed  in  a  large  v.it,  where  they 
lie  in  soak  for  20  hours,  after  which  they  are  removed  and  wa.shed.  Clover, 
burs,  and  grass-seeds,  which  are  usually  found  in  the  fleeces,  are  either 
struck  off  ,by  hand  with  a  knife,  or  extracted  by  revolving  knives  set  in 
cylinders.  The  next  operation  is  termed  sweating,  for  which  purpose  the 
pelts  are  hung  up  for  24  hours  in  the  sweat -house,  and  acted  upon  by  steam, 
in  order  to  cause  a  slight  decomposition,  and  so  loo.sen  the  wool.  The  u.sc 
of  lime-water  is  often  substituted  for  this  process.  The  lime-water  is 
sprinkled  over  the  fleshy  side  of  the  pelts,  which  arc  then  doubled  up  and 
allowed  to  lie  for  24  hours.  The  i  (Tcct  of  cither  method  of  treatment  is  to 
cause  a  slipb'  decomposition  and  so  loosen  the  wool,  which  is  then  pulled 
by  hand  fi  'v  pelt  and  at  the  same  time  graded,  there  being  usually 

3,  but  somelnui  js  many  a-;  "  ;4iadcs  to  each  pi-lt  1  ae  skin  is  now  ready 
for  the  operation  ol  i.mni  ami  the  wool  is  tlicu  washed  by  machinery, 
taken  to  the  dry-hou.sc,  ..Mcd,  and  packed  in  jiressed  bales  of. from  400  to 
500  pounds,  and  is  then  rcai  .  fur  shipm.  t.  In  (  .ilifornia,  the  wool  is 
dried  in  the  open  air;  in  the  liast,  usually  by  steam.  Under  the  washing 
process  the  wool  lo.scs  from  30  to  40  pc-r  cent,  of  i!  »vciL;!ii ;  but  the  increase 
in  its  market  value  fully  compensates  f  ■•  the  loss  m  weight,  and  for  the  ex- 
pense of  the  process. 

The  largest  wool-pulling  establislimont  in  San  Francisco  is  that  of 
JosKPIl  SedgLKY,  who  uses  about  375,003  pelts  a  year,  and  the  shipments 
of  pulled  wool,  chiefly  to  IJoston,  average  not  less  than  400  tons  a  year. 
Employment  is  given  to  100  hands,  mc  '  whom  are  engaged  in  pull- 
ing and  washing  the  wool. 

B.  F.  Sawyer  Sl  Co. — The  tannery  and  wool-pulling  establishment  of 
B.  F,  Sawyer  &  Co.,  at  Napa  City,  employs  180  hands;  half  of  them 
white  operatives  whose  wages  are  froin  $[.75  to  $3  a  day,  and  the  remain- 
der Chinamen,  who  receive  from  $1  to  $1.25  a  day.  No  difficulty  is  found 
in  cinplo)ing  side  by  side  these  two  classes  of  labor,  and  the  firm  is  thus 
enabled  to  do  much  work  which  higher  rates  of  wages  would  render  un- 
profitable. The  shipments  of  pulled  wool  to  Ikjston  amount  to  $300,000  a 
year.  They  also  ship  considerable  ciuaiUities  of  fletcewool  purchased  of 
63 


Mil 


spa 


mmmmmm 


498 


MANUFACTURES. 


growers  in  Napa  and  adjoining  counties.  The  enterprise  was  established 
in  1870  by  F.  A.  SAWYER,  of  New  Hampshire.  This  gentleman  com- 
menced operations  almost  without  capital.  Observing  that  the  low  price 
of  sheep  pelts  afforded  a  good  chance  for  a  profitable  business,  he  at  once 
seized  the  opportunity,  built  a  shed  for  protection  from  sun  and  rain,  and 
dug  a  hole  in  the  ground  to  "sweat"  his  pelts.  In  the  following  year,  his 
father,  B.  F.  SAWYER,  came  to  this  coast  for  the  purpose  of  taking  an  in- 
terest in  the  business.  In  1872  A.  \V.  NORTON  was  admitted  as  a  partner. 
In  1879  B.  F.  Sawyer  died,  and  April  1,  1880,  the  firm  was  reorganized 
without  change  in  name,  F.  A.  SAWYER,  A.  W.  Norton,  Em'l  Manasse, 
and  S.  E.  IIOLDEN  constituting  the  new  firm.  Mr.  Manasse,  a  gentle- 
man of  great  skill  and  experience,  is  the  inventor  of  what  is  called 
"  Napa  Patent  Tan,"  a  process  that  renders  the  skins  compact  and  strong, 
and  yet  leaves  them  soft  and  elastic,  so  that  sheepskin  prepared  by  it  can 
not  readily  he  distinguished  from  buckskin.  In  tanning  glove  and  shoe 
stock  of  all  descriptions,  this  process  is  specially  useful.  The  manufac- 
turing department  of  the  firm  is  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Manasse. 
Two  of  the  in.ichii''es  used  for  .softening  and  finishing  leather  were  also 
invented  by  a  foreman  in  the  employ  of  the  firm.  The  skins  tann.d  by 
this  process  compete  with  buck.skin  in  the  manufacture  of  gloves,  and  in 
some  instances  can  hardly  be  distinguished  from  it.  The  glove  stock  man- 
ufactured by  the  firm  is  assorted  into  28  grades,  24  of  which  are  tanned 
bj'  the  Napa  Tatent  Process.  The  daily  consumption  of  raw  material 
includes,  among  other  items,  1,500  slicepskins  and  300  deer  skins.  Sheep 
pelts  are  first  ]ilaced  in  tanks  of  water,  and  remain  in  soak  over  night, 
after  which  tli(.)'  are  put  through  burring  and  washing  machines  to  free 
them  from  burs  and  dust.  They  are  then  handed  over  to  the  wool-pullers. 
When  the  wool  and  ail  the  llcsh  have  been  removed,  the  skins  are  put  into 
tan-bark  liquid,  or  prepared  by  the  patent  proces.s,  and  then  hung  up  to  dry. 
After  undergoing  various  other  proccsse.->,  they  arc  made  up  for  shipment  in 
bundles  of  a  dozen  each.  Kid  skins  prepared  at  this  establishment  are  of 
very  fine  ciualil)',  and  are  shipped  largely  to  New  York,  Boston,  Chicago, 
and  Philadelphia,  where  they  are  used  in  the  making  of  ladies'  shoes, 
gloves,  etc.  Considerable  quantities  of  buck  ami  antelope  skins  are  also 
manufactured  into  leather.  Hli.ToN,  Wi^roN  &  Co.  are  the  Boston 
agents  of  the  firm  for  the  sale  of  .lol,  and  ROSE,  McAl.I'lN  &  Co. 
represent  them  ni  New  York  for  the  >.ale  (if  the  leather.  The  San  Fran- 
cisco office,  at  400  l'ait<"ry  .Street,  is  i.i  charge  of  Ri )Y  T.  KiMHAl.L. 

At  Mr.  ICheriiardV  establishment  in  Santa  Clara,  about  120,000  sheep 
skins  are  used  every  ye.-jv,  and  the  sliipments  of  pulled  wool  to  Boston  exceed 
10  tons  a  month.     It  is  better  kimwn  as  a  tannery  than  as  a  wool-puUcry. 


■gg^Hg^ 


I    LLjiiijiv^n^maniiMmp 


LEATHER. 


499 


Harness  and  Saddlery. — Saddlery  and  harness  goods  of  Pacific  Coast 
•manufacture  find  a  market  as  far  East  as  Colorado,  but  seldom  beyond 
that  point  Our  best  foreign  customers  are  the  people  of  the  Hawaiian 
Islands,  who  took  from  us  362  out  of  847  packages  shipped  to  foreign  des- 
tinations during  the  year  1881.  Heavy  mule-harness,  and  Mexican  saddles 
of  California  make,  are  in  considerable  demand  for  teaming  and  other  pur- 
poses, in  connection  with  the  sugar  plantations  of  the  Hawaiian  Group. 
Estimating  the  average  price  of  exported  goods  at  $75  a  package,  the  total 
of  exports  will  amount  in  value  to  $63,525. 

Imports  consist  chiefly  of  saddles  and  horse  wrappers,  though  2  or  3 
brands  of  harness  are  still  imported  in  small  quantity  from  New  York. 
The  entire  value  of  manufactured  harness  and  saddlery  imported  directly 
to  San  Francisco  probably  does  not  exceed  $50,000  a  year,  but  nearly  40 
per  cent,  of  the  materials  used,  including  all  the  articles  known  to  the  trade 
as  harness  hardware,  are  imported.  Notwithstanding  an  ad  valorem  duty 
of  33  per  cent.,  it  is  found  that  the  cheapest  descriptions  of  harness  hard- 
ware, the  common  iron  rings  and  chains,  can  be  imported  from  England  at 
lower  rates  than  that  which  comes  from  the  East.  The  more  expensive 
descriptions  of  hardware  are  all  of  Eastern  manufacture.  A  very  small 
quantity  of  harness  leather  of  a  fine  grade,  not  manufactured  in  California, 
is  also  imported,  but  the  value  is  so  small  as  hardly  to  require  mention. 
A  few  saddles  and  side-sadtiles  are  occasionally  brought  from  England, 
but  the  total  of  foreign  imports  does  not  exceed  $1 5,000  worth  a  year.  The 
side-saddles  and  Mexican  saddles  used  on  this  coast  arc  nearly  all  of  home 
make.  The  quantity  of  American  and  English  saddles  imported  does  not 
exceed  10  per  cent,  of  the  consumption,  the  remaining  90  per  cent,  being  of 
domestic  manufacture. 

The  manufacture  of  saddles  was  one  of  the  first  mechanical"  industries 
established  at  the  Galifornian  missions  in  the  last  century;  the  pattern  used 
being  the  one  which  the  Spaniards  copied  from  the  Moors,  and  introduced 
into  Mexico  with  some  modification.  It  had  a  high  pommel  and  cantlc; 
its  willow  frame  was  covcrcil  wjth  rawhide,  anil  strengthened  with  straps  of 
iron  ;  and  it  was  strong  enough  to  hold  a  bull  fastened  to  the  pommel  by  a 
reata.  The  Americans  found  this  saddle  indispensable  for  use  in  lassoing, 
whicli  is  still  extensi\ciy  practiced;  and  besides  they  generally  consider  it 
more  comfortable  than  the  English  saddle  for  the  rider. 

In  1850,  a  number  of  firms  were  engaged,  throughout  the  State,  in  the 
manufacture,  importation,  and  sale  of  harness  and  saddlery.  Sacramento 
and  Marysville,  on  account  of  their  proximity  to  the  mines,  obtained  the 
largest  share  of  trade.  Prices  ruled  very  high.  The  production  increased 
rapidly,  and  in    1858  saddles,  harnesses,  and  whips  of  fine  quality  were 


/ 


500 


MANUFACTURES. 


made  in  San  Francisco.  According  to  the  census  report  of  1870,  there 
were  then  on  the  Pacific  Coast  249  establishments,  with  a  capital  of 
$7'i.S''>7.  giving  employment  to  827  hands,  distributing  $343,473  for  labor, 
and  making  up  $57^^.' '3  worth  of  material  into  $1,318,301  worth  of  goods. 
The  value  of  saddle-trees  manufactured  for  1870,  is  included  in  the  above 
statistics. 

Thomas  Quinn.— Thomas  Quinn,  of  Walla  Walla,  Washington,  com- 
menced the  saddlery  and  harness  business  in  1863,  with  a  capital  of  $1,500, 
and  has  since  accumulated  a  property  worth  $100,000  from  the  profits  of 
his  enterprise.  His  trade  now  amounts  to  $75,000  a  year,  and  extends  over 
Washington  and  Idaho.  Fourteen  white  men  are  employed  in  the  manu- 
facturing department,  at  wages  averaging  $2.50  a  day.  Mr.  OUINN  also 
imports  a  considerable  quantity  of  goods  directly  from  the  East. 

Harness  Production  —In  the  fall  of  1881  the  number  of  establishments 
on  the  Pacific  Coast  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  harness  and  saddlery 
was  estimated  at  300;  the  amount  of  capital  invested  at  $1,200,000;  the 
value  of  materials  used  at  the  rate  of  $1,250,000  a  year,  including  $750,000 
worth  of  leather  and  $500,000  worth  of  saddle-trees,  harness  harihvarc,  and 
other  articles  required  in  the  process  of  manufacture.  The  entire  number  of 
hands  employed  was  estimated  at  1,000,  the  aggregate  of  wages  at  $500,- 
000,  and  the  value  of  goods  manufactured  at  $2,750,000  a  year.  The  trade 
of  San  I'rancisco  alone,  including  material  supplied  to  saddle  and  harness 
makers  on  different  parts  of  the  coast,  is  at  the  rate  of  $2,000,000  a  year. 

Of  the  1,000  hands  employed  in  1881,  about  100  were  convicts  at  the 
State  Prison,  under  contracts  which  expired  on  January  i,  1882,  and  will 
probably  npt  be  renewed,  and  about  60  were  Chinamen.  Complaint  has 
been  made  that  these  2  classes  of  labor  interfered  with  the  employment  and 
reduced  the  wages  of  free  white  labor.  When  it  is  taken  into  .account  that 
the  labor  of  lOO  convicts  is  about  equal  to  that  of  50  free  men,  ami  of  60 
Chinamen  to  that  of  40  white  men,  it  wilt  be  seen  that  over  90  per  cent,  of 
all  the  work  done  is  performed  by  free  white  labor.  In  Fastern  factories 
boy.s,  and  even  men,  make  only  certain  portions  of  the  saddle  or  harness. 
They  learn  no  other  part  of  the  business,  and  receive  very  small  wages. 
The  enormous  proportions  of  liastern  manufacture  require  this  subdivision 
of  labor.  On  this  coast  the  volume  of  production  is  comparatively  small. 
Much  of  the  work  is  done  in  shops  with  only  2  or  3  hands,  employed  much 
of  their  time  in  selling  and  repairing.  Even  in  the  larger  factories  there  is 
little  room  for  any  but  highly  skilled  operatives.     It  will  be  seen  that  the 


mmm 


LEATHER. 


501 


cost  of  material  is  about  45^  per  cent,  and  of  labor  a  little  over  18  per 
cent,  of  the  gross  value  of  manufacture,  leaving  nearly  36  per  cent,  for 
profit,  rent,  interest,  commissions,  and  miscellaneous  cxpen.ses.  The  propor- 
tion of  the  cost  of  labor  to  the  value  of  production  is  considerably  lower 
than  in  the  Eastern  States.  In  New  York  the  amount  paid  out  for  wages 
is  about  25  per  cent.,  in  Pennsylvania  22  per  cent.,  and  in  Massachusetts  as 
much  as  27  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  manufacture,  against  only  18  per  cent, 
on  this  coast.  The  difference  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  most  of  the 
goods  made  on  the  Pacific  Coast  arc  of  cheaper  grade  tiian  tho.sc  of  East- 
ern make.  Moreover,  in  Eastern  factories,  portions  of  the  material  arc 
made  on  the  premises  of  the  manufacturer,  while  on  this  coast  the  materials 
arc  simply  put  together.  In  the  relative  cost  of  material  there  is  little  vari- 
ation. In  the  State  of  New  York  material  costs  about  44  per  cent.,  in 
Pennsylvania  46,  and  in  Massachusetts  47  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  produc- 
tion, or  an  average  of  45^  per  cent,  against  45  ^^^  per  cent,  on  the  Pacific 
Coast. 


Harness  Manufacturers. — Among  the  leading  manufacturers  in  San 
Francisco  are  MAIN  &  WINCHESTER,  J.  C.  JOHNSON  &  Co.,  R.  Stone, 
W.  Davi.s,  C.  L.  Haskell,  John  O'Kane,  Thomas  McGinnis,  and  O. 
F.  WiLLEY  &  Co.  In  the  interior  of  California,  A.  A.  Van  Voorihes, 
J.  T.  Stole,  and  Clarence  N.  Nelson,  of  Sacramento;  John  M.  Foye, 
of  San  Bernardino;  WORKMAN  &  Co.,  and  Herman  Heinsch,  of  Los 
Angeles;  and  J.  F.  Becket,  of  San  Andreas,  arc  among  the  more  prom- 
inent firms.  Among  Oregon  manufacturers,  J.  B.  CONGLE  &  Co.,  J.  Clark, 
James  Welch,  and  W.  H.  Watkins,  of  Portland;  C.  K.  Klum,  of  Ash- 
land; and  J.  R.  Graham,  of  Oregon  City,  arc  prominent. 

The  business  of  Main  &  Winchester  was  established  in  1849  by 
Charles  Main  and  Ezra  H.  Winchester.  Both  gentlemen  had  a 
practical  acquaintance  with  all  branches  of  the  business,  and  their  success 
was  so  marked  that,  in  18C0,  the  volume  of  their  trade  caused  a  removal  to 
the  large  four-story  brick  building  on  the  corner  of  Battery  and  Hallcck 
streets,  their  present  quarters.  Of  the  prominent  mercantile  houses  in  San 
Francisco,  unchanged  in  partnership  and  proprietorship,  theirs  is  now  the 
oldest.  Three  fourths  in  value  of  their  sales — and  the  annual  aggregate  is 
very  large — consist  of  Californian  manufactures,  of  which  they  send  a  con- 
.siderable  quantity  to  the  Atlantic  slope. 

Charles  Main,  .senior  member  of  the  firm,  was  born  in  New  Hamp- 
shire, in  1820.  Left  an  orphan  at  15,  and  dependent  on  his  toil  for 
his  support,  he  became  an  apprentice  to  a  harnessmaker,  and  learned  the 
trade  well.     After  scvcrul  years  of  work  as  a  journeyman,  he  became  part- 


i! 


S02 


MANUFACTURES. 


ner  in  a  harness  shop  in  Boston,  but  sold  out  to  come  to  California  in  1849. 
He  went  to  the  mines,  was  fortunate  there,  and  in  1850,  with  Mr.  Win- 
chester, established  the  firm  which  throve  from  the  start,  is  one  of  the  oldest, 
and  has  been  one  of  the  most  steadily  prosperous  business  houses  in  San 
Francisco.  Judicious  investments  in  real  estate  contributed  to  its  wealth ; 
and  its  manufacturing  and  importing  business  has  extended,  until  it  sup- 
plies all  parts  of  the  coast. 

The  firm  of  J.  C.  JOHNSON  &  Co.,  12  and  14  Pine  Street,  is  one  of  the 
oldest  established  houses  on  the  coast,  having  been  in  operation  since  1852. 
The  principal  business  of  the  firm  is  in  the  exportation  and  sale  of  leather, 
but  all  descriptions  of  harness  and  saddlery  are  manufactured  and  imported 
largely.  One  hundred  men  are  employed  at  this  establishment,  80  of 
whom  arc  engaged  in  the  manufacturing  department,  at  wages  varying  from 
$2  to  $3.50  a  day. 

One  of  the  leading  factories  of  the  coast  in  this  branch  of  industry  is  that 
of  Rockwell  Stone,  at  422  Battery  street,  San  Francisco.  Nearly  every 
class  of  the  articles  produced  by  the  saddler  or  harnessmaker  is  manufactured 
there. 

J.  B.  Congle  &  Co.,  of  Portland,  Oregon,  manufacturers  of  harness  and 
saddlery,  do  a  business  amounting  to  $150,000  a  year,  extending  over  Ore- 
gon, Washington,  and  Idaho.  They  employ  10  men  in  the  manufacturing 
department,  at  wages  averaging  $3  a  day. 

Whips. — The  value  of  whips  manufactured  on  this  coast  is  about  $40,- 
000;  of  imported  whips,  $30,000  to  $35,000.  Of  the  materials  used,  the 
whalebone,  glue,  wire,  iron,  rattan,  and  leather,  arc  of  home  production;  the 
thread  and  whip-mountings  are  imported.  All  clas.ses  of  articles  are  manu- 
factured on  this  coast,  but  the  greatest  demand  is  for  buggy  and  team 
whips.  Imports  consist  almost  entirely  of  buggy  whips,  which  are  usually 
made  according  to  the  latest  patterns,  and  are  therefore  apt  to  find  a  ready 
market.  Imported  goods  are  more  finely  finished,  but,  for  use  and  wear,  arc 
considered  inferior  to  those  made  in  San  Franci.sco. 

The  entire  number  of  hands  employed  at  this  industry  does  not  exceed 
35  persons,  of  whom  8  are  Chinamen,  and  the  remainder  white  men,  boys, 
and  girls.  The  wages  of  Chinamen  are  from  $25  to  $30  a  month.  White 
men  receive  from  $14  to  $30  a  week,  the  latter  rate  being  paid  only  to  the 
most  skillful  lash-cuttcrs.  Girls  and  boys  earn  on  an  average  $7  a  week  by 
piece-work;  other  operatives  are  employed  at  fixed  wages.  It  is  estimated 
that  the  entire  cost  of  labor  averages  30  to  35  per  cent.,  and  of  material 
35  to  40  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  manufacture. 

The  only  whip  factory  on  this  coast  is  that  of  KevstoN  BROTHERS.     The 


li 


LEATHER. 


503 


manufacture  is  also  carried  on  to  a  small  extent  by  Main  &  Winchester, 
whose  establishment  is  mentioned  under  the  head  of  Harness  and  Saddlery. 
Three  other  houses  in  San  Francisco,  and  one  in  Portland,  Oregon,  that  of 
George  Bemish,  also  make  up  small  quantities  of  stock.  Keyston 
Brothers  make  whips,  reatas,  braided  rims,  and  headstalls,  to  the  value  of 
$25,cxx)  a  year,  giving  employment  to  14  persons.  One  member  of  the  firm 
has  a  patent  for  a  machine  to  cover  the  coverings  of  carriage  whips. 

Trunks,  eto. — This  branch  of  manufacture  is  at  present  restricted  on 
our  coast  to  San  Francisco,  in  which  city  there  are  9  establishments,  with 
an  aggregate  capital  of  about  $250,000,  manufacturing  $150,000  worth  of 
material  into  $350,000  worth  of  goods,  and  distributing  $125,000  in  wages 
among  200  operatives.  Importations  from  all  sources  do  not  exceed  in 
value  $20,000  a  year,  and  consist  only  of  ladies'  colored  satchels  and  hand- 
bags. 

Of  the  materials  used,  trunk  hardware,  which  includes  buckles,  locks, 
hinges,  nails,  etc.,  is  entirely  imported.  Colored  leathers,  u.sed  in  the  manu- 
facture of  ladies'  satchels  and  traveling-bags,  are  also  imported.  The  tan- 
neries of  the  Pacific  Coast  produce  trunk  and  black  bag  leather  of  excellent 
quality,  but  do  not  as  yet  manufacture  any  colored  leather.  The  lumber 
in  u.se,  which  is  principally  that  of  the  sugar  pine,  is  abundant  and  cheap, 
and,  for  making  ordinary  grades  of  goods,  California  leather  is  very  ser\'icc- 
able.  With  the  exception  already  mentioned,  all  the  different  articles  com- 
monly used,  from  a  lady's  hand-bag  to  the  largest  Saratoga,  and  including 
about  75  different  varieties,  are  manufactured  in  San  Francisco.  It  is 
estimated  that  nine  tenths  of  the  entire  demand  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  sup- 
plied by  trunkmakers  in  the  city,  and  that  the  value  of  imported  goods 
docs  not  exceed  $30,000,  while  the  export  trade  is  at  the  rate  of  $50,000  a 
year.  Our  best  foreign  customer  is  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  Small  quanti- 
ties are  also  .shipped  to  Central  America,  Australia,  China,  Japan,  and 
Tahiti.  Mexico  also  draws  on  us  for  supplies,  which  are  sent  there  in 
pieces  ready  to  be  put  together,  in  order  to  evade  the  tariff  on  finished 
goods.  Trade  in  this  department  appears  to  be  in  a  .satisfa:tory  condition. 
A  gentleman  who  started  in  the  business  in  1868  with  only  one  assistant, 
has  now  60  hands  employed  the  year  round,  and  j-et  can  not  keep  pace 
with  his  orders.  The  wages  paid  in  this  branch  of  manufacture  are  rather 
high,  averaging  $625  a  year  per  capita,  and  if  the  hands  were  all  steadily 
employed  throughout  the  year,  the  average  would  be  considerably  larger. 
The  operatives  are  nearly  all  white  men.  First-class  workmen  earn,  by 
piece-work,  about  $25  a  week;  inferior  workmen,  $15.  The  few  boys 
and  girls  employed  make  from  50  cents  a  day  upward.s.     Several  years  ago 


504 


MANUFACTURES. 


the  Chinese  attempted  to  gain  a  footliold  in  the  trade,  but  ha\e  always 
been  rigorously  excluded  by  manufacturers,  who  fear  that  if  Chinamen 
once  gained  a  knowledge  of  the  business  they  might  soon  acquire  almost 
a  monopoly  of  it,  as  they  have  done  in  other  branches.  The  high  rates  of 
wages  paid  to  operatives  are  probably  due  to  the  exclusion  of  Chinese 
labor.  These  wages  arc  not,  however,  greatly  in  excess  of  those  paid  in 
the  State  of  New  Jersey,  where  nearly  one  half  of  all  the  trunks,  vali.scs, 
and  satchels  made  in  the  United  States  are  manufactured.  In  that  State, 
though  the  proportion  of  female  and  youth's  labor  is  considerably  larger 
than  in  California,  the  average  is  at  least  $575  a  year. 

In  San  Francisco  labor  costs  about  },6  per  cent.,  and  material  43  per  cent., 
of  the  value  of  production.  In  New  Jersey  the  cost  of  labor  is  about  25 
per  cent.,  and  of  material  about  42  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the  manufacture. 
The  difference  in  the  relative  proportions  of  the  cost  of  labor  is  accounted 
for  by  the  fact  that  in  New  Jersey  very  large  stocks  of  cheap  articles  arc 
made  up,  while  goods  made  on  this  coast  are,  as  a  rule,  of  superior  quality. 

All  the  trunk  factories  of  our  coast  are  in  San  Francisco.  That  now 
owned  by  FeciihIlIMER  &  STEELE,  founded  in  1858,  and  the  first  in  date, 
employs  65  persons  ;  that  of  D.  Bloch  &  Co.  has  60 ;  and  that  of  D.  S. 
Martin  25  employds.  There  are  several  other  establishments  working  on 
a  smaller  scale. 


Glue. — The  production  of  glue  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  at  the  rate  of 
about  4,700  barrels  a  year,  worth  at  $  1 8  a  barrel,  the  wholesale  price  in  San 
Francisco  in  the  fall  of  1881,  the  sum  of  $84,600.  The  consumption  does 
not  exceed  500  barrels.  The  remainder  is  marketed  principally  in  New 
York.  Until  the  tanning  of  hides  had  become  a  settled  and  permanent  in- 
dustry, the  supply  of  glue  needed  for  the  Pacific  Coast  was  imported  at  a 
cost  of  20  cents  a  pound.  The  wholesale  price  in  New  York  has  varied  of 
late  jcars  from  9  to  13  cents  a  pound.  The  price  in  San  Francisco  is,  of 
course,  guided  by  the  Eastern  market,  and  rates  about  2  cents  a  pound  be- 
low New  York  quotations.  The  expense  of  freight  and  commissions  is 
usually  estimated  at  $3.50  to  $4  per  barrel  of  180  pounds.  Glue  is  made 
from  the  waste  material  of  tanneries,  slaughter-houses,  and  places  when, 
hides  are  trimmed  and  salted  for  domestic  use  or  shipment.  This  material, 
called  glue-stock,  cost-s,  at  the  slaughter-hou.ses,  i^  to  2^  cents  a  pound, 
and  yields,  on  an  average,  50  per  cent,  of  glue.  There  are  in  California  6 
firms  engaged  in  this  industry,  giving  employment  to  43  persons,  and  pay- 
ing out  nearly  $25,000  a  year  for  labor.  The  usual  wages  for  white  opera- 
tives are  $2  a  day.  The  few  Chinamen  employed  receive  about  $1  a  day. 
During  the  past  3  or  4  )'ears  the  consumption  of  glue  in  San  Franci.sco  has 
decreased  considerably,  on  account  of  the  dullness  in  the  furniture  business. 


LEATHER. 


505 


At  the  present  price  of  glue  in  the  San  Francisco  market,  10  cents  a 
pound,  it  is  estimated  that  the  cost  of  material  is  40  pci'  cent.,  and  of  labor 
28  to  30  per  cent,  of  production.  It  will  be  seen  that  after  paying  rent, 
interest,  insurance,  etc.,  the  margin  for  profit  is  very  small.  The  census  re- 
turns for  1870  report  only  2  glue  factories  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  none 
outside  of  San  Francisco.  For  that  year  the  value  of  production  was 
reported  at  $78,300,  and  of  material  used  at  $1 5,570.  The  number  of  hands 
cmplo}'cd  was  stated  at  21,  and  the  aggregate  of  wages  at  $12,400.  In  1870 
the  cost  of  material  was  about  20  per  cent.,  and  of  labor  about  16  per  cent., 
of  the  value  of  production,  leaving  a  margin  of  64  per  cent,  for  profit,  in- 
terest, commissions,  and  miscellaneous  expenses  against  a  margin  of  only 
30  to  32  per  cent,  in  i88i.  It  will  be  noticed  that  since  1870,  the  cost  of 
material  has  increased  from  20  to  40  per  cent,  and  of  labor  from  16  to  at 
at  least  28  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  manufacture.  In  1870  glue-stock, 
which  is  now  very  high  in  price,  could  be  had  for  little  or  nothing,  and  2 
establishments,  employing  only  21  hands,  could  make  nearly  as  much  profit 
as  is  now  obtained  by  6  factories  employing  43  hinds.  Moreover  glue 
has  fallen  in  price  during  the  last  10  or  11  years  from  about  $24  to  $18  a 
barret,  a  reduction  of  25  per  cent  This  circumstance,  coupled  with  the 
high-  price  f)f  glue-stock,  and  the  general  depression  of  business  on  this  coast, 
accounts  for  the  want  of  progress  in  this  branch  of  industry.  Complaint  is 
made  of  the  difficulty  in  obtaining  glue-stock,  even  at  the  prices  now  ruling. 
It  is  probable,  however,  that  as  our  leather  manufacturing  interests  arc  be- 
ing rapidly  developed,  the  supply  of  material  will  soon  be  in  excess  of  the 
demand. 

In  the  process  of  manufacture  the  scraps  of  waste  material,  which  are 
termed  glue-stock,  are  first  stripped  of  all  bony  substance.  The  scraps  are 
then  washed  as  clean  as  jiossible  and  placed  in  vats,  similar  to  those  used 
by  tanners,  where  they  undergo  for  several  weeks  the  process  of  maceration 
in  lime  water.  They  are  then  taken  out  and  spread  upon  platforms  in  the 
open  air,  until  the  lime  becomes  carbonized  and  can  not  injure  the  glue. 
After  being  boiled  the  scraps  arc  changed  into  a  state  of  clarified  mucilage, 
which  is  then  cooled,  cut  into  flakes,  dried,  crushed,  and  placed  in  barrels 
ready  for  market.  The  bones  are  calcined,  ground,  and  sold  to  refiners  for 
clarifying  sugars  and  syrups. 

CoDDiNGTON  &  WiLCOX  and  Martin  Holjer,  of  San  Francisco; 
C.  JURGENS  &  Son,  of  Sacramento;  C.  N.  Souther,  of  Napa,  and  M. 
KUNINTZ,  of  Santa  Cruz,  are  the  principal  glue  manufacturers  of  our  coast. 


Boots  and  Shoes. — The  first  organized  attempt  at  the  manufacture  of 
boots  and  shoes  in  California,  was  made  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  POKTER, 
64 


5o6 


MANUFACTURES. 


of  the  firm  of  PORTER,  Slessinger  &  Co.  In  the  year  1863,  that 
gentleman  was  one  of  the  proprietors  of  a  tannery  at  Soquel,  in  Santa 
Cruz  County.  He  entered  into  a  contract  with  the  State  Prison  authori- 
ties for  the  labor  of  a  number  of  convicts,  whose  .services  could  then 
be  procured  for  30  cents  a  day.  Obtaining  mo'st  of  the  needed  material 
from  his  tannery,  he  commenced  to  manufacture  brogans  and  other  articles 
of  coarse  grade.  Soon  afterwards  RUCKINGH.VM  &  IlECilT  commenced 
operations  on  a  small  scale.  Slowly,  at  first,  but  gradually  from  these 
beginnings  the  industry  has  increased,  until  in  the  year  1881,  goods 
are  being  produced  in  the  different  factories  of  the  Pacific  Coast  to  the 
value  of  about  $6,500,000,  of  which  amount  about  $5,750,000  may  be 
credited  to  California,  including  at  least  $5,000,000  for  San  Francisco,  $350,- 
000  to  Oregon,  and  $400,000  to  Utah.  The  quantity  of  material  used  may 
be  estimated  at  a  little  under  $3,250,000,  and  the  amount  expended  for 
labor  at  about  $1,750,000,  distributed  among  at  least  4,000  operatives. 

Importations  for  the  entire  coast  arc  probably  at  the  rate  of  nearly  100,- 
000  cases  a  year,  and'  may  be  valued  at  $4,500,000.  Imported  goods  are 
nearly  all  made  in  the  Atlantic  States.  Considerable  quantities  of  the  finer 
grades  of  leather  are  still  brought  from  France  and  other  foreign  countries, 
but  the  importation  of  boots  and  shoes  into  the  United  States  has  almost 
entirely  ceased. 

In  the  face  of  many  disadvantages,  our  manufacturers  have  made  such 
progress  that  they  now  supply  about  70  per  cent,  in  quantity  and  60  per 
cent,  in  value  of  all  the  goods  used  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  have  already 
established  a  moderate  export  trade  which  is  steadily  on  the  increase. 
Twelve  years  ago  we  manufactured  at  the  rate  of  about  $1,400,000  a  year, 
and  had  no  export  trade,  or  none  worth  mention.  We  now  manufacture  at 
the  rate  of  about  $6,500,000  a  year,  and  our  exports  for  1881  amounted  to 
2,579  cases,  \alucd  at  about  $1,160,000;  for  18S0,  to  2,171  cases,  valued  at 
$975,000.  (!)ur  best  foreign  customers  are  the  people  of  the  Hawaiian  Is- 
lands, who  took  from  us  1,6 11  ca.ses  in  1S81.  We  also  shipped  467  cases 
to  British  Columbia,  and  smaller  quantities  to  Mexico,  Japan,  China,  New 
Zealand,  and  elsewhere.  In  addition  to  the  1,500,000  people  who  form  the 
population  of  this  coast,  there  are  .several  foreign  countries  in  which  Cali- 
fornia, on  account  of  her  commercial  situation,  may  hope,  at  no  distant  day, 
to  establish  a  very  considerable  trfidc. 

In  1881  the  activity  in  manufacturing  circles  continued  throughout  the 
year,  notwithstanding  the  large  volume  of  imports.  The  consumption  ot 
boots  and  shoes  during  that  year,  for  the  States  and  Territories  to  which 
.San  Francisco  is  the  main  distributing  center,  was  probably  little  short  of 
4,000,000  pairs,  of  which  about  2,750,000  pairs  were  manufactured  on  this 


LEATHER. 


so; 


coast,  and  1,250,000  were  imported.  The  opening  up  of  a  new  territory, 
through  the  completion  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  was  probably  the 
main  factor  that  caused  such  a  remarkable  increase  in  the  volume  of  trade 
for  1 88 1.  Much  of  this  territory  was  previously  supplied  by  Eastern 
factories,  but  it  is  now  being  thoroughly  canvassed  by  Pacific  Coast  manu- 
facturers, and  so  far,  with  very  satisfactory  results. 

In  volume  of  trade,  the  year  1881  was  one  of  the  most  remarkable  ever 
known  to  manufacturers  and  importers  of  boots  and  shoes.  Imports  from 
the  Eastern  States  amounted,  for  San  Francisco  alone,  to  nearly  65,000 
cases,  valued  at  about  $2,925,000,  a  quantity  in  excess  of  the  figures  for 
any  previous  year,  during  the  last  decade  at  least.  For  the  entire  coast  it 
is  probable  that  importations  exceeded  100,000  cases.  It  would  be  sup- 
posed that  these  large  shipments  of  Eastern  boots  and  shoes  were  attended 
with  a  corresponding  reduction  in  the  amount  of  home-manufactured 
goods;  but  such  was  not  the  case.  It  is  the  opinion  of  parties  best  com- 
petent to  judge,  that  the  value  of  goods  produced  on  this  coast  during  1 88 1 
was  20  to  25  per  cent,  above  the  estimates  for  1880,  and  far  above  those  for 
any  previous  year. 

All  the  different  grades  of  goods,  from  brogans  to  babies'  .shoes,  except- 
ing only  the  finest  hand-sewed  French  kid  buttoned  boots,  for  ladies,  are 
made  in  San  Francisco  factories.  There  is  no  great  quantity  of  hand-sewed 
goods  of  any  kind  manufactured  on  this  coast.  The  greater  portion  of  the 
demand  for  articles  of  this  description  is  supplied  by  Massachusetts.  Ship- 
ments from  the  Eastern  States  also  include  large  quantities  of  the  coarser 
grades  of  boots,  such  as  men's  brogans,  etc.  It  is  stated  that  Eastern  man- 
ufacturers buy  the  clippings  and  waste  leather  of  our  factories,  and  grind 
them  into  shoddy  for  in-soles,  or  veneer  them  with  a  thin  sheet  of  good 
leather  and  use  them  for  the  outer  sole.  Goods  of  this  description  occa- 
sionally find  their  way  to  this  market.  A  feature  in  the  business  of  the  past 
2  or  3  years  has  been  the  growing  demand  for  articles  of  superior  grade. 


Material  for  Shoes. — All  the  sole  leather  used  in  San  Francisco  is  of 
home  production,  and  nearly  all  the  upper  leather  is  imported.  It  is  esti- 
mated that,  apart  from  sole  leather,  one  fourth  of  all  the  material  used  by 
manufacturers  on  this  coast  is  of  home  production,  and  that  three  fourths 
are  imported.  Californian  upper  leather  is  unfitted  for  fine  work;  not  from 
any  defect  in  the  material,  but  from  lack  of  skilled  labor  in  that  branch  of 
manufacture.  Moreover,  the  best  upper  leather  is  obtained  from  the  skins 
of  animals  slaughtered  when  from  3  to  6  months  old ;  and  it  is  the  custom 
among  farmers  in  this  country  to  slaughter  calves,  either  before  they  arc  old 
enough  to  furnish  skins  of  the  size  required,  or  after  they  have  grown  so 


5o8 


MANUFACTURES. 


large  that  the  skin  has  become  coarse,  and,  when  manufactured,  is  more  of 
a  kip  than  a  calfskin  leather. 

The  consumption  of  material  in  the  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes  on 
the  entire  Pacific  Coast  includes  nearly  200,000  sides  of  .sole  leather,  nearly 
10,000  dozen  of  calfskins,  4,000  ilozen  of  kips,  about  ig.ooo  dozen  of  }^oat 
and  kid  skins,  45,000  feet  of  buff  leather,  50,000  dozen  of  sheep  skins,  450,- 
000  to  500,000  yards  of  linen,  .serges,  and  cloth  for  linings  and  for  the  tops 
of  shoes  and  gaiters,  and  an  almost  unlimited  quantity  of  pegs,  nails,  wire, 
and  silk,  and  linen  threads.  At  least  half  of  the  calfskins,  most  uf  the 
goat  and  kid  skins,  all  the  linen,  serge,  and  cloth,  tlie  pegs,  wire,  and  nails, 
and  a  large  portion  of  the  thread.,,  are  imported.  Nearly  all  the  kip  and 
wa.x  leathers,  and  most  of  the  buff,  pebble,  grain-goat,  antl  morocco,  u.sed 
by  manufacturers,  arc  produced  on  this  coast;  but  the  finer  qualities  of 
morocco,  kid,  and  calf  skin  are  imported. 


Machines  and  Processes.— Am.ong  the  machinery  most  commonly  used 
arc  McK.w'.s  Sewing  and  .Standard  Screw  M.ichines.  The  sewing-machine 
is  furnished  with  a  dial-plate,  on  winch  the  stitches  arc  counted  up  to  10,000,- 
000,  and  a  ro)-alty  of  5  to  10  cents  is  charged  for  every  pair  sewed  by  this 
machine.  The  screw  machine  is  mainly  used  for  fastening  the  sole  to  the 
upper  by  means  of  wire  screws.  There  is  also  a  machine  in  use  which  cuts 
patterns  from  sole  leather  as  (]uickly  as  if  it  were  so  much  cheese. 
There  arc  other  machines  for  fastening  the  heels;  for  polishing  soles  and 
heels;  for  cutting  out  boot  strap.s;  for  making  button-holes,  eyelets,  toe- 
tips,  and  for  other  purposes  >■•  ■  numerous  that  the  reader  would  not  care  to 
Itavc  them  mentioned. 

Among  Californian  inventions  i-^  one  called  the  Giant  Seam,  for  which  a 
patent  was  issued  in  1881  to  jiarties  employeil  by  the  firm  of  RosENTOCK 
&  Co.  The  invention  is  of  value  in  making  up  heavy  grades  of  boots, 
which  are  thus  rendered  water-tight,  and  are  less  liable  to  rip. 

In  (jroilucing  the  more  exyicnsivc  descriptions  of  goods,  an  article  has  to 
pass  through  about  20  different  iiands  before  it  is  finally  completed  and 
ready  for  the  shelves  of  the  retailer.  In  the  process  of  manufacture,  labor 
is  very  much  subdiviilcd,  but  less  so  than  in  I'lastern  factories.  A  slight 
difference  in  v.'ages,  the  use  of  labor-saving  machinery,  and  the  greater  suli- 
division  of  l.ibnr  alone  render  it  possible  for  Hoston  and  other  great  centers 
of  ICastcni  traile  to  dispose'  mI'  $4,000,000  to  $5,000,000  W(irth  of  goods  a 
)'ear  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  The  State  of  Massachusetts  alone  manufactures 
at  the  rate  of  over  $  I  oo,oaB.ocx),  supplying  about  one  half  of  the  entire 
ciinsuin])tion  of  tiie  United  States.  Some  large  towns  in  Massachusetts 
are  almost  entirel)-  sui)ported   b\-  this  industrj-      Wages  are   lower    than 


^Mppupmnnffi" 


LKATHER. 


509 


those  of  white  labor  on  this  coast;  most  Ivinds  of  material  arc  less  expen- 
sive; the  machinery  in  use  is  about  as  near  perfection  as  human  ingenuity 
can  devise;  and  the  subdivision  of  labor  is  so  minute  that  all  is  utilized  to 
the  best  advantage.  Moreover,  operatives  in  Eastern  factories  work  for 
years,  and  often  almost  for  a  life-time,  on  a  single  process,  thus  acquiring 
the  greatest  possible  skill  in  their  own  little  specialty 

Shoe  Operatives. — Of  the  4,000  persons  now  employed  in  this  branch  of 
industry  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  it  is  estimated  that,  apart  from  custom  work, 
there  are  at  least  2,500  Chinamen,  making  up  goods  to  the  value  of  $2,500,- 
000,  and  about  1,500  white  operatives,  who  manufacture  to  the  value  of  $4,- 
000,000.  The  disproportion  in  the  relative  number  of  hands  employed  to 
the  value  of  production,  is  caused  by  the  fact  that  the  goods  manufactured 
by  Chinamen  are  nearly  all  of  cheap  grade.  Moreover,  in  factories  where 
white  persons  are  mainly  employed,  labor-saving  machinery  is  very  largely 
u.sed,  while  Mongolian  labor  can  be  obtained  at  such  cheap  rates  that  it 
would  not  pay  to  u.sc  machinery  so  extensively  in  Chinese  factories.  The 
manufacture  of  the  common  grades  of  shoes  is  mainly  in  the  hands  of  the 
Chinese  factories,  and  I'^astcrn  goods  of  this  description  arc  rapidly  disap- 
pearing from  the  market.  The  more  expensive  kinds  of  shoes  are  made  up 
principally  by  white  labor,  though  Chinamen  arc  also  employed,  at  some 
factories,  to  do  portions  of  the  work  that  do  not  require  special  skill.  Boots 
arc  made  b)'  white  operatives  almost  e.\clusivel\-.  Not  more  than  30  or  40 
Chinamen  arc  emploj'cd  ptherwise  than  on  the  manufacture  of  shoes,  and 
those  are,  for  the  most  part,  of  such  quality  as  could  not  profitably  be  made 
on  this  coast  by  white  labor. 

The  proprietor  of  one  of  the  leading  Chinese  factories  states  that  during 
1 88 1  there  were  altogether  not  less  than  3,000  Chinamen  engaged  in  this 
industry,  making  up  goods  to  the  value  of  .$3,000,000.  It  is  probable,  how- 
ever, that  these  estimates  include  the  manufacture  of  slippers,  a  busines.s 
which  has  been,  for  several  years,  almost  entirely  in  the  hands  of  Chinamen. 
The  exiK'riinent  of  employing  Chinamen  in  boot  and  shoe  factories  was 
first  tried  in  1869,  on  account  of  the  unreasonable  demands  of  white  labor, 
and  within  less  than  2  or  3  )-cars  from  that  date  at  least  one  half  of  all  the 
goods  manufactured  in  California  were  made  up  by  Chinamen.  In  1872  all 
the  San  Francisco  i'actories  employed  more  or  less  Mongolian  labor;  in 
some  instances  almr)st  to  the  exclusion  of  white  labor.  Many  of  the  best 
workmen  left  the  state;  some  engaged  in  other  occupations;  and  those  who 
remained  were  coinpellcil  tn  work  at  greatly  reduced  wages.  Moreover, 
the  best  Chinese  workmen  would  onl)-  remain  until  tluy  had  thoroughly 
learned  the  business,  and  would  then  obtain  better  paid  employment  in 


5IO 


MANUl'ACTUKliS. 


Chinese  workshops.  Tlic  goods  made  up  in  Chinese  factories  were  always 
put  on  the  market  at  $2  or  $3  a  dozen  below  those  produced  elsewhere,  and 
the  effect  of  this  competition  became  positively  disastrous  both  to  manufac- 
turer and  operative. 

Since  the  )-ear  1S72,  Chinamen  have  gradually  begun  to  disappear  from 
our  leading  factories,  though  still  making  up  large  quantities  of  cheap  goods 
in  their  own  work.shops.  Four,  at  least,  of  the  leading  establishments  in 
San  Franci.sco  employ  white  labor  exclusively,  and  the  chief  complaint  now 
alleged  against  the  Chinaman  i.s,  that  he  manages  to  pass  off  infcric^r  goods, 
of  his  own  workmanship,  for  the  more  expensive  articles  made  by  white 
persons.  Wages  have  been  reduced  during  the  past  10  years  from  20  to  25 
per  cent.,  but  the  reduction  is  not  greater  than  has  occurred  in  other  branches 
of  business,  and,  taking  into  account  the  extra  purchasing  power  of  money, 
the  operative  is  about  as  well  off  to-day  as  he  was  10  years  ago.  It  is  cer- 
tain that  if  this  reduction  had  not  occurred  manufactures  would  nc\'cr  liavc 
assumed  their  present  proportion.  In  18O9,  when  Chinamen  first  began 
to  be  employed,  the  value  of  goods  made  up  in  all  the  factories  of  the  Pa- 
cific Coast  was  $1,400,000;  in  18X1  it  was  about  $6,750,000.  In  boot  and 
shoe  factories,  as  in  woolen-mills,  and  other  branches  of  enterprise,  the  em- 
ployment of  a  large  percentage  of  Chinese,  or  other  low-priced  labor,  was  at 
first  necessary  to  enable  manufacturers  to  compete  on  any  large  scale  with 
I'astern  and  foreign  goods.  As  soon  us  white  labor  could  be  had  at  [irices 
which  employers  could  afforil  to  \y,\y,  it  has  ncarl)'  always  received  the 
preference.  There  are  now  sc\eral  woolen-mills  and  several  large  boot  and 
shoe  factories  that  einplo)-  no  Chinese  labor,  anil  in  others  tiie  percentage 
of  sucli  labor  lias  largely  dccreaseil  of  late  j'cars.  In  fiictories  where  Ciiina- 
men  are  still  emploj'cd,  the  proprietors  state  that  if  the)-  could  obtain  enough 
white  workmen,  at  about  $15  a  week,  they  would  make  more  nionc)'  by  dis- 
missing every  Mongolian  from  their  establishment ;  but  the  average  earnings 
of  skilled  workmen  are  considerahl)-  abo\e  that  figure.  In  the  winter  of 
i.SSi-2,  first-class  cutters  in  San  I'Vancisco  fiict(jrics  were  making  $21  a 
week;  ordinary  cutters,  $ 1 8 ;  first-class  workmen  $18  to  $20;  good  mcn'.s 
fitters,  $15  to  .fiS,  These  are  a\erage  earnings,  and  it  is  nothing  unusual 
for  a  smart  and  steady  workman  to  make  20  per  cent,  more  than  tliese  rates. 
Nearly  all  the  operatives  work  In-  the  piece.  I'^cmalcs  employed  as  women's 
fitters  make  $9  to  $12  a  week;  as  ordinar)'  fitters  and  basters  from  .$8  to 
$10.  J"or  liighl)-  skillcil  labor  rates  of  wages  are  a  little  above  l^aslern 
prices,  but  so  little  that  the  difference  is  about  made  up  li)-  the  cost  of 
freight  in  importing  l',a:;tern  goods.  The  average  earnings  nf  men  employed 
in  shoe  factories  in  New  \ovk  and  Chicago. are  about  $15  a  week,  and  in 
San  Francisco  not  more  than  .$16  to  $17.     Wlu.n  compared  with  the  prices 


I.KATIIICU. 


5'i 


of  labor  in  the  wealthiest  countries  of  Europe,  these  figures  stand  out  in 
marked  contrast.  In  England  the  average  is  about  $7.50  a  week;  in  France, 
$5,  and  in  Germany  $4.50  a  week,  and  in  all  these  countries  the  price  of 
food  is  much  higher  than  in  California. 

San  Francisco  Shoe  Factories. — The  boot  and  shoe  factor}-  of  Buck- 
ingham &  IIkcut,  in  San  Francisco,  associated  with  the  mercantile  firm 
of  liECllT  Brothers  &  Co.,  is  one  of  the  largest  establishments  of  its 
class  in  the  United  States.  It  gives  employment  to  about  550  persons,  and 
its  annual  product  is  worth  from  $800,000  to  $1,000,000.  Tlicir  cnterpri.se 
was  .second  in  date,  and  went  into  operation  wiicn  little  work  on  boots  and 
shoes  was  done,  except  to  order,  out  of  the  State-prison,  and  there  the  pro- 
duction was  small  and  irregular.  BUCKINGHAM  &  IlECHT  began  on  a 
comparatively  large  scaic,  with  capital,  skill,  energy,  and  confidence,  and 
manufactured  goods  of  superior  (juality,  which,  .so  far  as  the  supply  went, 
readily  superseded  Eastern  importations.  By  special  inducements  they 
drew  to  their  .service  many  bootmakers  engaged  in  various  occupations  on 
our  coast,  and  brought  others  from  the  Atlantic  cities.  Theirs  being  the 
first  large  shoe  factoiy  in  California,  it  exercised  an  important  influence; 
first,  by  proving  that  there  was  a  profit  in  the  manufacture,  and  second,  in 
becoming  a  source  from  which  others  could  obtain  managers,  foremen,  and 
laborers. 

Cahn,  Nicrlkdurg  &  Co.,  succes.sors  to  ElN.STIilN  &  Co.,  manufacture 
boots  and  shoes  to  the  amount  of  $600,000  annually.  They  pay  out  $300,- 
000  for  material  and  $1 50,000  for  labor.  The  aimual  production  of  RosEN- 
STOCK  &  Co.'.s  factory  is  wortii  $500,000.  They  hold  the  patent  for  the 
"  giant  .seam,"  which  is  considered  a  valuable  improvement  in  heavy  shoes. 
The  boot  and  shoe  factory  of  JOKV  Brotiieus  has  an  annual  i)roduct  of 
$200,000,  and  employs  80  persons.  The  yearly  sales  by  the  factory  of  E. 
D.  Nolan  &  Co.  amount  to  $125,000;  and  75  iiands  are  employed.  AliM- 
STRONG  &  WRUillT  make  a  specialty  of  children's  shoes,  and  also  manu- 
facture boots  and  shoes  for  men  and  women.  They  employ  100  operatives, 
and  their  annual  product  is  wortii  about  $100,000.  ROSENTHAL  &  Feder 
gi\e  omplojnient  to  about  60  operatives,  and  the  estimated  value  of  their 
aimual  product  is  $100,000.  This  completes  the  list  of  the  notable  boot  and 
shoe  factories  in  California. 


Portor,  Slesslnger  &  Co.— The  firm  of  rouxEU,  Sle.ssinoer  &  Co., 
117  Battery  Street,  manufacture  goods  to  the  value  of  $400,000  a  year,  and 
import  at  least  an  equal  ammmt,  though  their  manufactures  arc  gaining 
over  importations.     ICmploymcnt  is  given  at  the  factor)-  to  iSo  operatives. 


^m^imfmm^i^^^ 


nipjiffiffiinva^iipiiV^ivi^ 


512 


MANUFACTURES. 


The  business  was  originally  commenced  in  1863,  when  Gr.ORGF.  K. 
PoRTKR,  Icaininsj  that  convict  labor  could  be  hired  at  the  State-prison  for 
30  cents  a  da)',  made  a  contract  for  100  workmen,  to  be  employed  on  the 
making  of  boots  and  shoes.  Mr.  PoRTER,  with  his  cousin,  I?.  F.  POKTKR, 
owned  a  tannery  at  Soquel,  in  Santa  Cruz  County,  from  which  supplies 
0'  material  were  obtained.  These  gentlemen  were  among  the  earliest  tan- 
ners in  the  State,  and  GlCORGlC  K.  PoKTKR  carried  on  that  business  for  26 
years.  At  present  his  tannery  is  rented.  This  was  the  commencement  of 
the  wholesale  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes  in  California,  and  from  thi.s 
small  beginning  the  industry  has  gradually  de\-eloped  until  it  has  reached 
its  present  large  proportions.  In  1873  Loui.s  SLlCS.'^lXtiER  was  admitted 
as  a  partner,  and  in  the  same  year  a  factory  was  started  in  San  Francisco, 
The  fire  which  occurred  at  San  Ouentin,  in  F'ebruary,  1876,  destroyed  the 
entire  works,  and  also  a  considerable  stock  of  goods  belonging  to  the  firm. 
From  that  time  the  employment  of  con\-ict  labor  was  discontinued,  and  the 
firm  enlarged  their  factor)'  in  S.m  Francisco  to  meet  the  i\nuircmcnts  of 
their  business.  Subse(iuentl\-  JosKl'II  Kaii.n'  was  admitted  as  partner, 
though  the  name  of  the  latter  gentleman  does  not  appear  in  tho  title  of  the 
firm.  The  house  owns  and  makes  cxclusix'e  use,  in  its  factory,  of  a  valu- 
able in\cntion  patented  by  Mr.  Si.i:ssix(;i:k,  for  a  seam  in  the  so-called 
iron-clad  boots,  for  the  use  of  miners,  fishermen,  and  farmers  The  seam 
is  fortified  with  rivets  so  that  it  can  not  rip,  and  is  smoother  than  the  ordi- 
nary scam. 

Gf.ORCJK  K.  Porter  has  lent  substantial  aid  in  building  up  many  simi- 
lar industries  which  arc  to-da)'  in  successful  operation  in  San  I'rancisco, 
although  by  so  doing  he  has  created  some  sterling  competitors  and  busi- 
ness rivals.  He  is  a  native  of  Duxbury,  in  IMymouth  County,  Massachusetts, 
and  a  life  member  of  The  Society  OK  Camforma  I'IO.VEEUs.  Ilearrivcd 
in  San  I'"rancisc()  in  the  fall  of  1S49,  on  board  the  brig  ylirddiaii,  after  an 
unusuall)'  long  and  stormy  passage  of  264  days,  70  of  which  were  con- 
sumed in  passing  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  In  i860  he  was  elected  State 
Senator  for  Santa  Cruz  and  Monterey  counties,  and  was  the  first  Republi- 
can Senator  elected  from  Southern  Califi)rnia.  !  fe  served  his  constituents 
faithfull)'  anil  acceptably,  and  acted  as  chairman  of  several  important  com- 
mittees. 


George  L,  Hlbbard  &  Co.— Messrs.  niiiHARD  and  Hra/i;e,  who  had 
been  manufacturing  boots  and  shoes  at  Portland  since  1873,  were  the  pro- 
moters of  TiiK  Oin.cox  HiiDT,  Siioi:,  AND  Leather  Manufacturini; 
Company,  established  in  Portland  in  i(S,Si,and  having  afterwards  bought 
up  all  the  stock,  are  now  its  exclusive  owners.     Although  but  a  few  months 


LEATHER. 


513 


in  operation,  the  factory  already  furnishes  employment  to  about  50  opera- 
tives, and  can  not  obtain  sufficient  uhitc  labor  to  keep  pace  with  the  demand 
for  its  goods.  The  manufacture  of  leather  has  not  yet  been  commenced, 
but,  in  the  lino  of  ladies'  and  gentlemen's  boots  and  shoes,  staple  articles  of 
the  best  qualitj-  are  produced,  and  find  a  ready  market  in  Oregon,  Wash- 
ington, and  Idaho.  IIinilARD  &  Co.  are  the  proprietors  of  a  large  whole- 
sale boot  and  shoe  store  at  65  Front  Street,  Portland. 

One  of  the  largest  boot  and  shoe  factories  on  the  coast  is  that  of  AlKIN, 
Sellinc.  &  Co.,  of  Portland,  successors  to  Mr.  AlKlN,  who  commenced  the 
business  there  in  1859.  They  have  an  extensive  and  profitable  custom 
throughout  Oregon,  Washington,  and  Idaho. 

B.  Leinenweber  &  Co.— At  Leinenweber  &  Co.'s  factory  in  Astoria, 
Oregon,  established  in  i<S79,  boots  are  manufactured  at  the  rate  of  1,500 
cases  a  year,  worth  on  an  average  $45  a  case,  and  shoes  to  the  amount  of 
720  dozen,  estimated  to  be  worth  $15  a  dozen  at  wholesale.  The  total 
value  of  production  is  at  the  rate  of  about  $78,000  a  year.  The  goods  are 
marketed  entirely  in  Oregon  and  Washington  Territoiy.  The  factory  was 
erected  at  a  cost  of  $40,000,  and  gives  r-.iployment  to  35  hands,  including 
white  and  Chinese  workmen  in  nearly  equal  proportions.  White  operatives 
make  average  earnings  of  $15  a  week,  or  about  the  same  as  San  Francisco 
rates.  In  connection  with  this  establishment  is  a  tannery,  which  is  de- 
scribed under  its  proper  heading.     The  factory  is  to  be  moved  to  Portland. 

The  Victoria  Boot  and  Shoe  Factory.— This  factory,  which  is  owned 
by  Mr,  HiCAlllORN,  and  obtains  its  supplies  of  material  chiefly  from  that 
gentleman's  tannery  at  Rock  Hay  (noticetl  elsewhere),  is  situated  on  Gov 
ernmcnt  Street,  Victoria.  Employment  is  given  to  50  hands,  and  the  sales 
of  goods  for  1881  amounted  to  $66,'joo.  During. that  year  the  consump- 
tion of  material  was  .so  great  that  Mr.  HeatiioRN's  tannery  was  unable  to 
supply  the  demand,  and  it  was  necessary  to  import  a  cons'. lerable  quantity. 

Belmont  Boot  and  Shoe  Pactorj'. — A  joint  stock  company,  the  con- 
trolling interest  in  which  is  owned  by  W.  and  J.  WiL.SON,  Directors, 
and  W.  Daldy,  Manager.  The  company  occupies  a  two-story  brick 
building  on  Government  Street,  Victoria,  where  the  boots  and  shoes  arc 
manufactured  and  sold.  This  company  also  runs  the  Belmont  tannery 
(mentioned  elsewhere)  in  connection  with  its  factory.  Though  but  a 
few  years  in  operation,  the  H;:lmont  company  gives  employment  to  50 
men  at  full  rates  of  wages. 

Lyman  Smith's  Sons. — Among  the  articles  which  our  coast  has  not  yet 
produced  in  considerable  quantity  arc  roller  leather  for  covering  spinning 


S' 


514 


MANUFACTURES. 


rollers,  and  law  leather  for  binding  law  books.  These  products  of  the  tan- 
ner's art  require  peculiar  skill,  and  are  specialties  of  the  tannery  of  Ly.M.W 
Smith's  Sons  (John  E.  and  C.  L.  S.MITII,  present  owners),  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  sheep  and  calf  leather  generally,  at  Norwood,  Massachu- 
.setts.  To  them,  the  spinners  and  law  publishers  west  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains look  for  a  large  part  of  their  slipplics.  Their  roller  leather  is  noted  for 
toughness,  combined  with  fineness  of  te.Kture;  tiicir  law  leather,  for  smooth- 
ness of  surface,  and  clearness,  and  uniformity  of  color,  combined  with  good 
body.  The  tannery  occupies  4  acres  of  ground,  employs  icxD  men  and  boy.s, 
and  tans  800,000  shccp-skins  annually.  The  store  is  at  43  High  Street, 
Boston. 

Gloves. — The  manufacture  of  gloves  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  an  industry 
of  very  recent  introduction.  In  i860  there  was  not  a  single  glove  factory 
west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  In  1S70  there  were  none  outside  of  Cali- 
fornia, and  the  total  of  manufactures  barely  exceeded  $60,000  a  year.  A 
comparison  between  the  statistics  for  1870  and  the  estimates  for  1881,  shows 
a  remarkable  growth  in  this  branch  of  enterprise.  In  the  former  year 
there  were  6  glove  factories  in  operation,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $38,- 
600,  paying  out  $22,340  a  year  in  wages,  and  manufacturing  $14,100  worth 
of  material  into  goods  valued  at  $62,045.  I"  ^'^c  fall  of  188 1  it  was  esti- 
mated that  there  were  on  the  entire  coast  about  20  factories,  10  of  which 
were  located  in  San  Francisco,  3  in  San  Jose,  one  eacli  in  Sacramento, 
Stockton,  and  Red  Bluff,  one  in  Carson  City,  Nevada,  2  in  rortland,  and 
one  elsewhere  in  Oregon.  The  total  innnbcr  of  operatives  was  about  300. 
The  sum  distributed  for  labor  was  estimated  at  $175,000;  for  material  at 
$200,000;  the  \aluc  of  manufacture,  apart  from  goods  made  up  at  stores 
and  at  places  in  which  other  business  is  conducted,  at  $500,000.  The  aggre- 
gate capital  invested  in  this  branch  of  manufacture  is  about  $450,000.  It  will 
be  seen  that  while  there  has  been  u  large  growth  in  business,  the  margin  of 
profit  is,  at  present,  rather  small.  The  cost  of  material  is  about  40,  and  of 
labor  35  per  cent,  of  the  gross  value  of  production,  leaving  probably  less 
than  25  per  cent,  for  profit  and  miscellaneous  expenses.  In  the  State  of 
New  York,  where  the  manufacture  of  gloves  fa'r  exceeds  in  quantity  that  of 
all  the  other  States  and  Territories  in  the  Union,  the  cost  of  labor  little  ex- 
ceeds 25  per  cent,  of  the  \ahie  of  I'-oduction.  In  California  rates  of  earn- 
ings are  \ery  high,  averaging  over  $550  a  )X'ar,  for  an  industrj'  whicli  is 
almo.'^t  entirely  in  the  hands  of  women  and  girls.  Most  of  the  operatives 
work  by  the  piece,  and  it  is  nothing  uncommon  for  a  skilled  workwoman 
to  earn  $15  to  $20,  or  for  a  first-class  cutter  to  make  $35  'o  $45  a  week. 

Rates  of  earnings  in  Eastern  glove  factories  are  at  least  40  per  cent,  be- 


LEATHER. 


SIS 


low  those  prevailing  on  this  coast.  The  fact  that  San  Francisco  manufac- 
turers can  afford  to  pay  such  wages,  and  can  ah'eady  sell  their  goods,  in 
considerable  quantity,  far  cast  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  speaks  ver)'  favor- 
ably for  the  prospects  of  the  trade. 

Glove  Production.— Until  1867  foreign  and  Eastern-made  goods  held 
entire  possession  of  the  market,  and  until  about  1872  the  country  was 
flooded  with  cheap  goods  of  Eastern  make,  shapeless  machine-sewed 
articles,  mostly  of  sheepskin,  and  cut  without  reference  to  style,  comfort, 
or  durability.  California-made  gloves  were  usually  the  last  to  leave  the 
shelves  of  retailers.  Only  through  the  persistent  efforts  of  manufacturers, 
who,  at  great  expense  and  certain  loss,  .sent  forth  their  agents  and  commer- 
cial travelers,  has  the  superiority  of  home-made  goods  been  made  known  to 
the  purchasing  public.  In  the  face  of  powerful  and  sleepless  outside 
pressure,  a  large  domestic  trade  has  been  graduallj-  built  up,  and  within 
the  past  few  years  small  quantities  of  gloves,  manufactured  on  this  coast, 
have  found  a  market  in  the  Eastern  States.  Shipments  East  for  1881  were 
estimated  at  $150,000.  There  was  a  marked  increase  of  Eastern  orders 
during  the  year,  and  the  growth  of  this  trade  is  attributed  to  the  excellent 
quality  of  the  material  u.sed,  the  careful  workmanship  of  San  Francisco 
glovemakers,  the  fact  that  goods  made  on  this  coast  are  either  partially  or 
entirely  hand-sewed,  and  the  difference  between  Californian  and  Eastern 
methods  of  tannage.  The  Eastern  process  tends  to  puff  the  skins  and 
open  the  pores,  producing  an  article  less  compact  and  imper\'ious  to  water 
than  glove  leather  of  Pacific  Coast  manufacture.  The  Eastern-made  glove 
appears  to  be  a  heavier  article,  but  when  tested,  the  weight  is  found  to  be 
the  same  as  that  of  similar  goods  manufactured  in  San  I'rancisco. 

Of  late  years  there  has  been  a  considerable  advance  in  the  cost  of  ma- 
terial. There  is  not,  as  yet,  any  important  decrease  in  the  available  supply; 
but  the  steady  growth  in  the  domestic  and  foreign  demand  will  probably 
soon  work  a  serious  reduction  in  the  quantity  of  skins  available  for  glove- 
making.  Shipments  of  undrcs.scd  dccr-skins  to  Eastern  destinations  aver- 
age at  least  10,000  (o  13,000  a  )'car.  The  poorer  grades  of  skins  are  nearly 
all  shippeil  ICast,  for  the  reason  that  glovemakers  on  this  coast  can  not 
manufacture  them  at  a  profit.  The  number  of  skins  of  all  kinds,  cut  fo-- 
use  by  glovemakers  on  this  coast,  is  probably  little  short  of  300,000  a  year. 
The  supply  of  goat-skins  is  obtained  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Francisco  and 
from  the  Guadalupe  Islands.  The  word  "kid"  is  a  technical  term,  and  in- 
cludes such  materials  as  lambs'-skin.s,  dog  and  fawn  skins,  and  sometimes, 
oven  rats'-skins.  The  quantity'  of  scj-callcd  kid  used  for  manufacturing  pur- 
poses, throughout  the  world,  is  largely  in  excess  of  the  supply  of  skins  ob- 


5i6 


MANUFACTURES. 


taincd  from  the  slaughter  of  kids.  The  finest  qualities  of  ladies'  gloves  are 
made  from  the  skins  of  animals  not  more  than  3  or  4  weeks  old.  Calf- 
skins of  special  finish  are  used  in  the  making  of  certain  heavy  grades. 
Sheep-skins  arc  principally  used  for  linings.  Dog-skins  arc  greatly  in  de- 
mand by  glovemakers,  though  many  so-called  dogskin  gloves  are  really 
made  of  goatskin.  A  single  firm  has  a  contract  with  parties  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, Oakland,  and  Sacramento,  for  the  delivery  of  300  to  400  dog-skins 
per  month._  The  same  firm  used  to  import  by  each  steamer  from  Sydney, 
New  South  Wales,  a  supply  of  kangaroo  and  wallabic  (young  kangaroo) 
skins,  which  were  made  into  goods  of  very  durable  quality,  but  they  left  no 
margin  of  profit,  and  the  orders  have  recently  been  withdrawn. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  manufacture  of  gloves  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  at 
the  rate  of  about  500,000  pairs  a  year;  that  a  little  over  three  fourths  of  this 
quantity  consists  of  common  working  and  driving  gloves  of  buck,  goat,  and 
dog  skin,  and  that  the  remainder  arc  walking  and  dress  gloves.  Kid  gloves 
are  made  in  San  I'rancisco,  but  in  very  small  quantity,  and  only  to  order. 
The  skins  are  imported  from  France,  where  flocks  of  goats  and  kids,  reared  for 
the  purpose  of  using  their  skins  in  glove-making,  are  kept  in  parks  bythem- 
.selves,  to  prevent  their  contracting  any  contagious  disease.  Two  skins  arc 
required  to  produce  3  pairs  of  ordinary  kid  gloves,  but  a  single  pair  of  very 
long  gloves  often  requires  the  use  of  2  small  skins.  It  is  not  an  easy  thing 
for  home-made  goods  of  this  description  to  compete  with  foreign  importa- 
tions. A  name  carries  much  weight,  and  a  French-made  glove  possesses, 
in  the  eyes  of  most  people,  numerous  advantages  in  shape,  .symmetry,  and 
wear.  Importations  of  French  kid  amount  to  .several  hundred  thousand 
dollars  a  year  for  San  Francisco  alone.  The  value  of  imported  gloves,  other 
than  kid,  docs  not  exceed  $100,000  for  the  entire  coast.  All  the  dificrent 
grades  of  good.s,  from  boxing-gloves  to  ladies'  kid  of  many  buttons,  arc 
made  in  San  I-Vancisco.  Buckskin  for  working-gloves,  and  dogskin,  or,  as 
they  are  called  by  the  trade,  doeskin,  for  driving-gloves,  are  made  in  larger 
quantity  than  other  descriptions.  When  tanned,  the  buckskins  are  white; 
before  being  handed  over  to  the  glovcmfikcr  they  are  smoked,  in  order  to 
give  them  a  yellow  color. 

Iiippitt,  Leak  &  Co. — MiLL.s,  Leak  &  Co.,  predecessors  of  the  present 
firm  of  LU'PITT,  Leak  &  Co.,  commenced  the  manufacture  of  gloves  7 
years  ago,  in  a  small  room  7  feet  by  9.  Their  present  quarters,  at  22 
Sutter  Street,  although  large  and  commodious,  do  not  afford  sufficient 
space  f(jr  their  growing  business,  and  the  firm  will  soon  require  more  ample 
accommodations.  For  1S81  their  s;des  amounted  to  $200,000.  Large  quan- 
tities of  gloves  are  forwarded  to  I'^astern  markets,  where  goods  made  by 
LlPPlTT,  Leak  &  Co.  rank  among  the  best.     Their  facilities  for  manufac- 


ti%M« 


LEATHER. 


517 


ture  are  unsurpassed.  Besides  running  their  San  Francisco  factory  on  such 
grades  of  gloves  as  arc  usually  made  on  this  coast,  one  member  of  the  firm, 
Mr.  John  Fulton,  manufactures  in  Gloversville,  N.  Y.,  all  the  classes  of 
Eastern  articles  used  in  the  States  and  Territories  on  this  side  of  the  Mis- 
souri River.  Thirty  to  40  hands  arc  kept  constantly  busy  at  the  work- 
rooms in  San  Francisco,  and  about  60  at  the  Gloversville  establishment, 
manufacturing  not  less  than  1 50  different  varieties  of  goods.  In  addition 
to  sheep,  deer,  angora  goat,  and  other  skins  in  common  use  among  glove- 
makers,  large  quantities  of  otter  and  beavei;,  skins  arc  used  by  this  firm. 
Careful  workmanship  and  the  superior  quality  of  California-tanned  leather 
have  enabled  them  to  guarantee  the  quality  of  their  goods,  and  thus  in  a 
few  years  develop  their  trade  from  such  small  beginnings  to  its  present  large 
proportions.  By  persistent  advertising  and  soliciting  among  country  mer- 
chants, and  among  hunters  from  the  Missouri  River  to  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
LiPPITT,  Leak  &  Co.  have  built  up  a  business  that  has  helped  materially 
to  make  San  Francisco  a  market  for  pelts,  which,  not  many  years  ago,  went 
to  waste  for  want  of  purchasers.  For  1882  they  have  a  new  and  excellent 
glove  called  the  Alaska  Buck,  which  does  not  become  hard  after  being  wet, 
and  for  which  they  anticipate  a  large  sale. 

P.  &  F.  G.  Conklin.— P.  &  F.  G.  CoNKLiN,  proprietors  of  The  Cali- 
fornia Glove  Company,  585  Market  Street,  manufacture  all  grades  of 
buckskin,  doeskin,  kid,  cloth,  and  combination  gloves.  Not  less  than  100 
white  pcrson.s,  including  90  women  and  girls,  are  employed  at  this  establish- 
ment. Sewers  make  from  $8  to  $14  a  week,  and  machine  hands  an  average 
of  $10,  all  working  by  the  piece.  The  main  manufacturing  floor  occupies  a 
space  155  by  35  feet.  Twenty  machines  of  different  patterns  arc  used  for 
cutting  and  fancy  stitching.  The  cloth  used  at  this  establishment  is  made 
at  the  Pioneer  and  Mission  Mills.  The  firm  comm.cnccd  operations  15 
years  ago  in  a  small  room  on  Stockton  Street.  They  attribute  their  success 
to  the  fact  that,  having  made  up  their  minds  to  produce  an  article  of  su- 
perior quality,  they  made  a  study  of  their  business,  and  were  constantly 
introducing  new  patterns. 

P.  H.  Busby.— Fred.  H.  Busby,  412  Market  Street,  began  business  in 
1874,  and  has  established  a  thriving  trade  both  on  this  coast  and  in  the 
Atlantic  States.  He  is  himself  a  piactical  glovemaker,  as  his  family  have 
been  for  many  gencration.s,  and  having  an  inventive  turn  of  mind,  has  done 
much  to  improve  the  quality  and  reputation  of  Californian  gloves,  and  to 
create  a  market  for  them  in  the  East.  In  1875  he  obtained  a  patent  for 
the  "  Busby  welt,"  the  use  of  which  strengthens  his  gloves  and  improves 
their  appearance.     The  BUSBV   welt  is  double  with  the  folded  edge  out. 


518 


.MA.\L:iACTUIii:S. 


This  plan  avoids  the  necessity  and  labor  of  trimming  the  welt  in  finishing  the 
glove,  and  the  risk  of  cutting  and  weakening  the  stitches  in  so  doing.  Mr. 
Busby  at  present  employs  about  1 5  men,  who  earn  from  $20  to  $45  per 
week,  and  some  boys  and  50  women  and  girls  who  earn  from  $9  to  $20  per 
week.  Nearly  all  work  by  the  piece,  and  can  only  earn  the  highest  rates  of 
wages  during  the  busiest  seasons,  by  working  overtime.  Over  160  styles  of 
gloves  are  made  in  this  establishment,  mostly  from  buckskin,  and  the  vari- 
ous skins  known  to  the  trade  as  kid.  There  is,  however,  during  part  of  the 
year,  a  good  trade  in  woolen  gloves.  The  glove  of  which  Mr.  BusBY  sells 
mo.st  is  a  strong  buckskin  glove  named  the  "harvest."'  Mr.  BusBY  believes 
that  there  is  a  good  future  for  our  glovcmaking  industry,  as  the  higher 
wages  necessarily  paid  on  this  coa.st  are  more  than  offset  by  our  better 
methods  of  tanning,  the  abundance  of  raw  material,  and  the  reputation  for 
honest  workmanship  which  our  gloves  have  obtained. 

Other  Glove  Factories.  — The  only  establishment  on  this  coast  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  of  genuine  kid  gloves  is  that  of  R.  C.  CLARK.  All  the 
highest  grades  of  skins  are  imported,  though  under  a  duty  of  20  per  cent., 
and  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  most  skillful  French  cutters.  The  .sewing 
and  making  is  done  by  experts,  under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  CLARK.  The 
goods  manufactured  include  ladies'  kid  from  2  to  25  button,  and  choice 
grades  of  dogskin  and  buckskin  riding  and  driving  gloves. 

At  Tin:  Pacific  Glovk  Works  of  S.  Bru.ml,  the  consumption  of 
material  is  at  the  rate  of  $50,000  a  year.  During  the  bu.sy  .season  60  hands 
are  employed,  nearly  all  of  whom  arc  women  and  girl.s.  The  firm  has  a 
considerable  Eastern  trade,  which  has  grown  up  within  the  past  year  or 
two,  and  finds  a  market  for  its  goods  on  various  portions  of  the  Pacific 
Coast.  Other  glove  factories  in  San  Francisco  are  those  of  PHILLIPS  & 
Hestiial,  William  Shires,  G.  Winchill,  and  W.  W.  Wilcox. 

The  San  Jos£  Robe  and  Glove, Company  was  incorporated  in  1879, 
with  a  capital  of  $40,000.  The  company  was  organized  by  C.  P.  BAILEY, 
who  is  now  its  president.  The  enterprise  is  mainly  directed  to  the  manu- 
facture of  robes,  which  are  made  from  the  finest  fleeces  of  Angora  goats. 
Some  of  the  skins  are  tanned  and  made  into  gloves. 

Shoe-stock.— The  waste  material  of  tanneries,  such  as  the  splits,  scraps, 
and  skivings  of  leather,  is  made  into  .soles,  heels,  and  other  portions 
of  the  boot  or  shoe,  and  is  then  termed  shoe-stock.  In  the  Eastern  States 
this  branch  of  manufacture  has  long  been  a  profitable  industry.  On  the 
Pacific  Coast,  material  of  this  kind  was  long  considered  worthless,  though 
now  commanding  a  fair  price  and  .sometimes  difficult  to  obtain.  The  only 
enterprise  of  this  nature  is  located  at  Bcnicia,  and  owned  by  JOHN  Ferrier, 


LEATHER. 


519 


who  in  1878  invested  $300  in  the  venture,  and  now  reports  sales  amounting 
to  $8,000  or  $10,000  a  year,  with  more  order  -;  on  hand  than  he  can  fill. 
Want  of  capital  and  piopcr  machiiicr)'  was  at  first  a  ^'  'at  tlrawback,  and 
for  a  time  the  factory  was  forced  to  suspend  operations ;  but  these  difficul- 
ties were  overcome,  and  the  business  is  now  in  a  thriving  condition.  The 
goods  manufactured  consist  of  inner,  slip,  and  tap  soles,  counters,  heels,  etc., 
fastened  together  by  a  waterproof  paste,  the  invention  of  the  proprietor,  and 
afterwards  passed  through  a  powerful  rolling-machine,  which  renders  the 
stock  as  solid  as  rolled  sole  leather.  The  machinery  used  consists  of  a 
5-horse  power  engine,  two  rollers,  a  cutter,  a  splitting-machine,  and  the 
necessary  sets  of  dies  for  cutting  soles,  heels,  counters,  etc.  The  pasting, 
trimming,  and  packing  is  done  by  young  boy^^  and  girls,  who  make  fair 
wages  working  by  the  piece. 

Bello'ws. — There  are  but  2  factories  on  this  coast  engaged  in  the  making 
and  repairing  of  bellows,  and  those  are  both  located  in  San  Francisco. 
Not  more  than  10  or  u  men  are  employed  t  this  industry,  and  the  gross 
value  of  manufacture  does  not  exceed  $36,000  a  year.  The  number  of 
pairs  made  is  at  the  rate  of  1,800  a  year.  The  cost  of  material  is  estimated 
at  $i4,c>oo,  and  of  labor  at  $8,000.  The  entire  capital  invested  is  about 
$io,ooo.  lmportatioIl'^  have  entirely  ceased  of  late  years.  The  quantity- 
made  in  San  Francisco  is  not  only  sufficient  to  supply  the  wants  of  the 
Pacific  Coast,  but  a  margin  is  left  for  e.\port  to  Australia,  Japan,  and  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  amounting  in  \  alue  iu  $3,000  a  year.  The  principal 
materials  used  in  the  making  of  bellows  are  seasoned  redwood  lumber,  and 
California  alum-tanned  cowhide,  which  is  .soft  .uid  pliable,  resembling  skirt- 
ing leather.  Oak-tanned  kip  leather  is  also  used  to  some  extent.  Red- 
wood, when  properly  .sea.soned,  is  not  affected  by  damp  or  drought,  and  for 
that  reason  is  preferred  to  the  white  wood  used  in  Eastern  factories.  All 
the  materials  used  are  of  home  manufacture,  with  the  exception  of  the 
nails,  which  are  of  cast-iron,  and  entirely  imported. 

In  1874  Jame.s  CAMPiiELL,  superintendent  of  THE  California  Bel- 
lows Manufacturing  Company,  32  Fremont  Street,  received  a  patent 
for  a  reversible  nozzle.  When  in  use,  the  short  end  of  the  nozzle  is  in- 
serted in  the  head  of  the  bellows,  but  when  packed  for  shipment,  it  is  re- 
moved, and  the  long  end  inserted  in  the  head,  leaving  only  the  short  end 
projecting.  A  saving  is  thus  effected  in  the  measurement  of  the  package, 
and  in  the  cost  of  freight 

In  1876  Mr.  Campbell  received  a  second  patent  for  his  "safety  valve  for 
bellows."  The  valve  is  inserted  in  the  nozzle  and  is  self-acting.  When 
the  bellows  are  in  operation  the  valve  remains  open,  but  closes  as  soon  as 


520 


MANUIACTURES. 


the  action  ceases,  thus  preventing  the  ingress  of  gas  or  fire,  preserving  the 
leather  from  the  effect  of  heat,  and  rendering  impossible  the  explosions 
which  sometimes  occur  in  large  blacksmiths'  or  forge  bellows.  IlENKY 
McKuXE,  and  the  company  already  named,  are  the  proprietors  of  the  only 
bellows  factories  on  the  coast. 


I 


Hose  and  Beltinj^. — The  first  lot  of  leather  ho-se  ever  made  on  the  Pacific 
Coast  was  manufactured  in  San  Francisco  in  1857,  ^"^  gained  a  premium 
at  the  State  fair  held  at  .Sacramento  in  that  year.  Since  that  time  the 
growth  of  this  industry  has  been  steady  and  satisfactory,  and  it  now  holds 
a  high  place  among  the  manufacturing  interests  of  the  coast.  In  earlier 
days  leather  hose  of  Californian  production,  against  very  bitter  prejudice, 
forced  its  way  into  public  favor  .solely  by  virtue  of  its  superior  merit.  The 
greater  strength  of  California  oak-tanned  leather,  when  compared  with  the 
mi.xed  tannages  of  the  East,  was  established  by  repeated  tests.  It  was 
ascertained,  by  experiments  made  before  a  committee  of  the  Board  of  Fire 
Commissioners,  that  Eastern  hose  manufactured  at  Manchester,  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  costing  $1.75  a  foot,  gave  way  under  a  pressure  of  205  pounds  to 
the  .square  inch;  while  California-made  hose,  worth  $1.65  a  foot,  carried  the 
test  up  to  225  pounds  before  breaking,  and  at  215  pounds  showed  no  symp- 
toms of  weakness  whatever.  The  Fire  Department  therefore  gave  the  prefer- 
ence to  ho.se  manufactured  in  San  Francisco,  and  continued  to  use  it  until 
1874,  when  rubber  hose  of  Eastern  make  was  substituted.  The  change  be- 
came necessary  on  account  of  the  greater  height  of  buildings,  and  the  cor- 
responding increase  of  pressure  to  which  the  hose  was  subject.  In  the  case 
of  the  "  Ilarpcnding"  fire,  for  instance,  which  occurred  on  Market  Street  in 
1873,  the  pressure  of  the  water,  when  carried  to  the  topmost  stoiies,  was  so 
great  as  almost  to  exceed  the  capacity  of  leather  for  endun'ng  the  strain. 
Rubber  hose,  on  the  other  hand,  can  be  made  of  almost  any  strength  by 
thickening  the  material.  It  has,  however,  the  disadvantage  of  being  very 
susceptible  to  injury.  A  very  slight  cut  renders  it  almost  worthless  and 
incapable  of  repair.  Leather  ho.c  will  do  good  work  for  15  year;;,  and  is 
still  used  in  many  interior  towns  on  account  of  its  greater  economy. 

On  account  of  the  vast  extent  of  our  mining  operations,  the  consumption 
of  belting  on  the  Pacific  Coast  has  assumed  large  proportions.  At  the 
close  of  1 88 1  there  were  4  establishments  in  operation,  all  located  in  San 
Francisco,  with  an  aggregate  capital  cstim-ited  at  $175,00x3,  manufacturin."' 
about  2CX),ooo  feet  of  leather  belting,  6,000  feet  of  hose,  and  175,000  feet  of 
lacing  a  year.  The  value  of  all  these  goods  may  be  set  down  at  $250,000; 
the  number  of  operatives  employed  at  40,  and  the  amount  distributed  for 
labor  at  $25,000  a  year.  The  cost  of  labor  absorbs  10  per  cent,  and  of  ma- 
terial about  70  per  cent,  of  the  gross  proceeds  of  manufacture. 


1 1 

1! 


LEATHER. 


5^1 


The  value  of  imported  leather  hose  and  belting  docs  not  exceed  $30,000 
a  year,  or  less  than  9  per  cent,  of  the  entire  consumption;  but  very  large 
quantities  of  rubber  good.s,  both  belting  and  hose,  are  imported  f<jr  various 
purposes,  at  a  cost  of  not  less  than  $750,000  a  year  for  the  entire  coast. 

Two  at  least  of  the  4  factories  in  San  Francisco  have  already  estab- 
lished a  small,  but  steadily  increasing,  export  trade,  now  estimated  in  all  at 
about  $50,000  a  year.  Their  best  foreign  customers  are  British  Columbia, 
Mexico,  the  Ilawa-ian  Island.s,  Australia,  Chma,  and  Japan. 

Considerable  quantities  of  leather  belting  arc  shipped  from  the  Eastern 
States  to  England,  where,  for  some  reason,  her  home-manufactured  articles 
are  inferior  to  those  of  American  make.  Belts  made  of  the  best  Califor- 
nian  leather  are  as  much  superior  to  Eastern  goods,  as  Eastern  goods  are 
to  those  of  British  manufacture.  Our  export  trade  already  amounts  to 
$50,000  a  year,  against  $30,000  worth  of  imports.  Considering  the  large 
extent  of  territory  in  which,  on  account  of  her  commercial  situation,  Cali- 
fornia may  hope,  in  time,  to  establish  a  considerable  trade,  manufacturers 
ha\'c  every  reason  to  feel  well  satisfied  with  their  present  status  and  the 
prosperous  outlook  for  their  business.  All  the  hose  and  belting  factories  of 
the  coast  are  in  San  Francisco.  H.  N.  CooK  has  a  hose  and  belt  factory 
that  has  been  in  opcratior  since  1861,  and  a  tannery  where  the  material 
required  for  his  factory  is  prepared.  At  the  tannery  12  men  are  employed, 
and  20,000  sides  a  year  are  manufactured  into  leather  valued  at  .$90,000. 
When  converted  into  belting,  etc.,  the  leather  is  worth  $125,000.  The  skilled 
hands  at  the  factory  are  paid  on  an  average  $3  a  day,  and  apprentices 
receive  $10  a  week.  Mr.  CooK  is  the  inventor  of  a  combination  splitter, 
with  automatic  gear,  for  scarfing  belting,  for  which  he  received  a  patent  in 
1S79.  In  1880  that  gentleman  succeeded  in  tanning  sea-lion  hides,  of  which 
he  converts  2,000  annually  into  a  thick,  soft  leather.  The  factory  of  MER- 
MAN Rover  was  built  in  1868,  and  now  gives  employment  to  12  hands. 
The  main  feature  of  this  establishment  is  the  preparation  of  fulled  rawhide 
belting.  The  oak-bark  tannage  largely  increases  the  weight  and  bulk  of  the 
leather;  but  the  fulling  process  adds  little  to  the  bulk  and  nothing  to  the 
weight.  It  is  claimed  that  fulled  rawhide  belting  is  of  superior  strength  and 
pliancy.  Mr.  ROYER  also  makes  what  is  termed  combination  belting,  of 
which  one  side  consists  of  tanned,  and  the  other  of  fulled  leather.  Fulled 
rawhide  ropes  will  run  for  years  without  showing  any  signs  of  wear,  in  pul- 
leys much  smaller  than  those  required  for  hemp  ropes,  which  grow  larger  b}' 
use,  and  are  affected  by  atmospheric  changes.  Wire  ropes  arc  excellent  for 
transmitting  power  over  long  distances,  but  the  want  of  elasticity  makes  it 
impossible  to  use  them  largely  for  ordinary  manufacturing  purposes.  A.  A. 
66 


522 


MANUFAt  TUUES. 


Cook  and  L.  P.  Degen  arc  other  manufacturers  of  leather  belting  in  San 
I'^rancisco. 

Rubber  Goods. — Two  large  importinjj  houses  in   San   Francisco — TlIK 

(""lOODYKAR    RUIiliER    COMPANY   and    THK   GUTIA    PERCIIA    AND   RuiiBER 

Manuiacturinc  ComI'AW — make  up  all  the  rubber  goods  that  arc  pro- 
duced (111  th.is  coast.  Both  these  establishments  have  facilities  for  making 
all  the  kading  descriptions  of  articles  coirunnnly  in  use,  but  neither  of  theni 
manufactures  otherwise  than  to  order,  and  usually  to  fill  the  demand  for  some 
special  articles,  which  do  not  happen  to  be  in  the  market.  Their  .services 
arc  also  in  request  for  repairing  work,  which  brings  them  in  considerable 
nivenuc,  and  for  which  they  have  all  the  necessary  appliances.  The  entire 
vbAuc  of  all  rubber  good.s  of  home  production  is  less  than  $30,000  a  j'car, 
a^ptnst  nearly  $1,000,000  worth  of  imports.  The  demand  is  principally  for 
triHer  belting  anti  hose.  ]\Iore  than  90  per  cent,  of  all  the  leather  hose 
a«ivfaelting  used  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  .supplied  by  San  Francisco  factories, 
aBJdthe  value  of  our  exports  in  this  line  is  nearly  twice  the  amount  of  imports. 
Tlw  excellent  ijuality  of  our  hides  and  tan  bark  has  alreatly  enabled  a  few 
:■  ■rprising  manufacturers  to  accomplish  these  results.  In  the  case  of  rub- 
I:  ■  •ink:,  however,  the  disadvantage  of  having  to  import  the  caoutchouc 
!  '^lons  so  far  distant  a;^  South   America,  or  tropica!  Asia,  is  a  very 

:    "Li^raclc.     The  enormous  consumption  of  these  articles  on  the  Pacific 

i arL  uii\   in  time  stimulate  this  branch  of  industry;  but,  witli  the  present 

pnnr-s  of  iaitaor  and  capital,  it  can  hardly  be  expected  that  manufacturing 
will,  in  the  near  future,  attain  any  great  development,  except  in 
ua.iL.    >.  lienr:  an  abundant  supply  of  cheap  material  can  be  obtained  from 
aaurces  ot  iupply  that  are  easy  ot  access. 


! 


I 


GLASS,   EARTH  UN  WARE,   ETC. 


5-23 


CHAPTER    XXX.— GLASS,   EARTHENWARE.   ETC. 


Scope  of  Chapter. — Thi  haptcr  relates  to  piotluct.s  made  fmin  non- 
metallic  minerals  by  inanu''-  arinjj  processes,  and  includes  glass,  pottery, 
bricks,  hydraulic  cement,  iiine,  cement  I'ipe,  artificial  stone,  plaster  casts, 
and  cut  stone.  These  articles  belong  to  a  distinct  branch  of  industry, 
which  has  not  held  a  very  prominent  place  (jn  our  coast  In  our  ar<lii- 
tecture,  wood  is  used  far  more  extensively  than  brick  (■]•  stone,  and  the 
population  is  not  yet  large  or  dense  enough  to  sustain  factories  for  making 
fine  work  in  glass  and  pottery.  That  portion  of  our  slope  south  of  Arizona 
produces  no  glass  of  any  kind,  and  no  earthenware,  save  articles  of  the 
coarser  qualities.  The  slope  north  of  Mexico  employs  in  this  department 
4,000  persons,  and  $4,000,000  of  capital,  and  produce-  artic!»'-(  wortli  $6,000,- 
000.  The  brick-cut  stone  and  sewer-pipe,  but  not  the  structures  or  works 
in  which  they  are  placed  for  final  use,  are  included  in  the  value. 

Glass. — The  manufacture  of  glass  on  the  coast  is  confined  almost  ex- 
clusively to  bottle-making;  the  material  being  named  after  its  color,  as 
amber,  black,  blue,  olive,  or  white  glass.  The  annual  production  is  valued 
at  $350,000,  and  compri.ses  soda,  beer,  wine,  and  liquor  bottles,  carboys, 
demijohns,  druggists'  vials,  and  fruit-jars;  numlx  ring  over  5,000,000  in  the 
aggregate.  The  capital  invested  amounts  to  $225,000,  and  the  industry 
gives  employment  to  250  hands,  of  whom  one  half  arc  boys,  between  the 
ages  of  12  and  20.  The  w.agcs  paid  are:  to  the  lalxirers  who  handle  the 
material,  $1.75  per  day  of  10  liours;  to  the  firemen,  $15  per  week.  The 
glass-blowers  and  the  boys  are  paid  by  the  piece;  the  former  earning  fiom 
$5  to  $10  per  day,  and  the  latter  from  50  cents  to  $1  v^o  in  the  same 
time.  A  day's  work  of  a  blower  is  8  hours.  About  650  packages  of  the 
smaller  articles  produced  are  exported  to  British  Columbia,  the  Hawaiian 
Islands,  Mexico,  Japan,  Central  America,  Australia,  and  China;  the  com- 
parative quantities  to  each  being  in  the  order  named.  Whilst  mentioning 
exports,  it  may  not  be  out  of  place  to  note  that  nearly  1,600  barrels  of 
broken  glass  have  been  shipped  to  China  in  a  year.  The  raw  materials 
consumed  annually  include  4,000  tons  of  sand,  2,000  of  soda  ash,  as  many 
of  broken  glass,  1,200  of  lime,  and  i  J^  of  manganese.  The  sand  used  is 
from  Monterey,  with  the  exception  of  an  occasional  lot  brought  by  some 


SM 


MAMl  Ai  TIKKS. 


*l 


vessel  as  Ijallast;  Ihe  liinc  is  from  near  Auburn,  and  the  manganese,  the 
oxide  of  which  is  used  in  small  quantities  as  coloring  matter,  also  comes 
from  various  places  in  California.  The  crude  soda  found  on  this  coast  being 
entirely  inisuitable  fo:-  glass  manufacture,  that  used  is  imported  from 
]'',ngland.  The  fuel  is  coal,  and  comes  from  the  coast  and  from  Australia; 
the  consumption  being  about  25  tons  per  day.  The  .season  extends 
throughout  the  year,  the  dullest  period  being  during  the  winter  months, 
and  the  busiest  the  autumn,  when  jars  for  preserving  fruit  are  in  demand. 
Of  the  operatives,  about  three  fourths  are  white,  the  remainder  being 
Chinese.  The  latter,  and  a  portion  (jf  the  white  boy.s,  are  engaged  in 
covering  demijohns  with  basket-work.  In  weaving  the  material,  the 
Chinese  begin  at  the  neck  of  the  bottle,  thus  reversing  the  nielhod  in 
use  amongst  Caucasians.  An  improvement  in  this  Ijrancii  of  the 
industry  consists  in  placing  tule,  a  coarse,  flexible  reed  growing  abun- 
dantly in  the  Californian  marshes,  between  the  glass  and  wattling.  This 
lining  being  clastic,  shields  the  package  in  case  of  shock,  and  thus  adds  to 
its  strength.  The  man)'  bottles  bearing  names,  or  other  trade-marks,  on 
their  surfaces  in  raised  characters,  are  made  by  blowing  hot  glass  into 
molds,  which  are  usually  furnished  b\'  the  parties  whose  names  they  bear. 
This  branch  of  the  business  is  of  importance,  the  value  of  the  molds  stored 
at  the  works  being  about  $^0,000  in  the  aggregate.  The  stock  of  manu- 
factured ware  kept  on  hanil  to  meet  sudden  orders,  is  worth  $60,000. 
Glassware  is  imported  to  the  value  of  $2,000,000  yearly;  one  fouith  in  the 
form  of  window-glass,  the  remainder  being  mirror  plates,  tableware,  tub- 
ing, etc.  A  small  quantity  of  the  last  named  has  been  made  here.  In 
1858  an  attempt  to  establish  a  bottle  factory  in  .San  I'rancisco  was  made 
by  a  firm  who  were  engaged  in  bottling  and  preserving,  but  the  glass  pro- 
iluced  was  of  so  inferior  a  (lualit)'  th.U  it  proved  u.seless.  The  year  follow- 
ing, the  compan)'  brought  workmen  from  the  ICastern  States  ,ind  built  new 
works,  which  were  abandoned  a  few  months  afterwards.  Other  parties 
built  works  the  same  year  in  the  same  city,  only  to  meet  a  like  fate  with 
their  predecessors.  A  factory  built  in  .San  l''ranci"Co,  in  1862,  producetl 
gootl  glass;  biU  the  flames  from  its  chimney  so  alarmed  the  people  in  the 
neighborhood,  and  the  alkiUine  deposits  from  the  sod.i  used  so  tlisgusted 
them,  that  the  estaljlishment  was  declaretl  a  nuisance.  In  the  mining  days 
of  California,  bottles  were  in  such  demand  that  old  ones  were  gathered  at 
llonolulii,  r.diiti,  and  along  Ihe  Mexican  Coast.  The  expense  of  importa- 
tion from  the  ICastern  .States  was  nearly  ec]iial  to  tlu^  original  cost,  break- 
age in  Ir.uisit  reached  such  proportions,  that  a  writer  of  the  time  comi)ares 
it  to  the  loss  sustained  in  shipping  ice  through  the  tropics.  Notwithstand- 
ing these  drawbacks  and   the  addition, il  oni'  nf  uncertainty  as  to  time  of 


CLASS,  i..\RTm-\\\  AKi;,  Krc. 


5-- 


nrriNal,  the  \n!uc  of  the  iin]iortati<>ii  of  [^la';-^  bottles  in  if^iO  wa^;  alviiit 
$250,CXX).  The  reason  \\h_\-  neitlier  tal)le  imr  window  irlass  is  made  on 
tlic  coast  is,  that  the  inanuracture,  to  be  i^rofitaljle,  must  be  carried  on  cx- 
tcnsi\cl)';  antl  our  population  is  not  lan;c  eiiouL;h  to  create  the  necessary 
demand.  All  the  establishments  that  make  Ljlass,  or  s;riiul,  bind,  emboss, 
or  silver  it  on  our  coast,  arc  in  San  I'rancisco. 

TilK  San  Fkanxisco  an'D  Pacii-k;  Gr,ASS  Works,  oris;in,illy  2  com- 
panies whose  names  arc  prcscr\ed  in  tlu-  title,  is  the  largest  £;lass  manu- 
factory on  the  coast.  The  first  mentioned,  establishi'd  b\'  CakI,To\  NkW- 
AtAX  and  P.  T.  Brknxax  in  1865,  had  a  furnace  containinij  7  pots,  the 
output  consistini^  of  nint-[.;flass  vials,  !am[)-rhimneys,  etc.  This  was  tho 
first  attempt  to  manufacture  flint  '.^lass  on  the  co.ist,  and  was  not  a  suc- 
cess financially,  owing  to  Kick  of  proper  material,  and  experienced  work- 
men. In  1868  the  works  were  destroyed  by  fire.  In  1 S70,  C.  Nkwman 
built  the  bottle  factor)-  located  on  Kin,c[  Street  near  I'^oiirth,  for  the  pro- 
duction of  green,  blue,  and  amber  glassware,  and  in  187^1.  this  comp.my 
bought  the  good-will,  stock,  and  fixtures  of  TlIE  P.vil'ic  Gl.ASS  WoUKS, 
a  concern  dating  from  1863,  and  the  2  firms  became  one.  The  present 
company  have  2  buildings,  e.ich  containing  7  pots,  the  combined  capacity 
being  14  tons  of  glas.s  daily,  and  arc  constructing  flint-glass  works  for  tho 
manufacture  of  druggists'  vials,  lamp-chimneys,  and  pressed  ware.  Capital 
to  the  amount  of  .'fi200,ooo  is  invested;  200  hands  are  employed,  and  the 
annual  product  is  valued  at  ^300,000. 

Tiiic  California  Co-opkkativi-,  Glass  Works  were  established  at 
San  Francisco  in  1881  by  John  L.  Kf.LLY  &  Co.,  with  a  capital  of 
$7,C)C>o.  The  inclustry  fm'nishes  cmploj-mcnt  to  40  men  and  boys,  who  arc 
turning  out  green,  amber,  and  white  vials,  bottles,  and  demijohns,  to  the 
value  of  $4,cx)0  monthly.     The  works  arc  located  at  the  foot  of  Ninth  .Street. 


Mirrors,  eto. — In  connection  with  the  manufacture  of  glass  ,ire  various 
industries  depending  cm  it  for  raw  maleri.il.  As  carried  on  here,  these  are 
silvering  mirrors,  cutting,  grinding,  and  embossing  glass.  .Stained  glass  is 
imported  from  I'-urope  in  sheets,  which  are  workcil  U|)  as  re(|iu'red.  Tlu.'re 
are  2  esl.iblishinents  in  .San  Francisco  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
mirrors,  eniplo)'ing  7  men.  The  capital  invested  amounts  to  .$175,000,  and 
the  work  done  is  jirincipally  on  large  |)lates  made  in  I'Airopc.  Mirrors 
made  here  a:e  better  th.m  the  foreign  product,  for  the  reason  that  a  sea 
voyage  trimi:  lies  the  silvering.  Small,  (heap  glasses  are  mostly  brought  to 
the  coast  from  the  F-astern  .Slates.  About  15,000  scjuare  feet  of  glass  arc 
covered  iiere  yearly,  and  valued  at  nearly  $125,000.  In  i860  there  was  but 
one  man  employed  in  tlie  business  on  the  Pacific  Slope. 


1 

m  ' " 

1 

:H  j'l' 

i 

I:| 

m 

M  '\^ 

m 

ffli 

526 


MANUFACTURES. 


Ornamental  j^Hass  work,  includinjj  bending,  employs  20  men  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  their  wages  average  $18  per  week.  Tiic  annual  value  of  the  out- 
put is  about  $60,000.  In  b"nding  glass,  the  sheets  are  laid  on  iron  molds, 
anil  heat  applied  until  the  solioned  plate  conforms  to  the  pattern. 

Tlic  opaque  surface,  which  is  :he  distinguishing  characteristic  of  ground 
glass,  is  produced  by  friction  in  co.Mact  with  powdered  emery,  sometimes 
glued  to  the  perifjliery  of  a  wheel.  ICnii^.,,  ■-•'iv>  resembles  etching,  in  that  a 
coating  of  resisting  material  is  spread  over  the  suif-ice  of  the  glass,  and 
acid  applied  through  openings  cut  in  the  coating;  but  the  glass  is  eaten  be- 
tween the  figures,  thus  leaving  the  latter  raised.  The  principal  gla:;'-'  cutting 
establishments  are  those  of  S.  K.  HOPPEU,  WILLIAM  HoiST,  JOHN  Mallon, 
and  Jame.s  McCarthy. 

Pottery. — The  pottery  made  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  thus  far,  has  been 
chiefly  of  the  coarser  classes,  including  such  articles  as  chimney-tops,  and 
other  architectural  ornaments,  flower-pots,  garden-va.ses,  fountains,  chimney, 
and  drainage  pipe,  jugs,  and  brown  earthenware,  fire-brick,  and  crucibles. 
With  trifling  c.xcciJtions  all  tabic  and  other  fine  ware  is  imported.  At  one 
establishment  floor  tiles,  stoves,  and  burial-caskets,  have  been  manufactured. 
y\nothcr  firm  has  experimented  in  glazed  yellow  ware,  exhibited  kitchen 
utensils  m.ide  of  this  material,  and  will  piobably  place  it  on  the  market 
during  the  coming  year,  but  generally,  no  fiue  work  has  been  attempted. 

The  annual  value  of  the  iiroductions  is  about  $275,000.  In  addition, 
3,000  packages  of  crockery  of  all  kinds,  and  730,000  fire-brick  are  im- 
ported. The  exports  amount  to  1,500  packages;  the  greatest  number 
being  to  liritish  Columbia,  Mexico,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  Central  America, 
and  the  .South  .Sea  Islands,  in  the  order  named,  'i'he  importation  of  fire- 
brick is  largely  in  excess  of  its  production,  not  more  than  75,000  being 
m.ide  here  )earl)-.  Maiuifiicturers  claim  for  their  products,  that  the\-  have 
been  tested  side  by  side  with  the  best  iMiglis.h  brick  in  some  of  our  largest 
smelting  works  ami  fountlries,  ami  have  proved  their  eciuals  in  all  respects; 
but  the  foreign  article  coming  over  as  ballast,  is  transported  at  a  cost  little 
in  excess  of  handling,  and  offeretl  here  for  $35  per  1,000,  which  is  from  $5 
to  $10  less  than  the  prii(.'  of  the  home  jjroduct.  The  principal  beds  of 
potter's  clay  so  tar  tliscovercd  on  oiu'  coast  arc  in  California,  and  arc  in 
Amador,  Placer,  .Sacramenlo,and  t'onira  Crista  counties;  the  clay  co^tuig  from 
$1.50  to  $5  per  ton,  according  to  distance  transported.  In  the  potteries  more 
tlian  200  hands  are  emiiloyed,  one  third  of  whom  are  Chinese;  they  arc  usually 
paid  1))'  the  piece,  the  most  skillful  earning  $4  per  day,  the  C'hincse  $1 .  The 
working  sea.son  e:;tends  throughout  the  dr)-  months,  or  about  two  thirds  of 
the  year.     The  capital  invested  amounts  to  $30O,(XX3.     The  claj'  is  of  cx- 


'—-"*-»-      I  "'"l»lilWi 


CLASS,    KARTIIKNWAKi:,    KTC. 


5-'/ 


cellent  quality,  in  ahiinclant  <|uaiUit\-,  aiul  will  no  doubt  become  more  \alu- 
able  yearly.  The  Amador,  Placer,  and  Contra  Costa  deposits  are  worked 
in  connection  with  coal  mining;;  that  in  Sacramento  Count)- is  obtained  from 
Mithi^'an  and  Cook's  bars,  on  the  Cosumnes  River.  Clay  has  also  been 
found  and  worked  near  Eureka,  in  Humboldt  County;  near  Castrovillc,  in 
Monterey  County;  in  Los  Angeles  Count)-,  near  Santa  Monica  and  San 
Fernandino;  in  Napa  County,  near  Napa;  and  in  the  \icinity  of  Red  Hluff, 
in  Tehama  County.  At  present  there  arc  lo  establishments  in  California, 
2  in  Oicgon,  and  3  in  Utah.  The  Californian  factories  ha\e  furnished  17 
miles  of  their  pipe  to  the  City  of  San  TVancisco.  The  facilities  for  produc- 
tion arc  ample  for  the  supply  of  the  coast;  there  is  crude  material  in  suffi- 
cient quantity  to  permit  manufacturing  for  export;  the  cjuality  of  our 
production  compares  favorably  with  similar  articles  made  in  the  l''astcrn 
States  or  in  Europe.  Manufacturers  are  pre])aring  the  way  for  the  produc- 
tion of  a  better  class  of  ware,  and  we  may  therefore  confidently  expect  to 
sec  in  the  near  future  our  ..lays  turned  in':o  the  finer  articles  of  pottery,  ex- 
clusive of  porcelain.  F-'rc-clay  has  been  found  in  Utah,  Nevatla,  and 
Aii/ona,  and  used  to  some  extent  in  making  refractory  linings  for  smelting 
furnaces.     It  is  also  known  to  occur  in  Alaska. 

TiiK  San  Francisco  Sewkr  1'ipe  Association  (compri-^ing N.  Clark 
&  Son's  Pacific  Pottery  of  Sacramento,  the  pottery  of  GLAimiNi.,  McBr.AX 
&  Co.,  at  Lincoln,  California,  JAMES  Miller  &  Cc).'s  California  Pottcrj-,  at 
Oakland,  and  A.  SticK'.ER's  pottery,  at  San  Josei  has  adopted  a  uniform 
schedule  of  prices  for  all  sales  in  San  I'"rancisco;  but  each  conducts  its  ctvn 
business  independently,  and  each  sells  at  the  pottery  at  sui_h  jirices  as  it 
sees  fit  to  accept.  In  Sacramento,  I[.  F.  RUNnocK,  Georgk  MAnnov.and 
P.  \^i\  IIaitkx  havit  potteries.  In  Oakland,  Dan'IKL  Bi'v.nNAN  has  a 
pottery  which  was  establisheil  in  1856;  and  W.  1>.  &  1'..  H.  DennisON 
built  drain-tik  works  at  Napa  City  in  1880.  C.  II.  .MYERS  has  a  pottery  at 
Oregon  City,  Oregon.  In  Utah,  Eakdi.EV  &  Cakivvkic.HT  and  V.  I'KisoN 
ha-.e  works  at  Salt  Lake  City,  oiitaining  their  cla>  Irom  the  mountains,  40 
miles  ilistant.     There  arc  several  small  i>otteries  elsewhere  in  the  Territory. 

Buena  Vista  Pottery.— TliK  Muen  \  Vista  Pottekv  was  established  in 
the  town  of  lUiena  Vista,  Polk  Comity,  Oregon,  b)-  the  ])ri',<  iit  owner,  A. 
M.  Smith,  who  di.scovcred  beds  of  claj  on  the  banks  of  the  Willamette 
River,  ui)or,  which  the  village  is  situated,  and  built  works  there  in  iH()5. 
1  he  kilns,  w  liii  h  dilfer  froni  those  in  use  elsewhere,  and  most  of  the  m.ichines, 
were  designed  by  the  proprietor,  and  have  proved  successful.  About  50 
men  are  emplovrd,  who  turn  out  sewei-|)ii)e.  stoneware,  flower-pot-^,  vase^ 
fire-brick,  etc.,  which  are  soUl  in  Oregon  and  Wasliington,  the  factor)-  being 


Wv 


;  i 

I II' 


528 


MANfl  ACTURLS. 


i 


i 


the  largest  one  in  the  indiistn-  in  Oregon.  Tiic  wholesale  depot  is  at  269 
Front  Street,  Portland.  Mr.  Smith  ha.s  bccniiniformly  successful,  although 
several  other  parties  ha\e  attempted  to  establish  potteries  in  his  neighbor- 
hood and  failed. 

Bricks. — liricks  are  now  manufactured  by  2  processes:  the  old  method, 
in  which  a  kiln  containing  100,000  bricks  or  less  is  heated  from  9  to  14 
days,  rc(iuiring  about  400  cords  of  wood  for  fuel;  and  b)'  a  process  known 
as  Hoffman's,  in  which  coal  is  the  fuel  employed,  the  bricks  are  baked  in 
furnaces,  some  of  which  have  a  capacity  for  450,000,  and  the  time  of  burn- 
ing is  from  24  to  36  hours.  As  wo(xl  costs  $8  per  cord,  and  Mount  Diablo 
coal  at  least  $5  per  ton,  the  difference  in  time  between  the  two  methods  is 
an  item  of  importance  in  the  manufacturer's  account  of  expenditures. 
Bricks  are  classified  in  accordance  with  their  manufacture  and  value.  Those 
coming  out  of  the  burning  in  a  warped  condition,  only  suitable  for  the  in- 
terior of  walls,  are  known  as  common  red,  and  sell  for  from  $7  to  $8.50  per 
i,ooo.  Those  of  good  quality  arc  termed  building-brick,  and  are  sold  for 
i(i9  per  1,000;  anti  those  pressetl  by  machinerj',  a  slower  jirocess,  bring  from 
$25  to  $30  per  1,000.  The  annual  consumption  of  the  products  of  this  in- 
dustry is  said,  by  those  engaged  in  it,  to  vary  more  than  that  of  any  article 
manufactured  on  the  coast,  and  to  depend  entirely  upon  the  state  of  the 
money  market.  During  1881,  the  pnxluction  amounted  to  about  125,000,- 
000,  and  it  is  not  probable  the  consumption  will  hereafter  fall  below  loo,- 
000,000  in  the  most  stagnant  season.  Of  the  number  consumed,  nearly  two 
thirds  were  built  up  in  California,  the  remainder  being  distributed  through 
the  territory  north  of  Mexico.  The  capital  invested  in  the  industrj'  amounts 
to  about  $700,000,  and  employment  is  given  to  1,600  persons,  of  whom  one 
half  are  Chinese.  The  laborers  are  designated  antl  paid  in  accordance  with 
the  duties  performed.  The  burner,  who  has  charge  of  the  fires,  receives  5>7o 
per  month  and  board ;  tho.se  who  shape  tiic  bricks  are  termed  molders, 
and  are  paid  $40  to  $50  per  month  and  board;  those  who  carry  the  molds 
to  the  drjing-ground,  and  empty  (  ut  the  bricks,  are  called  off-bearers,  and 
receive  $30  to  $35  and  board;  and  those  who  pile  the  bricks  in  the  kiln  are 
known  as  setters,  and  are  paid  $45  and  board.  Chinese,  when  emplo)'ed  as 
setters,  are  paid  $1.40  per  thous.ind,  a  contract  being  made  with  a  boss  who 
furnishes  his  own  men;  Chinese  molders  receive  $1.75  per  day,  and  Chinese 
])itnien  and  other  ordinary  laborers  .$1.20  per  da\-.  While  the  kilns  are 
being  burned  the  work  goes  on  d,i}'  and  night,  the  men  working  b)'  shift;:. 
The  season  extends  from  about  April  to  October,  inclusive,  except  in  the 
case  of  the  llnrfman  ])roci!ss,  which  being  partiall)'  carried  on  imder  cover, 
is  less  dependent  on  the  weather.      I'hc  cost  of  the  clay,  in  places  where 


GLASS,    EARTIIICNWARE,    ETC. 


5-^9 


that  material  is  obtained  \eiy  near  the  furiKicc,  is  estimated  to  Ije  75  cents 
for  1,000  bricks.  The  beds  of  clay  are  frecpicntly  more  than  20  feet  in 
depth,  and  rarely  less  than  4  feet.  The  convicts  at  the  State  penitentiary 
in  Marin  County,  California,  made  6,500,000  bricks  in  i.Sj.S. 

Many  yards  have  been  establislicd  on  the  coast  within  25  years  that, 
after  flourishing  for  a  period,  ceased  to  exist.  J.  DoAK  and  others  estab- 
lished works  at  Stockton,  California,  m  1850,  and  turned  out  durin;^  tliat 
year  700,000  bricks.  In  1858  the  Sacramento  yards  furnish  ;d  over  1,500,- 
000  bricks  for  the  defenses  of  Sar  Francisco  harbor.  In  1849  a  ship-load 
of  bricks  from  I'lj-mouth,  Ma.ssac'.iusetts,  was  sold  in  San  Francisco  for  $60 
per  1,000.  The  numerous  fires  that  occurred  in  San  Francisco,  and  in  other 
Californian  towns,  during  the  days  of  cotten-lined  wooden  buildings, 
created  a  lively  demand  for  bricks,  that  was  met  by  a  corresponding  activ- 
ity in  their  manufacture.  The  largest  brick  building  on  the  coast,  the 
Palace  Hotel  in  San  I'rancisco,  contains  23,000,000  bricks.  With  the  ex- 
ception of  fire-bricks,  which  are  noted  in  the  article  en  pottery,  there  are  no 
importations  of  building-brick,  and  competition  by  outside  manufacturers 
is  not  to  be  expected.  The  production  in  this  branch  of  industry  has  more 
than  doubled  in  quantity  since  1870. 

Among  the  brick  manufacturers  of  the  coast  may  be  mentioned  RiailL- 
LAuu  HROTimRS  and  Hunter  &  Siiackleford,  of  San  Francisco ; 
Fountain  Brothers  and  John  C.  Ryan,  of  Sacramento;  T.  W.  Pe- 
terson, of  San  Josd;    and   Davis  &  LoWEf.l,,  of  Mountain  View. 

Hydraulic  Cement. — The  total  consumption  of  this  article  is  estimated 
to  be  not  Ic.  s  than  100,000  barrels  annually;  of  which  quantity,  about  30,- 
000  barrels  are  produced  here,  the  remainder  being  imported  from  the  At- 
lantic .States  and  from  Europe.  Twelve  men  arc  employed  in  the  industry, 
which  is  carried  on  through  the  dry  months  only.  The  raw  material  is  ob- 
tained within  6  miles  of  the  works,  which  arc  situated  in  Hcnicia,  Cal., 
where  they  were  established  by  TllE  Pacikjc  Cemknt  COMPANY  in  1864. 
The  San  Francisco  agent  is  J.  Browkll.  The  cement  is  sold  at  $2.50  ]icr 
barrel,  and  is  prepared  by  calcination,  from  rock  containing  carbonate  of 
lime  and  alumina. 

Cement  Pipe,— Cement  pipe,  as  made  on  this  coast,  is  composed  of 
gra\el,  cle.in  beach  sand,  and  hydraulic  cement,  the  last  named  being  of  j 
.\aricties  :  a  |)roduct  known  as  Henicia  Cement,  manufactured  in  Caiiforni.i; 
and  the  Rosendale  brand,  made  from  rock  (ju.irried  in  New  York  State. 
These  cements  arc  mi.xed  in  the  proportion  of  one  part  of  Californian  to  .; 
parts  of  ICastcrn.  The  process  of  forming  the  pii)e  is  simi)le:  2  iron  c)'lin- 
dcrs  of  the  length  of  a  section  are  set  up,  one  within  the  other,  the  sp,;ce 
07 


S30 


MANUFACTURES. 


between  them  being  equal  to  the  desired  thickness  of  the  pipe;  and  the 
mixture,  previously  made  into  a  stiff  mortar,  is  filled  in  the  intermediate 
space  and  rammed.  When  dry  the  tube  is  very  hard,  and  equally  durable 
with  the  most  lasting  stone.  The  total  production  of  cement  pipe  on  the 
coast  measures  about  60  miles,  two  thirds  of  which  is  laid  in  San  Francisco. 
The  annual  production  is  about  125,000  feet,  valued  at  $40,000;  the  cap- 
ital invested  amounts  to  $35,000,  and  employment  is  given  to  8  men,  who 
are  paid  on  an  average  $2  per  day  of  10  hours.  The  pipe  is  sold  at  from 
12  to  95  cents  per  lineal  foot,  according  to  size.  The  principal  manufac- 
turers are  H.  S.  MARTIN,  San  Francisco ;  and  G.  Meller  &  SONS,  Sac- 
ramento. 

Artificial  Stone. — ArtipAjial  stone  of  2  descriptions  is  produced  on  the 
coast;  that  made  in  blocks  for  building,  statuary,  etc.,  and  stone  for  walks 
and  carriage  drives.  The  first  named,  an  English  invention,  is  a  composi- 
tion the  principal  ingredients  of  which  are  Portland  cement,  caustic  soda, 
chloride  of  lime,  and  sand.  The  cement  is  a  burned  mi.xture  of  gray  or 
white  chalk  with  clay  from  the  alluvial  deposits  along  the  shores  of  the 
Thames  and  Medway.  Excepting  the  sand,  the  materials  of  which  this 
stone  is  formed  are  imported  from  England.  Paving-stone  is  a  concrete 
made  of  sand,  fine  gravel,  and  Portland  Cement.  At  first  the  mortar  was 
spread  continuously  over  the  surface  to  be  covered,  and  left  in  that  condi- 
tion to  harden,  but  it  was  found  that  the  mass  shrunk  and  cracked  in  dry- 
ing; and  the  practice,  at  present,  is  to  cut  rectangular  sections  of  the  size  of 
ordinary  flagging,  before  the  mi.xture  sets.  The  annual  value  of  the  pro- 
ducts of  this  industry  is  over  $300,000;  the  capital  invested  amounts  to 
$150,000,  and  employment  is  given  to  115  hands,  who  receive  from  $2  to  $4 
per  day,  according  to  skill  and  experience.  Of  the  raw  material,  the  cement 
costs  from  $4  to  $5  per  barrel  here;  caustic  soda  about  4}^  cents  per  pound; 
chloride  of  lime  2'/^  cents;  and  clean  beach  gravel  $2.50  per  cubic  yard. 
Paving-stone  is  made  on  the  ground  it  is  to  cover,  and  costs  the  consumer 
from  28  to  35  cents  per  .square  foot.  Artificial  building-stone  las  been 
used  in  San  Francisco  for  fronts;  there  and  elsewhere  in  the  btate  for 
foundations  for  the  machinery  of  iron  works  and  of  mines;  and  at  Sacramento 
for  casting  the  7  figures  surmounting  the  exterior  walls  of  the  State 
Capitol.  About  2,000,000  square  feet  of  artificial  stone  pavements  have 
been  laid  in  San  I'rancisco  and  neighboring  towns.  Several  companies, 
formed  to  manufacture  artificial  stone,  were  unsuccessful,  mainly  because  of 
the  inferiority  of  their  products. 

In  1 87 1  an  establishment  with  a  capital  of  $100,000,  began  the  manufac- 
ture of  r'tificial  maiblc  at  Oakland,  the   principal   material  used    being 


CLASS,   EARTHENWARE,   ETC. 


531 


gypsum,  imported  from  England.  The  business  gave  employment  to  1 2 
men,  and  the  productions  in  one  year  amounted  in  value  to  nearly  $70,000. 
The  industry,  however,  did  not  prove  profitable,  and  the  works  were  closed. 

The  artificial  stone  works  of  E.  L.  Raxsom,  a  son  of  the  inventor  of 
the  process  in  England,  were  originally  incorporated  in  San  Francisco  in 
1S68;  the  company  inducing  the  present  proprietor  to  come  to  the  State  to 
superintend  the  manufacture.  The  original  capital  stock  of  the  company 
was  $100,000;  and  the  business  was  continued  for  se\eral  years,  until  it 
finally  passed  under  the  control  of  Mr.  Ranso.M.  The  products  include 
foundations,  arches,  floors,  wharf-walls,  piers,  caissons,  water  pipes  and 
filters,  as  well  as  building-blocks. 

The  California  Artificial  Stone  Paving  Comi'Any  was  established 
at  San  Francisco  in  1876  with  a  capital  of  $100,000.  The  company  manu- 
factures under  what  is  known  as  the  SllILLINGER  patent,  and  makes  walks, 
drives,  floors  of  all  kinds,  arches,  and  all  other  constructions  of  which  this 
material  is  the  composition,  and  constantly  employs  20  skilled  laborers  at 
wages  ranging  from  $2.50  to  $4  per  day.  The  stone  hardens  with  time, 
and  is,  it  is  claimed,  uninjured  by  heat  or  cold.  About  700,000  square  feet 
have  been  laid  by  the  company.  The  first  artificial  stone  walks  and  drives 
laid  in  San  Francisco,  were  put  down  by  the  workmen  of  this  establishment. 

The  Pazzola  Stone  Works  of  Hazard  &  Earl,  in  Los  Angeles, 
California,  established  in  1S75,  make  colored  pavements,  sewer-pipe,  and 
irrigation-pipe,  of  which  a  large  quantity  is  used  in  the  county.  In  Sacra- 
mento, G.  Meller  &  Sons  and  L.  F.  Smith  make  artificial  stone. 

Plaster  of  Paris. — Three  grades  of  this  material  arc  produced,  building, 
for  hard-finish  and  general  purposes,  casting,  for  ornamental  pieces,  and 
superfine,  for  the  use  of  .sculptors  and  model-makers.  Terra  alba  and  land 
plaster  arc  also  made  from  different  varieties  of  gypsum,  by  grinding  the 
rock  without  calcination.  The  former  is  used  in  paper-mills  to  increase  the 
weight  of  writing-paper,  and  the  latter  is  applied  to  land,  as  a  fertilizer.  But 
little  of  either  is  employed.  Marble  is  pulverized  at  plaster  works,  the  dust 
being  used  in  making  hard-finish,  where  whi^.  sand  is  not  at  hand,  and  also 
by  manufacturers  of  aerated  waters,  champagnes,  and  cider,  in  generating 
carbonic  acid  gas.  The  annual  consumption  of  plaster  of  Paris  amounts  to 
about  10,000  tons,  or  70,000  barrels  of  285  pounds  each,  of  which  quantity 
500  tons  arc  importeil  from  the  I'^astern  States.  About  500  barrels  are  ex- 
ported, chiefly  to  British  Columbia  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  The  price 
in  the  San  Francisco  market  is  from  $2.50  to  $3  per  barrel.  Probably  thrc; 
fourths  of  the  consumptio.'i  is  for  building  purposes;  the  sales  of  the  other 
varieties  being  limited.     The  wholesale  rates  are:  for  terra  alba,  $15  per 


532 


MANUFACTURES. 


Ion;  for  land  plaster,  $8  to  $ioper  ton;  anti  for  marble  dust,  $3  per  barrel, 
r.ut  few  hands  are  required  in  the  preparation  of  these  articles,  the  work 
bein^;  done  iiiosil)-  by  machinery.  The  greater  part  of  the  laborinc^  force 
is  employed  in  quarrjing  the  rock,  which  is  obtained  near  Muleje,  Lower 
California,  in  pieces  weighing  from  20  to  lOO  pounds.  Although  plaster 
was  made  on  the  coast  as  early  as  i86i,  until  within  a  few  years 
ICastcrn  makers  virtually  controlled  our  n\arket.  Imports  in  1875 
amounted  to  more  than  20,(X)0  barrels;  in  1879  they  had  fallen  off  to 
about  5,000  barrels,  and  have  decreased  steadily  since.  It  is  true  there  has 
been  a  jjcriod  of  stagnation  in  building,  but  our  home  products  arc  well 
spoken  of  by  builders,  the  raw  material  is  abundant  and  of  good  quality, 
and  it  is  improbable  the  Eastern  product  will  be  seen  in  our  market  again 
in  such  quantities  as  have  been  reported  in  past  .seasons.  The  only  estab- 
ishmcnt  on  the  coast  is  that  known  as  THE  GOLDEN  GATE  PLASTER 
JIlLLS,  owned  by  LUCA.S  &  Co.,  established  in  San  Francisco  in  1874. 

Plaster  Deoarations,  etc. — Depending  upon  plaster-mills  for  their  sup- 
pi)'  of  material,  are  the  manufacturers  of  plaster  casts.  The  manufacture 
of  plaster  ornaments  for  walls  and  ceilings,  employs  25  men  at  an  average 
rate  of  $3  per  day  of  10  hours,  consumes  1,500  barrels  of  plaster  per  year, 
and  lias  an  aggregate  capital  amounting  to  $15,000  invested  in  the  busi- 
ness. The  most  important  establishment  of  the  kind,  that  of  Kellet  & 
McMURR.VV,  San  Francisco,  has  branches  at  Sacramento  and  Seattle. 
The  remaining  works  are  located,  2  in  San  Francisco,  and  one  in  Sacramento. 

Plaster  Statuary. — Plaster  statuary  is  manufactured  to  the  annual  value 
of  $3,000,  requiring  100  barrels  of  raw  material,  and  furnishing  employment 
to  3  men.  There  is  but  one  establishment,  that  of  D.  Men'CARINI,  in  San 
Francisco. 

Marble  and  Granite. — Marble  and  granite  working,  usually  carried  on 
at  the  same  establishment,  constitute  an  industiy,  the  annual  products  of 
which  arc  valued  at  $i,oco,ooo.  Marble  is  of  2  main  classes:  the  pure  white, 
and  tlie  colored.  Imports  of  all  kind.s,  including  finished  statuary  and  other 
Italian  designs,  as  wreaths,  etc.,  Carrara,  Belgium,  Vermont,  and  Tennessee 
marbles,  and  Scotch  granite,  amount  to  about  20,000  cubic  feet,  valued  at 
$100,000.  The  number  of  firms  engaged  in  the  business  is  110;  the  cap- 
ital invested  amounts  to  $600,000;  and,  exclusive  of  quarrymcn,  employ- 
ment is  furnished  to  over  500  hands,  who  are  paid,  for  cutting  and 
polishing,  from  $2.50  to  $3  per  day,  and  for  carving,  from  .$4  to 
$6  per  day,  a  day's  work  being  10  hours.  Of  the  raw  material,  finished 
statues,    wreaths,    and     like    articles    for    architectural    and    ccmeterial 


GLASS,   KAKTHKNWARi:,   ETC. 


5,^3 


purposes  being  obtainable  at  clicapcr  rates  in  Italy  than  they  can  be 
carved  for  here,  are  imported  ready-made,  and  attached  to  mantels,  monu- 
ments, and  other  work,  as  required.  Italian  colored  and  white  inarlilcs 
comprise  two  thirds  of  the  entire  consumption.  Black  marble  is  broui^ht 
from  Belgium  in  small  quantity,  and  a  little  Spanish  stone  is  also  imported. 
The  best  American  white  marble  comes  from  Vermont,  antl  the  best 
colored  from  Tennessee.  The  price  of  rough  blocks  is  about  $5  per  cubic 
foot;  there  being  little,  if  any,  difference  here  between  Italian  and  Amer- 
ican (Eastern)  stone,  although  the  former  pays  a  duty  of  50  per  cent. 
Californian  marble  is  but  little  used  at  present;  dealers  assigning  as  reasons 
that  the  white  is  hard  and  will  not  take  a  good  polish;  and  the  dark-veined 
unfashionable;  in  addition  to  which,  the  cost  of  transportation  from  the 
quarries  is  great.  A  limited  deposit  has  been  found  in  Solano  Count)',  of  a 
mineral  alabaster,  .sometimes  called  Californian  onyx.  It  takes  a  high 
polish,  is  vcmed  in  rich  colors,  and  has  been  worked  into  mantels  and  table- 
tops;  some  of  the  former  selling  for  as  much  as  $2,cxxD  each.  It  can  not 
be  carved,  the  texture  being  flaky.  Two  varieties  of  Scotch  granite  arc 
used:  red,  from  Aberdeen,  and  gray,  from  Peterhead.  The  importation  is 
small,  not  exceeding  $5,000  in  annual  value;  and  this  is  cut  abroad,  in 
order  to  lessen  duties  and  freight  charges.  It  is  employed  chiefly  for  monu- 
ments, urns,  and  vases;  the  cost  is  the  same  for  either  color,  and  cither  is 
susceptible  of  a  high  polish.  Black  and  gray  granite  are  both  plentiful  in 
California,  and  have  been  used  to  some  extent  for  building.  The  cost  in 
the  rough  block  is  $1.25  per  cubic  foot.  Californian  marble  having  dark 
blue  veins,  has  been  shipped  to  Italy,  and  a  block  was  also  sent  to  the 
Vienna  Exposition.  Two  shipments  have  been  made  to  the  ''lational  Cap- 
ital, for  the  Washington  Monument;  the  first,  from  a  vein  opened  in  1852, 
having  been  destroyed  by  fire  after  reaching  its  destination.  Foreign 
marble  is  all  received  at  San  Francisco  and  thence  distributed  throughout 
the  coast. 

Twenty  thousand  tons  of  granite  are  quarried  annually  in  California,  one 
half  of  the  quantity  being  used  in  San  Francisco. 

The  largest  wholesale  marble  works  on  the  coast  are  those  of  L.  J.  RUF- 
FINO  &  Co.,  San  Franci-sco,  established  in  1855.  The  first  steam  machin- 
ery used  here  in  the  industry  was  introduced  by  this  house  in  1859;  and 
they  now  run  a  gang  of  17  saws,  with  other  appliances  to  correspond. 
Most  of  the  sawing  for  the  coast  is  done  by  them,  employing  13  hands  and 
requiring  the  investment  of  a  capital  of  $75,000.  The  firm  owns  vessels, 
imports  direct  from  Italy,  and  controls  two  thirds  of  the  foreign  trade.  J. 
Daniels  &  Co.,  San  Francisco,  who  have  a  capital  of  $40,000,  furnish 
employment  to  25  hands,  and  turn  out  monuments  and  architectural  pieces 


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534 


MANUFACTURES. 


to  the  annual  value  of  $50,000,  making  the  house  the  largest  manufacturers 
in  their  line  on  the  coast.  J.  GRANT,  of  San  Fr.incisco,  was,  it  is  said,  the 
first  person  to  quarry  and  cut  Californian  marble.  For  several  years  he 
worked  a  quarry  in  Tuolumne  County.  The  largest  granite-working  estab- 
lishment on  the  coast  is  that  of  G.  GRiFfTTll,  located  at  Penryn,  California, 
where  the  proprietor  has  quarries.  The  polishing  apparatus  works  cither 
vertically  or  horizontally,  and  a  block  weighing  10  tons  can  be  readily 
handled.  The  owner  is  the  oldest  granite  worker  here,  having  begun  oper- 
ations at  Mormon  Island  in  1853.  He  now  employs,  counting  quarrymen, 
more  than  200  hands.  Other  workers  in  marble  and  granite  on  our  coast 
are:  J.  &  F.  Kessler,  Musto  BROTHERS,  and  L.  A.  MVERS,  in  San 
Francisco;  Atken  &  F1.SH,  ISRAEL  LucE,  J.  C.  Devine,  W.  Bovne  & 
Co.,  J.  C.  Carroll,  P.  T.  Morris,  in  Sacramento;  Blancmaru  & 
O'Neil,  J.  W.  Combs,  and  Lee  &  Belong,  in  San  Josd;  Chalmers 
&  Holmes,  and  William  Young,  in  Portland;  Stager  Brothers,  in 
Salem,  and  also  in  Albany;    and  MoRRls  &  EVAN.s,  in  Salt  Lake  City. 

Iiime. — Over  the  greater  portion  of  our  coast  limestone  is  comparatively 
rare;  yet  it  is  found  in  all  the  political  divisions,  and  nearly  every  one 
burns  enough  lime  for  its  own  consumption.  There  are  2  principal  belts  of 
limestone  in  California:  one  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
about  1,800  feet  Jibove  the  .sea,  from  Mariposa  to  Auburn;  and  the  other  in 
the  Coast  Range  from  Santa  Cruz  to  Mount  Diablo.  The. first  lime-kiln 
in  the  State  was  built  in  1853,  near  Santa  Cruz,  which  continues  to  take 
the  lead  in  the  production,  making  considerably  more  than  half  of  all 
burned  in  the  State.  The  rock  is  a  mountain  limestone,  containing  a  large 
percentage  of  carbonate  of  lime,  and  yielding,  when  well  calcined,  a  mate- 
rial excellent  for  the  purpo.ses  of  the  ma.son  and  plasterer.  In  1881 
the  amount  of  lime  received  in  San  Francisco  was  128,000  barrels;  in  1880, 
121,000.  In  the  latter  year  Santa  Cruz  County  made  114,563  barrels; 
Clipper  Gap  and  Applegate,  in  Placer  Cave,  17,210;  Alabaster  Cave,  16,- 
250;  Cave  Valley,  8,027;  Marble  Valley,  4,264;  Los  Gato.s,  3,318;  and 
Guadalupe,  30,000.  The  number  employed  varies  with  the  season ;  being 
in  the  summer  from  175  to  200  men,  and  in  the  winter  a  somewhat  less 
number.  The  amount  of  wood  consumed  for  fuel  in  the  lime-kilns  is  from 
13,000  to  15,000  cords  annur'ly;  principally  redwood,  cut  in  lengths  of  8 
feet.  The  total  production  on  the  coast  is  probably  250,000  barrels  an- 
nually, worth  $325,000. 

Davis  &  Cowei.l,  of  San  FrancLsco,  have  the  largest  lime-burning 
establishment  of  the  coast,  at  Santa  Cruz,  and  deal  extensively  in  cement, 
plaster,  marble  dust,  fire-clay,  etc.     H.  T.  HoLMES  &  Co.,  of  San  Fran- 


'nwmmmmn' 


GLASS,   F-ARTIIENWARE,   ETC. 


535 


cisco,  have  a  lime  quarry  in  Santa  Cruz  County,  and  arc  agents  for  the 
lime  from  Clipper  Gap,  Applcgate,  and  Alabaster  Cave.  TlIE  San  Jose 
Lime  Company  has  an  extensive  lime  quarry  near  the  Guadalupe  quick- 
silver mine,  in  Santa  Clara  County,  and  in  i88i  made  40,000  barrels. 
Washington  produces  65,000  barrels  of  lime  annually,  a  portion  of  which 
is  consumed  by  Oregon.  Of  the  entire  quantity,  37,000  barrels  are  the  out- 
put of  the  kilns  of  San  Juan  County,  and  35,000  of  those  of  Pierce  County. 
The  principal  works  are  those  of  TlIE  Tacoma  Lime  COMPANY,  who  burn 
20,000  barrels  yearly,  and  have  an  agency  at  Portland  under  the  manage- 
ment of  J.  McCraken  &  Co.  Other  prominent  manufacturers  are  LsAAC 
VV.  Anderson,  who  makes  15,000  barrels  yearly  in  Puyallup  Valley  ;  Mc- 
LocHLAN  Brothers,  at  Friday  Harbor,  who  make  1 5,000  barrels  annually, 
and  whose  Portland  agency  is  controlled  by  VVadii.\MS  &  ELLIOTT  ;  and 
The  San  Juan  Lime  Company,  producing  7,000  barrels  per  year,  and 
shipping  to  CoRBiTT  &  Macleay,  at  Portland.  About  5,000  barrels  of 
lime  are  burned  on  Orcas  Island,  yearly. 

Pavement. — As  pavement  or  substitute  for  pavement,  the  roadways  in 
the  towns  of  our  coast  have  been  covered  with  planks,  wooden  blocks, 
broken  stone,  broken  stone  covered  with  asphaltum,  bricks  soaked  in  melted 
asphaltum,  cobble  stone,  and  rectangular  blocks  of  granite  and  basalt.  The 
plank  is  excellent  for  a  short  period,  and  cheap  in  first  cost,  but  of  little 
durability.     The  preferred  material  is  the  basalt  block. 

San  Franci.sco,  the  chief  city,  is  built  upon  the  .sand;  and  experiments 
with  the  object  to  give  lasf'ng  surfaces  to  her  streets  have  been  both  numer- 
ous and  costly.  At  present  San  Francisco  has,  within  her  corporate  limits, 
57  miles  of  macadam  road,  27  of  plank,  25  of  cobble,  20  of  basalt  blocks,  4 
of  wooden  blocks,  and  4  of  other  material,  in  all  137  miles.  An  average  of 
9  streets  taken  at  random  from  the  records  in  the  office  of  the  superin- 
tendent of  streets,  shows  the  cost  during  1881  to  be  for  basalt,  $1.75  per 
.square  yard;  for  plank.s,  52  cents;  macadam,  ranging  from  21  cents  togs 
cents,  according  to  depth  of  coating,  the  average  being  70.  The  rates  given 
do  not  include  gutters,  except  in  planking,  nor  curbs.  Granite  curbs  cost 
about  14  cents  per  lineal  foot,  and  gutters  vary  in  cost,  depending  upon 
material.  Oakland,  California,  the  second  city  in  population,  has  most  of 
her  streets  covered  with  macadam. 

Paving  was  begun  in  San  Francisco  in  1856,  prior  to  which  year  planking 
was  used  exclusively.  In  Sacramento,  it  was  found  necessary  to  raise  the 
grade  of  the  streets,  in  order  to  prevent  ovcrfiow  from  the  river  in  times  of 
high  water,  and  consequently  paving  operations  have  been  rctan  .d.     The 


mtMiMWilttDJUil«' 


536 


MANUFACTURES. 


Streets  of  Portland,  Oregon,  are  covered  with  plank,  Nicholson,  and  other 
wooden  pavements. 

As  to  durability,  plank  lasts  from  4  to  6  years,  depending  upon  the 
amount  of  travel;  and  wooden  blocks  decay  owing  to  exposure  to  extremes 
of  wet  and  dry,  and  then  crumble  under  heavy  loads.  In  the  case  of  carbol- 
ized  brick,  the  asphaltum  used  becomes  ground  to  a  fine  dust  which  is 
blown  about  by  the  summer  winds  to  the  annoyance  of  tliosc  living  in  the 
vicinity,  as  well  as  of  travelers.  No  material  has  been  found  equal  to  hard 
stone  blocks,  and  these  are  now  used  in  San  Francisco  vherever  new  streets 
are  paved. 


HP 


PROVISIONS. 


537 


CHAPTER  XXXI.— PROVISIONS. 

Sul^eots  Included. — The  classification  of  subjects  in  a  book  like  this 
must  be  arbitrary  in  sornc  lospccts.  Many  articles  of  industrial  production 
have  double  or  even  triple  ciiaracters.  Wine,  brandy,  beer,  canned  fruit, 
may  be  treated  properly  under  the  heading  of  either  agriculture  or  manu- 
facture; the  packing  of  salmon  may  be  considered  as  a  part  of  the  fishery, 
or  as  a  distinct  business ;  salt  is  an  article  of  food  and  also  a  mineral  pro- 
duct Without  undertaking  to  explain  all  the  reasons  for  the  arrangement 
here  adopted,  it  is  suflicient  for  our  purposes  to  say  that  this  chapter  does 
not  include  wine,  brandy,  raisins,  dried  fruit,  canned  fruit,  or  canned  fish, 
all  of  which  are  the  subjects  of  other  portions  of  the  volume.  It  treats  of 
flour,  crackers,  confectionery,  sugar,  macaroni,  chocolate,  ground  coffee  and 
spices,  cured  beef  and  pork,  soda  water,  ice,  salt,  yeast  powder,  vinegar, 
pickles,  malt  liquors,  and  distilled  liquors,  except  brandy.  The  aggregate 
amount  of  capital  on  our  coast  invested  in  the  production  of  these  articles 
is  about  $20,000,000 ;  the  number  of  men  employed,  8,000;  and  the  annual 
value  of  the  product  about  $43,000,000 — more  than  half  of  the  last  figure 
being  contributed  by  flour  and  sugar. 

Meat  Paokiiig. — At  as  early  a  date  as  1853,  attempts  were  made  to 
initiate  the  packing  of  salt  meat  on  the  Pacific  Coast ;  but  the  parties  who 
undertook  it  were  inexperienced;  the  climatic  conditions  were  new  to  them, 
and  the  first  efforts  were  pronounced  failures.  As  Oregon  and  California 
increased  in  population,  more  or  less  packing  was  done  at  isolated  points  in 
the  interior,  the  product  being  generally  roughly  cut  and  handled,  and  the 
condition  of  the  meat  hard  and  very  salty.  Still  it  answered  the  purposes 
of  a  pioneer  population,  who  entertained  t*-  idea  that  well-cured  meat  prod- 
ucts could  not  be  packed  on  this  coast.  As  the  winters  of  Oregon  are 
colder  than  those  of  California,  the  first  successful  curing  of  meat  on  our 
coast  for  the  market  was  done  there,  and  for  years  Oregon  sent  cured  beef 
and  pork  to  California.  But  the  industry  docs  not  appear,  even  at  this 
date,  to  have  become  flrmly  established  there,  the  supply  of  hogs  being 
irregular,  while  the  attempts  made  in  beef  packing  have  never  been  com- 
mercially successful.  Even  at  this  time  Oregon  is  drawing  on  this  market 
for  cured  pork. 
68 


■im 


538 


MANUrACTURES. 


As  has  been  before  observed,  the  climatic  conditions  in  Oregon  being 
similar  to  those  obtaining  at  the  meat-packing  centers  of  the  East,  all  the 
provision  packing  is  done  during  the  cold  months,  a  temperature  of  40°  to 
42°  being  needed  for  the  prosecution  of  this  industry  under  the  most  favor- 
able conditions.  In  San  Francisco,  provision  packing,  with  certain  precau- 
tion, can  be  carried  on  successfully  throughout  the  year,  except  during  the 
warm  periods  which  occur  occasionally  during  the  autumn  months.  At  such 
jxiriods  the  San  Francisco  packers  usually  suspend  operations  for  a  few  days. 
Artificial  temperature  is  now  depended  upon  to  some  extent,  especially  for 
the  cure  of  mild  sugar-cured  ham,  for  which  purpose  a  steady  temperature, 
not  above  38^  or  40',  is  required.  Beef  packing  was  not  developed  into  an 
industrj' until  a  much  later  date  than  pork  packing.  Until  1870,  what  little 
salted  beef  was  found  here  for  sale  was  of  Oregon  packing,  and  neither 
that  nor  the  small  quantity  of  California  packed  beef  offered,  was  esteemed  of 
desirable  quality.  In  fact,  shipmasters  only  bought  it  when  Eastern  beef 
could  not  be  had.  Since  then,  however,  our  2  principal  local  packing  firms 
have  paid  special  attention  to  this  brand  of  provision  packing,  and  the 
United  States  Navy,  after  thorough  experiments,  is  buying  here  what  is 
needed  for  the  .service.  In  1880,  Merrv,  Faull  &  Co.,  one  of  the  firms 
alluded  to,  filled  a  contract,  with  agents  for  the  Russian  Government,  for 
4,500  barrels  of  mess  beef,  which  was  sent  to  Russian  Siberia,  while  frequent 
.shipments  are  now  being  made  to  Japan,  Central  and  South  America,  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  and  other  countries  on  the  Pacific  Ocean ;  the  quality 
when  packed  by  responsible  firms  being  equal  to  the  same  class  of  meat 
cured  elsewhere,  except  that  the  a%crage  weight  of  the  cattle  used  is  lighter, 
a  disadvant.-ige  which  is  di.sappcaring  as  the  breed  is  improved.  The  various 
steamship  lines,  and  the  large  number  of  sailing-ships  trading  from  this 
port,  including  the  whaling  fleet  fitting  out  here  annually,  are  now  all  .sup- 
plied with  beef  and  pork  of  Californian  cure.. 

Artificial  Cooling. — The  only  objection  to  meat  cured  in  California  is 
that  the  product  is  frequently  too  he.ivily  salted.  As  this  applies  Chiefly  to 
hams,  which  the  public  taste  requires  shall  be  cured  with  as  much  saccha- 
rine matter  and  as  little  .salt  and  saltpeter  as  possible,  our  local  packing 
firms  arc  now  successfully  meeting  the  difficulty  by  using  artificial  cold,  pro- 
duced by  the  use  of  ice  and  refrigerating  machines.  As  the  necessity  for 
heavy  salting  is  caused  by  warmth  in  the  packing  .season,  the  reduction  of 
the  temperature  to  the  desired  point,  removes  the  only  obstacle  to  the  cur- 
ing of  "sweet  pickled  meats"  in  this  climate,  and  our  liams  of  refrigerator 
cure  arc  lately  pronounced  fully  equal  to  Eastern,  and  arc  gradually  con- 
trolling the  trade  of  the  coast. 


,r 


iiiiili 


PROVISIONS. 


539 


One  noticeable  peculiarity  of  the  climate  of  San  Francisco  is  especially 
favorable  to  the  curing  of  meat.  The  atmospheric  conditions,  during  a  large 
part  of  the  year,  are  analogous  to  those  of  the  South  American  pampas, 
where  meat  exposed  to  the  air  will  dry  before  it  putrifics.  During  the  dry 
season  in  San  Francisco  meat  will  keep  several  days  without  deterioration,  and 
this  fact  is  of  great  advantage  to  the  curcr,  while  first  subjecting  products 
to  the  curing  process.  It  is  this  fact  which  admits  of  the  prosecution  of 
this  industry  during  the  entire  year  in  the  city — the  range  of  the  thermom- 
eter alone  would  not  admit  of  it.  The  salt  used  in  meat  curing  was  formerly 
mo.stly  imported  from  England,  Carmen  Island,  and  Scammon's  Lagoon. 
Of  late  years,  while  a  great  deal  of  very  poor  local  salt  is  manufactured, 
our  packers  have  noticed  a  marked  improvement  in  the  quality  of  some  of 
the  local  product,  and  this  has  made  them,  to  a  great  extent,  independent 
of  the  imported  article,  so  much  so  that  it  may  now  be  truly  asserted  that 
Californian  meats  can  be  cured  exclusively  with  Californian  salt.  This  in- 
dustry is  still  in  its  infancy,  but  it  has  received  sufficient  development  to 
place  it  on  the  road  to  assured  success,  and  has  already  passed  the  period 
of  experimental  experience.  The  use  of  an  artificial  temperature  has  re- 
mo\'ed  the  only  bar  to  steady  advancement,  and  as  our  interior  becomes 
settled,  the  supply  of  live  stock  will  increase  no  faster  than  the  demand, 
which  will  always  give  it  a  ready  market  at  prices  remunerative  to  the  pro- 
ducer. There  arc  few  industries  which  so  directly  benefit  our  producing 
classes,  and  it  is  gratifying  to  realize  that  its  future  is  assured,  and  its  steady 
development  not  a  matter  of  doubt. 

Meat  for  Packing. — Early  experiments  demonstrated  the  fact  that  Suf- 
folk and  Poland-China  hogs  would  not  flourish  in  our  climate.  The  long 
dry  .seasons  were  too  severe <for  them.  But  a  trial  with  the  Berkshire  hogs 
has  resulted  very  satisfactorily.  They  arc  mostly  black  in  color,  compactly 
built,  although  smaller  than  the  other  breeds  named.  When  properly  fatted 
they  make  an  excellent  quality  of  meat,  firm,  white,  and  of  fine  texture. 
The  hog  generally  found  in  California  is  not  pure  Berkshire,  but  the  breed 
is  being  rapidly  improved  by  importation  of  pure  Berkshire  blood,  a  great 
improvement  being  noticeable  during  the  past  1 2  years.  The  Californian 
hog  is  fattened  with  corn  in  the  southern  coast,  which  produces  our  best  pork, 
and  on  wheat,  barley,  peas,  etc.,  in  the  middle  and  northern  coast  counties. 
When  thus  fattened  the  meat  is  harder  and  superior  to  eastern  hogs;  but  in 
some  parts  of  the  interior  of  the  State,  acorns  abound  at  certain  seasons, 
and  being  fed  to  hogs,  make  a  very  poor  quality  of  soft,  oily  pork — so  poor, 
indeed,  that  our  packing  firms  who  have  a  reputation  to  maintain,  decline 
to  use  them,  although  generally  selling  at  one  cent  per  pound  cheaper  than 
grain-fed  hogs. 


•<«(*- 


■iiiii 


'•T'l^mmmmmmftfmmmm^m' 


^^""""miliB 


540 


MANUFACTURES. 


In  Oregon  and  Washington,  the  Suffolk  and  the  Poland-China  breed  of 
hogs  are  successfully  raised,  being  fattened  on  wheat,  barley,  and  corn,  and 
making  an  excellent  quality  of  pork.  The  cattle  there  arc  chiefly  half- 
breed  American  stock,  and  average  heavier  than  in  California,  where  there 
was  originally  more  of  the  small  native  stock.  This  has  required  repeated 
crossing  with  American  cattle  to  bring  it  up  to  its  present  standard, 
which  is  being  steadily  raised  by  the  infusion  of  better  blood  from  the 
East.  In  California  very  few  hogs  were  found  when  the  country  was 
first  occupied  by  Americans,  and  the  few  that  existed  were  very  poor  stock, 
rough,  long-legged,  with  large  heads  and  long  snouts — in  fact,  an  animal 
fitted  to  find  a  precarious  living  in  a  rough  country,  without  the  care  or 
foresight  of  interested  ownership.  The  cattle  were  small,  so-called  Spanish 
stock,  with  long  horns,  thick  hides,  and  large  bone  development.  Of 
course,  such  stock  made  the  poorest  kind  of  packing-beef,  being  generally 
thin  in  flesh,  and  hard  in  tissue.  The  supply  of  hogs  is  greatest  during  our 
late  autumn  and  early  winter  months,  but  they  arrive  freely  at  all  seasons 
of  the  year,  and  our  local  packers  are  always  ready  to  buy.  The  trade  in' 
this  city  is  still  in  its  infancy,  and  is  yearly  developing  into  a  more  impor- 
tant branch  of  our  industries.  About  1 50,000  hogs  arc  slaughtered  yearly 
in  San  Francisco,  and  of  these,  two  thirds  are  packed  by  two  principal  firms 
engaged  in  the  business. 

According  to  the  San  Francisco  Journal  of  Commerce,  California  packed 
4,900  tons  of  bacon,  2,300  of  hams,  and  1,680  of  lard  in  1880;  and  only 
9,430  of  bacon,  1,160  of  lard,  and  925  of  hams  in  1881;  while  the  importa- 
tions from  the  Mississippi  Valley,  in  1881,  included  1,920  tons  of  hams,  165 
of  lard,  47  of  bacon,  and  35  of  pickled  pork.  Notwithstanding  the  smaller 
home  production  in  i88r,  there  was  also  a  smaller  importation,  according 
to  the  figures  published. 

The  packing  houses  of  MicnFXSSEN,  Brown  &  Co.,  Merry,  Faull  & 
Co.,  The  South  San  Francisco  Packing  Company,  and  J.  Y.  Wilson 
&  Co.,  of  S.in  Francisco,  do  their  own  slaughtering;  several  other  houses 
buy  their  meat  in  the  carcase.  In  addition  to  the  houses  occupied  exclu  ■ 
sivcly  with  packing  of  meat,  there  are  a  number  of  others,  including  .some 
mentioned  in  the  .hapter  on  domestic  animals,  who  engage  in  it  as  an 
incident  of  other  business.  GoODACRE  &  DOOLEY,  of  Victoria,  pack  1,000 
barrels  of  .salt  meat  annually. 

Sugar  and  Syrup.— Syrup  was  made  in  California  from  beets  and 
Chinese  sugar-cane,  of  home  production,  as  early  as  1856.  It  was  ascer- 
tained, even  by  that  time,  that  the  soil  and  climiite  of  California  are  favor- 
able to  the  growth  of  plants  containing  saccharine  matter.  More  recent 
experiments  have  shown  that  the  plants  can  be  grown  in  many  portions  of 


iliiip 


PROVISIONS. 


541 


the  State ;  but  the  idea  of  producing  either  sugar  or  syrup  from  the  African 
cane  is  abandoned ;  and  whether  sorghum  can  be  cultivated  with  profit  for 
any  use  save  fodder,  is  a  question  not  yet  solved  on  this  coast. 

Of  the  many  articles,  apart  from  African  cane,  out  of  which  sugar  can  be 
manufactured,  beets,  sorghum,  and  grapes  are  those  most  in  favor.  Experi- 
ments have  been  made  in  California  with  melons,  in  Utah  with  carrots  and 
turnips,  but,  apart  from  the  business  of  refining,  the  only  branch  of  this  in- 
dustry that  has  gained  a  permanent  foothold  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  is  the 
making  of  beet  sugar.  In  order  that  such  ah  enterprise  may  prove  fairly 
profitable,  it  would  .seem  necessary  that  the  factory  should  have  a  capacity 
for  working  up  at  least  75  to  100  tons  a  day,  and  that  the  proprietors  should 
raise  their  own  beets  and  not  purchase  them  from  contracting  parties.  The 
proportion  of  saccharine  matter  contained  in  different  varieties  of  the  plant 
varies  so  much,  that  great  discretion  is  needed  in  selecting  those  best  suited 
for  the  purpose.  Even  in  France,  where  the  industry  of  raising  sugar-beets 
is  conducted  on  an  immense  scale  and  with  the  utmost  care,  large  portions 
of  the  crop  are  often  fed  to  cattle  or  used  by  distilleries,  as  it  is  considered 
that  they  would  not  repay  the  expense  of  extracting  the  sugar.  For  the 
year  1 880  the  total  production  of  French  beet-sugar  exceeded  3(X),ooo  tons, 
and  would  have  been  very  much  larger  if  all  the  plants  raised  for  sugar- 
making  had  been  used  for  that  purpose.  The  nature  of  our  soil  and  climate 
is  an  advantage  much  in  favor  of  manufacturers  on  this  coast. 

The  making  of  syrup  was  an  established  industry  in  Utah  several  years 
before  any  attempt  in  that  direction  was  made  in  California.  In  1852,  a 
syrup  factory  was  established  by  Briuham  Young  at  Salt  Lake  City. 
Every  one  who  raised  sorghum,  beets,  carrots,  and  turnips  could  have  those 
articles  converted  into  syrup  by  giving  half  the  proceeds  to  the  mill  owner. 
Very  soon,  the  planting  of  small  patches  of  beets  and  sorghum  was  com- 
mon all  over  Utah,  and  the  production  of  syrup  was  sufficient  to  supply  the 
consumption  of  that  Territory.  Smal!  factories  for  the  making  of  syrup 
were  established  in  most  of  the  settlements;  but  until  1879  every  effort  at 
making  sugar  of  marketable  quality  proved  a  failure;  probably  because  the 
method  of  manufacture  was  not  suited  to  material  raised  on  an  alkaline  soil. 
In  that  year,  however,  a  fair  article  of  sugar  was  exhibited  by  C.  A.  Mad- 
SEN  &  Co.,  at  Gunnison.  In  the  session  of  1880  the  legislature  of  the  Terri- 
tory offered  a  premium  of  $2,000  for  the  manufacture  of  the  first  800  pounds 
of  good  merchantable  sugar,  and  it  is  probable  that  an  impulse  will  be  given 
to  that  industry  in  Utah,  from  which  good  results  may  be  anticipated. 

Sugar  Beet. — The  manufacture  of  sugar  in  California,  from  material  of 
home  production,  is  at  present  restricted  to  beet  sugar,  and  in  1882  there 


•^mimmm 


542 


MANUFACTURES. 


was  but  one  sugar-mill  in  operation  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  The  Standard 
Sugar  Manufactory  Company,  of  which  O.  F.  Giffin  is  the  president. 
The  works  are  located  at  Alvarado.  The  production  of  this  factory,  though 
almost  equal  to  the  entire  quantity  of  beet  sugar  made  in  the  United  States 
10  years  ago,  is  less  than  2  per  cent,  of  the  gross  amount  of  sugars,  of  all 
descriptions,  distributed  from  San  Francisco  alone.  The  output  of  the 
Alvarado  factory,  for  1881,  was  estimated  at  700  tons  of  sugar,  valued  at 
$1 50,000,  about  4,500  tons  of  pulp,  worth  $8,500,  and  6,000  gallons  of  syrup, 
worth  $3,500.  The  aggregate  value  of  all  products  may  be  set  down  at  a 
little  over  $160,000.  The  consumption  of  beets  was  12,000  tons,  costing,  at 
$4.50  a  ton,  $54,000;  the  expense  for  labor  was  not  less  than  $17,000,  and 
for  fuel,  animal  charcoal,  barrels,  rent,  office,  and  miscellaneous  expenses 
about  $60,000,  making  a  total  outlay  of  $131,000,  and  leaving  nearly  $30,- 
000  for  interest  and  profit.  The  enterprise  passed  into  the  hands  of  its 
present  proprietors  in  1879,  and  was  originally  located  at  Sacramento.  The 
beets  are  obtained  under  contract. 

For  the  purpose  of  encouraging  farmers  to  give  some  attention  to  the 
raising  of  sugar  beets  in  suitable  localities,  the  Alvarado  Company  offers  as 
prizes,  for  the  best  100  acres  of  beets  raised  for  the  factory  in  1 881,  $200; 
for  the  best  75  acres,  $150;  for  the  best  50  acres,  $100;  for  the  best  25  acres, 
$50;  for  the  best  10  acres,  $20;  for  the  best  5  acres,  $10.  The  beets  furni.shcd 
to  the  mill,  for  the  season  of  1881,  contained  more  saccharine  matter  than 
those  used  in  former  years,  and  the  profits  made  by  the  company  were  of 
course  larger  in  proportion. 


Sugar  Mills. — In  California,  no  well-organized  attempt  at  the  production 
of  beet  sugar  was  made  until  1870,  when  a  factory  was  started  at  Alvarado, 
but  not  the  one  already  mentioned,  and  now  in  operation.  The  promoter 
of  this  enterprise,  VV.  T.  Garratt,  has  ever  since  been  connected  with  the 
sugar-manufacturing  interests  of  this  State.  Hearing  that  some  German 
immigrants,  who  were  practical  planters,  had  met  with  good  results  in  fol- 
lowing their  vocation  in  Wisconsin,  Mr.  Garratt  went  east  to  investigate 
the  matter,  and  on  his  return  a.ssociatcd  himself  with  other  gentlemen  in 
organizing  the  Alvarado  factory.  The  capacity  of  the  mill  was  50  tons  a 
day.  The  first  crop  (i  870-1)  returned  a  net  profit  of  $18,000,  but  the 
flood  of  the  succeeding  year  proved  disastrous.  The  proprietors,  therefore, 
moved  their  business  to  Soqucl,  in  Santa  Cruz  County,  a  location  which  had 
the  advantage  of  n  more  congenial  climate,  and  an  abundant  supply  of 
cheap  fuel,  wood  being  used  in  place  of  coal.  The  change,  however,  did 
not  work  any  favorable  results.  The  main  cause  of  the  want  of  success  is 
probabl)'  the  fact  that,  in  ordinary  seasons  and  with  average  prices,  a  mill 


PROVISIONS. 


543 


with  a  capacity  for  working  up  only  50  tons  a  day.  can  not  be  operated  at  a 
profit,  as  will  appear  from  the  following  estimate: 

To  keep  such  a  mill  in  operation  during  the  season  of  7  months,  or  180 
working  days,  would  require  10,000  tons  of  beets,  and  estimati  ig  20  tons  of 
beets  to  the  acre,  the  mill  would  consume  the  crop  of  500  acres,  and  the 
e.xpenses  would  then  be,  10,000  tons  of  beets  at  $4.50  per  ton,  $45,000; 
wages  of  65  Chinamen  at  $35  a  month,  for  7  months,  $15,925;  wages  of  6 
mechanics  at  $4  a  day,  for  7  months,  $4,200;  4,000  tons  of  coal  screenings 
at  $7  a  ton,  $28,000;  waste  of  animal  charcoal  (30  tons,  at  $70  a  ton),  $2,- 
100:  depreciation  and  repair  of  buildings  and  machinery,  $8,000;  barrels  for 
sugar,  $7,000;  insurance  and  taxes,  $5,000;  office  expenses  and  incidentals, 
$11,000.  The  total  outlay  would  therefore  be  $126,225.  The  proceeds 
would  be,  550  tons  of  sugar,  at  11  ^  cents  a  pound  (estimating  that  a  ton  of 
beets  will  produce  1 10  pounds  of  sugar),  $1 26,500;  3,500  tons  of  pulp,  at  $2 
a  ton,  $7,000;  and  syrup  worth  $3,000;  making  the  total  receipts  $136,500, 
and  leaving  a  margin  of  only  $10,275  for  profit  and  interest  on  capital. 

W.  T.  Garratt,  in  connection  with  Messrs.  TERRY,  GUTTENBURG, 
and  Green  of  Sacramento,  Allen  of  San  Francisco,  and  POOL  and  S'-^ITH 
of  Isleton,  are  the  proprietors  of  a  beet  sugar  factory  at  Isleton,  a  few 
miles  above  Rio  Vista,  on  the  Sacramento  River.  The  enterprise  was 
originally  started  for  the  purpose  of  making  sugar  from  melons.  Expen- 
sive buildings  were  erected,  and  machinery  was  imported  from  Germany 
for  that  purpose;  but  for  some  reason  the  idea  was  abandoned,  and  the 
property  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  above  gentlemen,  who  converted  it  into 
a  beet-sugar  factory.  Through  the  rise  of  the  Sacramento  River,  the  lands 
were  twice  flooded  within  3  years,  and  the  company  deemed  it  best  to  close 
the  works  for  a  while,  but  intend  soon  to  resume  operations  with  increased 
milling  capacity.  They  also  propose  Co  try  the  experiment  of  planting 
sugar  cane  on  Andros  Island,  in  the  S.^cramento  River.  In  1880  Mr. 
Nadeau,  of  Los  Angeles,  made  a  costly  and  unsuccessful  experiment  in 
beet  sugar,  and  the  failure  was  attributed  partly  to  mistakes  made  by  the 
gentleman  employed  as  superintendent  and  manager  of  the  works.  The 
sugar-beet  mills  at  Los  Angeles,  Soquel,  and  Sacramento  are  permanently 
closed;  that  at  Isleton  is  closed  temporarily;  and  the  Alvarado  Mill,  the 
only  one  now  in  operation,  occupies  the  site  of  a  similar  mill  that  was 
unprofitable  for  years.  The  industry  has  been  a  source  of  serious  loss  to 
the  capitalists  generally  who  invested  in  it ;  but  it  is  said  that  many  of  the 
obstacles  in  the  way  of  success  have  been  overcome,  and  that  the  recent 
profits  promise  a  large  increase  in  the  production  of  Californian  beet  sugar. 

Sugar  Consumption. — In  proportion  to  their  numbers,  the  people  of  the 
Pacific  Coast  probably  consume  more  sugar  than  any  other  community  in 


mm 


544 


manufactuf.es. 


the  world.  During  the  year  1881,  there  Vfcre  distributed  from  San  Fran- 
cisco alone  nearly  48,500  tons,  or  an  average  of  about  70  pounds  for  every 
man,  woman,  and  child  in  the  States  and  Territories  that  depend  mainly 
on  the  city  for  their  sup;  ly.  The  large  quantity  used  in  the  canning  of 
fruit  is,  no  doubt,  one  of  the  main  factors  that  cause  this  immense  con- 
sumption. 

A  portion  of  the  raw  sugar,  and  of  the  supplies  for  the  plantations,  are 
now  shipped  directly  to  and  from  the  islands,  and  not  via  Honolulu,  thus 
effecting  a  considerable  saving  of  freight  A  wharf  leading  out  from  the 
n?w  refinery  to  water  deep  enough  for  the  unloading  of  large  vessels,  will 
allow  cargoes  to  be  laid  down  in  San  Francisco  at  the  smallest  possible 
expense.  For  the  year  1881,  about  four  fifths  of  all  the  raw  sugar  imported 
for  refining  purpose;  came  from  the  Sandwich  Islands.  There  are  at 
present  more  than  50  plantations  in  the  Hawaiian  group,  many  of  which 
have  been  put  under  cultivation  since  the  passage  of  the  Reciprocity 
Treaty  in  1876,  and  are  under  the  control  of  American  capitalists. 

The  duty  on  raw  material  imported  from  other  sources  of  supply  is  fixed 
according  to  the  Dutch  standard,  and  the  scale  is  regulated  by  figures  which 
indicate  the  color,  and  therefore  the  quality,  of  the  goods.  Zero  indicates 
the  darkest  grade  of  sugar,  and  20  one  of  the  lighest.  On  goods  whose 
quality  is  indicated  by  any  figure  below  7,  the  duty  is  i}^  cents  a  pound; 
from  7  but  below  10,  2  cents;  from  10  but  below  13,  2^  cents;  from  13 
but  below  16, 2^  cents;  from  16  but  below  20,  3j<(  cents;  20  and  upwards,  4 
cents.  In  all  ca.ses  there  is  an  additional  charge  of  25  per  cent,  estimated 
on  the  above  rates.  The  entire  tariff  charges  on  the  lightest  grades  of 
imported  sugar  arc  therefore  5  cents  a  pound ;  on  the  darkest  grades  nearly 
2^  cents;  and  on  medium  grades  from  3  to  4  cents.  E.vemption  from 
these  duties  has,  of  course,  imparted  a  very  great  stimulus  to  the  business  of 
sugar-refining  on  this  coast,  and  the  loss  of  revenue  is  offset  by  the  expor- 
tation of  American  goods  to  the  Hawaiian  Kingdom.  Shipments  from  San 
Francisco  alone  amount  to  $2,000,000  or  $3,000,000  a  year,  and  include  a 
larger  quantity  of  Pacific  Coast  manufactures  than  are  shipped  to  any 
foreign  country  in  the  world. 


Havrailan  Production. — It  is  estimated  that  there  are,  in  the  Hawaiian 

Islands,  i  50,000  acres  of  land  specially  adapted  for  sugar  culture.  The  rains 
arc  abundant,  and  most  of  the  planters  have  already  secured  the  means  of 
irrigation,  which,  on  account  of  the  limited  area  and  mountainous  nature  of 
the  country,  can  be  obtained  at  small  expen.se.  The  plantations  of  Cuba 
and  other  sugar-producing  countries  often  suffer  severely  from  drought  In 
the  season  of  i88a-8i  much  of  the  cane  produced  in  Cuba  was  so  j.>oor  in 


mm 


PROVISIONS. 


S45 


quality  that  it  would  not  pay  for  the  expense  of  extracting  the  sugar. 
Hawaiian  planters  never  suffer  from  drought.  On  some  of  the  plantations, 
as  in  the  Hilo  district,  by  simply  turning  some  of  the  numerous  mountain 
streatii ,  into  flumes,  a  portion  of  the  cane,  and  all  the  wood  for  fuel,  can  be 
carried  down  to  the  mills,  without  other  expense  than  the  cost  of  the  wood- 
worlc. 

The  average  yield  per  acre  in  the  Hawaiian  group,  is  at  least  double  that 
of  the  Louisiana  plantations.  Two  and  a  half  tons  an  acre  arc  z  very  com- 
mon yitld,  and  4  tons  a  not  unfrequent  one.  In  some  of  the  rich  valley  land.s 
of  "he  niountain  regions,  where  the  cane  matures  slowly,  and  there  is  a  rain 
shower  nearly  every  day  in  the  year,  the  yield  is  sometimes  as  much  as  6  or 
7  tons.  There  is  no  dangci  of  frost,  which  in  other  countries  often  renders 
necessary  the  immediate  harvesting  of  an  immature  crop.  The  planters 
can  cut  when  they  please,  and  plant  almost  when  they  please.  If  they 
don't  plant  at  all  for  a  couple  years  a  species  of  volunteer  crop  springs  from 
the  roots  tlfat  have  been  previously  cut. 

With  all  these  advantages,  planters  could  make  little  headway  until  after 
the  passage  of  the  Reciprocity  Treaty.  The  scarcity  of  labor,  and  the  high 
tariff  rates  on  raw  sugars  landed  in  San  Francisco,  were  burdens  of  a  griev- 
ous nature.  A  few  years  before  the  passage  of  the  treaty,  plantations  which 
had  cost  $50,000  were  sold  for  $15,000,  and  others  which  had  cost  $150,000 
brought  only  $40,000.  Even  at  tb^t  time  sugar  was  the  leading  interest  in 
the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  most  of  the  plantations  were  already  in  the  hands 
of  Americans.  Few  of  them  could  do  more  than  pay  expenses,  and  none 
of  them  returned  a  fair  profit  on  the  capital  invested  It  was  estimated  in 
1 872,  that  if  the  duty  were  remitted,  and  labor  could  be  obtained  in  suffi- 
cient supply,  plantations,  which  could  then  barely  pay  expenses,  would  clear 
a  profit  of  $50,000  a  year.  Nine  vessels,  of  from  400  to  700  tons,  have  been 
built  in  San  Francisco  within  the  last  6  years,  to  accommodate  the  trade 
with  those  islands. 


Shipments  of  Sugar. — About  2,300  tons  of  raw  sugar  were  also 
shipped  in  1881  from  China,  600  tons  from  Central  America,  and  a  small 
quantity  from  Mexico.  Central  America,  China,  and  the  Philippine 
Islands  have,  in  past  years,  furnished  large  quantities  of  material,  and  are 
the  points  from  which  it  seems  most  advantageous  to  import  The  receipts 
■^f  ref  .led  sugar  from  the  Atlantic  States  are  still  considerable.  The 
quantity  forwarded  in  1881  was  about  3,300  tons;  in  1880,  2,250  tons;  and 
in  1879,  2,750  tons.  It  is,  however,  the  opinion  of  parties  interested,  that 
the  failure  of  several  cargoes  of  raw  sugar  to  arrive  on  time,  alone  rendered 
it  possible  to  import  so  large  a  quantity  of  £astem  sugar  at  a  profit. 
69 


wmmi 


546 


MANUFACTURES. 


Exports  of  refined  sugar  from  San  Francisco  amounted,  in  1881,  to  1,400 
tons;  for  1880  and  1879,  to  about  900  tons.  More  than  160  tons  were 
shipped  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands.about  80  tons  to  Mexico,  and  shipments  were 
also  made  to  Central  America.  That  several  large  sugar-producing  coun- 
tries should  lake  from  us  considerable  quantities  of  refined  sugar,  on  which 
they  pay  double  freight,  cost  of  refining,  commissions,  and  other  charges,  is 
somewhat  of  an  anomaly,  but  it  is  nothing  unusual  for  the  Panama  steamer 
to  take  away  500  to  1,000  barrels  for  Mexican  and  Central  American  ports. 
British  Columbia  is,  however,  our  best  foreign  customer,  taking  from  us,  in 
i88i,  660  tons  against  740  tons  exported  to  all  other  destinations. 

San  Franolsoo  Refineries;— California  has  much  to  gain  from  the  growth 
of  an  industry  which  has  caused  the  distribution  of  $1,000,000  for  the  build- 
ings and  machinery  of  a  single  establijhmcnt,  which  employs  a  large  num- 
ber of  white  operatives,  a  fleet  of  ships,  and  in  ways  too  numerous  to 
mention,  adds  to  the  welfare  of  the  community.  So  soon  as  the. treaty  with 
the  Hawaiian  Kingdom,  was  ratified,  certain  capitalists  determined  to  invest 
largely  in  the  planting  of  sugar  cane,  and  subsequently  to  expend  a  round 
million  in  the  increase  of  refining  facilities.  Our  refineries  not  only  supply 
almost  the  entire  wants  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  but  already  export  refined 
sugar  in  considerable  quantity,  even  to  sugar-producing  countries. 

Though  there  were  but  2  refineries  in  operation  during  1881,  the  quantity 
of  raw  sugar  used  was  about  43,000  tons,  from  which  there  were  produced 
about  16,000  tons  of  white  sugar,  17,000  tons  of  yellow  sugar,  and  675,000 
gallons  of  syrup,  the  aggregate  value  of  which  may  be  estimated  at 
$7,250,000.  The  average  number  of  hands  employed  was  about  325,  and 
the  amount  distributed  in  wages  over  $200,000.  The  cost  of  material  was 
probably  75  per  cent,  and  of  labor  not  more  than  3  or  4  per  cent,  of  the 
value  of  production,  leaving  about  20  per  cent,  for  profit,  rent,  fuel,  and 
miscellaneous  expenses.  The  expense  for  fuel  is  a  very  large  item  with  all 
sugar  refineries,  exceeding  in  .some  Eastern  establishments  the  cost  of  labor. 

During  the  past  decade  the  increa.sc  in  the  production  of  the  several 
articles  made  from  sugar  cane  was  very  large,  though  less  in  proportion 
than  for  the  previous  10  years.  In  1880  the  total  value  of  all  products  was 
a  little  under  $7,000,000,  in  1870  nearly  $4,000,000,  and  in  i860  about 
$1,600,000.  The  gain  between  18/0  and  1880  was  75  percent;  between 
i860  and    1870,  150  percent.;    between    i860  and  1880,  over  300  per  cent. 

Imports  of  raw  sugar  from  all  sources  amounted  for  1881  to  54,400  tons, 
against  38,200  tons  in  1880,  ano  27,700  tons  in  1879.  Within  a  single  year 
the  volume  of  imports  has  increased  43  per  cent.,  and  within  2  years  it  ha.s 
almost  doubled.     The  increased  supply  has  been  drawn  entirely  from  the 


PROVISIONS. 


547 


Hawaiian  Islands,  which,  in  1881,  sent  us  44,200  tons,  against  31,700  tons 
in  1880,  and  23,500  tons  in  1879. 

Almost  the  entire  crop  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  is  now  shipped  to  San 
Francisco,  and  the  present  limit  of  their  production  is  not  likely  to  be  very 
much  exceeded  for  several  years  to  come.  In  former  times  the  bulk  of  our 
supplies  came  from  Manilla.  As  recently  as  1878,  imports  from  that  source 
exceeded  20,000  tons,  against  18,500  from  the  Sandwich  Islands.  In  1879 
(only  3  years  after  the  passage  of  the  treaty)  imports  from  Manilla  were 
reduced  to  1,400  tons,  but  increased  to  more  than  8,200  tons  for  1881. 

There  are  but  2  refineries  now  in  operation  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  both  of 
which  are  located  in  San  Francisco — the  California  Sugar  Refinery,  on 
Eighth  and  Brannan  streets,  owned  by  Claus  Spreckels  and  his  associ- 
ates ;  and  the  American  Sugar  Refinery  (formerly  known  as  the  Bay  Refin- 
ery), on  Union  and  Battery  streets,  belonging  to  C.  Adolphe  Low  &  Co. 
The  new  refinery  already  mentioned  is  in  connection  with  the  California 
Refinery,  and  is  situated  at  the  Potrero,  between  Louisiana  and  Delaware 
streets.  It  is  expected  that  the  2  refineries  will  not  work  up  to  their  full 
capacity  in  the  very  near  future ;  when  they  do,  they  will  require  at  least 
1 50,000  tons  of  raw  sugar  annually. 

The  American  Sugar  Refinery,  formerly  known  as  the  Bay  Sugar  Refin- 
ery, located  on  the  corner  of  Battery  and  Union  streets,  was  formerly  in 
the  hands  of  an  incorporation  of  which  Claus  Spreckels  was  the  presi- 
dent. In  1879  the  property  was  sold  to  a  company  of  which  C.  Adolphe 
Low  is  the  president.  Since  changing  hands  the  capacity  of  the  works  has 
been  doubled. 

The  San  Francisco  and  Pacific  Refinery,  on  Eighth  and  Harrison  streets, 
is  now  the  property  of  D.  O.  MiLLS,  N.  LUNING,  and  W.  T.  COLEMAN.  It 
was  originally  styled  the  San  Francisco  Refinery,  and  first  went  into  opera- 
tion in  1855  in  a  small  building  that  had  formerly  been  used  as  a  distillery. 
On  the  same  lot  the  proprietor,  who  at  that  time  was  GEORGE  Gordon, 
built  another  refinery  which  He  named  the  Pacific,  and  taking  in,  among 
other  partnei's,  the  above-mentioned  gentlemen,  united  the  2  enterprises 
under  one  management.     This  refinery  is  now  closed. 

Glaus  Spreokels.— Claus  Sprecicels,  who  has  a  national  reputation 
as  one  of  the  prominent  business  men  and  self-made  millionaires  of  Cali- 
fornia, is  a  native  of  Hanover,  and  in  1882,  53  years  of  age.  He  crossed 
the  Atlantic  in  1848,  and  made  his  home  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  where  he 
became  a  clerk  in  a  retail  grocery.  After  serving  a  year  and  a  half  for 
wages,  he  bought  out  the  store  and  managed  it  on  his  own  account  for  5 
years.     Growing  tired  of  the  place,  he  moved  to  New  York,  and  thence  to 


iiii 


ii 


iW 


■«■* 


mm 


548 


MANUFACTURES. 


San  Francisco,  in  which  latter  place  he  became,  in  1856,  the  owner  of  a 
grocery,  which  he  sold,  and  in  the  next  year  he  started  a  brewery.  With 
this  he  must  have  been  very  successful,  for  in  1863  he  sold  out  and  organ- 
ized The  Bav  Sugar  Refining  Company,  an  enterprise  requiring  a 
large  capital.  He  went  to  New  York,  examined  the  sugar  refineries, 
bought  the  machinery,  and  immediately  after  his  return,  erected  the 
refinery  and  put  it  into  successful  operation.  He  soon  dispDsed  of  his 
interest  in  this  establishment  with  good  profit,  and,  having  no  pressing 
occupation,  visited  Europe.  While  there  he  studied  the  manufacture  of 
beet  sugar,  of  which  much  had  been  said  in  California;  and,  for  the  sake  of 
learning,  he  worked  for  6  weeks  as  a  laborer  in  a  sugar-mill  at  Magdeburg. 
I  laving  satisfied  himself  that  there  was  little  chance  to  add  to  his  fortune 
by  a  beet-sugar  mill  in  his  adopted  State,  he  returned  to  New  York,  where 
he  renewed  his  studies  of  the  plans,  machinery,  and  management  of  sugar 
refineries.  His  arrival  in  San  Francisco  was  promptly  followed  by  the 
erection  of  the  very  large  refinery  on  the  corner  of  Brannan  and  Eighth 
streets,  with  a  capacity  of  25,000  tons  a  month.  He  used  his  influence  to 
prevent  the  ratification  of  the  Reciprocity  Treaty  with  the  Hawaiian  King- 
dom, but  so  soon  as  the  news  of  the  ratification  arrived,  he  visited  the 
Islands,  where  he  made  contracts  with  the  planters  in  advance  for  their 
sugar  crops,  and  purchased  a  large  area  of  land  suitable  for  the  cultivation 
of  the  cane  on  the  island  of  Maui. 

This  tract  was  obtained  cheap  bec.iuse  it  was  dry,  but  he  had  satisfied 
him.iclf  that  water  could  be  brought  to  it,  and  in  the  spring  of  1878,  he  took 
with  him  HERMANN  ScHUSSLER,  chief  engineer  of  The  Spring  Valley 
Water  Works,  whom  we  have  had  occasion  to  mention  on  several  occa- 
sions as  an  eminent  man  in  his  profe.ssion.  His  survey  showed  that  the 
water  could  be  obtained  by  building  45  miles  of  canal,  and  about  20  tunnels, 
and  by  crossing  31  large  ravines  (some  of  them  2,000  feet  wide  and  400 
deep)  with  iron  pipe.  After  receiving  a  grant  of  the  needful  water  from  the 
government,  Mr.  SrRiXKEl.s  returned  to  San  Francisco,  organized  and  in- 
corporated The  Hawaiian  Commercial  Company,  in  which  he  had  for 
associates  W.  F.  Bahcock,  cx-Governor  F.  F.  Low,  Frederick  Till- 
MANN,  Herman  Bendel,  John  D.  Spreckels  and  brothers,  H. 
Schussler,  and  others.  Clau.s  SpRECKELS  was  elected  president,  and 
W,  F.  Babcock,  vice-president,  the  former,  at  the  request  of  the  company, 
taking  full  charge  of  the  contemplated  improvements.  He  engaged  Mr. 
Schussler,  who,  in  the  fall  of  1878,  h.ad  400  men,  100  head  of  oxen,  and 
Co  mules  at  work  under  the  guidance  of  competent  managers  and  foremen. 
The  pipes  to  cross  the  ravines,  measuring  21,000  feet,  were  made  by  TlIE 
RisnoN  Iron  Works  out  of  700  tons  of  plate  iron,  the  diameters  varying 


m 


PROVISIONS. 


549 


from  35  to  41  inches.  Four  lengths  were  telescoped  into  each  other  before 
loading  on  the  sailing  vessels  which  took  them  to  Maui.  In  pitting  them 
together  80  tons  of  lead  were  used  to  make  the  joints  tight.  1  o  keep  the 
pipes  in  place  several  million  feet  of  lumber,  from  our  coast,  were  used;  and 
large  supplies  of  provisions,  besides  many  tons  of  dynamite,  were  sent  from 
San  Francisco  for  the  use  of  the  laborers  and  mechanics,  of  whom  a  large 
number  were  obtained  from  the  same  place. 

Within  12  months  after  the  beginning  of  the  work  (in  the  course  of  which 
many  difficulties  incident  to  an  enterprise  so  extensive  in  a  country  not 
well  supplied  with  large  machine  shops,  were  unexpectedly  encountered 
and  successfully  overcome)  the  water  came  pouring  over  the  plantation  in 
an  abundant  stream,  and  Mr.  Spreckels  then  began  to  plant  his  cane,  of 
which  there  are  now  3,000  acres.  A  novel  system  of  irrigation,  devised  by 
Mr.  SCHUSSLER,  enables  one  man  to  irrigate  1 5  or  20  times  as  much  land 
as  he  could  by  the  methods  previously  in  use. 

Soon  after  the  planting  was  commenced,  the  erection  of  a  great  sugar 
mill  was  begun.  An  original  plan,  devised  by  Claus  Spreckels,  his  son 
J.  D.  Spreckels,  J.  Moore,  and  William  Watson,  in  joint  consulta- 
tions, was  adopted,  and  has  proved  a  complete  success.  Two  other  mills 
were  built  on  similar  plans,  and  a  fourth  is  now  nearly  complete.  Each  has 
a  capacity  of  25  tons  of  sugar  in  a  day  of  lo  hours,  and  by  running  at 
night  the  4  mills  could  produce  1 50,  or  even  200  tons,  in  a  day  of  24  hours. 
In  these  mills  the  system  of  passing  the  cane  between  5  rollers  instead  of 
3,  adding  10  per  cent,  to  the  sugar  yield,  was  first  introduced  into  the  Ha- 
waiian Islands.  The  mills  were  constructed  with  rapidity  and  exactness, 
under  the  immediate  supervision  of  JoilN  D.  SPRECKELS,  who  is  also  the 
resident  manager  of  the  plantation  and  mills.  He  seems  to  have  inherited 
much  of  the  executive  ability  of  his  father.  All  the  arrangements  about 
the  plantation  indicate  rare  capacity  in  the  original  plans.  Everything  has 
been  done  to  increase  the  productive  power  of  the  labor,  to  save  time,  to 
simplify  the  processes,  to  obtain  the  greatest  possible  products  from  the 
land  and  cane,  to  reduce  the  occasions  for  handling  the  raw  and  manufac- 
tured materials,  and  to  facilitate  transportation.  A  portable  railroad  track 
2  feet  wide  furnishes  a  quick  and  cheap  method  of  bringing  the  cane  from 
all  parts  of  the  plantation  to  the  mills.  An  excellent  harbor  near  the  land 
of  The  Hawaiian  Commercial  Company  is  a  safe  and  convenient  ship- 
ping place  for  them  and  their  neighbors.  Here  was  a  place  abounding  with 
great  natural  advantages,  that  might  have  remained  unoccupied  until  some 
time  in  the  remote  future  if  Mr.  SPRECKELS  had  not  been  driven  by  what 
seemed  an  adverse  fate,  to  visit  the  islands,  and,  fortunately  for  them,  for 
himself,  for  his  associates,  and  for  the  business  of  San  Francisco,  he  had  the 


MMMM* 


mmm 


mmmmm 


5  so 


MANUKACTURES. 


judgment,  the  boldness,  the  wealthy  friends,  and  the  capital  of  his  own,  to 
convert  what  had  previously  been  a  desert  into  an  important  source  of 
industrial  production.  The  shipbuilders,  the  machine  shops,  the  sawmills, 
the  powder  factories,  the  owners  of  horses  and  oxen,  the  harness-makers, 
the  merchants  and  the  mechanics  of  California,  have  shared  with  the  people 
of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  in  the  benefits  resulting  from  the  enterprise  of  The 
Hawaiian  Commercial  Company,  under  the  lead  of  Claus  Spreckels. 
King  KalakauA  recognized  the  benefit  conferred  on  his  people  by  the  cap- 
italist from  San  Francisco,  and  rewarded  him  with  a  decoration. 

Having  secured  a  supply  of  sugar,  Mr.  Spreckels  erected  a  great  refinery 
on  Potrero  Point,  fronting  on  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  city,  with  a  wharf  at  which  vessels  of  deep  draft  can  receive 
and  discharge  cargo.  The  main  building  is  397  feet  long,  and  the  subor- 
dinn  •  structures  are  187,  165,  and  147  feet  long  respectively.  The  height 
in  one  place  is  12  stories,  and  the  cost  of  building  and  machinery  has  been 
reported  to  be  $1,200,000.  The  area  covered  by  the  buildings  is  about  3 
acres.  There  are,  perhaps,  few  recorded  cases  in  which  a  defeat  has  been 
turned  to  better  account  than  the  defeat  of  Claus  SPRECKELS  in  the  mat- 
ter of  the  reciprocity  treaty.  That  measure,  which  he  and  his  friends 
opposed  on  the  supposition  that  it  would  be  a  cause  of  serious  pecuniary 
loss  to  him,  by  prompt  and  decisive  action  was  made  the  source  of  a  vast 
addition  to  his  fortune.  He  is  generally  styled  "the  sugar  king  of  Cali- 
fornia." A  few  other  men  may  have  larger  sugar  plantations  or  larger  .sugar 
refineries,  but  probably  no  other  combines  the  functions  of  planter  and 
refiner  on  a  scale  so  extensive.  He  is  also  a  member  of  a  company  which 
intends  to  run  a  line  of  steamers  between  San  Francisco  and  Honolulu ; 
and  his  sons  have  a  line  of  sailing-vessels  between  those  ports.  Mr. 
Spreckels  devotes  himself  to  business  with  remarkable  assiduity  an-' 
energy,  and  to  these,  supported  by  strong  capacity,  much  more  than  to 
mere  luck,  he  owes  his  success. 

Flour. — The  consumption  of  flour  in  California  was  estimated,  for  1881, 
at  about  1,100,000  barrels,  and  for  the  Pacific  Coast  at  about  2,600,000 
barrels.  Exports  of  flour  to  all  destinations  were,  for  that  year,  785,078 
barrels  from  California  and  405,395  barrels  from  Oregon.  The  entire 
quantity  of  flour  produced  by  the  Pacific  Coa.st  mills,  for  1881,  may,  there- 
fore, be  estimated  approximately  at  3,800,000  barrels.  Allowing  3  centals 
of  wheat  as  the  equivalent  of  one  barrel  of  flour,  the  millers  used,  apart  from 
other  grist-mill  products,  and  not  allowing  for  stocks  carried  over,  about 
570,000  tons  of  wheat. 

The  consumption  of  cracked  wheat  in  California  is  at  the  rate  of  at  least 
3,500  tons  a  year,  and  of  oatmeal  about  the  same.     Oatmeal  is  made  princi- 


■MnHHMRmPM 


mmm 


mmmmmmm 


PROVISIONS. 


55' 


pally  of  oats  raised  in  Oregon  and  Washington.  Milling  facilities  for  its 
manufacture  are  better  in  Californian  than  in  Oregon  mills.  Hence  it  hap- 
pens, not  unfrequcntly,  that  oats  are  shipped  from  Portland  to  San  Fran- 
cisco for  conversion  into  meal,  while  Oregon  merchants  are  purchasing  oat- 
meal quite  freely  in  San  Francisco.  There  is  still  a  small  importation  of 
Eastern  oatmeal,  amounting  to  4,000  or  4,500  barrels  a  year,  but  the  quan- 
tity is  steadily  decreasing,  and  as  it  docs  not  appear  in  what  respect  the 
Californian  is  not  at  least  equal  to  the  Eastern  article,  it  is  probable  that 
the  latter  will  soon  be  driven  altogether  out  of  the  market. 

Considerable  quantities  of  buckwheat,  graham,  and  rye  flour,  hominy, 
corn  meal,  farina,  split  peas,  and  ground  feed,  of  various  descriptions,  arc 
produced  by  the  San  Francisco,  and  by  many  of  the  interior  mills. 

The  San  Francisco  and  Vallejo  mills  produce  a  larger  portion  of  the  finer 
qualities  of  white  flour  than  those  located  in  other  portions  of  the  State,  and 
can  obtain  about  25  cents  a  barrel  more  than  is  paid  for  goods  of  similar 
grade  manufactured  elsewhere.  If  millers  could  find  a  readier  market  for 
their  feed— middlings,  bran,  and  screenings,  which  form  a  considerable  part 
of  the  products  of  a  flouring  mill — there  is  no  doubt  that  a  much  larger  pro- 
portion of  our  wheat  crop  would  be  converted  inio  flour  than  is  now  the 
case.  These  articles  are  used  only  for  cattle  and  horse  feed,  and  on  this  coast 
the  demand  for  them  is  far  from  being  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  the 
wheat  crop.  In  France,  Germany,  and  other  European  countries,  unbolted 
flour,  or  flour  containing  all  portions  of  the  grain,  is  from  necessity  the  com- 
mon food  of  the  peasantry,  and  from  choice,  largely  consumed  even  by  the 
wealthy  classes.  It  is  not  to  be  expected  that  our  population  will  soon 
consume  any  great  quantity  of  such  flour,  but,  in  rejecting  even  the  coating 
of  the  wheat  seed,  we  waste  a  portion  that  contains  considerable  nutritive 
properties.  There  is  more  gluten  contained  in  the  outer  covering  of  the 
grain  than  in  any  other  part.  It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  dogs  can  live  on 
bread  made  of  bran,  but  that  they  soon  starve  when  kept  on  a  diet  of  white 
bread.  In  Europe,  and  even  in  the  Eastern  States,  bran,  screenings,  and 
middlings  find  a  ready  market,  but  in  California  there  is  so  little  demand 
for  these  articles  that  they  often  go  to  waste.  Their  value  is  so  small,  in 
proportion  to  their  bulk,  that  it  would  not  pay  to  ship  them  abroad,  and 
this  is  one  of  the  main  difficulties  that  stand  in  the  way  of  millers  on  the 
Pacific  Coast. 

Another  drawback  is  the  high  price  of  labor,  which  ranges  from  20  to  30 
per  cent,  above  the  rates  paid  by  Eastern  mill  owners.  It  is  probable  that 
the  wages  paid  to  operatives  in  California  average  little,  if  at  all,  less  than 
$2.75  a  day.  At  the  largest  flour-mill  in  the  State,  ordinary  workmen  are 
paid  $2.25  a  day,  and  expert  millers  as  high  as  $4.     There  are  very  few 


mmffl^KT 


^•^fimm^ 


^mm^ 


553 


MANUFACTURES. 


Chinamen,  probably  not  50  in  all,  employed  in  this  industry.  To  establish 
enterprises  of  such  a  nature  requires  a  very  large  outlay  of  capital.  When 
properly  conducted,  and  especially  when  conducted  on  a  large  scale,  they 
have,  as  a  rule,  been  fairly  profitable,  though  less  remunerative  than  many 
other  branches  of  manufacture.  Increase  of  population,  and  therefore  of 
consumption,  instead  of  raising  the  price  of  flour,  has  only  added  to  the 
number  of  mills,  and  tended  rather  to  lessen  than  to  raise  the  profits  of  the 
miller.  Scores  of  mills  started,  during  the  past  25  years,  on  various 
portions  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  have  been  shut  down,  or  converted  to  other 
uses,  and  manj-  which  were  destroyed  by  fire  have  not  been  rebuilt,  though 
in  time  others  may  have  been  erected  in  the  same  locality. 

Milling  System. — The  system  prevalent  in  the  Eastern  flouring  mills 
of  grinding  wheat  at  a  fixed  price  per  ton,  or  for  a  certain  portion  of  the 
proceeds,  is  almost  unknown  in  California.  A  few  country  mills,  in  districts 
remote  from  easy  communication  with  San  Francisco,  adopt  this  system 
entirely  or  in  part ;  but  the  rule  is,  for  the  miller  to  buy  his  own  supplies  of 
material,  and  take  his  own  chances.  By  so  doing,  he  has  every  opportu- 
nity to  take  advantage  of  the  fluctuations  in  the  market,  and  many  enter- 
prises, which  else  would  not  be  profitable,  are  thus  made  to  increase  largely 
the  bank  accounts  of  their  proprietors.  A  rise  or  fall  in  the  price  of  flour 
of  30  to  50  per  cent,  within  a  few  months,  is  nothing  uncommon.     In  June, 

1879,  for  instance,  the  quality  known  as  "shipping  extra"  sold  for  $4  to 
$4.25  a  barrel ;  in  October  of  the  same  year,  for  $5.75  a  barrel ;  an  advance  of 
about  35  per  cent,  within  4  months.  Fluctuations  in  the  price  of  middlings 
and  of  bran  arc  usually  in  greater  proportion.    On  the  first  of  January, 

1880,  choice  extra  flour  w.is  selling  at  $6.62^  a  barrel;  on  the  first  of  July, 
1880,  at  $5.50.  Middlings  fell,  during  the  same  interval,  from  $20.50  to 
$14.50  a  ton,  and  bran  from  $15  to  $1 1.50.  The  shrinkage  in  the  price  ol 
flour  was  therefore  only  about  17  per  cent,  while,  in  the  case  of  middlings 
it  was  nearly  30  per  cent.,  and  in  that  of  bran,  about  23  per  cent.  Wheal 
had  fallen  meanwhile  from  $2.05  to  $1.60,  or  nearly  22  per  cent.  Th{ 
miller  expects  to  make  his  profit  out  of  his  higher  grades  of  flour,  and  ii 
often  glad  to  get  any  price  at  all  for  his  middlings,  bran,  and  screenings. 

During  the  last  4  years  a  new  .system  of  grinding,  which  was  first  adoptee 
in  Hungary,  and  is  hence  sometimes  called  the  "  Hungarian  system,"  ha: 
been  very  generally  adopted  in  Eastern  flouring  mills.  In  this  process 
chilled  iron  or  porcelain  rollers,  cither  corrugated  or  smooth,  are  substituted 
for  cocTion  millstones,  and  a  new  system  of  purifiers  is  introduced.  The 
question  of  adopting  this  method  in  California  has  been  freely  discussed, 
but  the  decision  of  most  mill-owners  is  at  present  against  it.     Californian 


PROVISIONS. 


553 


wheat  is  much  more  brittle  than  Eastern,  and  it  is  claimed  that  its  white 
skin,  when  pulverized  into  the  flour,  does  not  injure  its  quality,  as  is  the 
case  with  Eastern  flour.  Moreover,  the  price  of  breadstuffs  manufactured 
by  the  new  process,  does  not  justify  the  expense  necessary  for  a  change  of 
machinery.  Another  objection  is,  that  ever  since  the  first  change  was  made, 
frequent  improvements,  or  what  are  believed  to  be  improvements,  have  been 
announced  from  time  to  time,  and  millers,  of  course,  hesitate  to  adopt  the 
invention  until  its  effect  has  been  more  thoroughly  tested,  and  the  process 
perfected.  Not  more  than  half  a  dozen  of  the  larger  mills  on  the  Pacific 
Coast  have  as  yet  introduced  the  new  system,  and  these  have  not  obtained 
a  materially  higher  price  for  their  breadstuff's.  The  "  Hungarian  system," 
or,  as  it  is  more  frequently  termed,  the  process  of  "  high  grinding,"  is  the 
only  invention  of  value  that  has  been  made  in  the  manufacture  of  flour  of 
late  years.  At  most  of  the  mills,  flour  is  still  made  on  the  Pacific  Coast 
by  the  same  method  that  was  in  use  50  years  ago,  with  the  exception  that 
the  steam-engine  is  substituted  for  horse  or  water  power. 

Flour  Market. — The  importation  of  flour  into  California  ceased  about 
i860.  For  that  year  the  various  products  of  all  the  flouring  mills  in  Cali- 
fornia were  valued  at  nearly  $5,000,000,  and  excepting  for  the  season  of 
1864-5  (the  year  of  the  great  drought),  there  have  since  been  no  imports  of 
any  considerable  amount.  During  1859,  and  fo""  several  preceding  years, 
there  were  small  shipments  of  flour  to  foreign  destinations,  but  the  exporta- 
tion of  flour,  in  any  considerable  quantity,  did  not  commence  until  1860-61. 
For  the  year  ending  July  i,  i860,  there  were  58,926  barrels  exported;  for 
the  next  year  exports  amounted  to  197,181  barrels.  From  that  time,  with 
only  2  exceptions,  and  those  owing  to  drought,  the  volume  of  exports 
steadily  increased  until,  for  the  year  ending  July  i,  1867,  it  reached  465,337 
barrels.  This  amount  was  not  exceeded  until  the  season  of  1873-4,  when 
there  were  644,710  barrels  exported. 

For  the  year  1881  exports  of  flour  from  the  Pacific  Coast,  to  all  destina- 
tions, amounted  to  about  1,200,000  barrels,  valued  at  $6,625,000;  a  very 
large  gain  over  the  figures  for  any  previous  year.  Of  this  quantity,  364,000 
barrels  of  Californian  flour,  valued  at  $1,693,000,  and  at  least  350,000  barrels 
of  Oregon  flour,  valued  at  $1,540,000,  were  shipped  to  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland.  It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  exports  to  the  United  Kingdom  were 
much  larger  than  those  of  any  preceding  year,  and  that  the  shipments  of 
Oregon  flour  to  that  destination  so  nearly  approached  those  of  Californian 
flour.  China  ranks  next  on  the  list  of  our  foreign  customers,  taking,  in 
1881,  261,000  barrels,  valued  at  $1,536,000.  Central  America  took  75,300 
barrels,  worth  $352,000.  The  Hawaiian  Islands  purchased  from  us  32,100 
70 


554 


MANUFACTURES. 


barrels,  worth  $i  1 0,000.  Smaller  quantities  were  shipped  to  nearly  all  parts 
of  the  world  with  which  San  Francisco  has  commercial  relations. 

Exports  to  Kngland  consist  only  of  surplus  stock,  and  of  the  choicest 
brands.  The  prices  obtained  there  do  not  warrant  any  speculative  move- 
ment, and  millers  do  not  look  in  that  direction  for  any  large  increase  of 
business.  Taking  into  account  the  cost  of  freight  and  the  loss  of  interest,  it 
is  not  a  little  remarkable  that  shipments  to  England  should  be  on  so  large 
a  scale,  while  nearer  markets  are  available.  The  average  cost  of  milling  in 
San  Francisco  is  estimated  at  70  to  75  cents  a  barrel,  and  is  considerably 
higher  in  San  Francisco  than  in  Eastern  cities,  which  ship  large  quantities 
of  flour  to  Europe.  Moreover  Eastern  millers  find  a  readier  market  for 
their  bran  and  screens  than  exists  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  where  a  large  por- 
tion of  both  these  products  either  goes  to  waste,  or  is  sold  at  very  Iqw  rates. 
The  matter  is  probably  explained  by  the  fact  that  England  offers  a  sure 
market  at  ruling  rates,  while  shipments  to  Mexico,  Central  America,  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  China,  Japan,  and  other  points,  that  seem  to  be  the 
natural  outlet  for  the  surplus  stock  of  our  flouring  mills,  are  always  attended 
with  more  or  less  risk. 

Hcforc  1872,  the  Chinese  trade  was  in  the  hands  of  our  own  merchants, 
but  is  now  conducted  almost  entirely  by  Chinamen,  who  make  their  con- 
tracts directly  with  the  mill  owners.  Until  1879-80  China  afforded  the 
best  outlet  for  low  grades  of  flour,  but  now  demands  a  first-class  article. 
At  present,  it  is  almost  as  difficult  to  place  inferior  brands  in  Hongkong  as 
in  Liverpool,  but  a  high-grade  flour  seldom  fails  to  find  a  market  at  fair 
prices. 

In  occasional  seasons,  there  is  a  large  export  of  flour  to  Australia. 
Even  in  South  Australia,  which  is  by  far  the  best  wheat-growing  section  of 
that  continent,  8  bushels  to  the  acre  is  considered  a  good  average  yield. 
In  years  of  drought,  Australia  draws  on  us  freely  for  supplies;  in  good 
seasons  she  is  herself  a  large  exporter.  The  demand  from  that  source  is, 
therefore,  very  fluctuating.  In  1874  for  instance,  shipments  to  Australia 
amounted  to  2,442  barrels;  in  1877  to  13,495  barrels;  and  in  1878  to  7,867 
barrels. 


Flour-imiUs. — There  are  now  in  operation,  in  California  and  Oregon, 
about  250  flouring  and  grist-mills,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  at  least 
$4,500,000,  There  are  no  reliable  data  at  hand  as  to  the  number  of  mills 
on  other  portions  of  this  coast,  but  the  production  of  flour  on  the  entire 
Pacific  Slope  was  estimated,  for  1 881,  as  already  stated,  at  3,800,000  barrels, 
and  its  value  was  $17,000,000.  The  cost  of  material  may  be  set  down  at 
$13,900,000,  and  of  labor  at  $740,000,  distributed  among  1,350  oixiratives. 


PROVISIONS. 


555 


These  estimates  do  not  include  the  value  of  graham  and  lye  flour,  oatmeal, 
buckwheat,  cornmeal,  farina,  ground  feed,  and  other  grist-mill  products 
manufactured  during  the  year. 

The  number  of  flouring  and  grist-mills  in  operation  in  California  is 
about  170,  of  which  1 1  are  located  in  Sa..  Francisco.  At  least  100  of  them 
are  worked  by  steam,  and  the  remainder  by  water-power.  When  working 
up  to  their  full  capacity,  the  San  Francisco  mills  produce  over  2,cxx)  barrels 
of  flour  per  day,  in  addition  to  large  quantities  of  meal  and  feed  of  various 
descriptions.  The  largest  flour-mill  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  located  at  Val- 
lejo,  and  has  a  capacity  of  1,500  barrels  a  day.  In  1853  there  were  16 
flour-mills  in  operation  in  California,  and  14  in  course  of  erection,  with  an 
aggregate  capacity  of  about  300,000  barrels  a  year.  Two  years  later  there 
were  54  mills  with  a  capacity  of  1,260,000  barrels  a  year,  or  3  times  the 
estimated  consumption.  The  price  of  first-class  flour  of  home  production 
was  at  that  time  $28  to  $30  a  barrel.  In  i860  there  were  91  mills  in  Cali- 
fornia, 47  in  Oregon,  22  in  New  Mexico,  and  10  in  Utah,  with  an  aggregate 
capital  of  $2,067,350,  employing  556  hands,  expending  $454,524  for  labor, 
and  $4,659,069  for  material,  and  manufacturing  flour  and  meal  valued  at 
$6,483,067. 

In  1870  the  number  of  mills  had  increased  to  329;  of  which  115  were 
located  in  California,  74  in  Utah,  64  in  Oregon,  36  in  New  Mexico,  20  in 
Colorado,  and  20  elsewhere  on  the  coast.  The  amount  of  capital  was 
$4,807,083;  the  number  of  employees  1,195;  ^hc  cost  of  labor  $601,105; 
of  material  $10,809,826;  and  the  value  of  manufactures  $13,998,613.  It 
will  be  seen  that  between  i860  and  1870  the  expense  for  labor  had  fallen 
from  about  7  to  a  little  over  4  per  cent.,  while  the  cost  of  material  had 
risen  from  72  to  Tj  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  production. 


Oregon  Mllla. — Between  1870  and  1880  the  wheat  crop  of  Oregon  in- 
creased from  2,340,000  to  7,486,000  bushels,  and  the  number  of  flouring  and 
grist-mills  from  64  to  80.  Oregon  produces  a  very  large  surplus  in  addition 
to  the  quantity  required  by  that  State  for  home  consumption.  Every 
steamer  from  Portland  brings  to  San  Francisco  more  or  less  of  flour,  which, 
though  subject  to  charges  for  freight  and  commissions,  finds  a  profitable 
market.  For  i88i  receipts  of  Oregon  flour  in  San  Francisco  were  81,000 
barrels;  for  1880, 107,600  barrels,  and  these  amounts  were  very  much  smaller 
than  were  received  in  previous  years.  In  1870  shipments  amounted  to  141,- 
000  barrels.  Moreover,  exports  of  Oregon  flour  to  Great  Britain  often 
exceed  the  quantity  of  Californian  flour  forwarded  to  that  destination.  In 
1880  Oregon  shipped  nearly  200,000  barrels  to  Europe  (almost  entirely  to 
Great  Britain),  against  less  than  1 70,000  barrels  from  California.     Though 


556 


MANUFACTURES. 


the  production  of  Oregon  flour  is  not  more  than  one  third  of  the  quantity 
produced  in  California,  it  is  probable,  that  in  the  volume  of  exports  there  is 
little  difference  between  the  two  states. 

One  of  the  Oregon  establishments,  that  of  THE  Salem  Flouring 
Mills  Company,  ranks  third  in  point  of  capacity  among  the  mills  of  the 
Pacific  Coast,  and  at  the  Centennial  Exhibition  received  a  medal  and 
diploma  for  the  excellent  quality  of  its  products. 

There  are  several  flouring  mills  in  the  State  of  Nevada,  and  one  or  more 
in  nearly  all  the  Pacific  Coast  Territories;  but  Nevada,  and  most  of  the 
Territories  (with  the  exception  of  Utah  and  Washington),  draw  more  or 
less  on  California  or  Oregon  for  supplies.  Colorado  has  a  large  number  of 
mills,  and  if  their  product  be  not  sufficient,  obtains  her  supplies  mainly  from 
Utah.  The  whjat  crop  of  Utah  increased  from  558,000  bushels  in  1870,  to 
1,167,000  bushels  in  1880,  the  yield  for  the  latter  year  being  at  the  rate  of 
16  bushels  to  the  acre.  There  are  no  reliable  statistics  at  hand  of  a 
recent  date;  but  it  is  known  that  the  flour-mills  of  that  Territory  have  a 
capacity  for  at  least  double  its  present  rate  of  consumption,  and  that  it  dis- 
poses of  large  quantities  of  flour  on  different  portions  of  the  slojie. 

Washington  Mills. — This  Territory  has,  for  her  population,  a  lai^e  num- 
ber of  flouring  mills.  In  1870,  when  her  population  was  less  than  a  third  of 
its  present  number,  she  had  one  for  about  every  1,200  members,  while  Califor- 
nia had  not,  at  that  time,  and  has  not  yet,  more  than  one  for  every  5,000. 
Taking  into  account,  however,  the  larger  average  capacity  of  the  California 
mill,  it  is  probable  that  they  produce  as  much  flour,  meal,  etc.,  per  capita 
as  do  the  mills  of  Washington  Territory. 

British  Columbia. — Considerable  quantities  of  cereals  have  been  raised 
for  many  years  in  British  Columbia,  but  the  first  flouring  mill  In  that  portion 
of  the  Dominion  was  erected  in  Victoria,  in  1878.  During  1881  there  were 
forwarded  to  that  destination  frqm  San  Francisco  8,900  barrels  of  flour,  but 
the  larger  portion  of  the  needed  supply  is  furnished  by  Oregon  or  Wash- 
ing Territory. 

FlouT-mills. — The  number  of  flour-mills  on  our  coast  is  so  great  that  it 
is  impossible  to  mention  all  in  this  place.  Among  the  most  notable  are 
the  mills  of  STARR  &  Co.,  at  Vailejo — to  be  mentioned  hereafter;  the 
Golden  Gate  Mill  of  HORACE  Davis  &  Co.,  of  San  Francisco,  with  a 
capacity  of  600  barrels  a  day ;  the  California  Mill  of  C.  Splivalo,  with  a 
capacity  of  250  barrels;  the  Oakland  City  Mill  of  B.  E.  HiCKOK  &  SON, 
capacity  200  barrels;  the  mill  of  JACOB  Samm  and  T.  J.  PARSONS,  in  Oak- 
land, capacity  200  barrels;  the  mill  of  C  McCreary  &  Co.,  in  Sacra- 


PROVISIONS. 


557 


mento,  capacity  300  barrels;  the  mill  of  George  Schroth  &  Co.,  in 
Sacramento,  capacity  150  barrels;  the  mill  of  R.  B.  Lane,  at  Stockton, 
capacity  250  barrels;  the  mill  of  A.  &  S.  VV.  Sperry,  in  Stockton,  capacity 
800  barrels — the  second  on  the  slope;  the  mill  of  C.  C.  KNOX,  at  Alviso, 
capacity  250  barrels;  the  Salem  Mills,  and  Jefferson  City  Mills,  in  Oregon, 
to  be  mentioned  hereafter;  the  mill  of  J.  D.  MILLER,  with  a  capacity  of 
300  barrels,  in  Oregon  City;  and  the  mill  of  J.  H.  FOSTER,  with  a  capacity 
of  joo  barrels,  at  Albany.  In  some  of  these  mills  the  production  is  far 
below,  in  others  nearly  equal  to  their  capacity. 

The  most  northern  grist-mill  on  our  slope  is  in  latitude  50°  45'  at  the 
point  where  the  Bonaparte  empties  into  the  Thompson,  which  is  a  tributary 
of  the  Fraser.  There  Thaddeus  Harper,  the  owner  of  a  large  cattle 
rancho,  has  erected  a  mill  to  furnish  a  market  for  the  farmers  of  the  vicinity 
and  to  supply  the  flour  demand  of  the  upper  part  of  the  Fraser  basin,  and 
the  Cariboo  mines. 

Starr  &  Co.— Starr  &  Co.  have,  at  Vallejo,  the  largest  flour-mill  on  the 
Pacific  Slope,  with  a  capacity  of  making  1,700  barrels  of  flour  in  24  hours, 
and  storage  room  for  50,000  tons  of  wheat.  They  grind  annually  over  350,- 
000  barrels  of  flour,  worth  nearly  $1,750,000  at  present  rates,  and  they  ship 
about  1,800  tons  monthly  to  Europe,  besides  other  lots  to  Central  America, 
the  Pacific  islands,  and  Asia.  Their  brand  is  one  of  the  few  that  secures  a 
ready  sale  for  '^-'ifornian  flour  at  the  highest  prices.  Employment  is  given 
to  60  men.  1  nc  mill,  built  in  1 869  and  enlarged  in  1 874,  has  extensive 
warehouses  and  wharves,  at  which  vessels  of  deep  draught  can  take  in  cargo, 
while  side-tracks  of  the  California  Pacific  Railroad  run  into  the  mills,  and 
on  to  the  lower  shipping  wharf,  bringing  wheat  from  the  Napa  and  Sacra- 
mento valleys.  The  land  attached  to  the  mill  has  an  area  of  12  acres.  The 
firm  consists  of  A.  D.  Starr,  A.  Bannister,  and  A.  W.  Starr.  The  San 
Francisco  office  is  at  16  California  Street,  and  the  Liverpool  office  of  the 
firm  at  20  Brunswick  Buildings  in  that  city.  The  cargo  sales  of  the  house 
in  Europe  are  all  made  through  their  Liverpool  house. 

The  Salem  Flouring  Mills.— The  mills  of  The  Salem  Flouring 
Mills  Company,  one  of  the  leading  and  most  prosperous  corporations  of 
Oregon,  are  situated  at  the  State  capital,  which  Is  the  heart  of  and  converg- 
ing point  of  a  rich  grain  district,  producing  about  700,000  bushels  of  grain 
annually.  The  company,  of  which  A.  BusH,  banker  of  Salem,  is  president, 
and  James  Young  secretary,  was  organized  in  1870,  with  a  capital  of 
$50,000,  since  increased  to  $200,000,  to  embrace  its  capitalized  earnings  and 
improvements.  The  mills,  the  largest  in  Oregon,  and  exceeded  by  only  2 
others  on  our  coast,  are  supplied  with  the  best  machinery  of  the  latest  and 


mm 


558 


MANUFACTURES. 


most  approved  patterns.  Their  flour,  of  which  15,000  or  16,000  barrels  are 
made  monthly,  commands  the  highest  credit  in  the  markets  of  England 
and  Continental  Europe,  and  has  established  a  standard  by  which  other 
brands  of  Oregon  flour  sell  in  Europe  as  nearly  as  they  can  grade  up  to  it 
The  completeness  of  the  mills,  their  ample  room  for  storage,  the  conven- 
ience of  their  situation  for  shipment,  with  a  railroad  on  one  .side  and  a  navi- 
gable river  on  the  other,  at  their  very  doors,  the  high  reputation  of  theit 
products,  and  the  prestige  of  continuous  success  in  the  past,  contribute  to 
make  the  prospect  for  the  future  very  bright.  SiBSON,  CHURCH  &  Co.,  of 
Portland,  are  agents  for  the  sale  of  the  flour. 

JefiTerson  City  MlUs. — The  Jefferson  City  Mills,  at  Jefferson,  Oregon, 
are  the  property  of  CORBITT  &  Macleay,  prominent  merchants  of  Port- 
land. These  mills  have  5  runs  of  stone,  and  annually  grind  40,000  barrels 
of  flour,  most  of  which  is  exported  to  Europe,  where  the  brand  of  the  mills 
commands  a  ready  sale. 

Crackers. — Crackers  and  ship  bread  are  made  in  factories  by  machinery, 
which  mix  the  dough,  knead  it,  roll  it  out,  and  cut  and  stamp  the  pieces 
ready  for  baking.  The  ovens  contain  an  iron  wheel,  turning,  in  some  cases, 
on  a  vertical  axis,  in  others,  on  a  horizontal  one ;  the  former  being  called  a 
reel  oven,  and  the  latter  a  rotating  oven.  Attached  to  the  arms  of  the 
wheel  are  tiles,  or  plates  of  metal,  upon  which  the  dough  is  laid  by  an 
attendant,  and  the  wheel  is  turned  by  machinery,  so  regulated  that  the 
time  of  revolution  of  each  pan  is  just  sufficient  to  cook  its  contents.  The 
capacity  of  an  oven  is  from  10  to  2$  barrels  of  flour  in  12  hours,  and  the 
consumption  of  fuel  from  2},4  to  31^  tons  of  coal  per  month.  The  annual 
production  of  ship-biscuit  and  the  various  articles  known  as  fancy  crackers, 
amounts  to  about  10,500  tons,  valued  at  $1,500,000;  of  which  the  national 
government  buys  100  tons  for  issue  to  persons  in  its  service,  about  500  tons 
are  consumed  by  those  connected  with  merchant  vessels  entering  our  ports, 
1,000  tons  are  exported,  chiefly  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  Mexico,  and 
British  Columbia,  and  the  remainder  are  distributed  throughout  the  States 
and  Territories  of  the  slope.  The  price  ranges  from  3  cents  per  pound  for 
ship-bread,  to  28  cents  for  cracknel,  averaging  8  cents,  about  the  same  as 
the  New  York  rates.  Crackers  are  packed  for  exportation  in  tins  contain- 
ing 40  pounds,  and  in  cases  of  25,  50,  and  80  pounds;  and  for  home  con- 
sumption in  boxes  of  5,  10,  20,  and  50  pounds.  Capital  amounting  to 
$350,000  is  invested  in  the  enterprise,  and  employment  is  given  to  175  men, 
whose  wages  are  $2.50,  and  50  boys,  who  receive  $1  for  a  day  of  12  hours. 
Eastern-made  crackers  were  largely  supplied  to  our  market  up  to  1872, 


^imm 


PROVISIONS. 


559 


since  which  time  importations  have  declined,  until  at  present  they  comprise 
■  only  a  few  cases  from  Massachusetts.  The  consumption  of  ship-bread  durinj^ 
sea  voyages  has  materially  fallen  off  of  late  years,  owin^  to  the  greater  use 
of  bread  baked  on  board  vessels;  but  on  the  other  hand,  a  considerable 
quantity  is  used  in  barter  with  the  Indians  of  the  north-west  coast. 

Exports  of  these  products  have  increased  eightfold  since  1870,  10  per 
cent,  of  which  has  been  since  1879,  and  the  yearly  gain  promises  to  con- 
tinue. In  i860  there  were  3  cracker  bakeries  in  San  Francisco,  consuming 
75  barrels  of  flour  per  day  in  the  aggregate.  An  establishment  of  this 
kind  was  in  operation  in  the  same  city  in  1849,  the  proprietor  of  which, 
William  B.  Gorham,  found  a  ready  sale  for  his  goods  among  the  miners 
of  th>'>t  day.  At  present  there  are  17  bakeries  on  the  coast;  10  of  which 
are  in  California,  3  in  Oregon,  2  in  British  Columbia,  and  one  each  in 
Washington  and  Utah.  All  manufacturers  suggest  that  the  flavor  of  their 
crackers  is  improved  by  warming  before  use. 

Among  the  principal  establishments  are  THE  California  Cracker 
Company,  to  be  mentioned  again;  The  Eclipse  Cracker  Company,  of 
San  Francisco,  established  in  1854,  of  which  THOMAS  J.  ClIADBOURNE  is 
manager;  the  Eagle  Cracker  Bakery,  of  the  same  city,  and  owned  by 
George  MulleR;  the  Sacramento  Cracker  Bakery,  and  the  Eagle  Steam 
Cracker  Bakery,  both  of  Sacramento;  the  Oregon  Steam  Bakery,  at  Port- 
land, SlEBE  &  HoELBING,  proprietors;  the  Walla  Walla  Steam  Bakery,  at 
Walla  Walla,  owned  by  O.  Brechtel;  the  bakery  of  HUSLER  &  Gebhardt, 
at  Salt  Lake  City;  and  the  bakeries  of  Nesbitt  &  Co.,  and  CUNNINGHAM 
&  McBeath,  at  Victoria. 

Callfbrnia  Craoicer  Company.— The  California  Cracker  Company, 
the  largest  enterprise  of  the  kind  on  the  coast,  was  established  in  San 
Francisco  in  1850,  by  Deeth  &  STARR,  and  incorporated  by  the  present 
proprietors  in  1 87".  Capital  to  the  amount  of  $200,CXX)  is  invested  in  the 
industry,  and  employment  is  furnished  to  about  100  men.  The  works, 
situated  at  the  north-west  corner  of  Broadway  and  Battery  streets,  have  all 
the  modern  appliances,  including  6  revolving  ovens,  having  a  capacity  of  4 
barrels  of  flour  each  per  hour,  and  a  machine  that  cuts  20  varieties  of  cakes, 
the  latter  being  the  only  one  of  its  kind  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The 
building  is  of  brick,  3  stories  high,  about  1 50  feet  square,  and  the  machinery 
is  driven  by  a  powerful  steam  engine.  The  president  of  the  compiny  is 
Adolph  Weske,  its  secretary  is  George  Edmonds,  its  superintendent 
James  Dunn,  and  it  has  a  branch  depot  at  206  and  208  Sacramento  Street. 

.' iilaoaTonl. — Although  nearly  40  varieties  of  this  product  are  sold  under 
the  names  of  macaroni,  paste,  vermicelli,  etc,  the  process  of  manufacture  is 


560 


MANUFACTURES. 


the  same  for  each,  and  the  same  cereal  furnishes  the  raw  material.  The  grain 
used  in  Italy  is  a  variety  of  hard  wheat,  and  a  small  quantity  of  this  is  im- 
ported for  the  use  of  particular  consumers;  but  its  cost  here  prevents  its  gene- 
ral use,  and  most  of  the  goods  sold  in  our  markets  are  made  from  our  own 
wheat,  and  satisfy  ordinary  tastes.  In  manufacturing,  the  flour,  mixed  with 
colored  water  for  the  colored  varietit  s,  is  kneaded  by  machinery  until  a  hard, 
stiff  dough  is  formed,  when  the  latter  is  placed  in  a  cylinder  having  a  mov- 
able, perforated  bottom.  The  mass  is  forced  through  the  perforations  by  a 
piston,  and  assumes  different  forms,  depending  upon  the  size  and  shape  of 
the  holes.  The  sticks  are  dried  for  several  days,  and  packed  in  boxes  con- 
taining 13  pounds.  The  annual  consumption  amounts  to  145,000  boxes,  or 
950  tons,  valued  at  $20O,C0O.  Exports  amount  to  30  tons,  and  arc  chiefly 
to  Mexican,  Hawaiian,  and  other  Pacific  ports.  The  only  factories  on  the 
coast  arc  located  in  San  Francisco,  where  there  are  6  establishments,  em- 
ploying 36  hands.  The  principal  manufactory  is  known  as  THE  CALI- 
FORNIA Italian  Paste  Company,  the  proprietor  of  which,  C.  R.  Splivalo, 
owns  flouring  mills,  and  grinds  his  own  flour.  Other  manufacturers  are 
Ravenna,  Ghirardelli  &  Co.,  Cattelli  &  Co.,  Luigi  Valente,  and 
J.  P.  Tenthorev  &  Co.,  the  factory  of  the  last  named  being  the  oldest  on 
the  coast,  having  been  established  in  1855  by  Meulli  &  CO. 

Vinegar  and  Pickles. — Vinegar  is  made  on  this  coast  from  wine,  cidei, 
bnrlcy-malt,  and  from  molasses.  In  the  manufacture  from  the  first  named, 
it  is  usual  to  add  a  small  quantity  of  old  vinegar  to  the  contents  of  each 
cask  to  assist  the  acctification.  Cid-'  is  allowed  to  remain  in  vats  for  from 
15  to  18  months,  during  which  period  it  is  transferred  several  times.  Barley 
malt  is  steeped  in  hot  water  as  in  brewing,  and  yeast  added  to  the  wort. 
Molasses  is  diluted  with  water  and  yeast  added.  The  rapidity  with  which 
acctification  takes  place  depends,  within  limits,  upon  the  temperature  to 
which  the  liquor  is  exposed,  being  accelerated  by  heat,  and  retarded  by 
cold.  In  all  cases  after  fermentation  has  occurred,  the  fluid  is  drawn  off" 
into  clarifying  vats.  The  addition  of  a  little  sulphuric  acid  is  not  unusual 
in  the  more  common  grades  to  prevent  mold,  and  when  not  used  in  excess, 
it  is  said  to  be  harmless.  When  pure,  the  degree  of  sourness  of  vinegar 
depends  upon  the  quantity  of  acetic  acid  present,  which  is  estimated  by 
chemical  tests;  among  others,  neutralizing  a  certain  quantity  by  means  of 
an  alkaline  salt  of  known  strength,  usually  bicarbonate  of  .soda,  or  potash; 
or  determining  the  specific  gravity  by  an  instrument  called  an  acetomcter. 
The  result  thus  obtained  is  expressed  commercially  as  vineg.ir  of  so  many 
grains;  in  other  words,  as  possessing  a  sufficient  degree  of  acidity  to  neu- 
tralize a  certain  number  of  grains  of  the  alkali.     Ordinary  vinegar  has  a 


PUOVISIOXS. 


56t 


"trcngth  of  from  35  to  40  grains;  pure  cider-vinegar  is  from  50  grains  up- 
wards; French  vinegar,  60  grains,  and  vinegar  from  native  wine  has  been 
concentrated  to  90  grains.  The  last  named  is  reduced  in  bulk  to  economize 
in  transportation,  and  is  diluted  before  use.  The  specific-gravity  test  can 
not  be  considered  as  altogether  reliable,  since,  although  the  gravity  increases 
regularly  up  to  80  per  cent.,  from  that  point  to  100  it  decreases. 

The  annual  consumption  of  vinegar  is  about  5,000,000  gallons,  or  more 
than  3  gallons  to  each  individual,  not  including  Mexico  or  Central  America, 
of  which  quantity  at  least  one  half  is  used  by  factories  and  canneries  in 
preserving  vegetables,  as  cucumbers,  onions,  cauliflowers,  etc.  The  supply  is 
wholly  obtained  from  home  manufacturers,  the  imports  of  French  vinegar 
having  fallen  off  from  500  barrels,  in  1875,  to  less  than  (oo  barrels  in  1881. 
Exports  amount  to  about  20,000  gallons  yearly,  one  third  of  which  is 
shipped  to  New  York,  the  remainder  being  sent  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
British  Columbia,  Japan,  Mexico,  and  Central  America.  Manufacturers 
give  as  a  rca.son  for  the  smallncss  of  the  exports  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
that  French  and  German  vessels  bring  a  supply  as  ballast.  Vinegar  is  sold 
at  wholesale  at  from  15  to  45  cents  per  gallon,  according  to  strength  and 
purity. 

In  making  vinegar,  barley-malt  is  consumed  annually  to  the  amount  of 
2,300  tons,  allowing  6  bushels  to  100  gallons  of  wort.  The  price  of  malt, 
.source  of  supply,  etc.,  will  be  found  given  in  the  article  on  brewing.  Malt- 
vinegar  is  almost  exclusively  the  production  of  the  San  Francisco  estab- 
lishments. Most  of  the  vinegar  manufactured  outside  of  the  city  is  made 
from  cider,  to  produce  a  barrel  of  which  requires  about  10  bushels  of 
apples  In  addition  to  the  output  of  the  regular  factories,  about  40,000 
gal'ons  01"  cider-vinegar  arc  made  yearly  on  the  coast  by  persons  engaged  in 
agriculture,  for  private  use  or  local  sale.  Very  little  pure  wine-vinegar, 
probably  not  2,000  barrels  in  all,  is  made  at  present,  for  the  reason  that  the 
majority  of  consumers  are  satisfied  with  a  common  article  at  prices  lower 
than  those  for  which  the  more  costly  product  can  be  afforded.  Inferior 
wines  suitable  for  vinegar  could  be  bought  5  or  0  years  ago  for  from 
8  to  12  cents  per  gallon,  but  arc  .selling  now  for  22  cents,  other  demands 
having  arisen  for  them.  The  cost  of  wine-vinegar  averages  25  cents  per 
gallon  at  wholesale.  The  quantity  of  molasses  consumed  by  vinegar- 
makers  is  small,  and  the  supply,  known  as  low  grade,  is  from  the  Hawaiian 
Islands,  and  is  the  same  in  quality  as  that  used  by  distillers,  costing  20 
cents  per  gallon  or  less.  Taking  25  cents  as  the  average  price  per  gallon 
of  vinegar,  the  value  of  the  annual  product  at  present  is  about  $1,250,000. 
Ill  the  United  States  census  report  of  1870,  the  products  of  3  factories  in 
California  and  one  in  Oregon,  the  only  establishments  in  existence  at  that 
71 


562 


MANUFACTURES. 


time,  are  valued  at  about  $65,000.  Allowing  50  per  cent,  additional  for 
individual  production,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  increase  in  1 1  years  has  been 
more  than  twelvefold. 

The  capital  invested  in  vinegar-making  proper  amounts  to  about  $200,- 
000;  but  connected  with  the  industry,  and  in  many  cases  forming  a  part  of 
the  same  establishment,  is  the  business  of  pickle-making,  in  which  $120,000 
;uc  invested.  The  former  industry  gives  employment  to  75  hands,  who 
work  10  hours  per  day,  for  which  they  are  paid  an  average  of  $2,  the  season 
extending  throughout  the  year.  In  the  latter  business  25  men  and  boys, 
and  50  women  and  girls,  are  employed;  the  males  earning  from  50  cents  to 
$2  per  day,  and  the  females  from  50  cents  to  $1,  the  sea.son  lasting  from 
April  to  October.  About  20,000  sacks,  of  100  pounds  each,  of  the  various 
vegetables  are  consumed  dunng  a  season.  Of  the  vinegar  made,  two  thirds 
arc  the  product  of  California,  and  of  this  quantity  50,000  barrels  arc  manu- 
factured at  the  San  Francisco  factories. 


Vine.jjar  Factories. — The  production  of  Californian  vinegar  began  on  a 
small  scale  at  the  Missions,  in  the  last  century,  and  never  ceased,  grapes 
being  abundant  and  cheap.  The  first  American  to  engage  in  the  business 
west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  after  the  gold  discovery,  was  A.  D.  BAKER,  who. 
in  1854  established  a  factory  in  San  Francisco. 

In  1877  the  principal  canneries  and  pickle  factories  of  San  Francisco 
united  to  purchase  a  vinegar  factory  in  the  city,  at  which  establishment, 
known  as  the  Pacific  V^inegar  Works,  is  now  made  all  the  vinegar  used  by 
them.  The  paid-up  capital  amounts  to  $100,000,  and  the  business  furnishes 
employment  to  12  men.  The  annual  output  is  nearly  1,200,000  gallons  of 
vinegar,  made  principally  from  barley-malt.  Connected  with  these  works 
is  a  pickle  factory,  established  in  1880,  with  a  ca[)ital  stock  amounting  to 
$100,000;  employing  10  men;  consuming  7,000  sacks  of  vegetables;  and 
producing  in  addition  to  pickles  about  3,000  dozen  bottles  of  French 
mustard  from  California  .seed.  Vinegar  is  made  for  genera!  sale  as  well  as 
for  pickling;  but  the  pickles  are  sold  to  stockholders  only.  The  works, 
located  at  415-419  Fulton  Street,  cover  an  area  of  about  lOO  feet  by  200 
feet,  and  the  office  of  the  manager,  JoilN  L.  KoSTER,  is  at  323  Front 
Street. 

Iin;  Standaui)  P.vckinc!  Company  make  300,000  gallons  of  malt- 
\incgar,  and  pickle  8,000  sacks  of  vegetables  annually.  J.  II.  Fi.SIII:r 
turns  out  1 20,00Q  gallons  of  malt-vinegar,  pickles  1,200  sacks  of  vegetables, 
and  makes  5,000  gallons  of  tomato  catsu)).  Tliese  vinegar  factories,  and 
also  that  of  C.  A.  RoiilNsON,  arc  in  San  l-'rancisco.  A.  BerUMAN,  in 
Sacramento,  makes  40,000  gallons  of  vinegar,  and  pickles  1,500  sacks  of 


PROVISIONS. 


5<33 


vegetables.  P.  Van  Bever,  of  Napa,  has  a  factory  in  which  he  made  winc- 
vincgar  in  large  quantities,  previous  to  the  recent  advance  in  the  price  of 
wine. 

The  largest  cider-vinegar  factory  on  the  coast  is  the  establishment  of  F. 
De  Long,  located  on  his  fruit  farm  near  Novato,  Marin  County,  Califor- 
nia, where  he  has  an  orchard  containing  20,OCX5  apple-trees.  The  apples  are 
pressed  by  steam  power.  The  works,  which  are  of  brick,  have  storage 
room  for  20,000  bushels  of  apples,  and  the  cellar  has  vats  holding  nearly 
100,000  gallons. 

Oregon  has  2  vinegar  factories  at  Portland,  and  one  at  Buttcvillc,  Marion 
County,  producing  in  all  400,000  gallons  of  vinegar,  a  portion  of  which  is 
sold  to  Washington  and  Western  Idaho. 

Utah  has  a  factory  at  Ogdcn,  Weber  County,  that  produces  200,000  gal- 
lons of  vinegar  annually.  There  arc  no  pickle  factories  on  the  coast  outside 
of  California. 

Cofibe  and  Spice  Grinding. — Coffee-roasting  and  grinding  and  the 
grinding  of  spices,  with  but  few  exceptions  carried  on  in  the  same  estab- 
lishment when  the  business  is  large  and  steam-power  used,  are,  to  some 
extent,  managed  by  country  dealers  in  groceries  separately,  with  hand-mills 
and  portable  ovens.  It  being  impracticable  to  obtain  full  details  of  the 
last-mentioned  class,  no  attempt  is  made  to  present  the  total  production, 
capital  invested,  or  number  of  workmen  employed.  It  is  probable,  how- 
ever, that  one  half  of  the  entire  business  of  the  coast  is  centered  in  San 
Francisco.  The  coffee  berries  are  roasted  in  sheet-iron  cylinders,  and  when 
sufficiently  browned,  are  allowed  to  cool  for  .several  hours — usually  over 
night.  After  grinding,  the  resulting  powder  is  carried  to  a  packirig-room, 
where  it  is  put  up  in  convenient  forms  for  transportation.  A  proportion  of 
dried,  roasted,  and  ground  chiccory-root,  a  vegetable  somewhat  resembling 
the  wild  parsnip  in  appearance,  is  frequently  mi.xed  with  ground  coffee,  and 
it  is  claimed  by  disinterested  persons,  when  the  proportion  of  the  root  docs 
not  exceed  10  per  cent.,  the  result  is  an  improved  flavor.  The  annual  out- 
put of  the  San  Francisco  mills  amounts  to  5,700,000  pounds,  amounting  in 
value,  at  20  cents  per  pound,  to  $1,140,000.  The  receipts  of  green  coffee 
are  principally  from  Central  America.  In  1S/9  a  brand  of  roasted  coffee 
was  shipped  from  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  which,  for  a  time,  sold  well ; 
but  so  soon  as  it  ceased  to  be  a  novelty,  the  sales  fell  off,  and  at  present 
there  is  no  rival  to  our  home  production.  Chiccory  is  cultivated  in  Yolo 
and  San  Joaquin  counties,  California.  A  field  in  the  first-named  locality 
containing  60  acres,  yields  an  average  crop  of  about  30  tons  of  the  green 
root  to  the  acre,     The  annual  consumption  of  the  prepared  vegetable  is 


ll'W»!!?iP'." 


564 


MANUFACTURES. 


800  tons,  of  which  300  tons  are  imported  from  Germany.  Complaints 
have  been  made  that  a  portion  of  the  home  growth  is  too  rank.  This,  if 
caused,  as  is  supposed,  by  the  yearly  overflow  of  the  land  on  which  it  is 
cultivated,  could  be  easily  remedied.  As  to  the  comparative  qualities  of 
the  Californian  and  German  chiccories,  the  opinions  of  coffee-grinders 
seem  about  equally  divided.  The  foreign  growth  is  brought  here  as  bal- 
last, and,  owing  to  a  reduction  in  import  duties  from  3  to  one  cent  per 
pound,  the  present  price  is  barely  remunerative  to  our  producers.  A  few 
tons  of  chiccory  arc  shipped  annually  to  British  Columbia  and  Australia. 
Ground  coffee  is  .sold  at  from  15  to  40  cents  per  pound ;  roasted  and 
ground  chiccorj'  at  8  cent.s,  the  present  prices  of  coffee  being  nearly  the 
same  as  in  1855.  There  are  2  establishments  on  the  coast  at  which  chic- 
cory root  is  prepared;  the  principal  one  being  located  on  the  San  Joaquin 
River,  about  6  miles  from  Stockton,  where  it  was  erected  in  1876  at  a  cost 
of  $20,000.  The  capacity  of  the  works  is  1,000  tons  per  annum;  the  pro- 
duct being  one  half  that  quantity.  The  remaining  factory  is  at  Sacra- 
mento, and  is  of  minor  importance.  The  pioneer  coffee  roaster  of  the 
coast  was  W.  H.  BOVEK,  who,  in  April,  1850,  opened  a  small  establish- 
ment with  a  hand-mill  in  San  Francisco. 

The  operations  of  grinding  and  packing  spices  arc  similar  to  tho.se  used 
in  preparing  ground  coffee  for  the  market.  The  total  weight  of  the  spices 
ground  annually  in  San  Francisco  is  about  250  ton.s.  Pepper  was  sold 
during  1881  at  20 cents  per  pound;  allspice  at  21  cents;  nutmegs  at  95  ents; 
cloves  at  45  cents;  and  ginger  at  25  cents.  The  annual  exports  are  about 
600  cases,  chiefly  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  British  Columbia,  and  Central 
America.  The  supply  of  spices  is  obtained  principally  from  Sumatra,  that 
of  ginger  root  from  Borneo,  and  mustard  seed  is  a  home  growth.  Imita- 
tion French  mustard  is  manufactured  at  the  various  vinegar  works  to  an 
extent  that  has  driven  the  genuine  article  almost  out  of  the  market.  About 
850  tons  of  Californian  mustard  seed  are  shipped  to  New  York  annually, 
the  cost  of  which  is  2  cents  per  pound  here. 

Coffee  and  spices  are  ground  in  the  same  establishments,  which  in  San 
Franci.sco  are  those  of  FoUiER  &  Co.,  A.  Schilling  &  Co.,  G.  Venard, 
C.  C.  Burr  &  Co.,  C.  Bernard  &  Co.,  J.  G.  Montealegre,  E.Guittari.' 
&  Co.,  CLAIM'  &  jESSUr.  C.  C.  BUKR  &  Co.,  successors  of  a  house  estab- 
lished in  1850,  make  a  specialty  of  grinding  mustard.  Mr.  MoNTEALEGRE 
imports  his  own  coffee.  Cl.VPP  &  jESSUr  grind  drugs  and  fla.vseed,  as  well 
as  coffee  and  spices.  The  hou.se  of  Venard  entered  into  the  coffee-grind- 
ing business  in  1851. 

In  Sacramento,  N.  Dingley,  L.  Kreuzuerger,  L.  Goldman,  and 
George  Heisch  own  mills,  and  grind  both  coflee  and  spices.     In  San  Jos6, 


MP 


PROVISIONS. 


565 


Hunt  &  Hunkins  have  been  established  in  the  business  since  1869.  P. 
Casenave  &  Co.  have  a  coffee  and  spice  mill  at  Los  Angeles. 

In  Portland,  J.  F.  JONES  &  Co.,  Closset  Brothers,  and  others  are  en- 
gaged in  the  business. 

In  the  State  of  Nevada,  Abel  Laigneau  has  an  establishment  for  grind- 
ing coffee  and  spices  at  Virginia  City. 

Thomas  Earle,  a  leading  grocer  of  Victoria,  in  1881,  added  to  his  estab- 
lishment a  department  with  steam  machinery  for  grinding  and  packing 
coffee  and  spices. 

Confeotlonery. — The  more  common  articles  of  candy  are  manufactured 
in  every  town  of  importance  on  the  coast,  but  the  finer  grades,  as  well  as 
all  foreign  productions,  are  only  supplied  by  the  wholesale  dealers  of  San 
Franci.sco.  The  annual  consumption  of  the  coast  is  valued  at  about  $850,000, 
three  fourths  of  which  are  sold  in  its  chief  city.  The  confectionery  sold  at 
wholesale  is  valued  at  $450,000,  two  thirds  of  which  arc  made  by  the  dealers, 
and  one  third  imported  by  them.  About  450  cases  arc  exported,  British 
Columbia  receiving  150  of  the  number,  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands  and 
Mexico  most  of  the  remainder.  The  capital  invested  in  the  industry 
amounts  to  $375,000,  and  employment  is  given  to  250  persons,  of  whom  40 
men,  40  boys,  and  50  women  and  girls  are  employed  by  the  wholesale 
dealers,  and  50  men  and  70  women  and  boys  work  in  retail  shop.s.  In  the 
wholesale  works  the  men  are  paid  from  $2  to  $3  per  day,  and  the  boys 
from  $6  to  $10  per  week,  a  day's  work  for  a  man  with  a  boy  assistant  being 
500  pounds  of  common  candy.  The  women  and  girls,  who  do  the  sorting, 
wrapping,  and  packing,  receive  from  $3  to  $5  weekly.  In  the  retail  fac- 
tories, a  man  who  can  make  600  pounds  of  ordinary  candy  per  day  is  paid 
from  $3.50  to  $4.  The  wages  paid  iiere  are  about  20  per  cent,  above  the 
rates  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountain.s.  The  wholesale  price  of  common  sticks 
and  drops  is  15^  cents  per  pound,  and  rangps  upwards  to  $1  or  more  for 
choice  French  confections,  put  up  in  ornamental  packages.  Taking  20 
cents  as  the  average  price  of  the  home-made,  and  35  as  that  of  the  im- 
ported, the  consumption  of  the  first  named  amounts  to  1,750  tons,  worth 
$700,000,  and  of  the  last  mentioned  to  215  tons,  valued  at  $150,000,  in 
all  1,965  tons  of  2,000  pounds,  or  more  than  2)4  pounds  to  each  man, 
woman,  and  child  on  the  coast  north  of  Mexico.  A  considerable  portion 
of  the  San  Francisco  output  is  sold  in  Montana,  New  Mexico,  Texas, 
and  Arizona,  as  well  as  in  the  territory  more  immediately  adjacent, 
90  per  cent,  of  the  sales  at  wholesale  being  to  parties  outside  the  city. 
Utah,  Idaho,  and  Eastern  Nevada  arc  mainly  supplied  by  Eastern  man- 
ufacturers through  traveling  agents.     Of  the  importations,  that  of  candy 


■■■ 


566 


MANUFACTURES. 


proper  does  not  exceed  $20,000,  the  remainder  consisting  of  cake  orna- 
ments, candied  articles,  and  licorice  in  various  forms.  The  ornaments 
are  chiefly  of  French  manufacture,  and  pay  an  import  duty  of  40  per  cent 
With  the  exception  of  a  small  quantity  imported  from  the  Atlantic  States, 
the  sugar  used  in  this  industrj'  is  refined  here;  all  grades,  from  "Golden 
C"  to  "Crushed,"  being  employed,  although  the  brand  known  as  "Confec- 
tioners' A,"  is  the  favorite.  Glucose,  or  grape  sugar,  is  mixed  with  the  ordi- 
nary article  in  the  manufacture  of  confectionery  for  .shipment,  for  the  reason 
that  it  is  .said  to  preserve  the  candy  in  a  fresher  condition.  As  it  costs  as 
much  here  as  ordinary  sugar,  nothing  is  gained  otherwi.se  by  the  adultera- 
tion. With  regard  to  competition  by  Eastern  makers,  the  railroad  freights 
of  6  cents  per  pound  effectually  bar  overland  shipments,  and,  although  the 
charges  by  sea  arc  low,  the  tin-lined,  heavy  bo.xes  required  for  the  long  .sea 
voyage  increase  the  cost  so  as  to  leave  but  small  margins  for  profits.  The 
pioneer  confectioner  of  the  coast  was  M.  L.  WiNN,  whose  factory,  located 
on  Jackson  Street  in  San  Francisco,  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1850,  again 
burned  the  )xar  following,  and  afterwards  established  on  Long  Wharf,  now 
Commercial  Street.  Factories  were  established  soon  after  1850  in  both  San 
Francisco  and  Sacramento,  the  sugar  used  coming  mainly  from  Batavia, 
and  costing  from  10  to  20  cents  per  pound.  The  business  has  more  than 
doubled  within  the  past  10  years.  The  largest  wholesale  confectionery 
e-;tablishment  on  the  coast  is  the  steam  factory  of  D.  HiRSCHKliLD,  San 
iM-ancisco.  Other  hou.ses  arc  tho.sc  of  W.  S.  TowNSEN'D,  F.  DEXTER, 
RoTiLscniLi)  &  EiiuENPFORT,  L.  Sakoni  &  Co.,  Schroder  &  Al- 
DUECHT,  and  Masson  Freres,  all  of  San  FrancLsco.  Other  factories  are 
those  of  Maurice  O'Brien,  San  Josd;  S.  S.  Boynton,  Oroville;  Henry 
Fisher,  Wiedmann  &  Hromoda,  and  W.  F.  Peterson,  Sacramento; 
William  Anderson  and  John  A.  Paul  &  Son,  Oakland ;  F.  Bickel, 
Ciiarli:s  Griessen,  and  W.  J.  Mayeield,  Portland;  and  SMITH  & 
Lilly,  Victoria,  British  Columbia. 

Portland  Candy  Factory. — The  largest  and  one  of  the  most  important 
confectionery  establishments  of  Oregon  is  the  PORTLAND  Steam  Candy 
Manuiactory,  C.  a.  Alisky,  Proprietor.  This  house,  which  has  a 
wholesale  department  at  28  Alder  Street,  and  retailing  rooms  at  145  First 
Street,  sends  its  goods  throughout  that  State  and  into  Washington  and 
Idaho.  The  quality  of  their  manufacture  is  acknowledged  to  be  equal  to 
the  best,  and  strictly  pure. 

Chocolate. — Chocolate  is  made  from  the  seeds  of  the  fruit  of  a  species  of 
the  theobroma  tree,  growing  to  the  height  of  30  feet  in  the  tropics.  The 
seeds,  called   cocoa  or  chocolate   beans,  after  having   been   roasted   and 


PROVISIOXS. 


567 


broken  into  small  pieces  by  a  machine,  that  at  the  same  time  strips  off  the 
shell,  are  placed  in  a  mill  moderately  heated  by  steam  pipes,  in  which  they 
are  converted  into  a.  thick,  oily  substance  of  the  consistency  of  molasses. 
The  mass  is  then  placed  in  pans  and  allowed  to  stand  for  24  hours,  during 
which  time  it  solidifies.  The  cakes  arc  broken,  and  sugar  kneaded  in,  the 
compound  being  a  damp,  adhesive  substance,  into  which  flavoring  matter  is 
worked  by  a  machine,  when  the  chocolate  is  ready  for  weighing,  shaping, 
and  stamping.  In  plain  chocolate,  sugar  is  omitted.  Broma  is  chocolate 
powdered ;  the  husks  stripped  from  the  roasted  seeds  are  known  as  cocoa 
shells,  and  yield  a  beverage  esteemed  by  many;  a  preparation  for  candy- 
makers'  uses  is  termed  confectioners'  cocoa,  and  the  broken,  roasted  seeds 
are  called  cracked  cocoa.  The  annual  production  is  about  350,000  pounds, 
valued  at  $100,000,  in  addition  to  which  100,000  pounds  are  received  from 
New  York.  About  350  cases  are  exported,  chiefly  to  Mexico,  the  Hawaiian 
Islands,  and  British  Columbia.  The  prices  range  from  22  to  35  cents  a 
pound  for  common  qualities,  to  70  cents  for  special  brands.  The  .seeds 
come  from  South  America,  chiefly  from  Equador.  The  principal  chocolate 
factory  on  the  coast,  is  that  established  at  San  Francisco  in  1852,  by  D. 
GinR.\RDELLl  in  connection  with  coffee  and  spice  grinding,  much  of  the 
machinery  having  been  imported  from  France.  The  business  gives  employ- 
ment to  30  hands,  and  is  at  present  carried  on  by  Ghiraruelli  & 
SON.S.  But  one  other  firm,  that  of  E.  GuiTTARD  &  Co.,  manufactures 
chocolate  here. 


loe,— Ice  is  consumed  on  the  coast  to  the  amount  of  about  50,000  tons 
annually.  To  supply  this  demand  both  nature  and  art  are  called  upon  to 
contribute.  The  lakes  of  the  high  Sierra,  expo.sed  to  a  winter  air  .some- 
times colder  than  mercury  will  register,  yield  a  crystallization  in  every  way 
desirable  for  household  purposes;  but  the  distance  from  populous  centers  is 
considerable,  transportation  expensive,  and  nearly  one  fifth  of  the  required 
quantity  is  obtained  by  artificial  production,  accomplished  by  rapidly  con- 
verting a  volatile  liquid  (ether  or  ammonia)  into  gas,  by  the  withdrawal  of 
atmospheric  pressure,  the  change  of  form  being  accompanied  by  a  reduc- 
tion of  temperature  sufficient  to  freeze  water.  The  machines  used  for  this 
purpose  differ,  but  the  principle  is  the  .same  in  all,  and  the  manufactured 
article  equals  in  purity  the  best  specimens  of  the  natural  product.  The 
capital  invested  in  the  industry  amounts  to  $650,000;  and  employment  is 
given  to  about  800  men,  of  whom  more  than  700  are  hired  during  the 
winter  months  only,  to  gather  and  store  the  crop  from  the  ponds.  About  50 
hands  are  employed  at  the  artificial  works,  and  the  average  wages  for  all 
engaged  in  the  industry  is  $3  per  day  of  10  hours.     Previous  to  1869,  the 


"^W 


WSB 


568 


JIANUKACTURES. 


ice  consumed  in  California  was  supplied  by  a  company  who  gathered  their 
crops  from  ponds  in  Alaska.  The  price  charged  in  San  Francisco  was  5 
cents  per  pound,  and  the  cost  could  not  have  exceecjcd  $25  per  ton.  A 
cargo  of  glacier  ice  shipped  from  the  .same  Territory,  by  a  competing  com- 
pany, melted  on  the  voyage,  and  the  vessel  narrowly  escaped  capsizing. 

The  mountain  lakes  of  Califr  rnia  were  made  available  by  the  construction 
of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad, and  ice  from  this  source  at  once  found  its  way 
to  the  San  Francisco  market.  It  is  of  excellent  quality,  at  times  24  inches 
in  thicknes.s,  and,  owing  to  competition  with  the  artificial  product,  is  sold  at 
present  for  from  one  half  to  three  fourths  of  a  cent  per  pound.  The  cost  of 
securing  a  winter's  crop  is  about  $2  per  ton,  varying  with  the  depth  of  snow 
to  be  removed  from  its  surface.  It  has  been  found  that  the  workmen  best 
suited  to  this  kind  of  labor  are,  first,  natives  of  the  northern  New  England 
States;  next  Canadians;  then  Irish  and  Scandinavians.  Chinese  endure 
the  exposure  least  of  all.  The  ice-houses  in  the  Sierra  are,  many  of  them, 
built  below  the  level  of  the  ponds,  and  the  cakes,  cut  by  machines,  are 
floated  by  the  current  to  an  iron  grating  through  which  the  water  falls. 
From  this  point  down  to  the  house,  steel  rails  are  laid,  and  by  changing  the 
position  of  their  lower  ends  the  ice  can  be  landed  at  any  point  desired. 
The  delivery  is  sufficiently  rapid  to  keep  from  40  to  50  hands  stowing.  In 
1873  a  flume  3  miles  in  length  was  built,  through  which  ice  was  floated; 
but  the  friction  was  so  great  that  cakes  1 1  inches  thick  were  worn  down  to 
3  inches,  and  the  flume  was  abandoned.  The  capacity  of  the  ice-houses  in 
the  Sierra  is  ample  for  the  present  consumption. 

Of  the  separate  States  and  Territories,  California  consumes  35,000  tons, 
one  third  of  which  is  used  by  San  Francisco;  and  of  the  entire  consump- 
tion of  the  State,  about  one  sixth  is  the  artificial  product.  Nevada  con 
sumcs  8,000  tons  annually.  Virginia  City  has  a  machine  that  supplies  a 
local  demand,  but  the  greater  portion  of  the  ice  used  is  taken  from  the 
Truckee  River.  In  the  deep  levels  of  the  Comstock  mines,  where  the  tem- 
perature is  1 10',  the  miners  consume  7  tons  of  ice  daily.  Utah  uses  3,000 
tons  yearly,  obtained  from  the  Weber  River,  near  Ogdcn.  Oregon  con- 
sumes 1,500  tons  of  natural  ice,  and  a  machine  at  Portland  turns  out  one 
half  as  much  more  of  the  artificial  product.  Arizona  consumes  about 
1,500  tons,  a  portion  of  which  is  made  by  a  machine  at  Tucson.  Washing- 
ton uses  500  tons  of  natural  ice.  The  ice  annually  UJsed  on  the  coast 
would  make  a  solid  block  more  than  one  fourth  of  a  mile  long,  75  feet 
wide,  and  10  feet  thick,  or  a  cube  100  feet  each  way. 

Among  the  principal  manufacturers  of  artificial  ice  are  THE  CALIFOR- 
NIA ,\ND  Nevada  Ice  Company,  established  in  1871,  the  main  works  of 
the  company  being  in  San  Francisco,  with  branch  works  at  Los  Angeles; 


PROVISIONS. 


569 


The  Oakland  Artificial  Ice  Company,  established  in  1867;  The 
Stockton  Ice  Manufacturing  Company,  incorporated  in  1880;  C.  H. 
Davis  &  Co.,  Woodland,  Yolo  County;  The  Virginia  and  Gold  Hill 
Water  Company,  of  Virginia  City;  and  William  Harris,  at  Portland. 
The  principal  dealers  in  natural  ice  arc  THE  SUMMIT  ICE  COMPANY,  incor- 
porated at  Sacramento  in  1869,  with  works  at  Sereno  Lake;  and  THE  Peo- 
ple's Ice  Company,  incorporated  at  San  Francisco  in  1875,  with  works  on 
the  Truckce  River. 

Salt. — Besides  its  use  in  the  daily  preparation  of  food,  the  preservation 
of  food,  and  its  consumption  by  domestic  animals,  salt  is  largely  employed 
in  the  reduction  of  silver  ore,  and  the  manufacture  of  acids.  A  consider- 
able quantity  is  also  consumed  in  destroying  noxious  weeds.  The  annual 
consumption  of  salt  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  about  86,000  tons  of  2,240 
pounds.  Of  this  quantity,  California  uses  25,000  tons;  Utah,  15,000  tons; 
Nevada,  15,000  tons;  Arizona,  5,000;  Oregon  and  Washington,  10,000; 
Idaho  and  Montana,  5,000;  Alaska,  500;  and  Western  Mexico,  10,000.  Cal- 
ifornia produces  30,000  tons;  Utah,  20,000;  Nevada,  6,000;  Idaho,  1,000; 
Arizona,  750;  and  Mexico,  15,000  tons.  Imports  amount  to  12,000  tons, 
nine  tenths  of  which  are  Liverpool  salt,  the  remainder  being  from  Carmen 
Island,  in  the  Gulf  of  California.  Exports,  chiefly  to  British  Columbia  and 
the  Hawaiian  Islands,  amount  to  500  tons,  excluding  Mexico,  of  whose 
shipments  no  data  are  at  hand. 

Nevada  is  well  supplied  with  salt.  It  has  numerous  "  flats,"  which  were 
once  the  beds  of  salt  lakes,  and  by  digging  through  a  foot  or  two  of  soil, 
the  crystallized  salt  is  found  in  the  strata,  which  have  aggregate  thickness 
of  5  feet  in  some  places,  in  others  of  only  a  few  inches.  The  chloride  of 
sodium  is  mixed  in  some  of  the  flats  with  large  proportions  of  other  salts,  .so 
that  the  mineral  is  unfit  for  table  use  without  refining,  but  it  is  good  enough 
for  the  silver  milLs,  which  obtain  most  of  their  supplies  from  such  sources. 
In  some  of  these  flats,  water  strong  with  salt  can  be  obtained  from  shallow 
wells,  and  there  are  al.so  salt  springs.  In  South-western  Nevada,  3  miles 
south  of  St.  Thomas,  the  Virgen  River  cuts  through  a  deposit  of  rock  salt 
estimated  to  be  9  miles  long,  with  an  average  depth  of  70  feet.  It  can  be 
mined  for  $5  per  ton,  but  with  the  present  facilities  for  transportation,  it 
costs  $10  per  ton  more  to  deliver  it  on  navigable  waters.  Slabs  of  this  min- 
eral were  used  by  the  first  settlers  for  window-panes. 

In  Arizona  there  is  a  high  bluff  in  Maricopa  County,  composed  almost 

entirely  of  salt  of  a  good  quality.     Near  Camp  Verde,  in  Yavapai  County, 

are  several  large  hills  composed  of  salt,  carrying  considerable  soda  and 

magnesia,  but  at  the  same  time  suitable  for  salting  cattle  and  for  working 

7a 


■MiH 


■wpfppw 


570 


MANUFACTURES. 


ores.  In  Apache  County  there  arc  several  salt  lagoons,  the  principal  one, 
near  the  New  Mexican  line,  yielding  450  tons  per  annum,  without  other 
labor  than  that  of  shoveling  the  crystals  into  wagons.  This  salt  is  said  to 
have  some  saltpeter  along  with  it,  which  renders  it  excellent  for  curing  meat. 
At  present  the  cost  and  difficulties  of  transportation  prevent  the  develop- 
ment of  any  of  these  deposits.  Oregon  and  Washington  derive  their  supply 
of  salt  from  points  outside  of  their  geographical  limits,  preferring  for  dairy 
purposes  the  English  production,  brought  to  their  doors  by  vessels  seeking 
cargoes  of  grain.  For  other  uses,  Californian  outputs  arc  employed,  and  a 
small  quantity  has  been  made  in  Oregon  from  the  brine  of  salt  springs. 

The  Great  Salt  Lake,  in  Utah,  affords  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  brine 
for  the  manufacture  of  salt.  The  north-west  winds  drive  its  waters  into 
shallow  lagoons  along  the  eastern  shore;  this  water  is  prevented  from  return- 
ing, by  means  of  dams  provided  with  gates,  and  salt  is  produced  by  solar 
evaporation.  Salt  has  also  been  produced  by  boiling  the  brine  from  salt 
springs  in  various  parts  of  the  Territory.  The  colonists,  in  1847,  made  125 
bushels  of  salt  from  the  Great  Salt  Lake  water.  In  Idaho  there  are  salt 
works  at  Oneida  that  produce  about  1,000  tons  annually,  by  evaporating 
the  brine  from  springs,  with  artificial  heat.  On  the  Pacific  coast  of  Mexico 
salt  is  found  in  San  Oucntin  and  Scammon's  lagoons,  Lower  California,  on 
the  islands  of  Carmen  and  San  Josd,  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  and  at  Centa, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Elota  River,  in  Sinaloa.  Of  these  localities,  Carmen 
Island  affords  the  largest  supply.  Centa  furnishes  several  mining  districts 
in  its  vicinity,  and  the  remaining  points,  although  doing  an  export  business 
in  former  years,  src  not  now  known  outside  of  their  local  markets.  The 
formation  of  the  C-:irmen  Island  beds  is  a  natural  curiosity.  The  locality 
occupies  a  sc-t  ■  'f  basin  on  the  island,  the  whole  of  which  is  supposed  to  be 
the  crater  of  nn  extinct  volcano.  The  surface  of  the  basin  presents  the 
appearance  of  a  plain,  white  with  loose  snow.  The  bed  of  .salt  is  several 
feet  in  depth,  solid,  and  almost  transparent.  The  deposit  occurs  in  smooth, 
horizontal  strata,  3  inches  in  thickness,  and  is  gathered  by  splitting  off  and 
breaking  the  uppermost  layer.  In  about  a  week,  the  hole  thus  left  is  refilled 
with  salt,  the  same  as  that  removed,  by  the  evaporation  of  water  that  has 
flowed  into  the  cavity  from  beneath.  The  pieces  removed  crumble  shortly 
after  being  exposed  to  the  air,  and  the  quality  is  suitable  for  all  general 
purposes. 

The  value  of  the  product  is  about  $550,000  at  the  works.  Capital  to  the 
amount  of  $500,000  is  invested  in  the  industry,  and  600  hands  are  employed 
during  the  seasx)n,  which  extends  throughout  the  dry  months.  The  San 
Francisco  prices  vary  from  $425  per  ton  for  the  lowest  grade  to  $25  for 
the  best  article  for  table  use.     In  California,  where  the  labor  supply  is  most 


PROVISIONS. 


5/1 


abundant,  the  expenditure  for  securing  the  yield  is  about  $1.50  per  ton, 
and  the  yield  itself  is,  for  the  most  part,  of  inferior  quality.  At  least  three 
fifths  of  this  salt  is  evaporated  from  the  waters  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  and 
is  known  as  bay  salt.  It  contains  so  much  of  the  sulphates  of  lime  and 
magnesia  as  to  be  unfit  for  curing  meat  or  fish,  but  its  cheapness  has 
caused  its  use  to  some  extent  in  reduction  works  outside  of  the  State,  and 
in  chemical  works  at  home.  An  article  made  from  the  bay  water,  and 
afterwards  refined,  known  as  crystal  salt,  is  claimed  to  be  as  good  as  any 
for  curing  meats,  or  for  dairy  use.  Salt  has  been  made  in  California  in 
Colusa,  Inyo,  Los  Angeles,  Monterey,  San  Diego,  Santa  Barbara,  Siskiyou, 
and  Tehama  counties.  There  are  3  establishments  in  San  Francisco  that 
grind  salt,  employing  50  hands,  and  producing  to  the  annual  value  of 
$220,000.  The  principal  manufacturers  in  California  are  THE  UNION 
Pacific  Salt  Company,  Plummer  Brothers,  P.  Marsicaxo,  P.  Jes- 
SEN,  and  B.  F.  Barton  &  Co.,  all  of  San  Francisco.  In  Utah,  Jeremy 
&  Co.  have  works  at  Great  Salt  Lake,  near  the  city. 

Veast  Powder. — The  production  of  this  article,  which  is  composed  of 
soda  and  cream  of  tartar,  does  not  appear  to  increase  in  proportion  to  the 
growth  of  population.  Nearly  one  third  of  the  consumption,  estimated  to 
be  75,000  cases  annually,  is  supplied  by  producers  in  the  Atlantic  States, 
shipments  from  that  source  of  supply  having  increased  within  the  past 
3  years  at  the  rate  of  50  per  cent,  yearly.  The  value  of  the  annual  produc- 
tion is  about  $225,000,  taking  the  value  of  a  case  to  be  $4.50.  Capital  to 
the  amount  of  $175,000  is  invested  in  the  industry,  and  employment  is 
given  to  100  persons,  most  of  whom  are  minors,  employed  to  make  up  the 
packages.  Exports  amount  to  1,600  cases,  and  are  chiefly  to  the  Hawaiian 
Islands  and  to  Britii,h  Columbia.  The  principal  manufacturers  are  D. 
Callaghan  &  Co.,  P.  M.  Bowen  &  Co.,  The  Pacieic  Soda  Company, 
The  California  Cream  of  Tartar  Company,  and  B.  F.  Barton. 
all  of  San  Francisco.  Compressed  yeast  is  manufactured  by  The  Pdtrero 
Distillery  and  Co.mpressed  Yeast  Company,  of  San  Francisco,  and 
by  B.  B.  Scott  &  Son,  of  Sacramento. 

Soda  Water. — This  industry  includes,  besides  the  particular  beverage 
which  gives  it  its  narte,  the  various  drinks  flavored  with  lemon,  sarsaparilla, 
ginger,  etc.,  as  well  as  bottled  cider  and  artificial  mineral  water. 

The  annual  consumption  on  the  coast  is  about  10,000,000  bottles,  con- 
taining a  pint  each,  amounting  in  value  to  $330,000. 

Requiring  no  extensive  buildings  (a  tent  has  been  used),  nor  very  elabo- 
rate machinery,  the  manufacture  has  been  co-existent  with  the  miner's 
camp,  and  the  production  only  limited  by  the  demand,  though  it  is  doubt- 


572 


MANUFACTURES. 


ful,  considering  the  high  prices  of  the  days  of  mining  excitement  and  the 
present  competition,  if  the  business  of  to-day  has  become  lucrative  in  pro- 
portion to  the  increase  of  population.  Works  are  now  established  through- 
out the  coast  in  almost  every  hamlet.  The  materials  used  in  this 
manufacture  consist  chiefly  of  marble  (in  powder),  sulphuric  acid,  and 
the  different  flavoring  extracts.  The  acid  is  of  Californian  and  Nevada 
production ;  the  other  articles  come  from  the  Eastern  States,  or  have  until 
recently,  since  when  one  manufacturer,  at  least,  has  made  his  own  extracts. 
Raw  material  is  consumed  to  the  annual  value  of  about  $100,000,  the  num- 
ber of  hands  employed  is  160,  and  capital  amounting  to  $300,000  is 
invested.  It  is  probable  that  within  «>  few  years  all  the  material  used  will 
be  of  home  production,  as  improvements  looking  to  thr.t  rnd  are  constantly 
being  made. 

Among  the  larger  works  in  San  Francisco  are  those  of  P.  G.  SOMP.S, 
who  has  $40,000  capital  invested,  and  turns  out  1 50  dozen  bottles  per  day; 
Simmons  &  Ma.\on,  who  produce  a  like  quantity;  Charles  Welch  & 
Co.,  who  make  100  dozen  bottles  per  day;  GEORGE  C.  THOMPSON,  who 
puts  up  50  dozen  bottles  and  fills  25  fountains  of  .0  gallons  each,  daily; 
and  C.  A.  Reiners  &  Co.,  who  put  up  about  25,000  dozen  bottles  of 
mineral  water  per  annum. 

Artificial  lemon  syrup  was  made  in  considerable  quantities  for  several 
j'cars  after  the  gold  discovery,  but  the  consumption  decreased  after  fresh 
fruit,  natural  and  artificial  mineral  water,  and  beer  became  abundant. 


Malt  Liquors. — The  manufacture  of  malt  liquors  has  assumed  propor- 
tions of  considerable  magnitude,  the  consumption  of  raw  material  being 
an  item  of  no  little  importance  to  the  agriculturist.  At  present  there  are 
about  350  breweries  on  the  coast  north  of  Mexico,  that  produce  annually 
600,000  barrels  of  malt  liquor,  of  30  gallons  each.  Few,  if  any,  of  the 
casks  in  use  are  barrels,  most  of  them  holding  either  10  or  15  gallons; 
but  for  Ihe  sake  of  condensation,  the  quantity  is  given  in  barrels.  In  brew- 
ing, the  consumption  of  barley  and  hops  to  each  barrel  of  malt  liquor  will 
average  1 1 5  pounds  of  the  former,  and  i  ^  pounds  of  the  latter;  so  that  to 
supply  the  demand  for  this  beverage,  requires  the  product  of  more  than 
72,600  acres  sown  to  barley,  and  of  more  than  450  acres  planted  with  hops, 
basing  the  calculation  on  the  average  yield  of  California  for  1879.  In 
addition  to  the  production,  2,500  barrels  of  malt  liquor  (partly  in  bottles) 
were  imported,  valued  at  $55,000;  and  from  this  total  must  be  taken  4,000 
barrels  exported,  principally  to  Mexico,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  South- 
erTi  I'acii".-  port.s,  lcavin[4  the  annual  consumption  of  malt  liquors,  on 
the  slope  norili  of  Mexico,  about  12  gallons  to  the  individual.     Statistics 


PROVISIONS. 


573 


of  the  German  Empire,  covering  the  period  between  1872  .md  1880,  give 
the  consumption  of  beer  there  as  being  62.3  liters,  equal  to  nearly  i6}4 
gallons,  for  each  inhabitant.  The  indu.stry  gives  employment  to  i,2CX) 
hands,  who  arc  paid  on  an  average  $2  per  day,  working  10  hours.  The 
busy  season  varies  with  the  climate,  being  longer  in  the  localities  where  the 
winters  are  mild  than  in  the  colder  latitudes.  In  California  there  is  little  if 
any  stoppage  the  year  round,  whilst  in  Idaho  everything  is  frozen  up  for  at 
least  3  months.  Capital  to  the  amount  of  $3,750,000  is  invested  in  the 
industry,  and  the  value  of  the  annual  production,  taking  the  average  price 
of  a  barrel  during  1881  at  $7.50,  is  $4,500,000.  Of  the  entire  production, 
California  furnishes  nearly  nine  tenths  ;  and  of  this,  San  Francisco  con- 
tributes 280,000  barrels,  the  output  of  38  brewing  establishments.  Of  the 
remaining  States  and  Territories,  Oregon  has  34  breweries,  that  produce 
24,000  barrels  of  beer  per  annum.  Nevada  has  32,  producing  25,000 
barrels.  Washington  has  20,  brewing  10,000  barrels.  Utah  has  13,  turning 
out  8,000  barrels.  Western  Idaho  4,  producing  1,000  barrels.  Arizona  15, 
brewing  3,000  barrels;  and  British  Columbia  3,  producing  2,000  b.arrels 
yearly.  In  addition  to  their  own  manufacture,  all  of  these  political  divisions 
receive  malt  liquors  from  the  Californian  breweries.  By  far  the  greater  quan- 
tity of  the  malt  liquor  manufactured  on  the  coast  is  that  known  as  quick- 
brewed  beer,  the  time  occupied  in  fermentation  being  but  3  days.  Califor- 
nia, however,  has  2  breweries  that  brew  a  beverage  of  the  nature  of  lager  beer, 
and  which  is  not  used  until  4  mo  ;ths  after  being  made;  and  r^bout  30,000 
barrels  of  ale  and  porter  are  made  in  San  Francisco  annually,  most  of  the 
latter  being  bottled. 

The  climate  of  California  insures  a  dry  harvest-time  for  her  barley  crop, 
an  advantage  not  possessed  by  most  of  the  other  divisions  of  the  slope,  and 
fin  important  one,  since  a  slight  wetting  at  that  time  di.scolors  the  grain  and 
results  in  the  production  of  a  dark-colored  brew.  The  yield  is  usually  so 
plentiful  that  a  large  surplus  remains  for  exportation,  after  the  home 
demand  is  supplied.  The  average  price  is  about  $1.20  per  cental,  for  good 
brewing  barley,  well  cleaned. 

The  first  hops  grown  on  the  coast  did  not  prove  suitable  for  brewers' 
uses,  consequently  the  crop  was  not  sought  after.  Time,  however,  brought 
about  better  cultivation  to  the  yards,  and  gave  age  to  the  vines;  and  Bass, 
the  Burton  brewer,  made  a  brewing  in  1869,  using  Californian  hops,  which 
tool,  a  prize  at  the  Industrial  Exhibition  at  Sydenham,  in  that  year.  At 
present,  the  home  product  is  u.sed  almost  exclusively,  the  crop  gathered  on 
Russian  River,  California,  being  the  favorite,  and  considered  equal  to  the 
best  Bavarian  growth.     Exports  from  the  Californian,  Oregon,  and  Wash- 


574 


MANUI  ACTURES. 


ington  yards  are  largely  in  excess  of  the  quantity  required  for  use  at  home. 
The  best  selected  hops  sell  for  about  25  cents  per  pound. 

The  packages  in  which  malt  liquor  is  transported,  and  the  brass  faucets 
through  which  it  is  drawn,  arc  items  of  considerable  impomncc  in  the 
manufacturers' account  of  expenditures.  The  10  and  15  p'lUon  kegs  used 
cost  $4  and  $S  each,  respectively;  the  faucets  cost  .*5  ^ach  nr.  1  as  each  is 
retained  by  the  customer  while  in  use,  it  is  readily  sci  is  ifit-  ,  -<tc  num- 
ber is  required  when  the  business  is  extensive.  A  bar  ■  .  >  •'  i.,iary  beer 
sells  for  from  $6  to  $8,  and  a  barrel  of  lager  for  $1 ;.  A  glass  of  the 
former  is  sold  for  5  cents,  of  the  latter  for  10  cents. 

The  water  supply  of  the  important  breweries,  especially  those  located  in 
San  Francisco  and  the  larger  towns,  is  derived  from  artesian  wells  dug  on 
the  premises,  and  forming  a  part  of  the  plant  of  the  establishment.  The 
first  regular  brewery  established  on  the  coast  was  put  in  operation  at  San 
Francisco,  in  1850,  by  ANDREW  Rov  and  VVlLl.lA.M  McCoY.  The  build- 
ing was  made  in  New  York  and  sent  out  by  sea,  and  the  barley  was 
obtained  from  Chile,  at  a  cost  of  $3  a  bushel.  Nearly  all  the  ale  and  beer 
shipped  from  New  York  and  Boston,  at  that  time,  soured  on  the  voyage, 
which  left  the  firm  without  competition.  So  far  as  is  known,  the  first  beer 
brewed  on  the  coast  was  made  at  Monterey  in  1837,  by  one  WILLIAM  Mc- 
Glom;,  a  sailor  wrecked  in  the  vicinity  in  that  year. 

Malting. — To  render  grain  suitable  for  brewing  purposes  it  is  subje-  ad 
to  a  process  termed  malting,  and  is  known  afterwards  as  malt.  BarL_,  ut 
ing  a  cereal  little  in  demand  as  an  article  of  food  for  man,  is  the  oi  n  -I-. 
available  for  this  use.  Its  annual  consumption  on  the  coast  in  the  manuf.u- 
ture  of  brewers'  malt  amounts  to  about  34,500  tons  of  2,000  p'^vmu...  «.;;" 
this  quantity,  four  fifths  are  made  by  the  larger  Californian  orewers  for  their 
own  brewings  and  those  of  other  city  I)re\verics.  The  remainder  is  mostly 
supplied  by  San  Francisco  maltsters,  the  country  brewers  of  llie  coast 
generally  obtaining  their  supply  in  the  city.  About  joo  tons  of  malt 
are  exported,  chielly  to  British  Columbia,  Mexico,  anil  Central  America. 
The  capital  invested  in  the  industry  proper  amounts  to  $150,000,  and  40 
men  are  employed,  who  are  p^id  an  average  of  .$.1  per  day.  Malting  con- 
sists, in  gcner.d  term.s,  in  soltening  the  grain  by  soaking  in  water,  ['  ■  :ing  it 
in  heaps  on  a  floor  where  it  is  allowed  to  remain  until  partial  g-'TUiirtion 
takes  place,  then  spreading  out  the  heaps  and  finally  drying  on  ii  '■  rirj 
floor.  The  temperature  to  which  it  is  subjected  in  drying  affects  its  ..or 
and  determines  its  subsequent  niaiiipulaticn  by  the  brewer,  the  lighter 
colored,  which  has  been  slowly  dried  ciifcrin;.'  ir.to  the  light  beers,  and  the 
darker  into  ale  and  porter.     Li  ma',  i'l^:  barley  'ose.->  in  weight,  100  pounds 


PROVISIONS. 


575 


of  grain  making  about  90  pounds  of  malt,  but  gains  in  bulk,  100  measures 
averaging  about  105  when  malted.  The  average  price  of  malt  is  about 
$2.10  per  hundred  pounds.  There  are  3  houses  in  San  Francisco  devoted 
exclusively  to  malting.  The  largest  of  these,  the  South  Park  Malt-House, 
owned  by  H.  ZWIEG,  is  also  the  largest  on  the  coast,  and  was  established  in 
1857  by  the  present  proprietor.  The  annual  output  amounts  to  nearly  100,- 
000  sacks  averaging  120  pound.s.  SciiERR,  Bacii  &  Lux  are  proprietors 
of  the  Pioneer  and  Union  malt-houses,  and  turn  out  about  50,000  sacks 
yearly.  RosENER  BROTHERS  malt  about  1,000  tons  of  barley  per  year. 
The  Empire,  Enterprise,  and  Eureka  breweries,  of  San  Francisco,  also  malt 
for  sale  in  addition  to  supplying  their  own  consumption. 

Morgan  &  E.v.stman  malted  grain  in  San  Francisco  in  1854.  At  the 
Albion  brewery,  located  in  .San  Francisco,  ale  and  porter  are  brewed  on  a 
system  differing  from  any  in  use  elsewhere  on  the  coast.  The  proprietors 
have  excavated  an  extensive  rock  cellar  in  which  is  a  living  spring  of  pure 
water. 

The  Philadelphia  Brewery,  JoiIN  WiELAND  proprietor,  was  established 
at  San  Francisco  in  1855,  and  is  by  far  the  largest  on  the  coast,  the  annual 
.sales  having  increased  from  3,800  barrels  in  1862,  to  47,000  barrels  in  1880. 
Capital  to  the  amount  of  $400,000  is  invested,  employment  is  given  to  45 
men,  and  30  horses  arc  used  on  delivery  wagons.  The  Chicago  Brewery 
manufactures  25,000  barrels  annually,  employing  21  men.  The  Hibernia, 
Washington,  National,  Empire,  and  Albany  breweries,  manufacture  more 
than  15,000  barrels  each,  annually.  The  Lafayette  Brewery  claims  }^  jcars 
of  business  life  in  San  Francisco,  which  ranks  it  among  the  oldest  houses 
on  the  coast.  TilE  Boca  Brewing  Co.mpany  has  works  at  Boca,  Nevada 
County,  and  manufactures  the  only  lager  beer  on  the  coa.st.  Capital  amount- 
ing to  $300,000  is  invested,  80  men  employed,  and  the  sales  are  25,000 
barrels  per  annum.  The  I'Vedericksburg  Brewery,  located  at  San  Josi5, 
makes  a  slowly  brewed  beer,  employs  25  men,  and  turns  out  about  30,000 
barrels  annually.  The  Columbus  Brewery,  at  Sacramento,  established  in 
1853,  employs  6  men,  and  manufactures  about  5,000  barrels  per  year.  The 
oldest  and  largest  brewery  in  Portland  is  the  City  Brewery,  built  in  1862, 
and  now  owned  by  Henry  Weiniiard,  the  annual  output  being  about 
C,ooo  barrels. 

Distillation. — The  productit  1  of  brandy  has  been  treated  in  the  chapter 
on  Horticulture,  and  here  we  shall  speak  of  other  distillation.  The  Mexican 
mescal,  made  from  the  fermented  juice  of  the  American  aloe,  and  the  Alas- 
kan hoochenoo,  distilled  from  flour  and  sugar,  or  such  othci'  starchy  and 
saccharine  matter  as  the  Aleuts  and  Indians  of  that  Territory  can  obtain, 


HH 


576 


.MAN-UKACTUKi;S. 


arc  produced  in  small  quantities,  and  consumed  near  the  stills,  so  that  they 
have  little  industrial  or  commercial  importance. 

On  the  American  portion  of  the  Pacific  Coast  there  arc  28  distilleries  for 
whiskies,  cordials,  and  bitters,  including  1 5  in  California,  4  in  Oregon,  3  in 
.Nevada,  and  2  each  in  Utah  and  Arizona.  The  annual  production  of  proof 
wliisky  amounts  to  2,300,000  gallons,  valued  at  $2,806,000,  of  which  one 
fourth  may  be  converted  into  cordials,  bitters,  alcohol,  and  medicines,  and 
used  in  the  useful  arts.  The  material  consumed  in  distillation  consists  of 
barley,  wheat,  and  maize,  of  which  24,000  tons  are  required.  The  kina  ..f 
grain  depends  on  the  price,  but  barley  is  usually  the  cheapest,  and  presum- 
ably furnishes  the  bulk  of  the  Californian  whisky.  There  have  been  times 
when  it  could  be  obtained  abundantly  in  the  San  P'rancisco  market  for  $15 
per  ton. 

In  1 88 1,  which  may  be  accounted  an  average  year,  San  Francisco 
imported  24,000  barrels  of  whisky,  8,000  of  other  spirits,  and  30,000  cases, 
equal  to  2,300  barrels,  of  cordials  and  bitters.  The  exports  amounted  to 
1,200  barrels  of  spirits  and  1,750  cases  of  bitters.  The  quantity  of  dis- 
tilled liquor,  exclusive  of  brandy,  consumed  annually  on  our  coast  between 
Mexico  and  British  Columbia,  is  about  2,300,000  gallons  of  proof  strength, 
or  2,800,000  of  the  average  marketable  quality.  This  would  allow  2 
gallons  for  each  person,  or  <S  gallons  for  every  adult  male.  If  there  are  65 
drams  of  average  size  in  a  gallon,  we  have  520  drams  a  year  for  every  man, 
or  enough  for  one  drink  every  week-day,  and  4  drinks  Sundays.  The  com- 
mon price  of  the  proof  whisky  is  $1.20  per  gallon,  or  $2,760,000  for  the 
2,300,000  gallons  at  wholesale;  but  to  the  con.sumers  the  direct  cost  is  at 
least  $5,000,000.  The  output  of  the  San  Franci.sco  distilleries  amounted  to 
1,840,000  gallons. 

The  capital  invested  in  the  distilleries  on  the  American  portion  of  our 
coast  is  about  $1,000,000,  and  the  number  of  persons  employed  in  them 
150,  with  wages  that  average  $2.50  |)cr  day.  Some  of  them  are  children, 
engaged  in  labeling. 

The  first  grain  distillery  of  California  was  established  in  San  Francisco 
in  1855,  and  was  profitable,  because  wheat  and  barley  were  then  cheap,  and 
freight,  storage,  insurance,  and  the  incidents  of  keeping  large  stocks  (when 
merchandise  could  not  be  delivered  from  New  York  till  6  months  after  the 
order  was  mailed),  were  extremely  high.  The  business  was  subject  to 
great  fluctuations,  following  the  changes  in  the  price  of  grain,  and  the 
accumulation  or  decrease  of  stocks  of  imported  liquor.  In  1858  and  1859 
small  quantities  of  rum  were  distilled  at  Los  Angeles,  from  sugar  cane  cul- 
tivated there  by  H.  D.  VVlUSON. 

The  Pacific  Distillinc.  and   Rkfininc.  Company  was  established 


mmm 


PROVISIONS. 


577 


in  1864  by  Louis  ScHULTZ  and  Henry  Voorman,  Gkorge  Oulton 
afterwards  becoming  a  partner.  The  business  is  the  manufacture  of  spirits, 
whisky,  and  alcohol.  The  works  comprise  a  4-story  brick  building  50  by 
75  feet,  and  3  other  buildings  of  less  extent.  The  machinery  includes  6 
steam-boilers  and  a  loo-horse-power  engine,  with  mash-boiler,  2  runs  of 
millstones,  5  steam-pumps,  and  2  copper  stills,  having  an  aggregate 
capacity  equal  to  the  distillation  of  1,500  gallons  per  day.  Capital  to  the 
amount  of  $100,000  is  invested  and  employment  furnished  to  30  men.  The 
production  of  the  works  varies  from  500,000  to  1,000,000  gallons  per 
annum,  they  being  the  largest  of  their  kind  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  San 
Francisco  has  2'  other  grain  distilleries — that  of  TlIE  POTRERO  Yeast 
and  Distilling  Company,  of  which  Herman  Westfeld  is  president, 
and  which  makes  compressed  yeast  as  well  as  spirits;  and  the  West  End 
Distillery,  owned  by  ROBERT  C.  BROOKS.  The  California  Distillery  of 
Antioch  also  has  its  principal  office  in  San  Francisco. 

Bay  View  Distillery.— The  Bay  View  Distillery  of  ScoFiELD  &  Tevis, 
the  largest  establishment  of  the  kind  on  our  coast,  is  situated  on  the  shore 
of  the  bay  at  South  San  Francisco,  with  facilities  for  receiving  all  their  raw 
material  and  shipping  away  their  products  in  their  own  vessels,  without 
expense  for  drayage.  The  main  building  is  400  feet  long,  200  wide,  and  3 
stories  high.  Four  boilers,  sufficient  to  drive  engines  of  250  horse-power, 
supply  heat  and  drive  the  machinery.  The  grain  is  coarsely  ground  so  that 
fermentation  shall  be  complete,  and  is  carried  by  elevators  from  the  mill  to 
the  meal  room  on  the  upper  floor.  There  is  a  grain  still  which  rises  from 
the  first  into  the  second  story,  and  a  copper  spirit  still,  the  column  of  which 
rises  from  the  first  into  the  third  story.  These  stills  with  their  columns  arc 
constructed  on  the  plans  adopted  in  the  largest  and  best  distilleries  on  the 
Atlantic  Slope.  Six  rectifiers,  constructed  on  Sinclair's  Patent,  conduct  the 
spirit  through  charcoal,  and  give  them  the  smoothness  and  mildness  of 
flavor,  and  inodorous  quality  not  otherwise  obtainable,  and  necessary  for  a 
high  quality  of  neutral  spirits.  All  the  apparatus  is  of  the  latest  patents, 
and  the  most  complete  character.  Water  is  furnished  by  3  artesian  wells, 
from  one  of  which  10,000  gallons  can  be  pumped  in  an  hour.  The  tanks 
on  the  roof  holding  200,000  gallons,  give  protection  against  fire,  and  supply 
the  boilers,  vats,  etc.  Their  cooper  shop  produces  from  60  to  70  barrels  a 
day.  They  have  2  bonded  warehouses,  and  are  building  a  third,  which  last 
is  to  be  200  feet  long  by  175  feet  wide,  with  capacity  to  store  20,000  barrels 
on  racks  similar  to  those  used  in  the  Kentucky  warehouses.  It  will  be 
heated,  and  the  spirits  will  ripen  while  waiting  for  customers.  Two  grain 
warehouses  contain  storage  room  for  100,000  sacks  of  grain.  The  refuse 
73 


:•.-*%; 


mmmmm^ 


m 


578 


MANUFACTURES. 


from  the  fermenting  vats  is  fed  in  clean  pens  to  5,000  hogs  and  600  beef 
cattle,  each  of  the  latter  having  its  separate  stall.  The  premises  occupy  8 
acres  of  ground.  The  distillery  consumes  1,000  bushels  of  grain,  makes 
4,200  gallons  of  rectified  spirits,  and  pays  $3,780  daily  of  United  States 
internal  revenue  tax.  The  grain  which  it  consumes  requires  about  1 5,000 
acres  for  its  production.  Besides  this  enterprise,  SCOFIELD  &  Tevis  are 
largely  interested  with  C.  N.  Felton  in  developing  the  petroleum  resources 
of  California,  as  mentioned  elsewhere. 

Cordials. — Cordials,  bitters,  alcohol,  and  neutral  spirits  are  produced  in 
San  Francisco,  but  in  small  quantity  elsewhere  on  our  coast.  In  the  man- 
ufacture of  bitters,  various  plants  peculiar  to  our  coast  are  used. 

In  1852  Francis  Crevolin  &  Brother  established  a  manufactory 
at  San  Francisco  for  the  purpose  of  making  cordials,  bitters,  essences, 
syrups,  etc.  After  some  changes  the  business  passed  into  the  hands  of  the 
present  owners,  E.  G.  Lyons  and  JULES  Mayer.  Two  stills  arc  used, 
and  a  room  is  specially  fitted  up  for  crystallizing  rock  candy.  Nineteen 
persons  are  employed,  2  of  whom  are  minors.  The  products  of  the  manu- 
factory arc  sent  to  Oregon,  Nevada,  Mexico,  Central  America,  the  Society 
Islands,  and  Japan.     The  annual  sales  amount  to  $100,000. 

Donald  McMillan  occupies  a  3-story  building  in  San  Francisco  in 
the  distillation  of  cordials  and  bitters. 


ii 


8 


Bf 


^ 


^w 


mm 


WOOD. 


579 


CHAPTER  XXXII.— WOOD. 


d 


o 


O 

>- 
<! 

C9 


Wood-working  Industry. — This  chapter  treats  of  the  various  branches 
of  wood-working  industry,  the  products  of  which  include  rough  lumber, 
dressed  lumber,  doors,  sashes,  blinds,  wood  moldings,  boxes,  coopers'-warc, 
willow-ware,  carriages,  ships,  furniture,  pianos  and  other  musical  instru- 
ments. Agricultural  implements  and  windmills  are  excluded  from  this 
chapter,  and  will  be  treated  under  the  head  of  iron,  which  is  the  more 
costly  material  in  their  construction  as  a  class.  Plausible  objection  may  be 
made  to  every  classification  of  this  kind,  but  the  one  here  adopted  seems 
as  convenient  as  that  to  be  found  in  any  one  of  the  few  works  similar  to 
this  in  scope. 

Lumbering. — No  other  nation  has  handled  so  much  lumber  or  has  ac- 
quired so  much  skill  in  its  production  as  the  American ;  and  the  Pacific 
side  of  the  United  States  is  not  behind  the  Atlantic  in  the  size  and  com- 
pleteness of  sawmills,  in  the  enterprise  and  intelligence  of  lumbermen,  or 
in  the  efficient  adaptation  of  new  means  to  peculiar  circumstances.  What- 
ever had  been  learned  in  the  forests  of  Europe,  Maine,  Michigan,  and 
Canada  was  transferred  in  all  its  completeness  by  experienced  men  to  Cali- 
fornia soon  after  the  gold  discovery,  and  combined  and  applied  in  the  con- 
struction and  management  of  the  sawmills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  the 
redwood  regions,  and  Oregon,  Washington,  and  British  Columbia.  The 
Pacific  lumbermen  were  compelled  to  acquire  superior  skill,  because  their 
timber  was  larger  in  diameter  and  length  than  ever  had  been,  or  is  now, 
handled  in  sawmills  in  any  other  part  of  the  world.  The  average  thick- 
ness of  a  Humboldt  saw-log  is  5  feet;  and  logs  9  feet  through  are  not  rare, 
and  trees  18  feet  in  diameter  have  been  cut  in  the  regular  course  of  the 
sawmill  business.  Logs  exceeding  9  feet  in  diameter  are  split  by  powder 
or  wedges  into  halves,  suitable  for  the  circular  saws.  Those  from  7  to  9 
feet  are  sometimes  sawn  by  sash  saws  12  feet  long,  into  cants  or  pieces 
before  passing  to  the  circular  saws.  The  largest  logs  cut  into  boards  at  the 
first  sawing  are  8  feet  through,  though  the  circular  saw  used  in  the  work 
docs  not  exceed  6  feet  in  diameter,  and  can  not  make  a  kerf  more  than  35 
inches  deep.  Two  saws,  one  cutting  from  below  and  the  other  from  above, 
can  not  cut  up  a  log  more  than  6  feet  through.     The  Humboldt  sawyers, 


mmtm 


^•m 


if! 


m 


;8o 


MANUKACTUUES. 


however,  instead  of  being  content  to  work  with  2  saws,  use  Evans'  treble 
circular,  as  it  is  called,  though  it  has  4  saws,  2  of  them  being  used  to  slice 
off  part  of  the  top  of  a  log  8  feet  through,  so  that  the  part  to  be  cut 
by  the  main  saws  shall  be  less  than  6  feet  in  depth.  The  great  weight  of 
the  large  redwood  logs  has  led  to  the  invention  of  DoLBEER's  patent  steam 
logging  machine  for  moving  them. 

The  unequaled  length  of  the  fir  timbers  sawn  in  Washington  and  British 
Columbia— ^So  feet  being  common,  and  150  not  very  rare — has  roquired  the 
construction  of  sawmills  with  long  log  carriages;  but  there  has  been  no 
notable  Pacific  invention  in  the  general  pattern  of  the  mills,  though  seme 
in  the  minor  machinery.  The  California!!  adjustable  teeth  for  large  cir- 
cular saws  have  been  adopted  everywhere.  The  slide,  to  send  cordwood 
and  logs  down  the  steep  slopes,  used  in  the  Alps  and  other  mountains  from 
remote  times,  has  been  adopted  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  without  material 
change ;  and  the  same  principle  has  been  applied  in  an  ingenious  and  novel 
form  to  the  lumber  chutes,  by  which  lumber  is  loaded  at  various  points  on 
the  coast  of  California  where  there  is  no  harbor,  upon  vessels  fastened  to  a 
buoy  at  some  distance  from  the  shore.  A  wooden  chute,  leading  with  a 
descent  from  the  shore,  terminates  over  the  place  where  the  vessel  lies;  and 
the  boards,  planks,  ties,  posts,  or  pieces  of  cordwood  to  be  shipped,  when 
placed  on  the  upper  end  of  the  chute,  slide  down  rapidly  to  the  lower  end, 
where  a  brake,  applied  just  before  the  timber  leaves  the  chute,  checks  its 
fierce  speed  and  lets  it  down  gently  to  its  resting-place.  Drives  and 
booms,  common  in  Maine,  Nonvay,  and  many  other  lumbering  regions, 
have  been  adopted  on  our  slope  without  improvement.  The  "  drive  "  is  the 
process  of  sending  a  stock  of  loose  logs  or  cordwood  down  through  a  nat- 
ural water  channel  to  a  point  below,  where  it  is  caught  If  the  ordinary 
current  has  not  sufficient  depth,  the  drive  is  made  in  flood-time,  or  a  supply 
of  water,  after  being  collected  in  a  dam,  is  let  loose  suddenly.  A  "  boom," 
consisting  of  logs  fastened  by  chains  or  links  to  the  banks,  keeps  the  logs 
or  wood  from  passing  the  point  where  they  are  wanted,  and  yet  does  not 
prevent  the  water  from  passing.  In  situations  where  neither  the  slide  nor 
the  drive  can  be  used  advantageously  (and  they  are  numerous  in  our  mount- 
ain ranges),  use  is  made  of  the  V-flumc,  which  was  invented  in  Nevada, 
and  was  there  first  appreciated  and  applied  on  a  large  scale.  It  is  espe- 
cially serviceable  in  carrying  lumber  from  the  high  Sierra  to  points  in  the 
valley,  30  or  40  miles  away. 

Timber. — Our  chief  timbering  regions  are  the  redwood  forest  within  30 
miles  of  the  ocean,  between  parallels  37°  and  42°;  the  sugar-pine  forest  in 
the  Sierra  Nevada;  the  fragrant  cedar  forests  near  the  ocean,  from  40°  to 


s 


n 


} 


WOOD. 


581 


44°;  and  the  red-fir  west  of  the  summit  of  the  Cascade  Range,  from  44° 
to  52°.  The  Alaska  cedar,  though  in  some  important  respects  superior  to 
any  of  the  others,  is  not  yet  prominent  in  our  industries.  The  forests  of  the 
different  trees  intermingle,  so  that  one  begins  long  before  the  other  ends. 
Southern  California,  Nevada,  Arizona,  and  New  Mexico  have  little  timber, 
.save  in  the  higher  portions  of  a  few  mountain  ranges.  Idaho,  Arizona, 
Eastern  Oregon,  and  Eastern  Washington  have  numerous  districts  bare  of 
timber,  but  also  have  forests  extensive  enough  to  supply  the  local  demand. 

The  sugar-pine  does  not  anywhere  make  up  the  forest,  and  it  seldom 
outnumbers  the  other  trees,  but  it  is  the  most  valuable  timber  of  the  Sierra. 
The  lumbering  business  there  is  limited  to  the  districts  which  have  facilities 
for  transporting  the  product  to  a  market.  The  forests  arc  usually  high  up 
on  the  mountain  side,  remote  from  the  settlements,  and  hauling  in  wagons 
is  too  expensive.  Flumes  and  railroads  are  required  for  the  prosperity 
of  the  lumbering  industry,  and  these  have  been  provided  at  a  number  of 
points.  The  most  productive  lumber  district  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  has  been 
the  basin  of  the  Truckee  River,  including  the  slopes  and  summits  near 
Lake  Tahoe.  The  Central  Pacific  Railroad  has  given  to  the  Truckcc  lum- 
bermen superior  facilities  for  supplying  Virginia  City,  Central  Nevada,  and 
Utah,  and  numerous  mills,  flumes,  and  slides  have  been  built  to  cheapen 
production.  A  steamboat  has  been  built  to  tow  rafts  across  the  lake,  and  a 
railroad  carries  the  lumber  to  the  summit  of  the  mountain  cast  of  the  lake, 
where  a  flume  takes  charge  of  it  until  Carsc  ^  is  reached.  It  is  estimated 
that  the  Truckcc  basin  has  sent  away  5CX),cr  0,000  feet  of  lumber  in  1867,  a 
large  portion  of  it  being  consumed  in  Virginia  City  and  its  mines.  The 
immense  quantities  of  timber,  lumber,  and  cordwood  required  there,  and  the 
high  cost  of  transporting  them  uphill  by  wagon,  were  among  the  chief  con- 
siderations in  the  construction  of  the  railroad  from  Reno  to  the  Comstock 
mines.  As  the  forest  area  of  the  Truckee  basin  has  been  very  much  re- 
duced, work  has  been  commenced  at  Reno  on  a  railroad  running  northward  to 
a  fine  body  of  timber  about  40  miles  north  of  Lake  Tahoe.  A  railroad  has 
recently  been  built  southward  from  Bodie  to  a  fine  forest.  The  long  slopes 
on  the  western  side  of  the  Sierra  have  led  to  the  construction  of  flumes  40 
or  50  miles  long,  leading  down  to  Red  Bluff,  Chico,  Madera,  and  other 
points  in  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys. 

No  large  tree  is  straighter  in  grain,  follows  its  grain  more  readily  in  split- 
ting, or  splits  with  more  ease,  than  the  redwood.  This  free-splitting  char- 
acter and  smoothness  of  its  split  surfaces  render  it  suitable  for  the  cheap 
production  of  railroad  ties,  fence  posts,  and  pickets,  and  being  very  durable 
it  is  largely  used  for  such  purposes.  The  number  of  redwood  railroad  tics 
split  annually  numbers  800,000,  and  as  they  are  8  feet  long,  and  8  inches 


I^PMlii 


TBWW-'^ff" 


582 


MANUFACTURES. 


wide,  by  6  thick,  the  consumption  of  red\\-ood  in  that  form  amounts  to 
24,000,000  feet,  board  measure,  yearly.  The  number  of  redwood  fence  posts 
shipped  to  San  Francisco  is  530,000  ar-rually,  and  the  total  production  li 
California  is  3  times  as  mUch,  so  that  10,000,000  feet  of  redwood  are  con- 
sumed in  that  way.  The  number  of  railroad  ties  made  on  our  .slope 
from  material  not  redwood  may  be  400,000  a  year.  The  split  timber  is 
stronger  as  well  as  cheaper  than  the  sawn.  The  ordinary  price  for  railroad 
tics  is  from  40  to  50  cents  each  in  San  Francisco.  One  of  the  serious 
drawbacks  of  our  lumbering  industry,  and  of  the  many  branches  of  our 
manufactures,  is  that  we  have  no  good  supply  of  hard  wood,  similar  to  the 
white  oak  or  hickory  of  the  Atlantic  slope.  From  Alaska  to  Lower  Cf.ii  'ornia, 
there  is  not  a  large  straight-grained  indigenous  tree  of  first-rate  quality  for 
plow  beams  or  casks.  The  common  oaks  of  the  valleys  have  large  trunks, 
and  arc  beautiful  features  in  the  landscape,  but  the  wood  is  brittle,  and 
not  good  for  fence  rails,  much  less  for  any  purpose  requiring  strength  and 
elasticity.  It  is  said  that  some  of  the  oak-trees  in  the  mountains  make 
good  staves,  but  our  best  casks  are  made  of  imported  material.  Whether  the 
eucalyptus  will  supply  the  want  of  a  hard  strong  elastic  wood  is  a  problem 
not  yet  .solved  to  the  general  satisfaction.  We  obtain  about  3,000,000  feet  of 
hard  wood  annually  from  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

We  have  not  space  to  controvert  here  the  assertion  that  there  has  been  a 
serious  decrease  of  the  forest  area  on  our  slope.  A  careful  investigation 
will  show  that  the  redwood  trees  have  not  been  killed  out  from  500  acres  in 
California,  nor  the  red  fir  from  1,000  acres  in  Washington  and  British 
Columbia;  that  the  forests  cleared  away  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  30  years  ago  have  been  replaced  by  a  new  growth,  and  that  there 
is  no  proof  that  the  clearings  about  Lake  Tahoe  will  not  be  covered  with 
trees  in  the  same  way  before  the  end  of  the  century.  While  the  area  which 
was  covered  with  trees  in  1848,  has  not  materially  diminished,  there  have 
been  extensive  plantings  of  trees  for  fruit,  shade,  and  timber,  with  a  proba- 
bility that  very  much  more  work  of  the  same  kind  will  be  done  in  the 
future  than  has  been  done  in  the  past. 

Lumber  Production. — The  lumbering  industry  of  our  coast  gives  employ- 
ment to  10,000  men,  and  produces  750,000,000  feet  of  sawn  and  split  lum- 
ber, worth  in  the  aggregate,  at  mill  prices,  about  $12,000,000.  California 
produces  300,000,000  feet;  Washington,  200,000,000;  Oregon,  150,000,00c; 
British  Columbiii,  50,000,000;  and  other  portions  of  the  slope,  50,000,000. 
The  sawmills  number  700,  and  the  capital  invested  in  them  and  in  the 
timber  lands  needed  for  their  supply  is  about  $10,000,000. 

The  flumes,  the  chutes,  the  logging   machines,  the  treble  circular-saw 


mtm 


WOOD. 


583 


arrangement,  the  number  and  large  size  of  the  slides,  drives,  and  booms, 
the  magnitude  and  completeness  of  the  sawmills,  the  grandeur  and  beauty 
of  the  trees,  the  unequaled  length  and  diameter  of  the  saw  logs,  the  clear- 
ness of  the  lumber  (60  per  cent,  being  free  from 'knots,  while  20  is  a  large 
percentage  elsewhere),  and  the  varied  advantages  of  the  redwood,  red  fir, 
sugar  pine,  fragrant  cedar,  and  Alaska  cedar  for  numerous  important  indus- 
trial purposes,  make  ■  ur  coast  the  classic  region  of  lumbering.  The  mag- 
nificence of  nature,  and  the  efficiency  of  useful  art  have  here  made  an  un. 
paralleled  combination,  that  fills  the  mind  of  the  Canadian  or  Norwegian 
lumberman  with  wonder  and  envy.  Trees  taller  than  ours  are  found  in  New 
Zealand,  and  forests  more  extensive  in  Africa  and  South  America,  but 
neither  they  nor  any  other  portions  of  the  world  have  forests  so  grand, 
dense,  extensive,  valuable  for  general  building  purposes,  and  convenient  of 
access  in  the  hands  of  a  skillful  and  laborious  population,  supplied  with  the 
best  machinery. 

Washington's  predominant  industry  is  lumbering,  her  chief  export  being 
rough  red  fir  planks,  boards,  and  scantling  suitable  for  the  frames  of  houses 
and  for  fences.  The  most  productive  sawmills  arc  at  a  few  points  on 
Puget  Sound,  where  an  abundance  of  timber  is  found  in  the  vicinity  of  a 
good  mill  site,  near  a  secure  anchorage,  with  a  body  of  water  suitable  for 
holding  the  logs  until  they  are  needed  for  sawing.  The  mills  usually  buy 
their  material  from  men  who  make  a  business  of  logging,  which  includes  the 
cutting  of  the  trees,  hauling  them  to  the  water's  edge,  throwing  them  in, 
and  rafting  them  to  the  mill.  The  mills  on  and  near  the  Sound  have  an 
aggregate  capacity  of  cutting  about  i,2<xi,ooo  feet  a  day,  a  single  mill  being 
prepared  to  cut  250,000  feet.  The  shipments  are  140,000,000  annually  to 
San  Francisco,  25,000,000  to  other  Californian  ports,  and  12,000,000  to  the 
Hawaiian  Islands.  The  price  at  the  mills  is  usually  $13  for  1,000  feet. 
The  lumber  is  usually  sent  to  market  in  sailing-vessels,  with  a  capacity  to 
carry  from  250,000  to  1,000,000  feet,  and  there  is  an  increasing  demand  for 
it  from  Japan,  China,  and  Australia.  Manchooria,  New  Zealand,  and 
Southern  Chile  have  fine  forests,  and  may  in  time  come  into  competition 
with  our  coast  in  supplying  lumber  to  the  extensive  treeless  and  populous 
regions  that  border  the  Pacific  on  both  sides. 

The  forests  of  British  Columbia  are  extensive  and  magnificent,  but  the 
home  market  is  limited,  the  Californian  market  is  inaccessible  because  of  the 
high  tariff,  and  there  is  little  direct  commerce  with  Japan,  China,  and 
Australia,  which,  therefore,  get  most  of  their  lumber  from  California.  The 
extent  of  the  forests,  however,  and  the  advantages  of  the  mills  will,  at  no 
distant  time,  secure  a  ready  sale  for  their  products  in  many  of  the  Asiatic 
and  Spanish-American  ports. 


584 


MANUFACTURES. 


Plume  Transportation. — The  transportation  of  lumber  by  flumes  has 
become  a  prominent  feature  of  the  lumber-making  industry.  By  their  use 
logs  can  be  transported  from  what  would  seem  almost  inaccessible  points 
to  the  mills  in  the  vicinity  of  railroads.  An  account  of  the  origin  of  the 
V-flume  has  been  given  in  the  chapter  on  Inventions.  These  artificial  chan- 
nels, with  smooth  sloping  sides,  a  regular  grade,  and  a  swift  current  of  water 
deep  enough  to  carry  lumber,  furnish  the  cheapest  means  yet  found  for 
transporting  the  products  of  the  sawmills  high  up  on  the  Sierra  Nevada  to 
the  middle  of  the  valleys,  lo,  20,  or  40  miles  distant.  The  speed  usually 
ranges  from  4  to  10  miles  an  hour,  and  the  quantity  carried  by  a  flume  in  a 
day  is  very  large. 

Many  millions  of  dollars  are  invested  in  flumes,  and  they  have  given  value 
to  extensive  regions  of  lumber  which,  before  the  invention,  were  practically 
inaccessible  and  worthless  for  the  uses  of  the  present  generation.  They  are 
so  simple  in  their  construction,  and  so  cheap  in  their  management,  that 
they  will  doubtless  be  introduced,  at  no  distant  time,  into  the  forests  of  the 
Himalayas  and  the  Andes,  and  will  give  the  stimulus  of  Anglo-American 
enterprise  and  industrial  .skill  to  South  American  and  Asiatic  communities. 
The  average  cost  of  a  lumber  flume  is  about  $3,000  a  mile,  and  ranges  from 
$i,ooo  to  $20,000,  according  to  the  difliculties  of  the  route,  which  is  often 
over  very  rugged  country. 

The  greatest  of  all  fluming  enterprises  was  that  of  TiiE  Sierra  Flume 
AN»  Lumber  Company,  organized  in  1875.  They  bought  60,000  acres  of 
sugar  pine  and  yellow  pine  timber  land  on  the  Sierra  Nevada,  4,000  or 
5,000  feet  above  the  sea,  in  Plumas,  Butte,  and  Tehama  counties;  con- 
structed 10  mills  to  saw  the  lumber  and  about  150  miles  of  flume  to  carry 
it  to  Red  Bluff  and  Chico  in  the  middle  of  the  Sacramento  Valley.  They 
invested  $2,500,000  in  their  business,  manufactured  43,000,000  feet  of 
lumber  in  a  year,  and  failed;  and  creditors  incorporated  under  the  title  of 
The  Sierra  Lumber-  Company,  took  the  property,  and  have  more  than 
100  miles  of  fluming  in  good  condition  now. 

A  costly  flume  is  that  which  carries  lumber,  mining  timber,  and  cord- 
wood  to  Virginia  City.  It  was  built  by  a  con.pany  comprising  the  bonanza 
firm  of  Flood  &  O'Brien,  mainly  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  their  mines, 
which  at  one  time  consumed  1,000,000  feet  of  timber  in  their  underground 
works,  and  burned  about  3,000  cords  of  firewood  every  month.  The  fire- 
wood, at  the  prices  paid  before  the  construction  of  the  flume,  cost  them 
about  $500,000  annually.  The  length  of  the  flume  is  1 5  miles,  but  the 
distance  in  a  direct  line  from  its  head  to  its  foot  is  only  8,  so  7  miles  are 
added  in  the  bends.  It  was  built  within  10  weeks,  by  200  men,  at  a  cost  of 
$20,000  a  mile,  or  $300,000  for  the  entire  work.     The  great  haj'c  with  which 


I 


WOOD. 


585 


it  was  constructed,  the  very  high  rate  of  wages  prevailing  at  the  time  in 
Nevada,  and  the  natural  difficulties  of  the  route,  made  it  much  more  expen- 
sive than  flumes  usually  are. 

One  of  the  most  valuable  flumes  in  Nevada  is  that  of  Yerrington, 
Bli.SS  &  Co.,  carrying  lumber  from  the  summit  of  the  mountain  east  of  ' 
Lake  Tahoe  down  to  Carson  City.  The  most  notable  flumes  of  California 
are  those  terminating  at  Red  Bluff,  Chico,  and  Madera.  These  are  much 
longer  than  any  in  Nevada,  and  have  also  a  greater  descent,  for  their  lowest 
points  are  not  more  than  300  feet  above  the  sea,  while  the  Nevada  flumes 
are  at  least  4,000  feet  high.  The  smaller  lumber  flumes  are  very  numerous, 
and  are  scattered  from  San  Bernardino  on  the  south  to  British  Columbia  on 
the  north. 

Perhaps  the  largest  flume  in  Oregon  is  the  TuiELSEN  flume,  which  carries 
50,000  feet  of  lumber  and  300  cords  of  firewood  every  day  in  the  busj'  sea- 
son, from  a  forest  in  the  Blue  Mountains  to  the  town  of  Milton.  The  total 
length,  including  a  branch  10  miles  long,  is  30  miles.  It  is  the  property  of 
Tin;  Oregon  Improvement  Company.  The  Oregon  Railway  ano 
N.-vviGATlON  Company  needs  large  supplies  of  firewood  at  the  Dalles,  and 
obtains  them  from  the  Little  White  .Salmon  Flume,  10  miles  lon^,  bdong- 
,.1^;  i>>  Gei  ii-i;i:  w.  VVeidler.     I         .  only  $2,200  a  mile  for  construi -'in. 

The  town  of  Dayton,  in  Wailnnglon,  is  supplied  with  lumber,  railroad 
lies,  .11.  '  .iirtlwood,  from  i!ic  Blue  Mountains,  by  a  flume  belonging  to  TllE 
Oregon  Imi  'ua'EMENT  t  .MPANV.  Its  length  is  32  miles,  and  its  original 
cost  was  $35,000,  one  of  the  cheajjest  structures  of  the  kind  on  record. 


Sawmills. — The  Spaniards  .md  Mexicans  knew  little  of  lumbering, 
used  nothing  more  >  l,iiM)rntc  than  a  whip-saw,  and  did  not  produce  much 
with  that.  From  !«■  'to  1840  most  of  the  few  boards  needed  in  California 
were  imported,  and  the  first  lumber  sawn  for  sale  was  produced  in  1838  by 
James  Uawson,  of  Sononi'  with  a  whip-saw.  STEPHEN  S.MITH,  master 
of  a  little  trading  ves^i  !  1  Baltimore,  entered  Bodega  Bay  in  1841,  and 

while  riding  about  tli  uy,  discovered  a  magnificent  site  for  a  sawmill 

within  6  miles  of  the  U.is ,  and  only  a  few  hours'  sail  from  San  Francisco 
Bay,  of  which,  like  other.s,  he  expected  much.  He  determined  then  and  there 
to  leave  the  sea,  and  with  that  idea  he  returned  to  his  native  city,  bought 
boiler,  machinery,  and  implements  for  a  .steam  sawmill  and  gristmill,  i'  il 
returned  to  Bodega,  stopping  at  various  ports  on  the  way,  picking  u^j 
a  wife  at  one  place,  a  carpenter  at  another,  an  engineer  elsewhere,  and 
sawyers  and  wood-choppers  as  he  could  find  them.  In  September,  1843, 
he  cast  anchor  in  Bodega  Bay,  and  soon  afterwards  began  to  build  the  first 
sawmill  in  California,  about  the  same  time  that  JOSEPH  Gale  built  one  in 
74 


fm- 


II1..I11IIII    L|J|.I||I 


sp 


586 


MANUFACTURES. 


Oregon.  SsriTll  obtained  a  large  rancho,  and  as  there  was  soon  an  active 
demand  for  lumber,  his  mill  and  land  became  very  valuable.  This  was  the 
only  sawmill  in  California  until  the  American  conquest.  The  next  one 
was  built  by  jAMES  PEACE,  in  what  is  now  San  Mateo  County;  and,  in 
1847,  work  was  commenced  at  Coloma  on  SUTTER's  sawmill,  which  never 
produced  any  lumber.  It  was  to  be  driven  by  water,  and  the  tail  race 
was  excavated  in  a  bed  of  auriferous  gravel,  giving  Marsliall,  the  millwright, 
an  opportunity  to  discover  the  placers  which  made  an  industrial  revolution 
on  our  coast.  The  first  sawmill  of  Washington  was  built  near  the  .southern 
end  of  Puget  Sound  in  1851. 

Some  of  the  .sawmilling  enterprises  on  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound  and 
in  the  redwood  region  of  California  arc  like  principalities.  The  manufac- 
turing firm  owns  a  large  tract,  50,000  or  even  100,000  acres  of  timber  land, 
including  the  .shore  or  bank  of  a  cove  or  river  mouth;  they  occupy  part  of 
the  water,  with  a  boom  to  liold  their  logs;  they  have  a  town  with  all  the 
dwellings,  stores,  and  shops;  they  have  a  railroad  to  carry  their  logs  to  the 
mill,  and  ships  to  carry  their  lumber  to  distant  markets.  In  .several  ca.ses, 
electric  illumination  enables  them  to  run  their  mills  and  load  their  vessels 
when  darkness  prevails  in  the  vicinity.  Five  hundred  me;  arc  employed 
by  a  single  firm  in  their  logging  camps  and  mills,  and  one  firm  produces  as 
much  lumber  as  any  one. of  several  European  kingdoms  uses  in  a  year. 

Among  the  prominent  lumber  manufacturers  cf  California  are  JOMN 
V'axce  and  JO.SF.iMl  Russ,  who  arc  also  leading  men  in  the  general  business 
of  llumbuldt  County,  where  they  reside.  Mr.  Russ  is  also  extensively  en- 
gaged in  the  dairy  business,  and  an  account  of  him  has  been  given  in  the 
chapter  on  domestic  animals.  One  of  the  most  noted  lumber  manufactur- 
ers of  our  coast  was  llEXRV  Mekicis,  who  mailc  a  fortune  in  lumber,  lost 
it  speculating  in  San  Francisco  lots,  forged  a  great  number  of  city  warrants, 
fled  in  his  own  vessel  to  South  America,  became  the  railroad  king  of  Peru, 
and  laid  the  foundation  for  the  bankruptcy  of  that  republic,  and  for  its  con- 
quest by  Chile.  Of  the  lumber  enterprises  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  the  most 
extensive  has  been  that  of  Tin;  SlERKA  I-I.UME  AND  Lu.MliER  CoMrANV, 
which  was  organized  in  1875  to  cut  lumber  in  the  higher  portions  of  Putte 
County,  and  fioat  down  to  the  Sacramento  River.  They  bought  many  square 
miles  of  timber  land,  built  t  qo  miles  of  flume,  terminating  at  Chico,  Red 
IMuff,  and  Tehama;  had  n  sawmill.s,  and  produced  a  great  quantity  of 
lumber.  The  venture  did  not  prove  profitable,  and  the  company  withdrew 
from  the  business,  part  of  llir  property  passing  to  a  successor,  TlIE  SIERRA 
LUMIIER  Company.  The  greatest  lumber  firm  of  Nevada  is  Yerrington, 
Hliss  &  Co.,  who  iiavi  a  sawmill  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Tahoe,  a 
steamboat  to  low  rafts  .icross  the  lake,  a  railroad  to  carry  the  lumber  to  the 


|PP|iq|p«nJ!i^.lM<MiiMW J||fPill^lH4/iI¥W-' '  - 


i. 


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< 

a 

Ed 
O 

a 


^n 


WOOD. 


587 


«1 

a 

B3 


summit  of  luc  mountai  1,  and  a  flume  leading  down  from  the  end  of  the 
iron  track  to  Carson  City. 

E.  B.  Dean  &  Co.,  main  office  at  22  California  Street,  San  Francisco, 
have  a  sawmill  with  a  capacity  of  50,000  a  day,  at  Marshfield,  on  the  shore 
of  Coos  Bay,  14  miles  from  the  ocean.  They  also  have  5,000  acres  of  red 
or  Douglas  fir  (Oregon  pine)  timber,  and  4  vessels — the  C.  H.  Merchant  of 
280  tons,  the  Jennie  Stella  of  293  tons,  the  Emma  Utter  of  286  tons,  and 
the  Laura  May  of  280  tons — which  ply  between  San  Francisco  and  Coos 
Bay — and  the  steam-tug  Escort.  It  is  mamly  to  the  enterprise  of  E.  B. 
Dean  &  Co.  that  Coos  Bay  owes  its  prominence  as  one  of  the  Seats  of 
shipbuilding  on  our  coast.  They  have  constructed  13  vessels  in  their  ship- 
yard, and  now  have  a  barkcntine  of  400  tons  on  the  stocks.  They  employ 
100  men  in  their  logging  camp,  40  in  their  mill,  and  from  25  to  50  in  their 
ship-yard.  At  the  mill,  for  the  convenience  of  business,  they  have  400  feet 
front  of  wharfage.  On  January  i,  1882,  the  logs  on  hand  ready  for  sawing 
contained  7,500,000  feet.  The  house  has  a  lumber-yard,  and  a  branch  yard 
at  the  foot  of  Market  Street  in  Oakland. 

Charles  L.  Dingley. — Captain  CiiARLES  L.  DiNGLEV,  a  prominent  lum- 
ber manufacturer  of  California,  arrived  in  San  Francisco  from  his  native 
State,  Maine,  in  1851,  his  only  fortune  being  his  2  hands  and  his  will  to 
work.  He  shipped  on  a  bay  schooner,  and  within  a  year  was  the  owner  of 
a  small  schooner.  Soon  he  was  known  to  merchants  as  a  skipper  who  kept 
his  word,  and  would  carry  articles  which  others  would  refuse  on  account  of 
difficulty  of  stowage.  He  took  the  first  locomotive  from  San  Francisco  to 
Sacramento,  and  also  carried  the  long  and  heavy  timbers  (some  of  them 
longer  than  his  vessel)  for  the  first  bridge  across  the  Sacramento  River. 
In  1S59,  he  purchased  the  bark  Adelaide  Cooper  in  New  York,  and  brought 
her  to  San  Francisco,  with  2  boilers  on  deck,  each  15  feet  high,  21  feet  long, 
and  weighing  74  tons.  Shipmasters  generally,  who  saw  the  vessel  and  the 
proposed  freight,  predicted  that  Capt.  DiNGLEY  would  never  reach  the 
Golden  Gate;  but  he  explained  to  the  underwriters  his  plan  of  stowage; 
they  took  the  risk ;  and  he  delivered  his  boilers  for  the  steamer  Brother 
Jonathan.  In  such  tasks  he  never  failed;  and  when  he  accomplished  enter- 
prises which  others  would  not  undertake  he  obtained  pay  proportioned  to 
the  difficulty.  After  some  years  he  was  enabled  to  leave  the  .sea  and 
intrust  his  ships,  for  he  purchased  several,  to  others.  He  now  has  the 
Ericsson  of  1,645  tons  (this  was  the  vessel  built  by  the  famous  engineer  of 
the  same  name  to  try  the  hot-air  engine  as  a  motive  power  in  ocean  navi- 
gation), the  Valley  Forge  of  1,280  tons,  and  the  Columbus  of  1,000  tons. 
Capt.  Dingley  is  president  of  THE  Gordon    Hardware  Company, 


588 


MANUl  ACTUkES. 


250  and  252  Market  Street,  half  owner  in  the  Pacific  Oakum  Factory,  and 
one  of  the  4  stockholders  in  TllE  GUALALA  MILL  Company,  which  owns 
1 7,000  acres  of  redwood  timber  land,  and  a  mill  with  a  capacity  of  60,000 
Icet  a  day.  Me  also  owns,  separately,  5,000  acres  of  redwood  timber  land. 
I"or  1 5  years  he  held  the  San  Francisco  agency  of  the  Port  Ludlow  Mill, 
and  afterwards  of  the  Port  Discovery  Mill. 

Dolbeer  &  Carson. — Among  the  lumber  dealers  of  San  Francisco,  and 
the  lumber  manufacturers  of  Humboldt  Bay,  DoLBEliR  &  CARSON,  whose 
office  is  at  22  California  Street,  occupy  a  notable  place.  They  own  the 
Bay  Mill,  which,  soon  after  the  first  excitement  of  the  gold  discovery  had 
passed,  was  erected  by  a  firm  in  which  Mr.  DOLBEKR  was  one  of  the  part- 
ner.s.  The  mill  was  burned  in  i860,  and  again  in  1878,  and  each  time 
rebuilt  with  improvements;  and  now  it  is  a  model  establishment,  complete 
in  all  its  parts,  and  prepared  to  handle  the  immense  logs  for  which  the 
Humboldt  forests  are  celebrated.  It  has  a  capacity  to  produce  60,000  feet 
of  lumber  a  day;  and  is  supplied  with  machinery  of  the  latest  patterns  for 
making  shingles,  laths,  and  pickets.  The  sawdust-conveyor  feeds  the  saw- 
dust into  the  furnace  from  the  top,  live  rolls  carry  the  timber  to  the  sec- 
ondary saws,  and  jjowcr  is  furnished  by  2  steam-engine.s,  each  of  100 
horse-power.  Besides  this  mill  they  have  a  separate  shingle-mill,  with  a 
capacity  of  100,000  shingles  a  day.  DoLBLER  &  C.ARSON  are  also  agents 
for  the  sale  of  the  products  of  the  Milford  Mill  on  Humboldt  liay,  owned 
by  The  AIilkord  Mill  and  Lumber  Company,  in  which  they  are  the 
leading  shareholders.  This  mill  has  a  capacity  to  saw  40,000  feet  in  a  day, 
and  is  supplied  with  shingle,  lath,  and  ]jicket  machinery.  To  secure  an 
abundant  supply  of  material,  they  have  purchased  20,000  acres  of  redwood, 
including  some  of  the  best  near  the  bay.  They  have  4  tramway.s,  extending 
to  the  logging  camp,  2  miles  of  T-rail,  and  a  locomotive.  They  have  6 
.schooners  measuring  1,400  tons  in  the  aggregate,  and  they  ship  to  San 
Franci.;co,  to  the  leading  ports  on  our  continent  south  of  Monterey,  and  to 
most  of  the  large  seaport  towns  en  both  sides  of  the  South  Pacific,  as  well 
as  to  New  York  and  Boston.  JOIIN  DOLBEER,  the  senior  member  of  the 
firm,  is  the  inventor  of  a  valuable  steam  logging  machine,  which  will  be 
mentioned  among  the  notable  inventions  of  the  coast,  and  is  a  recognized 
authority  in  questions  relating  to  lumber  supply. 

Hanson  &.  Co.— The  Tacoma  Mill,  at  Tacoma,  on  Puget  Sound,  30,000 
acres  of  magnificent  fir  forest,  purchased  to  secure  a  supply  of  logs,  4  sailing- 
vessels  measuring  4,000  tons  in  the  aggregate,  a  large  steam-tug,  and  an 
extensive  lumbci-yaid  at  pier  11,  Stcuart  Street,  San  Francisco,  are  the 
property  of  CHARLES  HANSON,  doing  business  under  the  name  of  HANSON 


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&  Co.  The  mill,  400  feet  long  and  80  wide,  has  a  capacity  to  produce  125,- 
000  feet  of  lumber  and  40,000  laths  daily.  The  m.ichinery  includes  2  large 
circular  saws,  2  rcsaw  and  gang  edgcrs,  2  upright  saw  gangs,  a  lath  ma- 
chine, a  picket  machine,  3  planers,  a  patent  sawdust-feed,  an  endless  chain 
slab-carrier,  and  a  barley-mill.  The  log  is  drawn  over  a  slip  into  the  mill 
at  one  end  to  the  large  circulars,  from  which  it  is  carried  by  live  rolls  to  the 
secondary  saws,  and  from  them  it  passes  in  shapes  ready  for  the  market 
down  an  inclined  plane  to  the  ship.s.  The  mill  can  saw  lumber  1 50  feet 
long.  Additional  machinery  has  been  ordered  so  that  in  September,  1882, 
the  capacity  of  the  mill  will  be  increased  to  175,000  feet  a  day.  Mr.  Han- 
•SON  has  15  logging  camps  in  which  he  employs  400  men,  the  largest  camp 
being  on  the  line  of  the  Olympia  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 
At  Tacoma,  besides  the  mills,  he  owns  54  dwellings,  a  telegraph  o,Tice, 
and  a  store,  in  which  last  goods  to  the  value  of  $220,000  were  .sold  in 
1881.  The  resident  superintendent  in  Tacoma  is  GEORGE  E.  ATKINSON. 
Mr.  Hanson's  sailing-vessels — the  bark  Samoset  of  700  tons,  and  the  ships 
Dashing  Wave  of  1,054,  the  Shirley  of  1,100,  and  the  Canada  of  1,200  tons- 
are  employed  exclusively  in  conveying  lumber  to  San  Francisco  market. 
The  steam-tug  Tacoma,  mca.vuiing  260  tons,  with  a  600-horse-power  engine, 
is  said  to  be  the  strongest  vessel  of  her  rlass  on  our  coast.  Mr.  HANSON 
also  owns  a  sawmill  with  a  capacity  of  20,000  feet  a  day  at  Redwood  City, 
giving  employment  in  the  mill  and  logging  camp  to  50  men.  He  is  also 
agent  for  the  Union  Mill,  with  a  capacity  of  40,000  feet,  at  Humboldt  Bay. 

S.  H.  Harmon. — One  of  the  large  lumber-yards  of  San  Francisco  is  that 
of  S.  H.  Harmon,  whose  office  is  at  pier  No.  13,  Steuart  Street;  and  he 
has  branch  yards  at  Point  Sal,  Santa  Barbara  County,  and  at  San  Buena- 
ventura. To  carry  his  lumber  to  market  he  has  4  schooners — the  Z.  B. 
Heywood,  107  tons;  the  Guaia/a,gs  tons;  \\\q.  Bill  the  Butcher,?,'^  tons;  and 
the  Bessie  Everdine,  74  tons.  He  sells  most  of  his  lumber  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, but  he  ships  to  many  ports  on  the  southern  coast  of  California, 
especially  Wilmington,  to  which  point  he  has  sent  much  redwood  timber, 
•some  of  it  43  feet  long,  for  the  .sectional  piling  and  bridges  of  the  Atchison, 
Topeka,  and  Santa  Fd  Railroad.  Since  1864  Mr.  HARMON  has  been  a 
stockholder,  and  is  now  the  president,  of  THE  GUALALA  MILL  COMPANY, 
an  incorporation  organized  in  1876.  His  associate  shareholders  are  F. 
Heywood,  W.  B.  Heywood,  and  C.  L.  Dingley — all  the  stock  being 
held  by  4  persons.  The  company  own  17,000  acres  of  redwood  timber,  a 
railroad  9  miles  long,  2  locomotives,  and  the  Gualala  sawmill  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Gualala  River,  and  2j4  miles  from  Bowen's  Landing,  a  place  at 
which  no  vessel  has  ever  been  wrecked.     All  the  machinery  of  the  mill  is 


590 


MAXUI'ACTUUES. 


of  th  i  latest  improved  patterns,  ami  the  capacity  is  60,000  feet  a  day.  A 
mulcy  saw,  a  Stern's  triple  circular  saw,  a  pony  saw,  a  gang  cdgcr,  3  plan- 
ing machines,  a  picket  machine,  a  shingle  machine,  and  a  gristmill  :  re 
driven  by  2  large  steam-engines,  one  cylinder  being  24  by  30  inches  and 
the  other  14  by  24.  The  building  is  250  feet  long  by  60  wide;  and  in  the 
'"»&'"»  camps  and  mill  125  men  are  employed,  at  wages  ranging  from  $30 
to  $100  a  month.    W.  B.  Heywood  is  superintendent  at  the  mill. 

Hastings  Sawmill. — One  of  the  noted  lumber  manufacturing  e^^tablish- 
mcnts  of  our  coast  is  the  Hastings  Sawmill,  erected  in  1865  on  the  shore 
of  Ikirrard  Inlet,  near  the  moutii  of  Frazcr  River,  by  English  capitalists, 
and  now  the  property  of  DiCKSOX,  De  Wolf  &  Co.  The  machinery, 
which  was  sent  from  England,  has  a  capacity  to  saw  70,000,  and  to  surfn'  • 
30,000  feet  a  day.  The  mill  ships  from  10,000,000  to  12,000,000  feet  .nnu- 
ally,  and  has  been  distinguished  for  the  number  of  large  spars  (some  c.f 
them  40  inches  in  diameter)  which  it  has  .sent  to  Europe.  The  demand 
there  for  wooden  spars  lias  however  decreased,  becau.se  of  the  substitution 
of  iron.  The  shipments  of  lumber  in  1881  amounted  to  11,800,000  feet, 
exclusive  of  880,000  laths.  Of  19  cargoes,  12  went  to  Australia,  4  to  China, 
and  one  each  to  San  Francisco,  South  Africa,  and  South  America.  Of  the 
boards,  about  one  tenth  were  dressed,  and  the  vessels  carried,  on  the  avc-rage, 
750  feet  of  lumber  for  each  ton  of  measurement.  The  lumber  of  Burrard 
Inlet,  generally,  is  similar  to  that  of  Puget  Sound,  and  equally  good  for 
e\x"ry  purpose,  but  some  of  it  is  softer,  takes  a  smoother  surface  under  the 
plane,  and  is  preferred  by  carpenters  for  the  inside  work  of  houses.  J.  A. 
Ravmer  is  the  resident  manager  and  superintendent  of  the  mill,  and  the 
San  Francisco  office  is  that  of  DiCKSON,  De  WOLF  &  Co.,  412  and  414 
Battery  Street. 

George  B.  Knowles  St  Son.— George  B.  Knowles  &  Son  are  prom- 
inent lumber  merchants  in  San  Francisco.  Their  stock  of  Eastern  hard- 
wood, including  oak,  ash,  and  hickory,  is  said  to  be  the  largest  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  besides  they  deal  in  black  walnut  and  Eastern  pine, 
and  in  the  laurel  (for  shipbuilders),  redwood,  fir,  pine,  and  cedar  of  our 
coa.st.  They  have  a  lumber-yard  occupying  2  50-vara  lots  on  the  corner  of 
Main  and  Bryant  streets,  and  another  covering  a  so-vara  lot  on  the  corner 
of  Main  and  Mission  street.s.  The  .senior  partner  came  to  California  in 
1851,  and  in  the  same  year  began  to  ship  lumber  from  Oregon,  and  has 
continued  in  the  lumber  business  until  the  present  time.  His  first  lumber- 
yard in  San  Francisco  was  established  in  1853,  on  the  north  side  of  Cali- 
fornia Street  near  Front  (the  firm  name  then  was  BAILEY  &  Knowles), 
where  it  remained  until  1867,  when  it  was  moved  to  the  corner  of  Main 
and  Mission  streets,  the  present  location. 


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Moodyville  Savrmill. — On  the  shore  of  Burrard  Inlet,  the  most  con- 
venient harbor  for  vessels  of  deep  draught  on  the  mainland  of  British 
Columbia,  arid  near  the  terminus  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad,  is  the 
sawmill  of  TiiE  MooDVViLLF.  Sawmill  Company  (limited),  the  stock  of 
which  is  held  by  Andrew  Welch,  of  San  Francisco,  and  the  Hon.  Hugh 
Ni:lson,  of  Burrard  Inlet,  who  is  the  resident  manager.  It  has  a  capacity 
to  saw  150,000  feet  of  lumber  and  to  surface  25,000  in  24  hours.  Tlie  main 
building  is  350  feet  long  by  75  wide,  and  it  has  2  gang  saws,  a  double  cir- 
cular, 2  planers,  and  an  edger,  and  gives  employment  to  1 50  white  men. 
Welch,  Rithet  &  Co.,  in  Victoria,  and  WELCH  &  Co.,  in  San  Francisco, 
are  the  agents  of  the  mill. 

Niokerson  &  Co.  —  Nickerson  &  Co.  (Byron  Nickerson  and 
S.VMUEL  Baker)  are  proprietors  of  the  Garcl\  Sawinhll,  one  of  the 
largest  lumber-mills  in  Mendocino  County.  The  mill  was  built  in  1869, 
and  is  fitted  with  double  circular  edger  and  trimmer  saws,  3  planers,  and  a 
picket  machine,  and  has  a  capacity  of  45,000  feet  a  day  of  redwood  and  pine. 
They  own  a  tract  of  timber  land  containing  3,500  acres,  and  employ  from 
75  to  130  men,  and  sell  by  the  cargo.  A  shipping  point  is  reached  by  a 
flume  6  miles  long,  and  a  tramway  2  miles  in  length,  and  loading  into 
vessels  is  effected  by  a  chute.  The  anchorage  is  open,  but  vessels  receive 
cargoes  throughout  the  year.  The  office  of  the  firm  is  at  202  Sacramento 
Street,  San  P'rancisco. 

Oooidental  Savrmlll. — The  Occidental  Sawmill,  in  the  town  of  Eureka 
on  Humboldt  Bay,  was  originally  built  by  Rn'AN  &  DUKF,  in  1868.  After 
being  burned  down  in  1869,  it  was  rebuilt  by  them  in  1870,  and  sold,  in 
1872,  to  Evans  &  Co.,  who,  in  1875,  .sold  it  to  the  jjresent  owners,  McKay 
&  Co.,  the  partners  in  the  firm  being  Allan  McKay,  Harrls  Connick, 
Ale.vander  Connick,  and  A.  J.  Bryant.  The  firm  own  4,000  acres  of 
redwood  timber,  and  cut  their  own  logs,  enploying  60  men  for  logging,  and 
40  at  their  mill.  Vessels  drawing  20  feet  can  lie  at  their  wharf  Near  the 
mill  they  have  their  office,  machine  an.,  blici-smith  shops,  and  a  boarding 
and  lodging  house  for  their  men.  The  mill,  which  has  a  capacity  to  saw 
50,000  feet  in  12  hours,  and  can  saw  logs  10  feet  through  and  40  feet  long 
into  boards,  is  160  feet  long,  60  wide,  and  2  stories  high.  The  first  floor 
has  2  42-inch  flue  boilers  24  feet  long,  an  engine  of  100  horse-power,  and 
shingle,  siding,  lath,  and  picket  i:.:'.i.iiinc.;,  ihaftiii^,  ttc.  The  second  floor 
has  3  62-incli  circular  .saws,  one  above  the  other,  arranged  under  the  EvANS 
Triple  Circular  Patent  (which  belongs  tc  McKay  &  Co.),  a  pony  circular 
for  resawing  cants,  a  gang-edger,  3  trimming  saws,  and  3  planers  for  sur- 
facing and  matching.  The  logs  arc  stored  in  the  waters  of  the  bay,  and  are 
Hauled  by  steam  up  into  the  mill, 


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MANUFACTURES. 


Pope  &  Talbot.— Since  pioneer  times  PoPE  &  Talbot  have  been  promi- 
nent in  the  lumber  business  of  our  coast,  as  dealers  in  San  Francisco  (office 
204  California  Street),  manufacturers  in  Washington  Territory,  and  shippers 
in  their  own  vessels.  Among  the  first  to  perceive  the  advantages  of  Puget 
.Sound  as  a  source  of  lumber  supply  for  the  Californian  market,  they  selected 
an  excellent  site  at  Port  Gamble,  and  erected  a  mill,  which  has  been  one  of 
the  most  productive  enterprises  of  its  kind.  Working  under  the  name  of 
The  Pu(;i:t  Mill  Company,  the>-  have  2  mills  at  Port  Gamble,  with  a 
capacity  to  turn  out  175,000  feet  a  day.  Light  is  furnished  by  17  electric 
burners  to  the  spit  and  boom,  the  new  mill,  the  old  mill,  the  fire-room,  the 
machine  shop,  the  burners  for  the  spit  and  boom  being  on  high  masts.  The 
actual  annual  product  is  40,000,000  feet.  The  new  mill,  supplied  with  the 
best  machinery  and  with  the  latest  improvements,  has  one  circular  saw,  2 
gangs,  one  table  cdger,  2  gangs  of  edgers,  one  lathing  machine,  6  trimmers, 
and  2  planing  machines.  TllE  PuGET  MiLE  Company  also  own  the 
Utsalady  Mill,  which  cuts  17,000,000  feet  annually;  and  thoy  also  own  the 
Port  Ludlow  Mill,  which  has  recently  been  suiiplied  with  a  large  stock  of 
new  machinery,  including  an  automatic  slab  machine,  a  sawdust-conveyer, 
and  live  rolls.  With  their  mills  at  Port  Gamble,  Port  Ludlow,  and  Utsalad}-, 
The  Puc'.et  Mile  Company  will  be  able  to  produce  about  99,000,000  feet 
of  lumber  annually,  as  much  as  the  entire  consumption  of  Sicily,  Greece,  or 
even  Portugal.  THE  PUGET  Mh,L  CoaH'ANY  also  own  106,000  acres  of 
timber  land  on  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound  and  near  their  mills;  and  TlHC 
PuGEi"  Sound  Com.meucial  Company,  another  corporation  compcjsed  of 
the  same  members,  have  16  vessels  measuring  14,500  tons  in  the  aggregate, 
for  the  accommodation  of  their  business. 

Port  Discovery  Mills.-  This  mill,  the  property  of  The  Port  Dtscov- 
ERV  Mill  &  Lumper  Comi'ANY,  365  feet  long  and  95  feet  wide,  with  a 
capacity  of  100,000  feet  in  12  hours,  has  all  the  mo.st  recent  appliances  for 
sawing  first-class  lumber  and  economizing  labor.  A  new  device  calletl 
live  rolls,  distributes  material  to  the  saw.s.  An  automatic  wire-feed  carries 
away  the  refuse  (slabs,  chips,  and  sawdust),  some  of  it  to  the  boiler-room, 
and  some  to  a  place  where  a  continuous  fire  disposes  of  the  surplus.  The 
machiner)-  includes  a  gang  of  l.uge  saws  in  a  wide  gate,  3  large  circulars, 
a  gang-edger  with  S  saws,  a  gang  of  lath  saw.s,  and  3  planers,  driven  by  4 
steam-engines  with  250  horse-power.  The  mill  gives  I'mployment  to  70 
men,  who  live  in  a  town  laid  off  by  the  company,  which,  besides  50  sepa- 
rate dwellings,  contains  ,1  hotel,  boarding-house,  general  merchandise  store, 
town  hall,  machine  shops,  etc.  The  company  also  owns  and  uses  for  its 
business  the  brig  Deacon,  the  bark  Mary  (Hover,  ship  IVarhawk,  tug  i'.  L. 


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Mastick,  and  steamboat  Helen,  which  last  carries  passengers  and  freight  to 
the  logging-camps  and  various  ports  on  the  strait  and  sound.  The  mill, 
located  on  Port  Discovery  Harbor,  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  the  choicest 
timber  of  Puget  Sound,  and  which  affords  the  best  facilities  for  ob- 
taining logs.  The  harbor  of  Port  Discovery,  an  inlet  2  miles  wide  and  8 
miles  long,  is  5  miles  west  of  Port  Townsend,  extending  southward,  and 
only  10  miles  from  Fuca  Strait,  with  a  good  entrance,  secure  anchorage,  and 
depth  sufficient  for  the  largest  vessels.  The  greater  proximity  of  this  mill 
and  harbor  to  the  ocean,  being  nearer  thereto  than  any  other  mill  in  Washing- 
ton Territory,  saves  from  $300  to  $500  in  time  and  towage  on  every  large 
vessel,  as  compared  with  other  sawmill  ports  of  Puget  Sound.  Foreign  ves- 
sels are  allowed  to  enter  and  clear  without  going  to  Port  Townsend,  making 
an  important  saving.  About  20  cargoes  are  sent  from  the  mill  to  foreign 
ports  annually.  Commodore  WiLKES  recommended  Port  Discovery  as  a 
suitable  place  for  a  naval  station ;  and  its  excellence  as  a  harbor  and  ad- 
vantageous situation,  give  it  the  promi.se  of  future  prominence.  The  MAS- 
TICK  Brotiikrs  are  the  principal  owners  of  this  property,  and  its  agents  in 
San  Francisco  are  AcKERSON,  MoORE  &  Co.,  at  pier  10,  Stcuart  Street 

Renton,  Holmes  &.  Co.— Renton,  Holmes  &  Co.,  lumber  merchants  at 
pier  3,  Steuart  Street,  San  Franci.soo.  are  manufacturers  of  lumber  on  Puget 
Sound  under  the  title  of  TilE  PoRT  Blakelv  Mill  Company.  They  own 
a  great  mill  at  Port  Blakely,  opposite  Seattle,  35,000  acres  of  timber  land, 
7  sailing-vessels,  and  a  steam-tug.  The  mill,  originally  buil.  in  1864,  and 
since  enlarged,  is  490  feet  long  and  90  wide.  The  power  \a  steam,  and  it 
has  a  capacity  to  saw  175,000  feet  of  lumber,  besides  planing  50,000  feet 
and  making  50,000  laths  in  a  day  of  I2  hours.  It  cuts  logs  6  feet  in  diam- 
eter and  145  feet  long.  Among  its  machinery  are  2  double  circulars,  2 
gangs,  2  gang  edgeri,  one  rcsawing  machine,  a  table  edger,  a  lath-mill,  2 
planers,  slab-carriers,  a  conveyor  to  feed  the  sawdust  and  refuse  to  the  fur- 
nace, and  numerous  electric  lights  furnishca  by  The  California  Electric 
Light  Comi'.\nv,  .so  that  in  the  short  winter  days  there  shall  be  no  dark- 
ness to  obstruct  the  manufacture  or  shipment  during  the  working  hours. 
The  vessels  of  the  company  are  the  ships  Topgallant,  of  1,280  tons;  the 
Prussia,  of  1,220  cons;  and  the  Otogo,  of  83o  tons;  the  bark  Rideotit,  of  850 
tons;  the  barkcitine  R.  K.  Haw,  of  560  tons;  the  bark  Lizzie  Afars/ial,  and 
the  .schooner  Courser.  In  1881,  70  vessels  took  cargoes  of  lumber  from  tlic 
mill.  The  town  on  the  land  of  the  company  has  100  dwellings,  a  hotel, 
with  accommodations  for  120  guests, a  school-house,  a  Masonic  hall, a  store, 
and  400  inhabitants.  The  mill  gives  employment  to  1 20  men,  and  the  log- 
ging department  to  20c  more. 
75 


594 


MANUFACTURES. 


Red-wood  Lumber  Mills. — The  Island  Mill,  on  an  island  in  Humboldt 
Bay,  with  a  capacity  of  75,000  feet  (one  of  the  largest  of  redwood  sawmills), 
and  the  Jones  Mill,  with  a  capacity  of  40,000  feet  a  day,  in  the  town  of 
Eureka,  on  the  same  bay,  belong  to  a  firm  which  conducts  the  business 
under  the  name  of  D.  R.  Joxi:s  &  Co.  at  F.urcka,  and  of  John  Kent- 
FIELD  &  Co.  at  pier  9,  Steuart  Street,  San  I""rancisco.  The  partners  arc  D. 
R.  Jones,  H.  H.  Buhne,  and  John  Kentfield.  The  Jones  Mill,  built 
about  1850,  in  early  times  contributed  much  to  the  prosperity  of  Eureka, 
and  deserves  a  prominent  place  in  the  history  of  Humboldt  County.  It 
has  been  refitted,  and  both  mills  are  now  supplied  with  the  best  machinery 
and  the  latest  improvements.  The  Island  Mill  has  a  wharf  at  which  5  ships 
can  load  at  a  time.  The  firm  own  large  tracts  of  redwood  timber  near  the 
bay,  and  they  have  a  railroad  6  miles  long,  with  20  car-trucks  and  2  first- 
class  locomoti\cs  to  haul  their  logs  to  tide-water,  where  they  arc  made  into 
rafts  to  be  towed  by  the  firm's  steam-tug  to  the  mills.  Tlie  shipments  by 
this  firm  to  the  Sandwich  Islands  give  employment  to  3  vessels;  4  vessels 
are  required  to  carry  their  products  to  Sin  Francisco;  and  large  quantities 
of  ties  and  lumber  are  shipped  to  the  southern  ports  of  California,  and  to 
Central  and  .South  America. 

Rock  Bay  Sa-wmill. —  The  Rock  Ray  Sawmill,  in  Victoria,  was  erected 
in  1878,  by  W.  1'.  Savwakd,  a  resident  of  British  Columlpia  since  1858,  and 
a  pioneer  in  its  lumber  industr)-.  It  occupies  a  valuable  site  near  the  water 
front  of  the  harbor,  and  has  a  commodious  wharf  300  feet  long  on  the  deep 
channel,  and  400  feet  wide,  offering  excellent  facilities  for  shipping  the 
products  of  the  mill.  The  capacity  is  30,000  feet  of  lumber  daily,  anil  30 
men  arc  employed,  nf  whom  one  third  are  Indians.  The  latter  receive 
$1.25,  while  the  pa)-  of  the  white  laborers  is  $2  a  day, 

A.  M.  Simpson  &  Brother.— A.  M.  SlMl'.sox  &  Buotiier,  prominent 
manufacturers  and  tlcaiers  in  lumber  on  our  coast  for  a  <|uarter  of  a  cen- 
tur}-,  are  remarkable  for  the  wide  extent  of  their  operations.  They  have 
7  sawmills,  one  at  Shoalwater  Ha)-,  one  on  the  Columbia,  2  at  Gardner, 
on  the  Ump([ua  River,  (jne  at  Coos  Bay,  one  at  Crescent  City,  and  one 
at  Boca.  Their  mills  have  a  capacity  to  produce  270,000  feet,  in  the  aggre- 
gate, daily,  including  30,000  eacli  from  Coos  Hay,  Crescent  Cit)',  and  ISoca; 
40,000  at  Shoalwater  Hay,  and  70,000  each  at  the  Columbia  an<l  (iard- 
ner.  Hoca  upplies  sugar  pine;  Crescent  City,  redwood ;  Coos  Hay,  white 
cedar;  and  the  others,  red  fir  (Oregon  pine),  and  spruce,  making  a  variety 
of  the  most  \aluable  kinds  of  Pacific  lumber  now  in  the  market.  For  the 
purposes  of  transportation  they  have  a  fleet  of  i  5  vessels,  including  a  bark 
of  518  tons,  6  barkcntines  of  2,000  aggregate  tons,  a  brig  of  312  tons,  8 


Q 


a 


I 


wmm 


WOOD. 


595 


schooners  of  i,68i  aggregate  tons,  and  6  steam-tugs;  they  are  now  building 
a  schooner  of  300  tons,  and  a  steamer,  to  add  to  their  fleet.  They  employ 
500  men,  and  pay  from  $30  to  $100  a  month  wage.s.  Their  office  is  at  44 
Market  Street,  San  Francisco. 

Starbird  &  Goldstone. — The  firm  of  Starbird  &  GOLDSTONE,  established 
as  lumber  merchants  in  San  Francisco  since  1872,  are  part  owners  in  the 
Albion  Sawmill,  situated  on  Albion  harbor,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Albion 
River,  in  Mendocino  County.  The  company  have  a  steam  tug,  and  chain 
moorings,  where  vessels  of  heavy  draught  can  load.  They  also  own  18,000 
acres  of  redwood  timber  (to  supply  the  material  of  their  production),  a 
town  with  a  hotel,  store,  post-office,  telegraph  office,  28  dwellings,  and  26 
cabins.  The  mill  is  160  feet  long,  100  wide,  and  2  stories  high,  and  has  a 
capacity  to  saw  50,000  feet  in  12  hours.  Its  machinery  includes  sash-saws, 
double  circular,  lath-mill,  picket-machine,  and  shinglc-mill;  and  in  the  log- 
ging and  other  departments  140  men  are  employed.  Starbird  &  GOLD- 
STONE  have  2  lumber  yards  in  San  Francisco,  one  for  wholesale  business  on 
the  water  front,  between  Main  and  Beale  Street  wharves,  and  one  for 
retail  purposes  at  the  corner  of  Market  and  Spear  streets. 

H.  B.  TiohenoT  &.  Co» — The  Navarro  River,  which  empties  into  the  Pacific 
in  latitude  39°  1 5',  runs  through  the  midst  of  a  region  covered  with  magnifi- 
cent redwood  timber,  in  which  H.  B.  TiCHENOR  &  Co.,  lumber  merchants  in 
San  Francisco  (office  42  Market  Street),  have  a  saw-mill,  20,000  acres  of 
land  to  supply  material  for  it,  a  wharf  for  convenience  of  shipment,  a  town 
for  the  accommodation  of  their  employees,  and  a  ranch  which  furnishes  beef, 
milk,  and  vegetables.  They  have  work  for  about  200  men,  on  the  aver- 
age, of  whom  175  are  in  the  logging  camps,  and  the  remainder  are  engaged 
at  the  mill  and  wharf  or  rafting  on  the  river.  They  own  a  line  of  5  sailing- 
packets,  plying  between  San  Franci.sco  and  Navarro  River.  Besides,  they 
have  5  other  vessels  in  the  trade  under  charter.  Their  mill,  erected  in  1861, 
has  a  capacity  of  40,000  feet  a  day.  CHARLES  G.  YALE,  in  his  valuable 
pamphlet  on  Pacific  Coast  Harbors,  published  in  1879,  referring  to  the 
Navarro  River,  said:  "The  mill  and  whar*"  are  owned  by  H.  B.  TiCHENOR  & 
Co.  This  new  wharf  is  the  best  and  most  substantial  on  the  north  coast. 
The  piles  have  been  driven  in  very  deep  and  all  the  work  has  been  done  in 
the  very  best  manner."  A  horse  railway,  half  a  mile  long,  leads  from  the 
mill  to  the  end  of  the  wharf.  Not  infrequently  100,000  feet  of  lumber  are 
shipped  in  a  day.  They  also  send  several  hundred  cords  of  chestnut-oak 
tanbark  to  San  Francisco  annually.  Their  town  has  35  cottages,  a  store,  a 
blacksmith  shop,  a  telegraph  office,  express  office,  and  a  hall  used  by  the 
Odd  Fellows  and  United  Workmen.    H.  B.  TiCHENOR  has  been  prominent 


j  1 


I  11 


596 


MAXUI  ACTURES. 


in  the  lumber  business  for  many  years,  having  built  a  mill  at  Porl  Orford, 
in  1853,  to  cut  white  cedar,  which  because  of  that  supply  became  known  as 
Port  Orford  cedar. 

Watsonville  Mill. — One  of  the  largest  lumber  enterprises  on  the  coast 
south  of  San  Francisco  is  that  of  TlIK  VVatsonvillk  Mill  AND  LUM- 
BER Company,  which  grew  out  of  a  small  mill  erected  in  1862  by  J.  15. 
Brown.  Soon  after\v'ards  he  was  joined  by  J.  L.  H.vlsti:  \D,  and  as  busi- 
ness enlarged  under  careful  and  judicious  management,  they  admitted 
Newm.\N  S.^NBORN  into  their  firm,  and  built  a  new  mill.  For  the  purpose 
of  consolidating  rival  redwood  interests,  they  added  Ch.\RLES  Ford,  Lu- 
CIEN  Sanhorx,  and  \V.\r.  Willlvmson  to  their  list  of  partners.  Four 
years  later  NE\V^L'VN  Sanborn  died,  and  A.  L.  Sanborn,  a  younger 
brother,  took  his  place.  Mr.  WiLLLVMSON  .sold  out  in  1872;  and,  in  1878, 
the  partners  formed  an  incorporation.  CHARLES  FORD  is  president ;  J.  B. 
Brown,  superintendent;  A.  L.  Sanborn,  treasurer;  and  James  Len- 
SCOTT,  secretary;  and  other  .shareholders  arc  Lucius  S.\.Nl!ORN  and  J.  L. 
H  alstead.  They  have  3  sawmills  with  an  aggregate  capacity  of  75,000  feet, 
and  a  shingle-mill  that  can  saw  40,000  shingles  a  day.  To  supply  the  mate- 
rial for  their  mills,  they  own  8,000  acres  of  redwood  timber  in  the  Santa  Cruz 
mountains.  Their  mills  and  logging  camp  give  employment  to  150  men. 
The  main  product  is  lumber  for  building  purposes,  but  they  also  sell  large 
quantities  of  timbers  suitable  for  railroad  bridges.  The  firm  of  FoRD  & 
S.ANBORN  have  large  mercantile  establishments  in  Salinas  and  Watsonville, 
Messrs.  MOREY  and  MORASCO  being  partners  of  the  house  in  the  latter 
town. 

John  Wigmore."  John  Wigmore,  importer  and  dealer  in  hardwood 
lumber  and  veneers,  came  to  California  in  1854,  and  returning  to  the 
Atlantic  States  the  same  year,  came  out  again  in  1857,  and  began  manu- 
facturing the  next  season,  on  the  ground  now  occupied  by  the  Merchants' 
Exchange  building.  In  1867,  he  built  a  large  furniture  factory  on  Spear 
Street,  which  was  destroyed  by  fire  within  12  months  after  its  completion, 
lie  then  discontinued  manufacturing,  and  confined  his  business  to  the  im- 
portation of  cabinet  woods  and  square-edged  hardwood  lumber,  this  being 
the  only  house  on  the  coast  dealing  exclusively  in  these  articles.  A 
specialty  is  made  of  counter  tops,  choice  foreign  woods  in  logs  and  in  lum- 
ber, white-oak  timber  and  plank,  and  locust-tree  nails,  wedges,  etc.  The 
office  and  yard  are  at  1 33  Spear  Street,  the  premi.ses  covering  an  area  of 
230  by  1 37  feet.  The  proprietor  lives  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  and  attends 
to  purchasing  and  shipping,  the  San  Francisco  business  being  conducted 
by  his  son,  AlphonSO  A.  VVlGMORE. 


^ 


m  t!;.-  lumlicr  business  for  mar.^     .  .ir-^.  havii<v  huih  ■ 

in  icS53,  to  cut  v  '  .:. 

Pr-!t  O-t'-  '  ■■  ■'    .. 

V»'atKonvaiH  iVIill. — i.iv.v  oi  the  laigcst  lumber 'cncorjjj-i.Ve: 
■■■iith  m)'  Sail   Fmnci^cr  !"!■  thaf  nf  T'H'    W'vrs<'>NVir..!.l=:  Mi.',' 


t^Tli 


u  .'.''  ;if.tt-  .-.'^    I  •  V  . 


ciEN  Sanuorx,  and 
years   laic     \r.\V.M.\> 


n  T.i.sM<i<">N   to  fhefr  h>f  ff  ••wfJm^: 


..•:m    J.    1-. 

KX)  feet, 
llie  niatc- 


John  Wittliiori  .\  '•  ..'.'kK,   inipniicr    and    dcak-r  in   fi.irdwood 

■,::;-'^i  !  ■  '   ..  •  i!iic   U.i   ('aiifomia    in     18^4,    ind    n;turiiin':    in    tiic 

AliatUii-  h;.!i._  >   llii;  -;a!n';    ■  ;  ■■:  out  attain  iii    18"",  ,:-    '    ■  ■: 

ficturi'v  ■  i!ir  (u:x!    season,      '      .■    :;r<nind  now  r-cc-..:.)!:'!   ',. 

in:' dii;,  .     In    1S67,  he  h;j1!i  a  i,,     .    .  ■.     '  .      ■ 

jiiLi;.  wIikIi  ua-.  ■■    ■' ■    •      i  '  \:   "■      ■   ''hin  1;   i'i  ■■ 

'  ■  •   tiicn  di:rcc^iui.i  :  . !         ;;,■!,!      .,    ■       .•'d  confini   :  i  :.     ■    : 

'-.'u.,:      '•.,,,:!  ■..  :■  1}    iiardv\'n(id  Ulalli  '■''■•, 

■  1  I  ,,•:..■,, .:  ,.  :  ..,:     '■■  I, ...;,,    !  Hi  h.i;n- 

■     '.'     i"i\   plank,   ai,  1    '  -  a^M^<;c   nails,  ui  i.l.^cs,  e;>         ''he 

:      '~'i'-.     "'■       :.  .'■    realises  covering  a,,  area  ot' 

!  ^'  ;      ii;r..  Massarhu.sctts,  and  ,nt-fcnd<J 


fd 


2 


M 


i 

1 

.1 

i! 

! 

» 

i 

k 

; 

1 

V-        ! 

! 

1 


WOOD. 


597 


Willamette  SawmiU.— The  larj^est  .siuvmill  in  Orcfron  is  that  of  TilK 
Willamette  Steam  Mills,  LuMni'.RiNc;,  and  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, built  at  Portland  in  1869  by  Geougi:  W.  Weidlku.  The  main 
building  is  325  feet  lor.^r  by  Go  feet  wide,  and  2  stories  high,  the  upi)cr 
story  bcintj  used  for  a  sawmill,  and  the  lower  one  for  planing  and  molding 
work.  The  company,  which  vva.->  incorporated  in  1871,  employs  1 50  men, 
at  from  $2.50  to  $3.50  per  d.ay,  cutting  out,  in  a  year,  26,000,000  f».rt  of  lum- 
ber, incli't'i'  ir;  about  12,000,000  fctt  of  dressed  lumber,  and  C\mx),ooo  lath. 
Some  oi  .  s  lumber  is  exported  to  California,  Sandwich  Islands,  S(nilh 
America^  -..A  China,  but  the  larger  part  is  used  i'n  Oregon  and  Washington. 
The  total  value  of  a  year's  product  is  about  $325,000.  <  oiinected  willi  the 
mill  are  a  sash,  door,  and  blind  factory,  and  a  box  fact'.ry,  the  former  turn- 
ing out  products  worth  about  $100,000,  :ind  the  laltir  $25,000.  I'our  other 
sawmills  in  Portland  produce  about  18,000,0x1  feet  annually,  making  a 
grand  total  in  I'ortlatid  (^f  4i.,ooo,000  feet,  valued  at  $600,000. 

John  Vanoe.  -In  the  manufacture  of  redwood  lumber,  perhaps  no  one 
has  been  more  succes.sful  than  John  Vanck,  of  Eureka.  lie  s  a  pioneer 
settler  at  Humboldt  Ray,  and  president  '(f  the  Pioneer  Socic'.y  of  ICureka; 
also  president  of  the  ICureka  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  i  leader  in  the 
business  of  his  county.  The  finest  hotel  in  a  seaport  to'i'ii  between  the 
Golden  Gate  and  the  Columbia  River,  was  built  by  hiri  at  Murcka,  and 
supplied  with  all  the  modern  imjjrovcments,  at  a  cost  of  $60,000.  To 
obtain  a  supply  of  provisions  for  his  guests,  and  feed  lor  his  domestic  ani- 
mals, he  has  a  farm  of  200  acres.  He  owns  the  barkentinc  Uiuh'  [oliu, 
built  for  the  Sandwich  Island  trade,  and  is  part  owner  in  another  vessel. 
He  has  2  sawmills  and  a  shingle-mill,  each  of  the  former  having  a  capacity 
to  produce  40,000  feet  a  day.  One  mill  is  at  Eureka,  and  the  other,  with 
the  shingle-mill,  is  on  Mad  River,  15  miles  from  Eureka.  The  mills 
have  live-rolls,  sawdust  conveyers,  slab-carriers,  double-circulars,  i;angi»» 
cdgcrs,  and  Stern's  head-blocks.  Mr.  Vance  also  has  PiucscOTT's  Patent 
.Steam-feed,  the  first  on  this  coast.  This  machine  has  a  steam-cylinder  40 
feet  long,  the  piston  of  which  moves  the  lig  back  and  forth  at  pleasure,  and 
can  be  controlled  with  one  finger,  even  when  a  log  weighing  20  tons  is  on 
the  carriage.  Redwood  is  not  sawed  to  a  length  greater  than  40  feet.  He 
has  3,000  acres  of  fine  redwood  timber  on  Mad  River,  a  railroad  8  miles 
long,  laid  with  J"  steel  rails,  and  2  Haldwin  locomotives  to  transport  his 
logs.  In  his  mills  and  logging-camps  he  gives  employment  to  150  men. 
Although  the  entrance  of  Humboldt  Hay  is  sometimes  difficult,  the  harbor 
of  Eureka  is  secure.  It  is  exi>ectcd  that  the  town  will  soon  be  made  a 
port  of  entry. 


598 


MANCKACTUKKS. 


PJaning-mills.  — The  .-ibundancc  and  cheapness  of  himher,  the  adoption 
t)f  w.iiiil  iis  ilic  cliicf  material  in  the  construction  of  the  liouscs,  and  the 
skill  of  the  people  in  workintj  wood  on  our  slope,  north  of  Mexico,  imply 
tile  extensive  use  of  the  planinj^-mill  to  save  labor  in  preparing  the  lumber 
for  the  carpenter.  The  pieces  required  for  making'  doors,  sashes,  blinds, 
columns,  pilasters,  cornices,  porticos,  balustrades,  frames,  and  iniernal  and 
external  casings  for  doors  and  windows,  arc  cut  by  machinery,  in  finished 
patterns,  at  little  expense,  from  soft  wood.  We  not  onl)-  sujDply  our  home 
demand  for  .such  articles,  but  have  begun  an  active  exportation,  the  annual 
.shipments  to  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  ^Vustralia  amoun'mg  to  $350,000, 
with  a  [)rospcct  of  rapid  increa.sc.  The  sugar  pine,  white  i  ..i'  '.laska  cedar, 
ash,  and  redwood  are  well  adapted  for  such  [purposes.  The  s.i;^;ar  pine,  how- 
ever, is  becoming  scarce,  the  price  of  its  lumber  having  advanced  to  $75  for 
1,000  feet.  Redwood  is  used  extensively  for  many  kinds  of  planing-mill 
work,  because  it  is  cheap  and  does  not  warp,  stain,  (jr  crack.  Our  coast  has 
now  30  planing  and  door  mills,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $1,000,000, 
employing  1,500  men,  paying  them  $1,350,000  in  wages,  using  40,000,000 
feet  of  lumber,  worth  $1,200,000,  and  turning  out  a  product  worth  $4,500,- 
000  ill  the  aggregate. 

The  first  planing-mill  on  oiu'  coast  was  started  in  1.S57  on  Market  Street, 
near  First,  San  I'rancisco,  by  Mr.  IIUTTON;  and  the  second  one  was  built 
at  North  Beach  t)\-  IIl'.NRV  Mkk.GS.  The  first  sash  and  door  factory  was 
opened  at  Marj'sville  in  1854.  Among  the  noted  planing-mills  of  the  coast 
are  the  California  (I'RESCOTT  &  SANBORN),  the  Mechanics'  (RusSELL, 
Wki.i.s  &  Co.),  the  I'.nterpri.se  (D.  A.  M.UitoNAr.u  &  Co.),  the  Centennial 
(VV.  ]{.  Hradhukv),  in  San  I'Vancisco;  the  I'ioneer  (D.  G.  Uarnes),  in  Oak- 
land; ri;RRN-,  WoODWORTH  &  Co.,  in  Los  Angeles;  G.  VV.  Weidler,  in 
Portland,  and  the  Royal  City,  in  New  Westminster. 

.»  Royal  City  Planing -mills.—  li  11:  RovAr,  Cnv  rLANiNC.-MiLi.s  COM- 
r'AXV,  LiMrTKi)  (partners,  John  IIendrv,  David  McNair,  R.  H.  Kelev, 
and  Andrew  M.vseam),  established  in  1878,  at  New  Wcstmin.stcr,  is  one 
of  the  leading  iiulustrial  enterjirises  of  British  Columbia.  The  mills  do 
wrought  .uul  scroll  sawing,  planing,  and  turning,  and  manufacture  dressed 
lumber,  doors,  sashes,  blinds,  and  moldings.  They  can  saw  20,000  feet  and 
plane  as  nmch,  besides  makitig  100 doors  and  100  windows  in  a  da\-,  and  the 
drying  capacit)-  is  20,000  feet.  I'he  mills  are  situated  on  the  bank  of  I'raser 
River,  with  a  water  frontage  396  feet  long,  and  a  w  harf  reaching  out  'o  a 
depth  of  I.:  feel  at  low  tide.  The  mill  is  187  feet  I'lng  b>  1 20  wide,  with 
additional  buildings  to  fiu-nish  abundant  store  room.  The  dri\ing  |)ower  is 
suppl'ed  by  2  steam-engines,  oiu'  of  15(5  and  the  other  of  75  horse-powir. 


Iff 


!*f. 


:'.^^h^' 


-•     'I 


\m^- 


iic  abundance  aiiu  clii.'apiicHS  of  liimb..;r,  the~»fl<^*^''   '• 

''  "'ateiral  in  tho  construction  of  the  houses,  juic    ',•■• 

■rkiiig  wood  on  our  slope,  north  oi   Mexico,  imply 

oiihivc  Ust;  of  Uic  pliiniiig-mill  to  save  labor  in  prcparing'tht  iuniber 

f:;u|ir-ntii       T'l'-  t.I,  r/  ■'.  n-f.nliiT!   fur  making  doors,  siisljps,  blinds, 

1  ,  i'ii.  :  trades,  frames,  and  irtternal  and 

hiuery,  iu  finished 

,1  ,■  ^i):in'v  111!'    li.  line 


..■.tJ:j)iui.iu.;  t     .  i: 
■.\'i;'i  a  !>!■<■■ 

ever,  i.-.  hc<.i-i.ii!)y  sc.;rc>..  the  piiccfj!  iLs  luiuucr  huviiig  a^v;iju;ca  Lo  $75  for 
x.ocK)  feet  Ilcdv.Mud  is  ubcd  '  xiciisivcly  for  riiany  kinds  of  planingmill 
uMik,  bf'c;  .  ilea);  ;mii  ,  warp, staili; or  cirack.    Our  cxjasi  h;"; 

;.  r.\  :o  [il.-iiMj,;  nul  dour  ;ni;;;;  .. ,tU  an  aggregate  capital  of  $i,C)00,oou, 
rniployini!  t  coo  ^nc-n,  p;)yint.~lhein  $I, 550,0a-;  in  wntTC;.,  iisinj^  40,0'X).000 
I'-' t  111  worth  $1  ind  turning  duct  worth  $4,500,- 

I  •  Market  Strr(>t, 


-         ,  in  San  f-'rancisco:  tit. 
land;  \'iERR'V,  WooDWORTIl  Sf  CO.,  in  Los  Angeles;  U  VV.'Weiplkr,  in 

"       '■.  ■  '     .>     '  -'■-  !;^  v:i:  '■  :'y  in  N-w  W.-tmir- 1-- 

•    iioyut  l^ity  flatlufc,  aiiUa.     lui:   Kovai.  (.  k 
■■ '  V",,  1  ntm.ii  (j)ailtu.-is,  JOHN  HriNi'Rv,  DAVTf.   ' 

^    ,1       ILaslam),  esiablishcil  1 
■j:   Uio  li-.iUiiiij  industrial  enterprises  ui    i-nu-i  ^.■iii'.hidih.      i.-  .'ir 
wrciii.^di'^  '.nd  ';(;roil  sawin^j,  planing,  and  luining,  and  m :iinifr"-'M<' ^' 
i.inil>  iashcs,  blinds,  and  moldings.     They 

icii.  ij«'sides  niidcing  i       '      ■        '  ' 
■'it  V  i"!  Ti','"!*.'-.!  fc;ct.    'li 

.tatfe  396  let  'on 

•  ,     ■'■"     ■•  ■"  -  :>-vi   loin 

■  lom     '' 
suppl. ., 


narf  reaching  out  to  a 


liw 


hv'\]{- 


111 


I'll 


■1   it 


^1 


WOOD. 


599 


The  establishment  employs  40  men  through  the  year,  paying  $3  and  $3.25 
to  mechanics  by  the  day,  $30  and  $35  to  laborers  with  board,  and  $15  to 
boys  by  the  month. 

Door  and  Sash  Factories. — In  the  same  general  class  with  planing-mills 
arc  sash  and  door  factories,  which  besides  doors  make  window-sash  and 
window-blinds,  mostly  in  anticipation  of  orders.  Those  made  for  the  gen- 
eral market  arc  manufuctured  in  a  few  sizes  most  in  demand,  and  the 
carpenters  usually  a..apt  their  plans  to  those  :nzes.  Resides  doing  the 
wood-work,  the  uictorics  employ  painters  and  glaziers  to  "prime"  the  doors 
and  sashes  with  a  coat  of  white  lead,  and  glaze  the  sashes  and  sash-doors. 

Box  Factories. — The  manufacture  of  wooden  packing-boxes  is  an  exten- 
sive business  on  our  coast.  Our  fresh  fruits  are  sent  to  Ihc  local  markets, 
and  our  dried  and  canned  fruits  and  canned  salmon  shipped  away  in  such 
boxes.  Three  fifths  of  the  entire  production  is  consumed  for  such  purposes. 
There  arc  about  a  dozen  factories,  including  5  in  .San  Francisco,  and  (jnc 
each  in  Sacramento,  Los  Angeles,  San  Jose,  Truckce,  Portland,  Astoria,  and 
Seattle.  They  consume  annually  30,000,000  feet  of  lumber,  worth,  as  they 
receive  it,  $20  a  thousand  feet,  and  as  they  sell  it,  $35.  The  price  of  boxes 
when  sold  in  considerable  quantities  is  calculated  by  the  superficial  feet  of  the 
material.  About  two  fifths  of  the  boxes  are  used  for  soap,  candles,  sugar, 
crackers,  and  miscellaneous  purposes.  The  wood  preferred  for  fruit  and 
provisions  not  canned  is  spruce,  which  imparts  neither  tasle  nor  odor  to  the 
substances  in  contact  with  it,  is  soft  enough  to  be  worked  with  little  expense 
and  strong  enough  to  hold  together  well.  The  su[)ply  of  this  material  is 
abundant  in  the  forests  north  of  latitude  39",  but  the  price  has  risen  nearly 
50  per  cent,  since  1879.  The  machinery  of  the  factories  is  simple  in  pal- 
tern,  the  chief  purpose  being  to  turn  out  a  great  quantity  of  boards  of  uni- 
form sizes  in  brief  time.  .Some  of  these  are  planed,  and  others  are  printed 
with  the  address  of  the  houses  ordering  them,  befcjre  nailing,  which  last 
is  done  by  hand.  Some  of  the  factories  are  associated  with  saw-iniUs, 
which  cut  the  boards  from  the  log  into  the  required  sizes,  and  fasten 
them  together  in  bundles  of  "shooks,"  which  when  received  at  the  factoric" 
are  ready  for  nailing  together.  About  40  men  arc  employed  on  an  average 
in  a  factory,  the  wages  being  from  $1.50  to  $2  a  day.  As  the  boxes  occupy 
a  large  space  in  proportion  to  their  weight  and  value,  they  are  nearly  all 
made  at  the  places  where  the  packing  is  to  be  done.  Thus  San  Francisco 
packs  large  quantities  of  fruit,  vegetables,  and  salmon,  and  is  besides  a  cen- 
tral point  for  the  supply  of  a  multitude  of  towns,  which  are  not  large  enough 
•to  maintain  box   factories  of  their  own.     Los  Angeles,  Sacramento,  San 


r""    ' '  T  g 


i  ! 


ooo 


MANUFACTURKS. 


Jose,  and  Portland  arc  similar  centers  of  agricultural  production;  Astoria 
needs  boxes  for  its  canned  salmon;  Truckee  and  Seattle  ?re  places  where 
more  shocks  than  boxes  are  made;  and  Crescent  City  also  makes  shocks. 

Most  of  the  boxes  on  our  coast  arc  made  in  factories  which  devote  them- 
selves exclusively  to  the  manufacture  of  boxes;  but  in  places  not  supplied 
with  a  box  factory,  if  there  is  a  planing-mill,  it  usually  has  a  department  in 
which  boxes  are  made  to  order.  Among  the  notable  establishments  are  the 
Unior  Box  Factory,  employing  125  men,  the  factory  of  IIOBBS,  Wall  & 
Co.,  the  Pacific-Box  Factory,  the  Standard  ]3ox  Factory,  and  the  San  Fran- 
cisco Packing  Bo.\  Factory,  of  San  Francisco;  the  Pioneer  Box  Factory,  of 
Sacramento,  and  the  factories  of  Joiix  Harlow  &  Co. 

The  Oregon  Barrel  Company,  of  which  B.  O.  Severance  was  the 
founder,  and  Wadhams  &  ELLIOTT,  merchants  of  Portland  are  share- 
holders and  agents,  has  a  factoiy  at  St.  Johns,  on  the  Willamette  River, 
where,  besides  barrels  and  pails,  boxes  for  fruit  and  cases  for  salmon  arc 
made  to  the  value  of  $i5,cxDO  annually. 

Cigar-boxes. — The  cigar-boxes  required  to  hold  the  cigars  made  on  our 
coast  arc  all  made  in  San  Francisco.  The  number  of  boxes  produced 
annually  is  about  1,800,000,  and  their  total  value  $210,000.  The  material 
includes  600,000  square  feet  of  Spanish  cedar  an  inch  thick,  worth  $70  a 
thousand  feet,  and  half  as  much  redwood  worth  $35.  The  Spanish  cedar  is 
considered  the  best  of  all  wood  for  the  purpose,  having  an  admirable  com- 
bination of  aroma,  color,  facilit}'  of  working,  and  smoothness  of  texture.  As 
cigars  arc  sokl  by  the  thousand,  the  boxes  are  designated  by  the  proportion 
of  that  number  they  will  hold.  The  common  sizes  are  tenths  (holding  100 
cigars  each),  worth  16  cents  at  the  factory;  twentieths  (holding  50  each), 
worth  12  cents;  and  fortieths  (holding  25),  worth  10  cents.  Of  the  entire 
production  30  per  cent,  may  be  tenth.s,  60  per  cent,  twentieths,  and  the 
remainder  fortieths.  Those  are  the  prices  at  the  factories  owned  by  white 
men  for  bo.xes  of  Spanish  cedar;  f^^r  redwood  the  charge  is  2  cents  less  on 
a  bo.x;  and  the  Chinese,  who  make  bout  one  sixth  of  the  entire  production, 
sell  their  boxes  at  lower  figures.  There  are  150  white  laborers  (men,  boys, 
and  girls)  in  the  factories  owned  by  white  men.  The  white  sawyers  get 
from  $10  to  $15  a  week;  the  nailers  from  $7  to  $10,  anJ  the  planers  from 
$6  to  ^S.  The  b()}-s  and  girls  work  by  the  piece,  and  the  skillful  get  fiom 
$6  to  $9  a  week.  Besides  the  white  laborers,  the  factories  owned  by  white 
men  employ  30  Chinamen;  and  about  as  many  more  Chinamen  work  in 
the  Chinese  factories,  so  that  the  total  number  of  persons  engaged  in  the 
business,  in  1881,  is  210,  4  times  as  many  as  in  1870. 

The  factories  of  cigar-bo,\es  on  our  coast  are  all  in  San  Francisco,  and 


)n;  Astoria 
laces  where 
kes  shocks. 
;votc  thcm- 
ot  supplied 
Dartmcnt  in 
ents  are  the 
s,  Wall  & 
;  San  Fran- 
Factory,  of 

CE  was  the 

are  share- 

icttc  River, 

salmon  arc 


ladc  on  our 
s  produced 
he  material 
,'orth  $70  a 
ish  cedar  is 
irablc  com- 
:xturc.  As 
:  proportion 
lolding  100 
;^  50  each), 
f  the  entire 
IS,  and  the 
:d  by  white 
LMits  less  on 
production, 
(men,  boys, 
lawyers  get 
laners  from 
111  get  fiom 
:d  by  white 
en  work  in 
aged  in  the 


incisco,  and 


f  li 


]^ 


WOOD. 


6oi 


include  those  of  KORBEL  &  BROTHERS,  who  make  600,000  boxes  annually ; 
of  C.  A.  &  G.  W.  Hooper,  who  make  1,500  boxes  a  day;  and  of  A. 
VValDSTEIN,  who  makes  about  as  many. 

Je'welTy-boxes. — The  manufacture  of  jewelry-boxes  on  our  coast  is 
confined  to  San  Francisco,  and  gives  employment  to  a  dozen  persons,  who 
receive  on  an  average  $1.50  a  day,  about  one  fourth  more  than  is  paid  to 
men  in  the  same  occupation  in  New  York.  The  poplar,  or  white  wood,  used 
for  frames,  the  imitation  morocco  for  covers,  and  the  linings  are  all  brought 
from  the  East.  The  annual  production  is  worth  $25,000,  while  the  finished 
articles  brought  from  the  Atlantic  arc  worth  twice  as  much,  the  annual 
consumption  being  about  $65,000.  There  has  been  a  rapid  growth  in  the 
demand,  purchasers  now  requiring  elegant  boxes  with  jewelry  which  was 
formerly  taken  in  a  pasteboard  box  or  a  paper  wrapper.  The  San  Fran- 
cisco boxes  compare  favorably  in  design  and  finish  with  those  brought  from 
New  York.  A  considerable  part  of  the  local  business  owes  its  existence  to 
the  local  manufacture  of  jewelry  and  silvcr%vare  to  order  on  patterns  requir- 
ing special  boxes.  The  only  Pacific  house  that  manufactures  jewelry- 
boxes  is  that  of  A.  H.  LOCIIBAUM. 

Furniture. — The  present  condition  of  the  furniture  business  on  our  coast 
may  be  stated  in  general  terms  as  well  inaugurated,  measurably  prosperous, 
and  of  growing  importance.  The  statistics  show  that  the  furniture  trade 
in  California  considerably  exceeds  $2,000,000  annually,  and  in  Oregon 
reaches  $750,000.  About  one  half  the  furniture  sold  in  the  Californian 
market  is  made  in  the  Eastern  States,  and  the  other  half  is  manufactured 
in  the  State,  while  in  Oregon  not  more  than  one  third  is  imported, 
and  the  other  two  thirds  are  home-made.  A  large  proportion  of  the  furni- 
ture imported  is  shipped  in  separate  pieces  in  what  is  called  the  "knock- 
down" state,  ready  to  be  put  together,  and  is  set  up  and  upholstered  here. 
It  is  chiefly  the  higher  priced  goods  that  are  imported,  though  all  kinds  of 
chairs  are  brought  from  the  East  in  cases  of  a  dozen  each,  to  be  put  together 
here,  as  both  the  material  and  labor  employed  in  their  manufacture  are  much 
cheaper  there  than  here.  The  "  rawhide"  chair,  the  only  distinctly  original 
article  of  furniture  produced  on  the  coast,  comes  in  competition  to  a  limited 
extent  with  the  cheap  Eastern-made  chairs,  as  it  is  a  light,  durable,  and  in- 
expensive chair,  well  adapted  to  the  climate,  being  somewhat  larger  than  the 
common  kitchen  chair,  and  made  of  round  pieces,  except  the  nearly  straight 
back,  and  seated  with  rawhide  strips  woven  or  plaited  in  large  open  squares. 

The  chief  advantages  et.joycd  by  the  manufacturers  of  furniture  on  the 
Pacific  Coast  are  in  the  mild  and  equable  climate,  and  in  the  high  rates  of 
freight  from  the  Eastern  States.  There  is  no  loss  of  time  here  on  account 
76 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


11.25 


■tt  iiil  12.2 

HUu 

U    11.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WnT  MAIN  STMIT 

WIUTM,N.Y.  USM 

(716)  •72-4503 


■^n**^g««pian|mw 


602 


MANUFACTURES. 


of  extreme  heat  or  cold,  and  but  little  outlay  is  required  for  fuel  and  shelter. 
The  cost  of  transportation  from  the  East  is  25  per  cent,  of  the  Eastern 
selling:;  price,  e\cn  for  .such  articles  as  can  be  packed  to  advantage,  and  so 
high  as  to  practically  prohibit  the  importation  of  upholstered  goods.  The 
great  hindrances  to  production  arc  in  the  necessity  of  importing  nearly  all 
the  materials  used.  The  manufacturing  centers  of  our  coast  have  an  ex- 
cellent situation  for  supplying  fine  furniture,  not  only  to  the  American  and 
British  territory  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  but  also  the  Pacific  islands, 
Australia,  the  eastern  shores  of  Asia,  and  the  western  slopes  of  Mexico, 
and  Central  and  South  America. 

Material  for  Furniture. — The  lumber  for  the  manufacture  of  furniture 
is  nearly  all  imported,  consisting  of  black  walnut,  oak,  ash,  maple,  and 
cherry  from  the  Mississippi  Valley;  primavera  and  Spani.sh  cedar  from  the 
west  coast  of  Mexico;  toa  and  tamano  from  the  South  Pacific  islands; 
and,  for  the  Californian  market,  maple,  ash,  alder,  and  white  cedar  from 
Oregon  and  Washington.  About  one  fourth  of  all  the  wood  consumed  in 
the  manufacture  of  furniture  in  San  I'Vancisco  is  imported  from  the  Missis- 
sippi V^alley,  one  half  from  Oregon  and  Washington,  one  tenth  from  Mex- 
ico and  the  South  Pacific  islands,  and  the  remainder  comes  from  California. 
Of  the  lumber  brought  from  the  Mississipjii  Valley,  probably  three  fifths 
arc  black  walnut,  and  two  fifths  arc  about  equally  divided  among  ash,  oak, 
majjle,  and  cherry.  The  wholesale  prices  of  lumber  in  the  San  Francisco 
market  in  September,  1881,  were  as  follows:  Black  walnut,  $160;  cherry, 
$150;  maple,  oak,  and  ash,  each  $110;  Oregon  maple,  $40;  white  cedar, 
$55;  alder  and  ash,  $45;  primavera,  $145;  Spani.sh  cedar,  $100;  tamano, 
$I0C);  and  toa,  $140  for  i,cxx)  feet. 

Some  years  ago  the  native  woods  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  from  Wa.shington 
to  Central  America,  were  carefully  examined  by  TlIK  WlCST  CoAST  FUR- 
NHUUI;  Ch.MI'ANY  under  the  instruction  of  the  late  W.  C.  Ralston,  the 
master  spirit  of  the  company.  As  the  result  of  this  examination,  prima- 
vera, a  Mexican  wood,  strong,  even  in  grain,  susceptible  of  good  polish, 
and  light  )"ellow  in  color,  was  .selected  as  the  material  for  the  furniture  of 
the  Palace  Hotel,  Such  Californian  oak  as  was  obtainable  at  the  time 
was  unfit  for  furniture,  being  coarse  and  brittle. 

At  that  time  Californian  laur  1  had  been  rejected,  because  much  furniture 
and  the  inside-work  of  hou.ses  made  of  it  had  been  honeycombed  by  small 
worms;  and  the  same  opinion  still  prevails  generally,  although  persons 
possessing  s(jitic  knowledge  and  experience  declare  that  it  is  a  mistake. 
The  laurel  in  the  inside-work  of  a  very  costly  mansion  in  San  Mateo 
County  is  in  excellent  condition  after  a  lapse  of  more  than   10  years,  and 


■""■WPPUPPIWI 


'^^||l|pipf^PPPIIiPi«^[«m«lf«M« 


mmm 


WOOD. 


Go'i 


bids  fair  to  last  as  long  as  the  house  itself.  This  wood  was  washed  with 
kerosene  before  varnishing,  and  since  then  the  worms  have  shown  no  signs 
of  life.  Capt.  A.  VV.  ClIA.SE,  of  the  United  States  Coast  Survey,  in  the 
Overland  Monthly  for  September,  1874,  said:  "The  laurel  is  an  evergreen, 
but  has  an  annual  flow  of  sap.  This  is  quite  an  important  fact  in  connec- 
tion with  the  proper  preparation  of  the  timber  for  shipbuilding.  The 
right  time  for  cutting  is  during  the  months  of  September,  October,  and 
November.  If  cut  before  or  after  these  months,  the  wood  is  liable  to 
decay,  and  also  to  be  attacked  by  a  small  worm;  but  in  the  proper  time, 
and  when  water  or  dock  .seasoned,  it  is  fully  equal  to  Eastern  oak."  Be- 
sides possessing  the  strength  and  durability  suitable  for  ships,  it  has  a  fine 
color,  grain,  and  texture,  very  desirable  in  elegant  furniture.  In  veneers, 
however,  it  remains  sound  and  will  hold  its  place  as  a  most  beautiful  hard- 
wood, being  equal  to  satin  wood,  and,  for  some  purposes,  greatly  excels  it. 
For  beauty  of  finish,  delicacy  of  color,  and  hardness  of  te.xture  our  native 
laurel  has  no  superior  among  all  the  furniture  woods  known  to  the  trade. 

Sugar  pine  is  a  soft  wood,  without  a  rival  for  pattern-making,  but  is  too 
soft  for  general  furniture  purpo.ses.  Port  Orford  cedar,  or  white  cedar,  is  a 
fine  wood,  and  is  extensively  used  in  furniture.  It  is  somewhat  harder  than 
Eastern  whitewood,  and,  like  it,  will  take  a  black  stain  equally  well  with 
any  other  wood.  Having  a  pleasant  perfume,  with  the  property  of  repel- 
ling moth.s,  much  of  it  is  u.sed  for  the  inside  of  drawers,  wardrobes,  and  cup- 
boards. The  Thuja  white  cedar,  found  extensively  on  our  coast,  is  used  in 
Oregon,  Washington,  and  British  Columbia  for  furniture  and  the  inside  trim- 
ming of  houses.  Its  light  color  appears  to  advantage  when  associated  with 
darker  wood. 

Alaska  cedar,  in  the  judgment  of  our  best-informed  furniture  dealers,  is 
destined  in  a  few  years  to  find  a  place  in  the  list  of  favorite  woods  for  the 
manufacture  of  fine  furniture.  It  is  one  of  the  finest  grained  woods  in  the 
world,  and  receives  a  polish  equal  to  a  mirror,  and  for  ebonizing  is  without 
a  rival.  It  grows  large,  affords  excellent  milling  timber,  and  is  abundant. 
Its  greatest  drawback  is  a  rather  disagreeable  odor,  which  can  be  overcome 
on  outside  cabinet  work  that  is  varnished.  There  is  no  dark  wood  in 
Alaska  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  furniture.  The  maple  of  Oregon 
and  Washington  is  of  a  soft  specie.s,  and  is  extensively  used  in  chair  work 
and  for  furniture  which  is  to  be  ebonized,  and  in  many  respects  is  inferior 
to  the  maple  of  Canada  and  the  Mississippi  Valley, 

The  Oregon  ash  is  a  very  fine  wood,  none  better  in  the  world,  and  is  as 
much  superior  to  the  Eastern  ash,  for  furniture,  as  the  Eastern  maple  is 
superior  to  ours,  Furniture  made  of  this  ash  and  trimmed  with  ash  burl,  is 
very  attractive  and  durable.     Beyond  a  doubt  this  fine  ash  will,  some  dty 


mmmm 


604 


MANUFACTURES. 


in  the  near  future,  become  such  a  favorite  that  it  will  be  sought  after  all 
over  the  world.  The  alder  of  our  coast  is  a  good  wood  for  use  in  some 
parts  of  furniture,  but  requires  to  be  thoroughly  kiln-dried,  more  so  than 
almost  any  other  wood.  It  will  take  a  black  stain  readily,  but  being  a  soft 
wood,  it  is  not  so  much  in  demand.  The  red  fir  of  Oregon  is  the  staple 
wood  of  that  State.  It  is  much  like  the  firs  of  other  States,  but  differs  in 
the  immcn.se  height  of  the  tree  and  the  strength  of  its  fiber.  It  is  used 
mainly  for  the  inside  work  of  furniture. 

The  redwood  of  California  is  well  known  to  fame,  and  is  indeed  without 
a  rival  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  It  is  distinguished  alike  by  the  enormous  size 
it  attains,  and  the  numerous  uses  made  of  it.  In  furniture  it  serves  almost 
innumerable  purposes,  when  treated  in  the  proper  manner.  It  can  be 
stained  to  imitate  any  dark  wood,  and  possesses  this  peculiarity  that  after 
becoming  moderately  dry  it  never  shrinks  and  swells  as  do  nearly  all  other 
kinds  of  furniture  wood.  Though  a  soft  wood,  it  becomes  hard  in  time 
after  being  well  varnished.  The  redwood  knots  cut  into  veneers  are  as 
beautiful  as  amboyna,  and  when  properly  treated  take  a  very  high  polish. 
This  fact  .seems  to  be  not  generally  known,  and  it  can  not  be  long  before 
the  redwood  burl  will  be  much  sought  after  for  ornamenting  furniture  and 
for  the  inside  finish  of  costly  dwellings. 

The  Mexican  primavera  is  a  \'ery  fine  hardwood,  and  has  a  wavy  figure 
similar  to  satin  wood  or  birch.  It  jnakes  excellent  furniture,  office  trim- 
mings, bank  and  store  counters  and  furnishings;  but  when  u.sed  alone  it 
presents  a  rather  monotonous  appearance.  However,  when  blended  with 
some  darker  wood  it  makes  beautiful  work.  The  toa  wood  of  the  South 
Pacific  islands  is  similar  to  liastern  walnut  in  color  and  texture,  but  is  much 
finer  in  figure.  Some  of  it  is  remarkably  beautiful.  It  has  light  and  dark 
shades,  and  .sometimes  very  wavy  figures.  It  works  up  well  in  mantels  as 
well  as  furniture.  Libraries  fitted  up  in  this  wood  can  not  be  excelled.  It 
takes  a  fine  hard-finish,  is  very  durable,  and  is  much  used  on  this  coast. 

In  certain  styles  of  fine  furniture  teak  is  in  growing  favor.  Central 
American  walnut,  which  is  much  like  toa,  is  gaining  in  popularity  rapidly. 
It  is  a  lighter-colored  wood  than  the  black  walnut  of  commerce  from  Canada 
and  the  Northern  Mississippi  Valley,  and,  when  finished  with  the  dark 
w  oods  from  the  tropics,  it  makes  a  light  and  graceful  style  of  furniture.  The 
old  familiar  walnut  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  Canadas  is  in 
the  greatest  demand  in  Europe  ever  known,  and  in  recent  years  has  nearly 
doubled  in  value,  and  it  has  already  become  necessary  to  seek  for  a  substi- 
tute for  it,  which  is  likely  to  be  found  in  the  tamano  of  the  South  Pacific 
islands. 


WOOD. 


60; 


Fumitiire  Factories. — The  furniture  business  on  our  coast  north  of 
Mexico,  especially  in  the  establishments  manufacturing  the  most  elegant 
articles,  has  been  associated  with  upholster)',  which  is  treated  separately  in 
the  chapter  on  textile  fabrics.  Some  of  these  houses  have  employed  more 
men  in  their  upholstery  departments  than  in  the  working  of  wood.  Such 
stores  as  those  of  C.  M.  PLUM  &  Co.,  TlIK  CALIFORNIA  FuUNlTUUr 
Manufacturing  Company,  F.  S.  Chadisourne  &  Co.,  and  W.  J. 
Henkv  &  Co.  contain  large  collections  of  furniture  finished  with  the 
highest  mechanical  skill,  in  the  mosi  costly  materials.  The  tasteful,  orig- 
inal, and  varied  designs  are  based  on  acute  perceptions  of  .symmetry  of 
form  and  harmony  of  color.  In  many  of  their  products  the  demands  of 
art  have  been  studied  as  carefully  as  those  of  luxurious  comfort.  The 
stores  themselves,  or  portions  of  them,  will  compare  favorably  in  the  ele- 
gance of  their  arrangement  and  decoration,  as  well  as  in  the  excellence  and 
beauty  of  their  furniture,  with  first-class  establishments  of  the  .same  class 
in  New  York,  London,  or  Pari.s.  But  the  correct  taste,  originality  of 
design,  and  finished  workmanship  are  not  limited  to  the  largest  establish- 
ments, for  some  of  the  manufacturers  engaged  in  business  on  a  relatively 
small  scale  show  the  capacity  and  enterprise  which  promise  to  secure  to 
them  a  large  business  reputation  and  patronage  at  no  distant  time. 

The  first  furniture  factory  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  was  established 
by  Mormon  enterprise  at  Provo  in  1852.  The  work  was  rough  but  sub- 
stantial, and  there  has  been  a  .steady  improvement  in  the  designs.  TllF, 
California  Furniture  Manufacturing  Co.mpanv  are  the  successors 
in  business  of  Georgic  O.  Whitney  &  Co.,  who  established  themselves 
as  importers  of  furniture  in  San  Francisco  in  1849;  and  the  senior  partner 
in  the  furniture  and  upholstery  store  of  Plum  &  Ellis,  opened  in  1850, 
occupies  the  same  place  in  the  firm  of  CllARLEs  M.  PLUM  &  Co.  For 
years  furniture  was  made  only  in  small  shop.s,  which  were  partly  occupied 
with  repairs  and  with  the  production  of  articles  to  order;  and  it  was  not  until 
1857  that  California  had  a  furniture  factory,  of  which  W.  G.  WEIR  was 
proprietor.  He  employed  100  men,  continued  in  the  business  for  12  years 
or  more,  and  his  success  induced  others  to  follow  '  example.  The  rise  in 
freights  and  in  wages  in  the  Atlantic  States,  caused  by  the  civil  war,  gave 
a  lively  stimulus  to  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  as  well  as  of  many  other 
articles  in  San  Francisco.  In  1870,  according  to  the  national  census  of 
that  year,  the  Pacific  States  and  Territories  had  126  furniture  factorie.s, 
employing  493  men,  and  the  gro.ss  value  of  their  annual  product  was  $972,- 
000.  Mo.st  of  those  factories  might  properly  be  described  as  the  shops  of 
cabinet-makers,  in  which  work  was  done  on  a  small  scale.  Our  slojx'  has 
not  more  than  50  factories  devoted  exclusively  to  the  manufacture  of  furni- 


'W  IV"    iiw*'»iii 


I    M..>  v«ij  ijui  iinuiiqqiqj]p|||||||pp|||ppM«IIPPi«pMnp 


606 


MANUFACTURES. 


ture  with  the  aid  of  steam  power,  and  most  of  these  are  to  be  found  in  and 
near  San  Francisco,  Portland,  Seattle,  Provo,  and  Salt  Lake  City.  Leaving 
the  cabinet  shops  out  of  consideration,  San  Francisco  has  26  houses  manu- 
facturmg  furniture,  and  the  remainder  of  the  slope  has  as  many  more. 
The  aggregate  capital  is  $1,000,000;  they  employ  1,000  operatives,  whose 
wages  amount  to  $750,000  a  year;  and  the  aggregate  product  i.-:  worth  at 
least  $3,000,000  a  year. 

Among  the  furniture  factories  of  San  Francisco  arc  those  of  TlIE  WEST 
Coast  Manuiacturing  Company  (L.  &  E.  Emanuel),  which  has  a 
large  factory  occupied  mainly  in  the  production  of  plain,  but  good  furni- 
ture; The  Union  Furniture  Company,  Kihn  &  Fuchs,  J.  S.  Ben- 
nett, Richard  Herring,  Snyder  &  Reichling,  J.  B.  Luciisinger  & 
Son,  and  Frank  Laeremans.  Connected  with  the  house  of  F.  S.  Chad- 
bourne  &  Co.,  of  San  Francisco,  is  that  of  F.  S.  ClIADBOURNE  &  Co., 
in  Portland.  In  the  latter  city  G.  Shindler  has  a  factory.  GILBERT  & 
Moore,  in  San  Francisco,  make  a  specialty  of  manufacturing  school  and 
office  furniture. 

California  Furniture  Manufacturing  Company. — The  leading  furni- 
ture hou.sc  in  San  Francisco  is  that  of  TlIE  CALIFORNIA  FuRNlTURfi 
Manufacturing  Company,  N.  P.  Cole,  president,  B.  P.  Moore,  secre- 
tary, and  Sylvester  Merrill,  treasurer,  at  220  to  226  Bush  Street.  The 
company  was  incorporated  in  1872,  with  a  paid-up  capital  of  $600,000.  It 
absorbed  the  firms  of  N.  P.  CoLE  &  Co.  (established  in  1865),  and  GEORCiE 
O.  Whitney  &  Co.,  and,  not  long  after,  on  -the  failure  of  J.  P.  Goodwin 
&  Co.,  took  the  entire  stock  and  building  of  that  firm.  Soon  after  the  in- 
corporation, the  company  made  a  contract  with  the  State  for  the  employ- 
ment of  prisoners  at  San  Ouentin,  200  being  thus  employed  at  the  rate  of 
40  cents  a  day  for  each  man,  giving  the  State  a  revenue  of  $80  a  day,  or 
nearly  $25,000  a  year,  till  the  end  of  1881,  when,  by  the  ierms  of  the  new 
State  Constitution,  convict  labor  could  no  longer  be  employed  by  individ- 
uals or  corporations.  The  company  gives  employment  to  75  men  (exclusive 
of  convicts)  and  to  a  number  of  women  in  the  upholstery  department,  and 
also  to  a  number  of  apprentices,  at  wages  ranging  from  $4  to  $25  per  week. 
In  1872  the  company  sold  goods  to  the  amount  of  $1,167,000,  the  largest 
amount  ever  .sold  by  one  firm  on  the  coast,  though  the  sales  for  2  or  3 
years  were  not  much  short  of  that  sum.  With  the  depression  of  other 
branches  of  business,  the  furniture  trade  has  suffered  for  several  years,  but 
is  now  gradually  recovering,  and  gives  promise  of  renewed  prosperity. 
The  California  Furniture  Manuf.\cturing  Company  keep  a  large 
stock  of  all  the  styles  for  which  there  is  a  demand,  and  find  purcha.scrs  in 


I     i 


WOOD. 


607 


Asia,  Australia,  South  America,  and  Mexico,  as  well  as  in  the  American 
States  and  Territories  of  our  slope. 

Friedrlchs  &  Geroke.— Beginning  on  Spear  Street  in  1876,  in  a  room 
15  by  60  feet,  Friedrichs  &  Gercke,  proprietors  of  the  S.\N  Fran- 
cisco Furniture  Factory,  both  practical  workmen,  have  built  up  a  bus- 
iness which  now  occupies  a  building  100  by  120  feet,  on  Berry  Street, 
between  Third  and  Fourth,  and  employs  20  men,  at  $50  a  day  of  aggregate 
wages,  using  modern  machinery,  including  saws,  planers,  shavers,  jointers, 
lathes,  stickers,  borers,  etc.,  and  turns  out  annually  furniture  worth  from 
$35,000  to  $40,000.  A  market  is  found  in  California,  Oregon,  Washington, 
Arizona,  and  the  Sandwich  Islands.  Their  special  line  of  work  has  been 
furniture  made  of  cedar  and  walnut.  Both  proprietors  were  born  in  Ger- 
many, Henry  Friedricii.s  in  1847,  and  William  Gercke  in  1849,  where 
both  were  educated.  The  former  came  to  America  in  1866,  and  the  latter 
in  1869.  In  the  prime  of  life,  with  a  large  and  growing  business  as  a  reward 
for  their  enterprise  and  hard  work,  the  future  is  full  of  promi.sc  and  encour- 
agement. 

Indianapolis  Chair  Manufacturing  Company.  —  This  establishment 
was  founded  in  1874  by  F.  Rentschler  in  a  store,  20  by  30  feet,  on 
Market  Street,  as  a  branch  of  the  Indianapolis  house.  The  business  in- 
creasing rapidly,  he  soon  formed  a  copartnership  with  Messrs.  WoLLPER  r 
and  SciIWERDT,  and  opened  business  on  a  large  scale  in  their  prese.it  prem- 
ises on  New  Montgomery  Street,  near  Howard,  embracing  4  stores  with 
basement  100  by  200  feet,  and  a  finishing  department  on  Natoma  Street, 
25  by  80  feet.  Their  specialty  is  Indianapolis  furniture,  also  the  "  Perfect 
Rest  Chair"  and  the  "  Perfect  Sofa-bed,"  likewise  upholstering,  mattress  and 
bed  manufacturing,  and  carpets.  They  employ  20  hands,  and  their  annual 
sales,  amounting  to  more  than  $150,000,  are  increasing. 

California  Spring  Manufkoturing  Company.  —  The  California 
Spring  Manufacturing  Company,  organized  in  1876,  with  a  paid-up 
capital  of  $15,000,  by  the  consolidation  of  the  firms  of  WARNER  &  SiLSBY 
and  William  Crawford  &  Co.,  occupy  2  stories  of  the  brick  premises 
No.s.  147  and  149  New  Montgomery  Street,  and  have  a  branch  establish- 
ment at  224  First  Street,  Salem,  Oregon.  They  manufacture  wire  springs 
for  beds,  sofas,  chairs,  lounges,  etc.,  and  use  about  1 5  tons  a  month  of  Besse- 
mer steel  wire.  A  ready  market  is  found  for  their  goods  all  over  the  coast, 
in  the  Sandwich  Island.s,  and  Japan.  Their  sales,  amounting  to  about 
$60,000  annually,  are  constantly  increasing.  With  this  business  they  com- 
bine the  .sale  of  bedding  and  upholstered  goods.     They  make  a  specialty 


awii^aaStSi- 


inisi 


608 


MANUFACTURES. 


of  their  "Star  Spring  Bed,"  which  has  a  large  sale.  The  founder  of  the 
business,  Amos  Saikord  Warner,  was  born  in  Vermont  and  educated 
in  Ohio.  He  came  to  California  across  the  plains  in  1850,  settled  at  Dry- 
town,  afterwards  moved  to  Chicago,  where  he  was  married  in  1866.  In  1 871 
he  came  to  San  Francisco  and  engaged  in  his  present  business. 

Andrevr  Frei. — One  of  the  oldest  and  most  successful  furniture  factories 
in  San  Francisco  is  that  of  ANDREW  Frei,  231  to  239  King  Street.  The 
business  founded  in  1864  by  FIELD  &  FREI,  on  Fremont  Street,  in  a  room 
SO  by  100  feet,  was  moved,  in  1868  to  Brannan,  and  in  1873  to  King  Street. 
Mr.  Field  .sold  out  to  Mr.  Frei  in  1877.  The  growth  of  this  establishment 
has  been  remarkable.  It  now  occupies  43,500  square  feet  (more  than  an 
acre)  of  floors  in  factory,  warehouse,  drying-room,  and  engine-house,  exclu- 
sive of  a  lumber-yard  125  by  100  feet,  gives  employment  to  200  men  (no 
Chinamen),  requires  26  machines,  driven  by  a  50-horse-power  engine,  and 
represents  a  capital  of  $35,000.  Mr.  P'REI  docs  a  general  business,  but  his 
specialty  is  chamber  sets,  bedsteads,  and  the  cheaper  class  of  goods;  market, 
the  Pacific  Coa.st  and  Sandwich  Islands.  He  was  born  in  Switzerland  in 
1832,  educated  in  the  common  schools,  and  taag.'.i  the  wood-turner's  trade. 
After  coming  to  America,  in  1852,  he  passed  7  years  in  Pittsburg  and  Cin- 
cinnati, and  reached  California  in  1859. 

Herman  Oranz. — A  striking  example  of  success  in  the  furniture  business 
is  seen  in  the  case  of  HERMAN  Granz,  who  started  in  1869  with  $500 
capital,  in  a  room  25  by  35  feet,  and  the  business  has  grown  up  under  his 
management  until  his  capital  amounts  to  $3  5,000.  He  employs  45  men,  pays 
$100  a  day  wages,  and  $25  running  expenses,  and  occupies  a  large  factory 
3  stories  high,  fully  equipped  with  modern  machinery,  including  planers, 
jointers,  shapers,  band,  jig,  and  circular  saws,  lathes,  boring,  sticking,  groov- 
ing, and  dovetailing  machines.  The  articles  produced  in  this  establishment 
arc  bedroom  sets,  parlor  frames,  tables,  chairs,  wardrobes,  sideboards,  library 
and  office  furniture,  etc.,  and  are  sold  in  California,  Oregon,  Washington, 
Nevada,  Arizona,  and  the  Sandwich  Islands.  HERMAN  Granz  was  born 
in  Saxony,  Germany,  in  1841,  where  he  was  educated.  He  came  to  New 
York  in  1868;  the  next  year  he  arrived  in  -San  Francisco,  and  laid  the 
foundation  of  his  present  pro.sperous  business.  His  factory  fronts  on  Bran- 
nan  and  Bluxome  streets,  near  Sixth.  . 

A.  P.  Knorp.— Since  1868  A.  F.  Knorp,  411  Mission  Street,  has  been 
successfully  engaged  in  wood-turning  .and  manufacturing  fine  furniture. 
I  Ic  employs  from  1 5  to  20  hands,  at  an  average  of  $3  a  day,  and  makes  u.se 
of  12  machines.     He  does  all  kinds  of  fancy  wood-work,  devises  models  for 


■BMHilMI 


I.IW   III!  II  ll^mppi 


WOOD. 


609 


machinery,  and  furniture  for  the  office,  store,  hbrary,  and  household,  and 
makes  a  specialty  of  fitting  up  stores  and  offices.  He  recommends  many 
kinds  of  woods  found  on  our  coast,  from  Alaska  to  Central  America,  fc 
ornamental  purposes.  Mr.  Knorp  was  born  in  VVurtembcrg,  Germany,  in 
183:2,  where  he  was  educated  and  taught  the  millwright's  trade.  In  1853  he 
came  to  America,  and  in  1855  to  California  in  the  steamship  Uncle  Sam. 
The  trip  was  an  eventful  one,  as  321  passengers  died  of  cholera.  He 
passed  several  years  in  Tuolumne  and  Solano  counties,  having  been  coroner 
of  the  latter  county  for  several  years. 

Picture-frames,  eto. — All  civilized  communities  spend  annually  large 
sums  for  objects  used  in  the  adornment  of  their  homes.  Paintings,  statuary, 
and  mirrors  were  once  the  exclusive  possessions  of  the  rich  or  of  the  state. 
Among  the  chief  glories  of  modern  culture  and  industrial  skill  are  the  crea- 
tion of  a  taste  for  beautiful  objects  among  the  masses,  and  the  invention  of 
mechanical  processes  by  which  the  works  of  great  artists  may  be  multiplied 
and  placed  within  their  reach.  Mirrors  and  pictures  require  frames,  and  to 
the  manufacture  of  these  is  naturally  joined  that  of  ornamental  brackets, 
stands,  and  other  bric-a-brac.  The  now  prevalent  custom  among  well-to-do 
families  of  personally  preparing  many  of  the  household  decorations  has 
created  a  large  demand  for  these,  and  also  for  artists'  materials,  the  sale  of 
which  last  is  said  to  be  10  times  greater  in  proportion  to  population  in  Cali- 
fornia than  in  any  European  country.  That  the  Pacific  Coast  is  not  be- 
hind the  rest  of  the  world  in  this  respect  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  13  San 
Francisco  firms  are  engaged  in  the  sale  of  such  articles.  It  is  estimated 
that  $500,000  is  annually  expended  on  this  coast  for  frames,  mirrors,  and 
pictures.  Four  firms  in  San  Francisco  are  engaged  in  importing,  manufac- 
turing, and  jobbing  these  goods,  employing  in  the  aggregate  75  mechanics, 
at  wages  ranging  from  $15  to  $25  per  week. 

The  great  volume  of  this  trade  is  in  pictures  and  mirrors.  The  cheapest 
mirrors,  of  common  silvered  American  windoW' glass  of  good  quality  in  com- 
mon pine  frames,  stained  in  imitation  of  rosewood  or  walnut,  are  usually 
imported  to  this  coast  from  the  Eastern  States  in  their  frames.  Next 
in  grade,  the  German  plate,  of  which  there  are  several  qualities,  and  of 
these  Bavaria  is  the  largest  producer,  are  imported  with  silver  backs,  and 
usually  framed  on  this  coast.  The  best  arc  of  excellent  quality,  clear  and 
white,  and  well  polished,  and  differing  from  the  French  plate  mainly  in 
thickiie.-.s  and  strength.  The  so-called  French  plate,  produced  not  only  in 
France,  but  in  Belgium  and  England,  is,  on  account  of  its  strength,  neces- 
sarily used  in  the  largest  mirrors.  Some  American  plate-glass  is  made  of 
satisfactory  thickness,  but  lacking  in  whiteness,  clearness,  and  polish. 
77 


Oio 


MANUKACTUkES. 


A  large  part  of  the  picture  trade  is  done  in  chromos,  generally  inferior  in 
artistic  quality,  but  occasionally  possessing  much  merit.  These  are  gener- 
ally brought  in  thin  sheets  and  mounted  here.  Boston,  Philadelphia,  and 
New  York  are  beginning  to  compete  with  Germany  and  France  in  their  pro- 
duction, and  scarcely  a  year  passes  without  visible  improvement,  resulting 
from  the  tendency  of  buyers  to  reject  the  poorer  works.  There  is  a  consid- 
erable trade  in  cheap  oil  paintings,  sold  at  marvclously  low  rates,  in  "silver- 
gilt"  frames.  Steel  engravings  sell  well.  The  increasing  demand  and  the 
accumulated  supply  of  large  plates  make  it  possible  to  produce  them  with 
less  expense  than  20  years  ago.  It  requires  high-  artistic  ability  to  copy 
the  picture  of  a  great  master,  and  do  justice — so  far  as  black  and  white  can 
do  justice  to  colors — to  its  numerous  merits.  Great  reputations  have  been 
achieved  in  this  art,  and  the  name  of  the  artist,  familiar  to  connoi.sseurs, 
commands  high  prices  for  "  artists'  proofs,"  as  the  best  impressions  arc  called. 
Photogravures,  prints  taken  from  a  surface  made  by  the  photograpb.ic 
process,  arc  rapidly  gaining  favor.  They  are  made  mechanically,  and  can 
never  build  up  artistic  reputations,  but  they  possess  important  merits  in 
which  the  eye  and  hand  of  the  engraver  can  never  equal  them  in  copying 
pictures.  » 

The  people  of  our  coast  have  a  lu.xurious  taste  in  frames  for  their  pictures 
and  mirrors,  and  a  multitude  of  skillful  mechanics  find  profitable  occupation 
in  supplying  the  public  want.  The  simple  moldings  ufcd  in  this  work  are 
imported,  but  much  of  the  finer  work  and  all  the  gold-leaf  gilding  on  the 
large  frames,  are  done  here.  SANBORN,  Vail  &  Co.,  S.  &  G.  Gump, 
Hau.smann  Brothers,  and  Hermann  Cohen  are  leading  manufac- 
turers of  frames  in  San  Francisco.  Very  few  are  made  elsewhere  on  the 
coast. 

Billiard-tables. — The  great  demand  for  billiard-tables  on  the  Pacific 
Coast  caused  this  branch  of  manufacture  to  be  established  at  a  very  early 
date.  In  i860  there  were  5  small  factories  in  operation  in  California,  mak- 
ing up  goods  to  the  value  of  about  $30,000  a  year.  In  1870  there  were 
6  establishments  making  over  $90,000  worth  of  articles.  In  1881  the  value 
of  manufactures  for  the  entire  coast  was  estimated  to  be  little  short  of 
$200,000.  This  industry  is  principally  in  the  hands  of  German  and  French 
mechanics,  whose  wages  average  about  $3  a  day.  Eastern  manufacturers 
pay,  for  the  same  class  of  labor,  from  15  to  20  per  cent,  below  that  rate ; 
but  still  are  not  able  to  .sell  any  large  quantity  of  goods  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  Tables  and  apparatus  of  Pacific  Coast  manufacture  are 
shipped  in  small  quantity  to  Mexico,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  China,  Japan, 
and  occasionally  to  other  foreign  destinations.     It  is  claimed  that  in  work- 


/• 


WOOD. 


6it 


manship  and  beauty  of  design,  tables  made  in  San  Francisco  and  elsewhere 
on  this  coast  are  superior  to  those  of  Eastern  manufacture.  Medals  have 
been  awarded  at  International  E.xhibitions  held  in  Santiago,  Chile,  and  in 
Sydney,  New  South  Wales,  for  articles  made  in  California. 

The  outer  frame  of  the  tabic  is  made  of  ash,  laurel,  or  walnut  Different 
varieties  of  wood  are  used  for  the  inner  frame,  but  the  sugar  pine,  indige- 
nous to  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  the  red  fir  arc  those  usually  preferred. 
The  former  costs  6  to  7  rents  a  foot,  and  the  latter  about  2%  cents.  Slate, 
for  the  bed  of  the  table,  is  imported  from  Vermont,  but,  for  very  costly 
articles,  Ital'an  or  other  marble  is  occasionally  used.  The  cloth  is  imported 
from  France  or  England,  but  more  often  from  France,  and  costs  $8.50  to 
$9  a  yard.  The  oils,  varnish,  and  shellac  used  in  the  process  of  manufac- 
ture are  mainly  of  home  production.  The  rubber  for  the  cushions  is  of 
course  imported. 

The  slabs  of  slate  that  form  the  bed  of  the  table  are  rubbed  as  smooth 
as  possibk:  with  blocks  of  marble,  and  afterwards  with  sandpaper.  The 
bed  is  cemented  to  the  frame  with  glue  and  tightened  with  jacks.  The  legs 
are  shaped  and  carved  by  hand.  In  feet,  the  process  of  manufacture  is  en- 
tirely manual,  requiring  much  time  and  labor.  In  some  of  the  operations, 
especially  in  that  of  carving  the  legs,  a  nice  taste,  a  sharp  eye  and  keen 
tools  are  required.  The  table  most  commonly  used  is  8  feet  8  inches  long, 
4  feet  6  inches  wide,  and  34  inches  high.  The  cost  when  complete,  with  all 
the  apparatus,  as  cues,  cue-rack,  a  set  of  ivory  balls,  2  strings  of  markers, 
etc.,  ranges  from  $2CX3  to  $500;  but,  of  course,  highly  ornamented  articles 
can  be  made  to  order,  up  to  any  price  that  the  purchaser  is  disposed  to  pay. 
The  cost  of  rccushioning  tables  is  from  $50  t&  $60. 

The  principal  manufacturers  in  San  Francisco  are  Philip  Liesenfeld, 
J.  G.  H.  Meyer,  Jacob  Strahle  &  Co.,  August  Jungblut  &  Co.,  and 
thcJ.M.  Brunswick  &  Balke  Company.  The  first-mentioned  gentle- 
man .started  in  business  in  1855,  employing  only  2  operatives.  He  has  now 
30  men  at  work,  when  working  in  full  force.  The  principal  articles  manu- 
factured in  San  Francisco  in  the  line  of  billiard-tables  are  the  centennial 
bevel  table,  the  American  standard,  the  French  curve,  the  excelsior,  and 
the  combination  table.  In  bagatelle-tables,  the  English  bagatelle,  the 
Jenny  Lind,  the  Tivoli  and  parlor  bagatelle,  and  the  top  bagatelle  are 
among  the  favorite  descriptions,  and  are  all  made  on  this  coast. 

The  cues  are  of  Eastern  or  foreign  manufacture.  The  more  expensive 
ones,  inlaid  with  ivory  or  ebony,  come  from  France,  and  are  worth  $12  to 
$50  a  dozen.  Cheaper  articles,  such  as  are  commonly  in  use  at  billiard- 
saloons,  are  made  entirely  of  ash,  and  cost  $7  a  dozen.  For  the  cutting  and 
turning  of  billiard-balls  there  is  but  one  establishment  on  the  Pacific  Coast, 


MM 


6l3 


MANUFACTURES. 


that  of  J.  G.  H.  Meyer,  in  San  Francisco,  already  mentioned  as  a  manu- 
facturer of  billiard-tables.  The  ivory  obtained  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
Africa  is  usually  preferred  for  this  purpose,  on  account  of  its  superior  white- 
ness, but  the  tusks  of  Asiatic  elephants,  and  the  fossil  ivory  obtained  in 
Siberia,  arc  also  used  for  that  purpose.  In  the  making  of  a  billiard-ball 
much  delicate  nicety  of  manipulation  is  required,  and  long  experience, 
coupled  with  natural  adroitness  on  the  part  of  the  workman,  are  indispens- 
able. Just  as  every  block  of  marble  is  said  to  contain  a  statue,  so  every 
block  of  ivory  is  supposed  to  contain  a  perfect  billiard-ball;  but  it  requires 
a  highly  skilled  mcchaiiic  to  demonstrate  the  fact.  The  utmost  care  is 
observed  in  thoroughly  seasoning  the  balls  in  order  to  extract,  as  far  a., 
necessary,  the  natural  mo'sture  of  the  ivory.  After  the  sea.soning  process, 
which  requires  5  or  6  months,  the  coloring  is  imparted  by  the  use  of  expen- 
sive dyes  and  acids.  The  balls  are  then  polished,  and  are  ready  for  use.  A 
set  of  4  hand.somely  finished  ivory  balls  is  worth  from  $25  to  $30.  Each  one 
weighs  from  7  to  g  ounces,  and  the  standard  size  is  2^  inches  in  diameter. 

Pianos. — The  value  of  the  musical  instruments  .sold  annually  on  this 
coast  is  about  $i,cxx),oco,  of  which  amount  nine  tenths  are  paid  for  pianos, 
$50,000  for  parlor  organs,  and  the  remainder  for  other  instruments.  Of  the 
total  value  nearly  two  thirds  are  paid  for  imported  work,  principally  the 
output  of  Ea.stern  factories.  Exports  amount  to  $25,000  per  annum, 
being  chiefly  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  British  Columbia,  Mexico,  and 
Japan,  in  the  order  named.  Ihe  entire  business  of  manufacture,  import, 
and  export  is,  it  may  be  said,  centered  in  San  Francisco.  The  annual  pro- 
duction is  about  800  pianos,  200  house,  and,  perhaps,  5  church  organ.s,  and 
a  few  guitars,  and  other  small  instruments.  Capital  amounting  to  $700,000 
is  invested  in  the  industry,  and  employment  furnished  to  1 50  men,  who  are 
paid  an  average  of  $3  per  day  of  10  hours.  Of  pianos,  about  2,500  in 
all,  and  of  organs  300,  are  sold  yearly.  The  chief  labor  of  the  piano- 
maker  consists  in  arranging  parts  produced  by  other  manufacturers  and  in 
selecting,  properly  sea.soning  and  working  up  suitable  lumber  into  the 
various  forms  of  cases  which  give  beauty  to  the  completed  instruments,  and 
entitle  tiiem  to  classification  with  ornamental  furniture.  Usually  the  com- 
bination of  levers,  by  means  of  which  the  wires  are  struck,  called  the  action, 
is  made  by  a  firm  who  do  nothing  else.  Sounding-boards,  necessarily  of 
thin,  resonant  material,  are  the  work  of  another  house.  The  strings, 
made  of  steel  wire,  must  be  prepared  by  workers  in  that  metal ;  the  iron 
frame  and  brass  pedals  must  be  cast  in  foundries ;  and  the  keys  require  for 
their  fashioning  artisans  familiar  with  the  manipulation  of  ivory  and 
mother-of-pearl.     Most,  if  not  all  of  the  parts  mentioned,  are  made  in  the 


WOOD. 


613 


Atlantic  States,  although  it  is  but  a  few  years  since  strings  were  imported 
from  England  and  Germany.  Our  coast  produces  several  varieties  of 
timber  havini'  a  handsome  grain,  admitting  of  a  high  polish,  little  affected 
b}'  ordinary  \  listions  of  temix:rature,  and,  consequently,  well  suited  for 
piano  cases  or  oiler  articles  of  household  furniture.  The  dcmantl  for  pianos 
here  is  at  pre  en t  confined  chiefly  to  the  .shape  known  as  "upright,"  in  which 
the  stripy  are  h<ld  in  a  vertical  frame.  Makers  account  for  this  preference 
partly  o..  the  ground  (  f  fashion,  and  partly  becau.se  the  upright  in.strumcnt, 
requiring  less  horizontal  space  than  either  the  square  or  grand,  can  be  used 
in  a  smaller  'partnicnt. 

The  total  number  of  pianos  made  on  the  coast  up  to  the  close  of  1 868 
was  550,  and  about  1,000  were  impv.-.lcd  in  that  year.  A  6-octave  square 
piano,  made  in  San  Francisco  in  1856  by  jACOn  Zecii,  wa.s,  it  is  said,  the 
first  instrument  of  the  kind  made  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The 
first  upright  piano  made  in  San  Francisco  was  turned  out  by  G.  RUDOLl"  in 
1865.  The  principal  piano-makers  on  the  coast  are  SHERMAN,  CLAY  & 
Co.,  Stratham  &  Cone,  G.  Rudolph  &  Co.,  Hemme  &  Long,  and  C 
R.  Hall. 

Knabe  Pleuios. — A  piano  factory  unsurpassed  in  size,  completeness  of 
machinery,  skill  of  workmen,  and  amount  of  material  kept  in  store,  is  that 
of  Wm.  Knabe  &  Co.,  in  Baltimore.  The  business,  which  began  about 
50  years  ago  in  a  small  shop,  has  expanded,  until  now  there  is  a  capacity  to 
produce  1,800  pianos  in  a  j'ear.  The  building  covers  2^4  acres,  and  a 
portion  of  it  is  5  stories  high.  The  commercial  department  has  a  branch 
house  in  New  York  City,  and  agencies  in  all  the  American,  and  many 
European  cities.  At  the  Centennial  Exhibition,  Wm.  Knabe  &  Co.  ob- 
tained a  diploma  of  honor,  and  medal  of  merit  "  fur  general  excellence  in 
the  requirements  of  a  first-class  instrument"  This  praise  is  approved 
by  the  most  eminent  musicians,  and  their  commendation  has  secured  a 
market  for  the  Knabe  Pianos,  which  are  noted  for  the  volume,  clearness, 
sweetness,  duration,  and  quality  of  all  their  notes;  for  the  precision  and 
elasticity  of  their  touch;  for  the  solidity  and  thorough  honesty  of  their 
work,  the  uniformity  of  their  excellence,  and  the  extraordinarily  long  time 
for  which  they  remain  in  tune.  If  every  manufacturer  and  distinguished 
pianist  in  the  United  States  should  mention  2  pianos  which  he  preferred, 
the  KN;»be  would  probably  be  mentioned  oftener  than  any  other.  Wm. 
Knabe  &  Co.  make  grand,  square,  and  upright  pianos,  and  their  general 
agents  for  the  entire  Pacific  Coast  are  A.  L.  Bancroft  &  Co. 

Organs,  etc. — The  number  of  parlor  organs  sold  on  the  coast  annually 
has  not  exceeded  one  fourth  that  of  the  pianos  up  to  the  present  time. 


6i4 


MANUFACTURES. 


and  most  of  these  were  imported ;  but  as  this  branch  of  the  business  is 
now  receiving  the  particular  attention  of  at  least  one  large  manufacturer,  it 
is  probable  that  hereafter  home  products  will  take  the  place  of  Eastern 
work.  In  the  manufacture  of  organs,  as  in  that  of  pianos,  several  of  the 
parts — as  reeds,  keys,  etc. — are  the  work  of  special  makers,  and  all  are 
assembled  at  the  case  factory  bj-  experts.  The  present  fashionable  case  is 
made  of  ebonized  wood,  or  wood  stained  black  to  resemble  ebony.  Parlor 
or  house  organs  are  sold  at  from  $iOO  to  $200  each,  and  upright  pianos  at 
$400  each. 

About  75  church  organs  have  been  built  in  San  Francisco,  costing  from 
$1,000  upwards,  some  of  which  were  shipped  to  Washington,  Oregon, 
Nevada,  Mexico,  and  Central  America.  The  first  organ  built  on  the  coast 
was  put  up  by  JcsEPH  MAYER  in  Marysville  in  1856.  The  largest  instrument 
on  the  coast,  and  one  of  the  largest  in  the  United  States,  is  that  in  the 
Mormon  Tabernacle  at  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah.  Its  base  measures  20  by  30 
feet,  it  is  40  feet  high,  contains  nearly  2,000  pipes,  and  has  a  compass  of 
35  .stops.  It  was  bifilt  by  JOSEPH  H.  RiDGES  in  Salt  Lake  City  in  1866, 
mostly  of  home  material.  Other  musical  instruments,  as  accordions, 
guitars,  violins,  zitherns,  flutes,  banjoes,  and  a  few  brass  wind  instruments  are 
made  by  small  manufacturers  to  fill  special  orders,  but  the  entire  annual  pro- 
duction will  not  exceed  $10,000  in  value,  while  at  least  4  times  this  value 
are  imported  from  the  Atlantic  States. 

The  largest  house  organ  manufactory  is  the  establishment  of  Thomas 
M.  Antisell.  The  largest  church  organ  building  establishment  is  that 
of  John  Bergstrom,  who  has  been  engaged  in  the  business  since  1864. 
Other  builders  are  JOSEPH  MAYER,  the  oldest  qn  the  coast,  FELIX  F. 
SCHOENSTEIN,  and  F.  B.  SCHOENSTEIN.  The  last  makes  orchestrion 
cylinders  as  well. 

Piano  and  organ  keys  are  made  in  San  Francisco  by  W.  KELLER  &  Co. 
The  materials  used  are  pine,  cherry,  and  bass  woods,  obtained  here,  and 
elephant  ivory  imported  from  New  York.  About  10  sets  are  turned  out 
monthly  .so  far,  selling  at  from  $15  to  $19  each. 

Clarionets  and  flutes  were  made  in  San  Francisco,  in  1859,  from  Mexican 
rosewood,  by  George  Pfaff,  a  mechanic  from  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania, 
who  sold  the  clarionets  at  from  $50  to  $150  each,  and  his  flutes  at  $50  each. 
Charles  Stumcke  made  guitars  and  violins  in  the  same  cit^"  in  1857,  the 
wood  for  which  he  obtained  from  the  Sandwich  Islands.  About  30  orches- 
trion cylinders  have  been  made  in  San  Francisco,  and  sold  at  prices  ratiging 
from  $100  to  $400  each. 

Ooflins. — The  average  numlier  of  deaths  occurring  in  San  Francisco  is  at 
the  rate  of  about  100  a  week,  and  in  California  250  a  week,  or  13,000  a  year. 


Miiiiili 


^mm 


WOOD. 


615 


It  will  be  seen,  therefore,  that  the  business  of  making  or  importing  coffins 
is  not  a  very  extensive  one.  The  death  rate  in  California,  in  ordinary 
seasons,  is  about  16  per  1,000,  and  in  San  Francisco  about  21  per  1,000. 
Many  of  the  interior  towns  on  the  Pacific  Coast  have  a  lower  death  rate 
than  San  Francisco;  but  there  are  few  cities  or  towns  in  the  Union  in  which 
there  is  a  lower  rate  of  mortality  among  infants.  In  New  York,  Chicago, 
Philadelphia,  and  Baltimore,  nearly  one  half  of  all  the  deaths  arc  those  of 
children  under  5  years  of  age.  In  San  Francisco  not  more  than  one  third 
of  the  deaths  occur  among  infants.  With  one  or  two  exceptions,  the  num- 
ber of  deaths  per  !,ooo,  of  all  age.s,  is  considerably  larger  in  Eastern  cities 
than  in  San  Francisco.  In  the  populous  cities  of  Europe  it  is  very  much 
larger.  In  Naples,  Milan,  Florence,  Berlin,  and  Vienna,  it  is  almost  double. 
In  Liverpool,  Manchester,  and  Glasgow  it  is  50  to  60  per  cent,  higher.  In 
New  York  it  is  30,  and  in  Baltimore  25  per  cent,  higher. 

There  are  but  5  firms  in  San  Francisco  exclusively  engaged  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  caskets,  and  these,  when  running  to  their  full  capacity,  can  sup- 
ply the  demands  of  the  entire  Pacific  Coast.  Several  importing  and 
retail  houses  also  manufacture  to  order  to  a  small  extent,  and  some  of  the 
interior  towns  have  one  or  more  establishments  where  coffins  are  made. 
The  entire  value  of  all  such  articles  made  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  probably 
about  $200,000  a  year.  The  materials  used  may  be  estimated  at  40  per 
cent,  of  this  sum,  or  $80,000.  There  arc  not  more  than  60  or  70  work- 
men employed,  and  the  amount  distributed  for  labor  may  be  set  down  at 
$45,000. 

Metallic,  walnut,  and  rosewood  coffins  arc  imported  from  the  East  to  the 
value  of  $30,000  or  $40,000  a  year,  but  imports  are  rapidly  decreasing. 

The  material  commonly  used  by  manufacturers  on  this  coast  is  Califor- 
nian  or  Oregon  redwood,  but  lumber  merchants  arc  now  importing  large 
quantities  of  rosewood  and  walnut  by  way  of  Cape  Horn,  and  the  more 
expensive  clas.ses  of  articles  can  now  be  made  in  San  Francisco  of  these 
materials  to  better  advantage  than  they  can  be  imported.  Overland  freight 
on  wooden  coffins  from  New  York  is  4  to  6  cents  a  pound,  while  lumber 
can  be  imported  by  sea  for  less  than  one  cent  a  pound.  With  thi?  advan- 
tage in  their  favor,  manufacturers  have  already  reduced  the  amount  of  im- 
ports to  a  very  small  figure,  and  it  is  probable  that,  with  the  exception  of 
metallic  caskets,  they  »vitl  soon  supply  the  entire  demand  of  the  Pacific 
Coast. 

It  was  the  custom  in  the  mining  districts  of  California,  during  the  early 
days  of  her  history,  to  bury  corpses  in  rough  wooden  boxes,  and  sometimes 
even  in  sacks.  Until  i860,  coffins,  of  whatever  description,  were  almost 
entirely  imported.     In  that  year  there  was  but  one  establishment  on  the 


■MMMMiiiii 


6i6 


MANUFACTURES. 


Pacific  Coast  at  which  burial  cases  were  made,  and  their  value  did  not 
exceed  $15,000  a  year.  In  1870  there  were  14  manufacturers,  making 
about  $1 10,000  worth  of  caslccts,  or  about  half  the  quantity  required.  In 
1 88 1  there  was  not  more  than  one  funeral  in  6  at  which  imported  coffins 
were  used.  About  three  fourths  of  the  interments  in  San  Francisco  are 
made  in  redwood  coffins,  and  the  remainder  principally  in  walnut,  ro.sewood, 
or  metallic  caskets.  The  freight  on  metallic  coffins,  from  New  York  to  San 
Francisco,  is  $20  to  $25,  and  still  they  can  be  imported  for  less  money  than 
it  costs  to  manufacture  them  in  San  Francisco.  It  was  once  supposed  that 
cast^cts  made  of  metal  possessed  the  advantage  of  being  air-tight.  The 
remains  of  a  man  buried  in  Verba  Buena  Cemetery  in  1855,  were  exhumed 
after  a  lapse  of  1 5  years,  and  found  to  be  in  a  perfect  state  of  preservation. 
The  corpse  had  been  buried  in  a  metallic  coffin;  and  for  some  years  after-  , 
wards  there  was  a  considerable  demand,  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  for  similar 
articles.  In  1870  an  attempt  was  made  to  manufacture  them  in  San  Fran- 
cisco; but  the  high  price  of  labor  and  m.iteriil  rendered  it  impossible  to 
compete  with  Eastern-made  caskets.  Moreover,  it  was  afterwards  dis- 
covered that  most  of  the  metal  cases  were  not  air-tight,  and  when  this  fact 
become  known,  the  demand  for  them  rapidly  decreased. 

Carriages. — The  high  rate  of  wages,  the  value  of  time  to  business  men, 
the  abundance  and  cheapness  of  horses  and  horscfced,  the  sparseness  of  pop- 
ulation, the  long  distances  at  which  many  of  the  farmers  live  from  towns, 
the  number  of  good  roads,  and  the  considerable  amounts  of  exjxjrts  and 
imports,  have  led  the  people  of  our  coast  to  own  and  u.se  an  exceptionally 
large  number  of  wagons  and  buggies.  It  is  doubtful  whether  .so  many  are 
to  be  found  in  proportion  to  the  people  in  any  other  part  of  the  world.  All 
the  large  towns  have  pleasure  drives,  on  which  the  light  buggy  and  the  fast 
trotter  are  leading  feature;?. 

While  wc  consume  a  great  number  of  wheeled  vehicles,  we  produce  but 
few.  The  oak  used  in  the  heavy  and  the  hickory  in  the  light  wagons  are 
equally  lacking,  and  we  must  import  both  from  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and 
it  is  found  cheaper  to  obtain  them  for  general  use  in  forms  prepared  for 
putting  together,  if  not  already  put  together,  in  the  various  parts  of  wagons. 
A  great  part  of  the  value  of  a  wagon  is  in  the  wheels,  most  of  which  are 
made  up  for  us  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Even  when  wagons  are 
made  here,  the  spokes,  felloes,  hubs,  axles,  and  tongues  have  not  infre- 
quently been  shaped  in  the  East.  We  purchase  on  this  coast  about  7,000 
farm  wagons  annually,  worth  $100  each,  and  the  number  made  here  is  verj- 
small,  not  one  factory  or  shop  being  devoted  exclusively  to  their  produc- 
tion.    Nor  until  we  grow  some  wood  that  can  rival  the  Eastern  white  oak 


HHH 


iii 


WOOD. 


617 


in  strength,  elasticity,  and  even  hardness  of  grain,  is  it  probable  that  we 
can  establish  large  factories  for  farm  wagons  with  profit,  even  if  the  differ- 
ence of  25  per  cent,  in  wages  again.st  our  manufacturers  should  be  removed. 

In  spring  wagons,  such  as  are  required  in  express,  grocery,  and  dairy 
business,  and  in  buggies  and  other  light  pleasure  wagons,  we  do  more,  but 
even  in  this  branch,  we  should  probably  do  little  if  it  were  not  for  the 
necessity  of  repairing  old  and  broken  vehicles  in  shops,  which  contain  the 
labor,  skill,  tools,  and  materials  for  making  new  work,  when  there  is  nothing 
to  do  in  repairing.  Most  of  the  shops  in  which  buggies  are  made  are,  or 
were,  primarily  dependent  mainly  on  repairs  for  their  maintenance. 

San  Francisco,  which  has  probably  one  third  of  the  manufacturing  in- 
dustry of  the  coast  in  this  branch,  makes  annually  about  500  spring  wagons, 
worth  $200  each  on  the  average;  as  many  buggies,  worth  $250;  100  rocka- 
ways,  worth  $450;  and  25  hacks  and  coupes,  worth  $800.  Many  of  these 
arc  made  to  order,  either  for  the  sake  of  getting  something  different  from 
the  imported  vehicles,  or  because  of  confidence  in  the  superior  excellence 
of  a  certain  shop.  Sacramento,  Stockton,  and  Portland  have  a  similar, 
and,  perhaps,  relatively  larger  patronage. 

In  some  respects  there  has  been  a  considerable  decline  in  the  business  of 
the  Caiifornian  cities.  When  all  the  freights  required  by  the  northern  and 
southern  mines  were  sent  out  from  Sacramento,  Stockton,  and  Marysville 
in  wagons,  a  special  construction  was  required,  and  the  wagon  factories  in 
those  places  were  large  and  profitable  establishments.  The  building  of 
railroads  and  the  decrease  of  production  and  population  in  the  placer  min- 
ing camps,  deprived  these  mountain  teamsters  of  much  of  their  business, 
and  diminished  the  demand  for  wagons  of  special  patterns.  The  freight 
is  now  carried  in  vehicles  brought  from  Michigan.  For  many  years 
Kimball  &  Co.  maintained  a  large  carriage  factory  in  San  Francisco,  in 
which  they  employed  100  men,  and  turned  out  100  vehicles  monthly. 
Another  factory,  founded  in  185 1,  and  for  many  years  nearly  as  large,  em- 
ployed 70  men.  Hoth  these  have  disappeared,  leaving  no  successors. 
High  wages  and  the  necessity  of  importing  all  the  material  destroyed  their 
permanence.  The  more  rapid  communication  with  the  Eastern  States,  and 
the  facility ^f  obtaining  articles  within  a  few  weeks  after  sending  the  order, 
have  given  the  wagon  factories  on  the  other  side  of  the  continent  advan- 
tages for  supplying  our  market  much  greater  than  they  had  before  the  rail- 
road days.  The  annual  production  of  wagons  and  carriages  was  not  half  so 
large  in  1881  in  San  Francisco  as  it  was  in  1869.  It  would  probably  soon 
revive  if  wages  were  the  same  here  as  in  New  York. 

In  1870  California  had  84  establishments  in  which  carriages  and  wagons 
were  made,  employing   630  men  and   10  boys,  with  wages   aggregating 


"<")ipl 


6i8 


MANUFACTURES. 


$447,336,  using  material  worth  $439,404,  and  producing  vehicles  worth 
$1,309,443.  In  the  same  year  Oregon  made  wagons  in  14  shops,  employ- 
ing 35  men,  with  a  total  product  of  $46,405.  The  similar  statistics  for 
1880  have  not  yet  been  published,  but  the  figures  are  probably  not  much 
greater,  notwithstanding  the  large  increase  of  population  and  of  business. 

At  Sacramento  Tiiii  Central  Pacific  Railroad  Company  have  most 
of  their  shops  for  the  construction  and  repairing  of  cars  for  their  own  roads, 
and  the  numerous  roads  which  they  control  under  leases.  Cars  are  also 
made  for  several  San  Francisco  street  railroads.  In  1881  these  shops  made 
100  cars  and  repaired  800.  This  establishment  is  the  most  extensive  of 
its  kind  on  our  coast,  and  gives  employment  to  i,200  men. 

Among  the  carriage  factories  of  the  coast  are  those  of  Gr.WE  &  Co., 
Bernard  G.\ll.vgher,  J.  McCue,  and  The  Carvill  Manufacturing 
ro.\:rAN\,  of  San  Francisco;  W.VTERIIOUSE  &  LESTER,  II.  M.  BERNARD, 
Martin  Kestler,  J.  F.  Hill,  Joiin.son  &  Blue,  and  Pike  &  Younc;, 
of  Sacramento;  W.M.  P.  MiLLER  and  M.  P.  HENDERSON,  of  Stockton; 
George  P.  Hunt,  Charles  Raisch,  and  Sabers  &  Cutts,  of  Mar>'s- 
ville;  and  L.  M.  DvER,  Thomas  Freeman,  and  The  Espey  Man- 
ufacturing Company,  of  Portland.  San  Francisco  has  also  a  factory 
erected  for  the  manufacture  of  baby  carriages,  but  as  its  capacity  exceeds 
the  demand,  most  of  the  time  of  its  10  employees  is  given  to  the  produc- 
tion of  toys. 

Espey  Carriage  Factory. — The  carriage  factory  of  TllE  I^spey  Man 
UIWCTUKING  Company  at  Portland,  the  leading  establishment  of  its  kind 
in  Oregon,  turns  out  half  of  all  the  wagons  and  carriages  made  in  the. 
State.  They  are  manufactured  with  special  regard  for  the  local  needs,  and 
the  peculiarities  of  a  climate  without  its  like  in  any  other  part  of  the 
United  States.  The  business  was  commenced  in  1874,  and  has  been  in- 
creasing steadily.  Purchasers  come  from  Idaho  and  Washington,  e.s  well  as 
from  Southern  and  Eastern  Oregon,  and  there  is  a  good  prospect  for  future 
development.  Most  of  the  material  comes  from  the  Atlantic  Slope;  but 
some  of  Oregon  production  compares  favorably  with  the  best  oak  and  ash 
of  the  Mississippi  basin,  and  is  used  only  in  heavy  wago%  work  and 
machinery  purposes. 

Holt  Brothers.— Holt  Brothers  established  themselves  in  San  Fran- 
cisco in  1870  as  importers  and  dealers  in  hardwood  lumber,  carriage  hard- 
ware, and  trimmings,  including  springs,  axles,  bolts,  and,  in  fact,  every  de- 
scription of  material  used  in  the  manufacture  of  wagons  and  carriages;  also 
ship-plank,  boat-builders' materials,  and  other  hardwood  lumber.  In  1875 
the  house  started  a  factory  at  Concord,  New  Hampshire,  where  they  manu- 


Mi 


WOOD. 


619 


facturc  wheels,  hubs,  spokes,  felloes,  shafts,  poles,  and  carriage  woodwork 
for  their  trade  on  this  coast,  and  for  the  Eastern  market.  They  lia\c  also 
a  mill  at  Adrian,  Ohio,  and  one  at  New  River,  Virginia,  for  the  manufacture 
of  the  various  kinds  of  hardwood  lumber  direct  from  the  forest.  The  firm 
is  composed  of  four  brothers,  of  whom  C.  li.  HoLT  is  the  representative 
and  resident  manager  in  San  Francisco,  the  others  superintending  the  pur- 
chasing, manufacturing,  and  shipping  of  material  in  the  East.  Their  place 
of  business  in  San  Francisco  is  at  27  and  29  Bcale  Street,  and  30  and  32 
Main  Street,  the  store  extending  through  the  block,  fronting  the  last-named 
street.  In  1880  they  erected  for  their  accommodation  a  3-story  fire-proof 
brick  building,  especially  arranged  to  facilitate  the  prompt  handling  of 
goods  with  the  least  possible  amount  of  labor,  including  a  hydraulic  eleva- 
tor, reaching  from  the  basement  (which  is  sunk  3  feet  below  the  water  level, 
and  kept  dry  and  tight  by  planking  and  caulking)  to  the  third  floor.  Their 
trade  embraces  all  the  Pacific  States  and  Territories,  as  well  as  Mexico, 
British  Columbia,  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 


Waterhouse  &  Lester.— VVatermouse  &  Lester,  extensively  en- 
gaged in  the  importation  and  sale  of  hardwood-lumber,  carriage  and  wagon 
material,  and  carriage  hardware  and  trimmings,  the  oldest  house  in  that 
line  of  business  on  the  coast,  had  their  origin  in  Sacramento  as  a  shop 
for  the  manufacture  and  repair  of  wagons  and  mountain  stages,  under  the 
firm  name  H.  W.  Bragg  &  Co.,  in  1850.  Columbus  VVatermou.sk,  the 
senior  partner,  a  native  of  Vermont,  came  to  California  in  June,  1850,  spent 
several  years  in  the  mines,  and  in  July,  1853,  bought  an  interest  in  the 
business.  In  the  fall  of  that  year,  the  house  commenced  the  importation  of 
wagon  lumber  and  materials,  and  gave  up  their  manufacturing  branch. 
Sacramento  being  then  the  central  point  for  the  sale  of  wagons  and  wagon 
materials,  their  business  increased,  and  in  the  fall  of  1854,  after  J.  W. 
Lester  became  a  partner,  Mr.  Waterhouse  went  to  New  York,  and 
.established  there  a  branch  house  (of  which  he  was  manager  for  5  years), 
for  the  purchase  and  shipment  of  stock.  In  1859  he  returned  to  California, 
and  J.  W.  Lester  became  the  resident  partner  in  the  East.  During  the 
great  floods  of  1861-62,  they  were  compelled  to  establish  a  branch  in  San 
Francisco.  In  October,  1865,  H.  W.  Bragg  having  sold  out  to  his  part- 
ners, the  firm  assumed  its  present  title.  The  opening  of  the  Central 
Pacific  and  Union  Pacific  railroads,  by  facilitating  heavy  importations  of 
cheap  wagons  from  the  East,  severely  affected  their  line  of  business.  The 
competition  of  Eastern  wagon  and  carriage  factories,  aided  by  cheap 
freights  on  their  manufactured  work,  forced  several  thousand  mechanics  on 
our  coast  to  give  up  their  business,  and  compelled  WATERHOUSE  &  Le.stER 


i  i  '. 


mmmmm 


620 


MANUFACTURES. 


to  engage  again  in  manufacturing.  In  the  spring  of  1875,  they  bought  out 
the  firm  of  VV.  A.  Hedenburg  &  Co.  in  Sacramento,  and  opened  a  factory 
for  the  manufacture  of  wheels  and  wagon  and  carriage  wood  works, 
which  they  make  a  specialty.  By  the  extensive  use  of  machinery  they 
can  supply  the  wagon  and  carriage  makers  of  the  coast  with  wheels 
and  wagon  and  carriage  wood  work  at  prices  as  low  as  Eastern  pro- 
•ducts  of  the  same  class  can  be  sold  here,  or  lower.  H.  A.  WATER- 
HOUSE,  an  elder  brother,  is  now  the  resident  partner  in  the  East,  and  2 
younger  brothers  are  engaged  with  the  house.  All  are  thorough  busi- 
ness men  and  good  mechanics.  They  have  a  large  store  and  factory  in 
Sacramento,  and  in  San  Francisco  occupy  a  brick  building  137^  feet 
square,  with  3  stories  and  a  basement,  which  they  have  recently  completed 
at  14  to  22  Beale  Street. 

O.  P.  Willey  &  Co.— O.  F.  Willey  &  Co.,  of  427  Montgomery  Street, 
importers  and  manufacturers  of  carriages  and  harness,  have  long  been  fa- 
vorably known  in  the  trade  of  San  Francisco.  The  firm  is  composed  at  the 
present  time  of  O.  F.  WiLLEV  and  CHARLES  J.  VVlLLKY,  brothers,  natives 
of  Vermont.  The  former  came  to  California  in  1850,  and,  after  mining 
for  a  few  months,  established  himself  in  San  Francisco  and  engaged  in  the 
business  of  supplying  water  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  city  until  1855,  when 
he  started  in  the  carriage  trade  with  MILLS  Cady,  under  the  firm  name  of 
Cady  &  Willey,  at  316  California  Street.  Having  dissolved  partnership 
with  Mr.  Cady  in  1857,  he  associated  himself  with  T.  S.  EASTMAN  in  the 
firm  of  O.  F.  WiLLEY  &  Co.  Three  years  later  Mr.  EASTMAN  withdrew, 
and  O.  F.  Willey  was  sole  proprietor  until  1867,  when  Charles  J. 
Willey,  who  had  been  a  resident  of  California  since  1852,  became  a  part- 
ner. The  house  obtained  all  its  stock  in  trade  by  importation  previous  to 
1863,  since  which  year  they  have  been  engaged  also  in  manufacturing;  and 
about  one  third  of  all  the  carriages  sold  by  them  in  the  last  2  years  were  the 
product  of  their  factory.  They  make  a  specialty  of  importing  the  finest 
styles  of  carriages,  and  have  been  agents  for  several  of  the  leading  manu- 
facturers of  Eastern  cities,  including  BREWSTER  &  Co.,  of  New  York  (who 
received  the  first  award  at  the  Paris  Exposition  and  the  decoration  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor) ;  W.  D.  Roger.S,  of  Philadelphia ;  CHARLES  S.  CAl  FREY, 
of  Camden,  N.  J. ;  and  H.  KiLLAM  &  Co.,  of  New  Haven.  They  deal  exten- 
sively in  harnes.s,  robes,  whips,  and  other  goods  of  the  trade.  O.  F.  WiLLEY 
was  a  member  of  the  Assembly  in  1 860. 

Cooperage. — The  wages  paid  to  skilled  coopers  on  the  Pacific  Coast 
range  from  $2.50  to  $3.50  a  day,  and  steady  employment  is  furnished  the 
year  round;  but  even  at  these  rates  there  is  a  scarcity  of  workmen.     In  New 


■■Wi 


WOOD. 


621 


York  and  Chicago  the  rate  is  $2  to  $3  a  day,  and  the  latter  price  is  paid 
only  to  the  most  highly  skilled  operatives.  The  difficulty  in  procuring 
labor,  even  at  rates  15  to  25  per  cent,  above  those  prevailing  in  Eastern 
cities,  has  very  much  retarded  the  growth  of  this  industry.  Invitations 
have  repeatedly  been  extended  to  Eastern  workmen,  but  few  of  them  have 
been  induced  to  settle  on  this  coast.  The  journeyman  cooper  is  usually 
inclined  to  improvidence,  and  lack  of  means  rather  than  disinclination  may 
have  stood  in  the  way.  Apprentices  are  prevented  from  obtaining  employ- 
ment by  the  jealousy  of  workmen,  or,  if  employed,  do  not  take  hold  of  their 
trade  in  such  a  way  as  to  give  satisfaction. 

It  would  be  very  difficult  to  estimate,  even  approximately,  the  quantity 
of  coopers'  wares  used  on  the  Pacific  Coast  by  brewers,  wine  and  liquor 
merchants,  sugar  refiners,  flour  mills,  provision  packers,  dealers  in  drug.s, 
chemicals,  oils,  lime,  cement,  etc.  The  multiplicity  of  u.ses  for  which  kegs, 
barrels,  hogsheads,  and  casks  are  required  in  California,  where  so  much 
wine,  flour,  fruit,  and  butter  are  produced,  and  in  San  Francisco,  where  the 
manufacturing  interests,  already  large,  are  constantly  increasing,  prevents 
any  detailed  statement  of  the  present  condition  of  this  industry  in  all  its 
departments.  Some  idea  of  its  extent  may,  however,  be  gathered  from  the 
following  figures,  which  have  been  compiled  after  careful  inquiry  among  the 
best  informed  coopers  in  San  Fran(iisco,  and  represent  the  leading  branches 
of  the  business  on  the  entire  Pacific  Coast. 

It  is  estimated  that  there  are  now  in  operation  about  100  coopers'  shops, 
giving  employment  to  550  operatives,  and  that  there  are  manufactured 
annually  200,000  casks  and  kegs  for  the  use  of  brewers,  and  for  the  wine 
and  liquor  trade,  worth,  at  an  average  of  $4.50  apiece,  $900,000;  350,000 
barrels  and  half  barrels  for  sugar,  worth  $3 10,000;  35,000  barrels  for  pro- 
visions (apart  from  sugar),  worth  $55,000;  and  95,000  powder-kegs,  valued 
at  $43,000;  making  a  total  of  $1,208,000.  These  estimates  do  not  include 
ship  cooperage  or  the  requirements  of  the  lime  and  cement  trade. 

Coopers'  Materials. — The  value  of  ship  cooperage  for  1881  was  $30,000 
to  $40,000,  and  of  lime  and  cement  barrels  about  $25,000.  Where  the  kilns 
are  within  reach  of  suitable  timber,  lime-barrels  are  usually  manufactured 
on  the  premises.  Redwood  is  the  material  commonly  used  for  this  purpose. 
For  ship-casks  hard  wood  is  mainly  used,  and  oak  timber  from  the  Eastern 
or  Middle  States  is  the  favorite  material ;  but  for  water-casks  supplied  to 
shipping,  spruce  is  the  favorite  wood.  For  cooperage  requiring  soft  wood, 
the  main  supplies  come  from  the  forests  of  Oregon  and  Washington, 
although  spruce,  white  pine,  and  other  soft  woods  are  also  imported  to  a 
small  extent  from  the  East. 


m 


y_^ 


m 


C22 


MANUFACTURES. 


Among  provision  and  liquor  merchants  there  is  a  strong  objection  to  the 
use  of  Pacific  Coast  lumber,  partly  on  account  of  the  acid  properties  con- 
tained in  the  wood.  Timber  imported  from  the  East  is  cut  in  the  winter 
months,  when  the  sap  has  ceased  to  flow.  On  this  coast  it  is  cut  at  all 
seasons,  and  when  made  into  barrels  for  the  packing  of  provisions,  or  stor- 
age of  liquors,  is  apt  to  impart  an  acid  flavor  to  their  contents.  Moreover, 
the  Californian  oak  is  harder  to  work,  and  costs  almost  as  much  to  lay 
down  in  San  Francisco  as  Eastern  material. 

Powder-kegs  are  usually  made  of  redwood.  The  Santa  Cruz  powder- 
works  alone  use  40,000  to  50,000  kegs  a  year,  and  obtain  their  lumber  in  the 
adjacent  forests. 

Iron  and  steel  hoops  arc  made  of  imported  materials.  The  price  of 
hoop-iron  in  San  Francisco  is  4^^  to  5  cents  a  pound.  Wooden  hoops  are 
made  of  the  hazel-bush,  which  grows  in  great  abundance  in  Oregon  and 
California. 

Cooperage  Production. — The  value  of  coopers'  wares  produced  on  this 
coast  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  operatives,  is  much  higher  than  in  the 
Eastern  States.  In  California,  each  workman  produces  on  an  average  more 
than  $2,000  worth  of  goods.  In  none  of  the  large  mariufacturing  cities  of 
the  East  does  the  average  exceed  $1,500,  and  it  seldom  reaches  that  figure. 
In  the  proportion  of  the  cost  of  labor  to  the  value  of  production,  the  differ- 
ence between  Californian  and  Eastern  cooperages  does  not  exceed  3  or  4 
per  cent,  and  is  in  favor  of  this  coast,  notwithstanding  the  higher  rates  of 
wages  prevailing  here.  In  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  Illinois,  the 
expense  for  labor  ranges  from  27  to  31  per  cent.  In  California  the  average 
is  about  25  per  cent.  This  advantage  is  more  than  counterbalanced  by  the 
higher  cost  of  material,  which  in  California  is  not  less  than  55  to  60  per  cent, 
while  in  Eastern  cities  the  average  is  not  more  than  50  per  cent,  but  the 
difference  has  been  considerably  reduced  of  late.  Three  years  ago,  freight 
on  staves  from  Lafayette,  Indiana  (the  main  source  of  supply),  was  $318  a 
ton;  it  is  now  $200. 

The  making  of  wine,  liquor,  and  beer  casks,  includes  at  least  three 
fourths  of  all  the  coopers'  work  done  on  this  coast,  and  as  the  wine  yield 
promises  in  the  future  to  cause  a  great  development  in  this  branch  of  busi- 
ness, it  may  be  of  interest  to  state  precisely  the  relative  cost  of  labor  and 
material.  To  make  a  puncheon  of  160  gallons,  the  price  of  which  would 
be  $10  (or  a  little  over  6  cents  a  gallon),  there  would  be  required  27  staves, 
worth  at  10^  cents  apiece,  $2.84;  and  25  pounds  of  iron,  worth,  at  4^3  cents 
a  pound,  $1.12;  the  headings  would  cost  $2;  making  a  total  of  $5.96  for  ma- 
terial, or  nearly  60  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the  cask;  the  cost  of  labor 


WOOD. 


623 


would  .also  be  $2,  making  an  additional  20  per  cent.  The  value  of  the  cask 
increases  in  proportion  to  its  size;  the  usual  range  is  5^  to  8  cents,  but 
some  of  the  largest  ones  made  for  the  cellars  of  wholesale  wine  merchants, 
with  a  capacity  of  thousands  of  gallons,  cost  as  much  as  10  cents  a  gallon. 

Nearly  all  the  different  kinds  of  articles  known  tc  the  cooper's  trade,  from 
a  butter  firkin  to  a  12,000  gallon  wine-cask,  arc  manufactured  on  the  Pacific 
Coast.  The  packing  of  butter  in  the  spring,  of  fish  and  fruit  in  the  fall 
months,  and  the  demand  for  .sugar-barrels  al!  the  year  round,  form  consider- 
able items,  but  the  requirements  of  the  wine  and  liquor  trade  far  e.Kcced  all 
others.  The  wine  interest  in  California  has  now  attained  very  large,  and 
promises  to  assume  vast  proportions  in  the  future.  Already  there  is  a  diffi- 
culty in  obtaining  casks  at  reasonable  rates,  and  leading  wine  merchants 
find  it  necessary  to  import  material  in  bulk,  and  to  employ  coopers  to  put 
the  casks  together.  The  entire  value  of  material  and  manufactured  coopers' 
wares  imported  to  this  coast  probably  exceeds  $1,000,000  a  year.  The 
demand  for  wine-casks  was  formerly  restricted  to  certain  portions  of  the 
year,  but  the  storage  and  shipment  of  wine  are  now  conducted  on  so  large 
a  scale  that  casks  arc  in  request  the  year  round.  Many  of  the  leading 
vine  growers  in  Los  Angeles,  Sonoma,  and  Napa  counties  have  extensive 
depots  in  San  Francisco,  with  vaults  of  cellars,  in  which  they  store  the  prod- 
uct of  each  year.  The  stock  kept  constantly  on  hand  at  some  of  these 
establishments  is  not  less  than  500,000  gallons.  A  glance  around  their 
vaults  shows  a  display  of  casks,  vats,  pipes,  and  puncheons  that  would  have 
delighted  the  heart  of  Hannibal,  when  on  his  march  to  Rome  he  bathed  his 
horses'  legs  in  the  choicest  vintages  of  Italy.  At  these  cellars  may  be  seen 
some  of  the  largest  wine-casks  ever  made  or  used  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  cost- 
ing about  $1,200  each,  and  with  a  capacity  for  holding  1 2,000  gallons.  Sup- 
posing that  the  vintage  of  California  should  increase  only  at  the  rate  of  10 
to  1 5  per  cent,  a  year  (and  it  is  almost  certain  to  increase  much  more 
rapidly),  the  production  will,  in  a  few  years,  exceed  20,000,000  gallons  a 
year,  in  addition  to  about  600,000  gallons  of  brandy.  To  store  this  stock 
of  wines  and  liquors  will  require  2  or  3  times  the  quantity  of  casks  that  are 
now  made  by  all  the  coopers  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  Many  of  the  regular 
coopers  are  hard  pressed  to  supply  the  miscellaneous  liquor  and  the  provis- 
ion trade,  and  it  may  become  necessary  for  the  ov/ners  of  large  vaults  to 
establish  cooperage  shops  of  their  own,  in  which  to  manufacture  casks  of 
the  size  and  strength  needed  for  shipment.  This  has  already  been  done  by 
Drevfu.s  &  Co.,  proprietors  of  the  Eagle  Wine  Vaults,  and  their  example 
will  probably  soon  be  followed  by  other  leading  viniculturists. 

Among  the  leading  coopers  in  San  Francisco  are  LAWRENCE  Felvev, 
Rudolph  Armstrong.  L.  N.  Handy  &  Co.,  Hogan  &  Co.,  John  L. 


; 


mmmm 


624. 


MANUFACTURES. 


HoLDEN,  Norton  &  Madsen,  Fulda  Bros.  &  Co.,  The  Mattullatii 
Manui-.\cturixc.  Company,  and  David  VVoerner. 

Wooden'ware. — The  pails,  tubs,  churns,  syrup-kegs,  powder-kegs,  and 
similar  articles  made  of  soft  wood  by  the  help  of  machinery,  and  forming  the 
chief  products  of  the  "  woodenware  "  factories,  arc  consumed  here  annually  to 
the  value  of  about  $200,000,  and  are  entirely  supplied  by  local  establishments, 
including  2  in  San  Francisco,  and  one  each  in  Sacramento  and  Portland. 
These  factories  also  make  other  woodenware,  including  broom-handles, 
washboards,  ice-chests,  butter-molds,  sieves,  and  many  smaller  articles  for 
domestic  use.  The  one  at  Sacramento  also  makes  fruit-bo.xes.  The  woods 
most  used  are  spruce,  cedar,  and  fir.  The  hoops  arc  usually  of  iron,  though 
hazel  hoops  arc  also  used  to  a  small  extent. 

Such  articles  as  ax  and  pick  handles  of  hickory,  and  chopping  bowls 
and  trays  of  beech  and  sugar  maple,  are  imported,  because  there  is  no  tim- 
ber on  this  coast  suitable  for  making  them,  and  there  is  more  hand  labor 
used  in  the  process  of  manufacture  than  can  be  applied  here  profitably. 

In  1S52,  the  mercantile  firm  of  Elam  &  HowES  (succeeded  by  George 
Ho\\ES  &  Co.,  and  aftenvards'by  E.  K.  HoWES)  erected  a  woodenware 
factory  in  San  Francisco,  and  it' continued  to  run  until  1880,  when  it  was 
closed  in  consequence  of  losses  suffered  by  the  proprietor  in  other  lines  of 
business.  It  was  the  pioneer  establishment  of  the  kind  on  the  slope.  C.  VV. 
and  G.  W.  Armes  began  the  manufacture  of  woodenware  at  Mark  West, 
Sonoma  County,  in  1853,  and  encouraged  by  the  condition  of  their  busi- 
ness, moved  to  San  Francisco,  where  the  firm  took  the  name  of  Armes  & 
D.\I.LAM,  now  the  oldest  factory  on  the  coast  Their  annual  product  is 
worth  about  $190,000.  The  Mattullath  MANUFACTURING  Company, 
and  E.  A.  STOCKTON,  are  other  manufacturers  of  woodenware  in  San  Fran- 
cisco; Nichols  &  Co.  have  a  factory  in  Sacramento,  and  Zan  Brother.s, 
in  Portland. 

Mattullath  Mills. —The  Mattullatii  Manufacturing  Company 
of  San  Francisco  are  an  extensive  cooperage  enterprise,  perhaps  unequaled 
in  the  amount  of  their  production.  They  run  3  mills,  employ  about  500 
persons,  and  turn  out  3,000  barrels  a  day.  Two  mills  in  Washington  .saw 
or  cut  out  the  material,  and  one  in  San  Francisco  puts  it  into  final  shape. 
The  Eagle  Mill  (a  stave  factory),  situated  on  the  bank  of  Elliot's  Bay, 
North  Seattle,  three  quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  business  center  of  the 
town,  is  the  largest  and  best  equipped  of  all  establishments  of  its  kind.  It 
has  200  hands,  and  can  turn  out  the  staves  and  heads  for  5,000  barrels  a 
day,  besides  furnishing,  from  the  refuse,  material  for  many  thousands  of 
boxes.     The  greater  part  of  the  machinery  is  made  under  recent  patents,  of 


uL 


WOOD. 


02 


which  this  company  has  exclusive  control,  and  which  were  first  adapted  for 
practical  working,  in  a  large  scale,  by  HU(JO  Mattullatii,  president  of 
the  company.  The  process  differs  greatly  from  that  used  in  the  old 
methods  of  barrel  manufacture.  The  sides  of  the  vessel  are  made  of  a 
single  sheet,  which  takes  the  place  of  20  separate  staves.  The  sheets  are 
cut  from  a  large  log  by  revolving  it  against  a  huge  knife.  The  second  stave 
factory,  at  Puyallup,  employs  60  hands,  turns  out  the  material  for  1,500 
packages  a  day,  and  is  a  very  lively  establishment,  running  all  the  year. 
The  total  number  of  persons  in  the  service  of  the  company  in  Washington 
Territory  is  about  300.  The  sheets,  heads,  and  other  materials  from  the 
Seattle  and  Puyallup  mills  are  shipped  in  compact  packages  to  the  finish- 
ing factory  on  Brannan  Street,  between  Seventh  and  Eighth,  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, where  the  vessels  are  put  together  for  the  market.  The  timber  used 
includes  fir,  spruce,  and  cottonwood,  and  the  barrels  made  are  mostly  of 
the  classes  used  for  holding  dry  substances.  The  San  Francisco  factory 
gives  employment  to  200  persons.  The  company  are  incorporated  for  the 
purpose  of  manufacturing  cooperage,  and  have  a  capital  stock  of  $500,000, 
all  paid  in. 

They  also  make  a  petroleum  barrel,  under  an  invention  patented  by  Mr 
Mattullath.  The  5-gallon  tin  cans  in  ordinary  use  for  transporting 
petroleum  being  costly,  and  objectionable  in  various  respects,  THE  CON- 
TINENTAL Oil  AND  Transportation  Company,  of  San  Francisco, 
applied  to  him  for  a  '..  .rel  that  would  serve  the  purpose.  Casks  of 
wood  leaked ;  casks  of  tin  broke;  and  every  device  failed  until  Mr.  MATTUL- 
LATH invented  a  machine  to  make  a  tin  cask,  which  he  placed  in  a  wooden 
cask  a  little  larger,  filling  the  intervening  space  with  cement,  which  prevented 
shrinkage  of  the  wood.  He  then  devised  a  reversible  faucet,  serviceable  as 
a  plug  until  the  kerosene  is  to  be  drawn  off.  These  are  the  main  features 
of  the  Mattullath  Kerosene  Barrel,  which  has  overcome  all  the  diflR- 
culties  in  the  way  of  transporting  kerosene  in  casks.  Of  these  kerosene 
barrels,  each  holding  46  gallons,  5,000  are  now  in  use,  and  600  are  made 
every  month. 

Faucets  and  Bungs. — Until  5  or  6  years  ago,  trade  in  these  lines  of 
goods  was  entirely  in  the  hands  of  importers.  Timber  suitable  for  the 
making  of  bungs  is  scarce  and  costly  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  San  Francisco 
firms,  that  import  corks  and  bungs,  have  agents  in  the  East,  who  are  pre- 
pared to  take  advantage  of  the  fluctuations  in  the  market,  and  who  pur- 
chase and  ship  by  water  at  low  rates.  It  sometimes  happens  that  wooden 
articles  can  be  imported  for  less  money  than  it  costs  to  lay  down  the  rough 
lumber  in  San  Francisco.  Notwithstanding  this  disadvantage,  there  are  3 
79 


A\ 


Cz6 


MANUFACTURES 


houses  in  San  Francisco  whose  sole  business  is  the  making  of  wooden 
bungs  and  faucets,  and  one  small  factory  for  the  making  of  metallic  bungs. 
Oak  timber  from  Lake  County,  California,  is  suitable  for  this  purpose,  but 
mo.-it  of  the  material  is  imported  from  Wisconsin.  Spruce  from  Oregon,  or 
rosewood  from  Mexico,  are  commonly  u.sed  for  faucets.  The  cost  of  faucets 
ranges  from  $5  to  $18  a  dozen,  of  wooden  bungs,  from  $6  to  $7  for  1,000. 
The  capital  invested  in  this  branch  of  business  in  San  l-Vancisco  is  about 
$5,000,  and  the  value  of  the  different  articles  manufactured  does  not  exceed 
$7,000.     There  arc  still  some  small  importations. 

Willovrware. — Our  coast  buys  baskets  to  the  value  of  $50,000  an- 
nually, and  manufactures  to  the  value  of  $10,000,  obtaining  most  of  the 
surplus  from  Europe,  and  paying  30  per  cent,  of  the  value  as  national  tax 
on  the  importation.  Even  with  such  a  burden,  the  cheap  labor  of  Europe 
can  undersell  the  Californian  baskctmaker,  except  for  the  heavy  market- 
baskets,  which  can  not  be  packed  in  a  compact  manner,  and  for  baskets 
required  to  be  made  to  order.  Most  of  the  factories  are  retail  establish- 
ments, where  the  proprietor  and  several  hired  men  are  engaged  part 
of  the  time  in  selling  or  repairing  imported  articles,  and  give  merely 
a  surplus  of  leisure  to  manufacture.  The  business  conducted  in  this  way 
requires  but  a  small  capital.  The  laborers  number  about  30,  and  are  nearly 
all  men  who  learned  the  trade  in  Europe.  The  San  Francisco  boys  and 
girls  have  shown  no  zeal  in  learning  basketmaking.  Some  Chinese  make 
baskets  for  the  use  of  their  class;  and  a  few  arc  employed  in  covering 
demijohns  with  rattan  work  at  the  gla.ss-factory. 

The  coast  has  8  establishments  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  baskets 
and  willowware,  including  7  in  San  Francisco  and  one  in  Sacramento.  It 
gives  employment  to  about  30  persons.  The  pioneer  in  the  business  is 
Victor  Navlet,  who  opened  his  shop  at  217  Leidesdorff  Street,  in  1851, 
and  still  works  at  the  same  place,  without  an  assistant.  The  largest  shop  is 
a  branch  of  THE  WAKEFIELD  RATTAN  Company,  which  has  1 2  operatives. 

Lasts. — The  making  of  lasts  was  commenced  in  San  Francisco  in  1864, 
on  a  very  small  scale.  The  establishment  of  numerous  boot  and  shoe  fac- 
tories brought  with  it  a  corresponding  increase  in  the  demand  for  lasts,  and 
at  present  about  30,000  pairs  a  j^car  arc  manufactured.  There  are  but  2 
last  factories  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  both  of  which  are  in  San  Franci-sco. 
They  employ  14  hands,  distribute  $12,500  a  year  for  labor,  and  $6,000  for 
material,  and  make  goods  to  the  value  of  about  $30,000  a  year.  The  wages 
paid  range  from  $12  to  $21  a  week.  Plain  and  ironed  lasts  arc  made  in  all 
styles  and  sizes.  The  materials  used  are  sheet-iron  (used  for  bottoming 
certain  kinds  of  articles),  and  maple  or  laurel  wood.     The  wood  of  the  apple- 


'^i^a 


WOOD. 


C27 


tree  is  also  used,  and  is  preferred  by  some  boot  and  shoe  manulacturers  to 
any  other  description.  A  small  quantity  of  wood  is  imported  from  the  East; 
principally  from  the  State  of  Maine,  on  account  of  its  being  a  little  harder 
than  California  timber.  Shipments  of  goods  manufactured  in  San  Francisco 
are  made  to  Mexico,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  China,  Japan,  and  Australia. 
During  1881,  a  large  order  was  filled  for  a  firm  in  Paris.  California-made 
lasts  compare  favc  rably  with  goods  of  Eastern  and  foreign  make,  and  have 
undisturbed  control  of  the  home  market. 

Shlp-bulIdlng. — An  extensive  seacoast,  possessing  numerous  secure  har- 
bors, an  active  maritime  commerce,  and  many  skillful  mechanics,  must  have 
some  ship-building  industry.  In  the  early  years,  after  the  gold  discovery, 
several  ship-yards  were  established  on  the  shores  of  San  Francisco  Bay, 
and  these  were  followed  by  others  at  Stockton,  Vallejo,  Oakland,  Hum- 
boldt Bay,  Coos  Bay,  Puget  Sound  (at  Seattle,  Seabeck,  Port  Blakely,  Port 
Hudson,  Port  Townsend,  Port  Madison,  and  Utsalady),  and  on  the  banks 
of  the  Columbia  and  Umpqua  rivers.  The  vessels  built  on  the  coast  in 
1882  had  an  aggregate  measurement  of  about  17,000  tons,  and  were  worth 
about  $1,200,000.  California  took  the  lead,  with  a  production  of  about 
8,000  tons,  and  the  remainder  were  nearly  equally  divided  between  Oregon 
and  Washington.  Besides  other  work,  San  Francisco  built  4  ocean  steam- 
ers ;  Portland  built  7  river  steamsrs  and  made  e.vtensivc  repairs  on  2  ocean 
steamers.  The  vessels  built  on  our  coast  are  generally  small.  Of  129 
built  on  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound  in  1 1  years,  the  average  measurement  is 
164  tons;  at  Humboldt  Bay  it  is  about  175;  at  San  Francisco  it  is  consid- 
erably larger.  The  mean  for  the  coast  will  not  exceed  250  tons. 
.  The  first  ships  built  o^  the  western  shore  of  North  America  were  con- 
structed by  order  of  Cortez  in  1521,  for  the  purpose  of  exploring  the  coast, 
and  were  vessels  of  less  than  100  tons  capacity.  The  Spaniards  have  never 
been  distinguished  in  ship-building,  and  in  this  respect  Mexico  was  inferior 
to  Spain.  No  large  vessel  has  been  built,  nor  has  there  ever  been  a  notable 
ship-yard  at  any  Mexican  or  Central  American  port  on  the  Pacific.  The 
only  vessel  constructed  north  of  Mazatlan,  under  the  Spanish  or  Mexican 
dominion,  so  far  as  we  know,  was  the  El  Triunfo  de  la  Cruz,  built  at  Lo- 
reto,  Lower  California,  in  1719.  The  schooner  i?^//)' was  built  by  Ameri- 
cans in  the  Columbia  River  in  i8io;  in  1841  a  small  vessel  was  constructed 
on  the  bank  of  the  Willamette;  and  a  schooner  of  74  tons  was  launched  ai 
Victoria  in  1846.  There  was  a  ship-yard  at  Sitka,  which  probably  began 
to  provide  small  sailing-vessels  for  the  Russian  fur-traders  early  in  this 
century,  but  we  have  no  precise  information.  The  first  steamboat  in  the 
waters  of  California  was  constructed  in  pieces  there  in  1847,  for  W.  A. 


628 


^L'VNUFACTUKES. 


LeidesDORFF,  and  was  put  together  on  Verba  Bucna  Island.  She  was 
very  small,  and  her  machinery  was  so  weak  that  she  could  not  make 
headway  against  the  strongest  tides  in  the  bay.  The  immigration  of  1849 
brought  a  multitude  of  skillful  ship  carpenters  to  California;  and  before  the 
end  of  that  year,  several  ship-yards  were  established  in  San  Francisco  for 
repairing  and  building  vessels.  The  active  demand  for  steamboats  to  ply 
on  the  bay  and  its  tributary  streams,  made  business  lively  in  the  ship-yard.s 
for  years.  Stockton  launched  her  first  vessel  in  1850,  and  has  continued 
to  do  a  considerable  business  in  constructing  river  steamers  ever  since. 
Other  notable  vessels,  each  the  first  in  their  respective  classes,  were  a  brig 
of  235  tons,  built  on  the  bank  of  the  Umpqua  River,  larger  than  any  sail- 
ing-vessel previously  constructed  o?  our  coast;  the  Elba  Anderson,  at  Port- 
land in  1858,  the  first  ocean  steamer;  the  Toucey,  at  the  Mare  Island  Navy 
Yard,  the  first  vessel  belonging  to  the  American  Government;  the  brig 
Western  Belle,oi  275  tons,  in  1864,  at  Humboldt  Bay;  the  Del  Norte,  th:; 
first  ocean  steamer  at  San  Francisco,  in  1865;  the  Wildxaood,  of  1,200  tons, 
built  at  Port  Madison  by  Meigs  &  Gawley,  in  1871;  and  the  Western 
Shore,  of  1,778  tons,  built  at  Coos  Bay  in  1874  by  SiMP.sON  Brothers. 

Competition  of  Iron. — The  main  obstacle  to  the  development  of  the  ship- 
building industry  of  our  coast  is  the  fact  that  the  material  in  which  we 
excel  has  ceased  to  be  the  favorite  material  for  marine  architecture.  Iron 
has  superseded  wood  for  ships  almost  entirely  in  European  ship-yards,  and 
wc  can  not  expect  to  find  an  extensive  market  for  wooden  ships  unless  they 
arc  to  be  used  in  the  coasting  trade,  where  they  are  not  exposed  to  compe- 
tition with  British  vessels.  Many  wooden  vessels  built  before  iron  had  been 
introduced  extensively  in  the  ship-yards,  or  while  its  relative  value  was  con- 
sidered doubtful,  are  still  used  in  Europe,  but  the  new  vessels,  for  routes 
where  there  is  a  large  trade,  are  iron  steamers.  The  larger  and  more  costly 
the  vessel,  as  in  the  case  of  steamers,  the  greater  is  the  advantage  of  having 
an  iron  hull.  Shippers,  insurance  companies,  and  mariners,  give  the  prefer- 
ence to  iron  vessels.  Wooden  vessels  are  often  much  injured  by  passing 
through  the  tropics,  while  iron  vessels  arc  not.  It  requires  70  per  cent, 
longer  to  load  and  unload  a  wooden  than  an  iron  ship.  While  there  may 
be  a  profitable  occupation  for  all  the  .ship-yards  wliich  we  now  have,  and 
for  some  more,  we  must  not  delude  ourselves  with  the  idea  that  the  posses- 
sion of  a  large  supply  of  excellent  .ship  timber  will  certainly  lead  to  the 
development  of  a  great  business  in  ship-building.  After  Japan  and  China 
have  made  a  little  more  progress  in  the  art  of  navigation,  will  they  not  come 
to  us  for  wooden  vcs.scls  suitable  for  their  coasting  trade  ?  In  reply  to  such 
a  question  E.  B.  Dean,  ship-builder  at  Coos  Bay,  and  lumber  merchant  in 


niPiinnin 


mtm- 


WOOD. 


629 


San  Francisco,  said :  "  The  Chinese  have  already  bought  up  one  line  of  Eng- 
lish iron  steamships  engaged  in  the  Asiatic  Coast  trade,  and  a  full-blood 
negro  born  in  Washington,  D.  C,  is  the  general  manager  of  the  line.  As 
they  are  beginning  to  use  iron  steamships  for  their  coast  trade,  there  is  little 
prospect  for  the  sale  to  them  of  wooden  sail  vessels  built  on  this  coast.  Be- 
sides, Maulmain,  on  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  is  a  great  ship-building  port,  and 
the  teak  ships  built  there  arc  the  best  in  the  world  for  durability,  and  as 
material  is  cheap,  and  labor  extremely  cheap,  a  good  vessel  can  be  built 
there  for  less  money  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  world." 

Several  other  authorities  expressed  similar  opinions.  If  China  and  Japan 
need  a  large  supply  of  small  wooden  coasters,  they  will  probably  build  in 
their  own  yards.  jAMES  DiCKlK  thought  Australia  might  come  to  us  for 
such  vessels,  which  they  can  obtain  here,  of  excellent  model  and  material ; 
but  the  larger  vessels  there  as  elsewhere  will  be  iron  steamers.  Messrs. 
Dean,  Thayer,  and  Carson  agreed  that,  as  we  have  built  20  \cssels  for 
the  trade  of  the  Hawaiian  and  Society  islands,  we  may  reasonably  hope  to 
furnish  them  with  many  more.  For  use  on  our  own  coast,  James  Dickie 
advises  that  all  vessels  over  800  tons  should  be  built  of  iron;  all  under 
800  should  be  built  of  wood.  Iron  ships  suffer  in  the  tropics  from  exces- 
sive fouling  only ;  wooden  ships  suffer  much  more,  and  rot  is  a  very  dangerous 
thing  for  them. 

No  large  iron  vessel  has  ever  been  built  on  this  coast,  and  the  largest  job 
in  iron  ship-building  done  here  was  done  by  the  RiSDON  Iron  WORKS,  in 
lengthening  the  ship  Bo/ivar.  Her  original  length  was  215  feet,  and  by 
putting  a  section  in  her  middle  she  was  made  300  feet  long.  Her  measure- 
ment was  increased  from  1,100  to  1,800  tons.  She  now  runs  to  Victoria. 
An  iron  sailing-vessel  built  here  would  cost  about  $125  a  ton;  in  Scotland, 
$85.  The  difference  in  cost  between  wood  and  iron  is  greater  in  a  sailing 
than  in  a  steam  ship.  Wooden  sailing-vessels  can  be  built  about  as  cheaply 
here  as  they  can  be  in  Maine.  The  higher  wages  on  this  coast  are  counter- 
balanced to  some  extent  by  the  greater  amount  of  labor  to  be  spent  on  the 
harder  timber  of  the  East,  and  our  vessels  are  at  least  as  strong. 

Other  Obstaoles. — In  the  cost  of  fitting  out  a  ves.sel  for  .sea,  our  coast 
can  not  compete  with  Eastern  and  European  rivals,  as  nearly  all  the 
m.iterials  used  are  imported,  costing  about  12  pet»cent.  more  for  transpor- 
tation and  interest  on  the  investment,  while  labor  here  is  generally  80  per 
cent,  higher  than  in  Maine,  and  40  or  50  per  cent,  higher  than  in  Europe. 
A  great  drawback  to  ship-building  on  our  coast  is  the  cost  of  labor.  Ship- 
carpenters  arc  paid  here  $4  to  $4.50  per  day  on  new  work  and  $5  a  day  on 
old  work.     Calkcrs  receive  $5  a  day  for  both  old  and  new  work,  and  when 


630 


MANUFACTURES. 


engaged  on  old  work,  according  to  the  rules  of  the  Calkers'  Association, 
100  running  feet  of  calking  with  2  threads  are  a  day's  work,  and  when 
using  4  threads,  50  running  feet  are  a  day's  work,  and  the  men  are  not 
allowed  to  do  any  more.  On  new  work  they  arc  not  limited.  These  rules 
only  apply  to  vessels  built  for  the  coast  trade.  Ship-builders  occasionally 
object  to  these  arbitrary  and  stringent  rules,  but  without  effecting  a  change. 
As  an  illustration  of  the  difference  it  makes  in  this  one  item  in  the  cost  of 
building,  the  cost  of  calking  a  steamer  built  by  the  DiCKlE  BROTHERS, 
for  GOODALL,  Perkins  &  Co.,  for  the  coast  trade,  was  $1,250;  while  the 
calking  of  a  steamer  of  the  same  size  for  the  Hawaiian  trade  cost  only 
$800.  Wages  in  the  Eastern  States  range  from  $2  to  $2.50,  and  in  Eng- 
land, $1.50  for  skilled  labor,  is  the  avcr'ige.  It  is  estimated  that  the  cost  of 
rigging  is  15  per  cent,  greater  here  than  in  the  Eastern  States,  and  25  per 
cent,  greater  than  in  England.  The  relative  cost  of  building  and  equip- 
ping a  sailing-vessel  of  1,000  tons  in  these  countries  may  be  stated  thus: 
In  California,  $75  per  ton,  or  $75,000;  in  Maine, $66,520;  in  England,  $55,- 
285;  being  13  per  cent,  greater  in  California  than  in  Maine, and  35  percent, 
greater  than  in  England.  But  this  estimate  has  reference  only  to  the  wage; 
paid  for  labor  and  the  price  paid  for  rigging  the  vessel.  On  Coos  and 
Humboldt  bays  and  on  Puget  Sound  we  have  the  advantage  in  the  price  ol 
timber  and  lumber,  both  over  Maine  and  England.  At  Puget  Sound,  fir 
costs  but  $10  per  1,000  feet,  while  lumber  of  like  character  costs  $18  to  $20 
in  Maine,  and  in  England  $27.50  to  $30,  and  finishing  lumber  is  as  high  in 
proportion.  This  will  offset  the  1 3  per  cent,  in  Maine  and  the  35  per  cent, 
in  England,  leave  a  margin  of  6  to  8  per  cent,  in  favor  of  Coos  Bay  and 
Puget  Sound  builders,  and  nearly  cancels  the  balance  against  the  San  P'ran- 
cisco  builders. 

One  great  obstacle  to  the  development  of  ship-building  in  the  United 
States,  and  especially  on  this  coast,  is  the  great  discrimination  by  the  tariff 
against  ship  iron,  which  must  pay  $43  a  ton,  while  railroad  iron  pays  only 
$7.50,  and  there  is  no  important  difference  between  their  quality  and  cost. 
This  discrimination  may  be  adapted  to  the  interests  of  Pennsylvania,  which 
is  destined,  apparently,  to  be  the  chief  seat  of  iron  sliip-building  on  the 
Atlantic  Coast  of  our  continent,  but  it  does  not  suit  the  wants  of  California, 
Oregon,  and  Washington.  Again,  in  San  Francisco  a  vessel  of  1,800  tons 
must  lie  at  a  wharf  60  days  while  fitting  out,  and  must  pay  the  State  $1,200 
for  that  privilege.  In  Great  Britain  no  charge  is  levied  on  a  ves.scl  till  she 
is  ready  to  receive  freight.  In  Scotland,  now  the  greatest  of  ship-building 
countries  in  proportion  to  population,  the  Harbor  Commissioners  provide 
ship-yards,  which  arc  let  to  none  save  ship-builders  actively  engaged  in  the 
business;  here  there  is  a  great  difficulty  in  finding  good  sites  for  yards. 


WOOD. 


631 


Ship  Timber. — The  assertion  can  be  made  with  confidence,  that  if  the 
Pacific  Ocean  is  to  have  a  large  and  increasing  supply  of  wooden  vessels  for 
ocean  navigation,  through  the  future,  there  must  be  a  great  ship-build- 
ing industry  on  this  coast  at  some  time  not  far  distant.  The  disadvantages 
of  more  costly  labor,  and  dearer  supplies  of  many  kinds,  will  diminish 
rapidly,  while  centuries  will  probably  elapse  before  our  supply  of  timber 
will  be  as  scanty  as  that  of  Europe;  and  scanty  as  it  may  be  in  quantity, 
it  will  still  be  superior  in  quality.  Ship-builders  were  slow  to  recognize  the 
merits  of  the  red  fir  and  the  Alaska  cedar  as  material  for  large  vessels; 
but  it  is  now  admitted  that,  for  the  general  purposes  of  marine  architecture, 
they  arc  unsurpassed.  In  the  combination  of  strength  and  elasticity  with 
great  length  and  straight  grain,  they  are  unequaled. 

The  red  fir  has  just  enough  pitch  to  enable  it  to  hold  iron  fastenings 
with  a  tenacity  so  great  that  bolts  and  spikes  will  generally  break  before 
they  will  draw  out  of  it.  Its  durability,  when  put  into  any  part  of  a  ship, 
is  all  that  could  be  desired,  and  in  the  oldest  vessels,  some  of  the  schooners 
being  20  and  2$  years  old,  gives  entire  satisfaction,  as  they  arc  still  per- 
fectly sound ;  although  it  decays  in  3  or  4  years  when  used  in  damp  places  on 
land,  and  exposed,  as  in  fence  posts  and  street  planking,  or  for  cellar  floors. 
It  greatly  excels  the  Georgia  oak  in  length,  and  indeed  is  now  celebrated 
throughout  the  world  for  its  wonderful  proportions,  and  for  the  size  and 
strength  of  the  masts  it  supplies.  Timbers  150  feet  long  and  18  inches 
square,  v'ithout  a  strip  of  sap,  without  rent  or  check,  perfectly  sound, 
straight,  and  free  from  knots,  can  be  obtained  in  the  forests  from  Oregon 
to  British  Columbia.  As  an  illustration  of  the  use  of  these  fine  timbers, 
it  may  be  mentioned  that  in  the  ship  B/ue  Jacket,  which  was  brought  out  to 
this  coast  from  New  Yoik  by  D.  O.  Mills,  to  ply  between  San  Francisco 
and  Australia,  6  timbers  were  placed  to  stiffen  her,  each  of  which  measured 
135  feet  in  length,  and  24  by  i8  inches  in  thickness.  As  was  remarked  by 
Mr.  Boole,  to  whom  the  contract  was  awarded:  "There  is  no  other  part  of 
the  world  where  timbers  of  such  dimensions  can  be  found."  Planks  of 
this  timber  60  to  90  feet  long,  and  of  any  required  width  and  thickness,  are 
readily  obtainable,  the  use  of  which  avoids  the  necessity  for  more  than  one 
third  as  many  butts  and  scarfs  in  a  ship's  side  as  are  required  in  an  East- 
ern or  European  vessel. 

Other  Pacific  Coast  timbers  are  now  found  to  be  of  great  excellence  in 
ship-building,  which  demand  our  attention.  Tideland  spruce,  which  abounds 
in  parts  of  Oregon,  Washington,  British  Columbia,  and  Alaska,  is  particu- 
larly suitable  for  top  timbers  and  natural  crooks  White  cedar,  the  common 
cedar  of  the  Eastern  States,  is  found  on  the  mountains  in  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington.    Laurel,  found  on  the  Northern  Coast  Range  in  California,  and 


^gmm^ 


632 


MANUFACTURES. 


throughout  Oregon  and  Washington,  in  logs  50  to  60  feet  long,  is  used  for 
stancliions,  stems,  stcrnposts,  rudder  stocks,  aprons,  and  cabin  finishing,  for 
which  latter  purpose  it  is  pre-eminently  adapted  by  its  beautiful  color  and 
susceptibility  of  taking  a  high  polish. 

Yellow  cedar,  found  in  abundancd  from  Coos  Bay  along  the  coast,  and  on 
the  islands  northward  as  far  as  Alaska,  is  a  most  valuable  wood  for  ship- 
building, perhaps  excelling  the  now  famous  red  fir.  A  vessel  built  of  yellow 
cedar  about  the  year  1836  at  Sitka,  was  examined  by  the  officers  of  the 
revenue  cutter  Lincoln,  in  1867,  5  years  after  she  was  wrecked,  and  the  tim- 
bers were  as  sound  and  perfect  as  on  the  day  she  was  launched.  The  yel- 
low cedar  grows  to  a  height  of  180  feet,  and  attains  a  diameter  of  4  feet. 
It  is  said  to  be  the  finest  material  in  the  world  for  the  decks  of  ships  and 
like  use?.  Prof  GEORGE  DAVIDSON  recently  visited  Ala.ska  on  behalf  of 
the  United  States  Government,  to  make  examination  of  the  forests  of  that 
country,  and  he  reports  that  ash  and  oak  are  abundant,  and  walnut  can 
be  obtained  in  great  quantities.  It  thus  appears  that  timber  of  the  best 
quality  for  ship-building  is  most  abundant  on  this  coast,  and  perfectly 
accessible. 

Ship-yards. — One  of  the  leading  .ship-yards  of  the  coast  is  that  of  TllE 
Central  Pacific  Railway  Company,  at  Oakland,  where  numerous  boats 
for  tlie  navigation  of  the  San  Franci.sco  Bay  and  its  tributary  waters  have 
been  built,  including  the  elegant  ferry-boats,  and  the  freight-boats  plying 
between  San  Francisco  and  Oakland.  The  largest  boat  from  this  ship-yard 
is  the  Solano  which  carries  trains  across  the  Strait  of  Carquinez.  Her 
length  is  424  feet;  width,  1 16,  and  depth,  18.  She  has  4  tracks,  and  at  one 
load  can  carry  a  train  a  quarter  of  a  mile  long. 

Among  the  notable  ship-yards  of  our  coast  are  those  of  DICKIE  BROTHERS, 
Matthew  Turner  and  Charles  White,  in  San  Franci.sco;  E.  B.  Dean 
&  Co.,  and  Simpson  Brothers,  at  Coos  Bay;  Mr.  Cousins  and  H.  D. 
Bendixson,  at  Humboldt  Bay;  and  the  Hall  Brothers,  at  Port  Blakely. 

Diokie  Brothers. — The  Dickie  Brothers,  whose  ship-yard  is  on  the 
Potrero,  in  San  Francisco,  have  taken  the  lead  on  our  coast  in  the  construc- 
tion of  ocean  steamers.  In  1881  they  built  3,000  tons  of  wooden  vessels, 
including  tlic  Mexico,  a  steamer  of  1,800  tons;  another  steamer,  the  Bonita, 
of  600  tons,  one,  the  Iwalani,  of  300,  and  a  schooner  of  300.  All  were 
classed  in  the  Bureau  Veritas  as  good  for  12  years.  The  material  of  the 
frames  and  planking  is  yellow  fir.  In  1880  they  constructed  600  tons;  in 
1879,  600;  and  in  1878,  900.  The  Mexico  cost  $235,000  or  $130  a  ton. 
The  contractors  offered  to  build  her  of  iron  for  $310,000,  or  $172  a  ton. 
The  Bonita  cost  $75,000,  and  could  have  been  made  of  iron  for  $105,000. 


ifliM 


WOOD. 


633 


ihe  hvalani  cost  $43,000.  TllE  RiSDON  Iron  Works  supplied  the  ma- 
chinery for  tlicse  steamers.  The  DiCKIE  BROTHERS  have  built  24  vessels 
in  San  Francisco,  all  steamers  save  4,  ranging  in  size  from  150  to  1,800  tons; 
6  were  constructed  for  the  Sandwich  Islands,  3  for  Mexico,  and  the  remain- 
der for  California  and  Oregon.  In  March,  1882,  they  have  3  ves.sels  on  th'? 
stocks  and  4  under  contract,  including  the  pioneer  steam  whaling  vessel 
for  GOODALL,  Griffiths,  and  others.  They  are  thoroughly  versed  in 
iron  ship-building,  and  propose  to  construct  iron  vessels  at  no  distant 
time.  The  partners  are  John  and  James  Dickie  (brothers  of  G.  VV. 
Dickie,  of  The  Risdon  Iron  Works,  one  of  the  most  prolific  inventors 
of  our  coast),  are  natives  of  Scotland,  and  belong  to  a  race  of  ship-builders. 
Their  ship-yard  in  San  Francisco  was  established  in  1872,  and  it  has  ever 
since  occupied  a  prominent  place  among  the  industrial  establishments  of 
our  coast. 

Simpson  Brothers. — A.  M.  Simpson  &  Brother,  extensively  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  lumber,  have  built  about  30  sailing-vessels, 
most  of  them  at  North  Bend  or  Coos  Bay,  where  they  have  their  principal 
ship-yard.  They  have  another  on  the  Columbia  River  opposite  Astoria. 
They  have  also  occasionally  rented  yards,  in  which  they  built  4  vessels  at 
San  Francisco,  2  at  Oakland,  and  2  at  the  Umqua  River.  Besides  these 
sailing-ves.scls,  they  have  built  5  tugs. 

Dry  Docks,  eto. — The  only  large  dry-docks  on  our  coast  are  at  San  Fran- 
cisco. The  Hunter's  Point  stone  dry-dock,  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
complete  to  be  found  anywhere,  is  465  feet  long  at  the  top  and  400  at  the 
bottom,  120  feet  wide  at  the  top  and  60  at  the  bottom,  and  22  feet  deep  in 
water  over  the  miter  sill.  This  dock  is  within  the  limits  of  the  city,  and 
convenient  of  access,  so  that  there  is  no  difficulty  in  obtaining  labor  or  sup- 
plies of  any  kind.  The  pumps  throw  out  40,000  gallons  a  minute,  and  can 
empty  the  dock  in  3^  hours.  It  was  in  the  construction  of  this  dock  that 
A.  W.  Von  Schmidt,  C.  E.,  first  used  his  original  and  valuable  system  of 
submarine  blasting.  This  stone  dry-dock  and  floating  dry-docks  (one  250 
feet  long  by  100  wide,  and  another  150  feet  long  by  75  wide)  arc  controlled 
by  a  company  which  charges  60  cents  a  ton  per  day  of  24  hours  for  sailing- 
vessels,  75  cents  for  steamers.  There  is  also  a  marine  railway  slip  for  the 
repair  of  vessels  not  exceeding  800  tons  measurement,  and  also  smaller 
slips. 

The  National  Government  is  constructing  a  stone  dry-dock,  to  be  350  feet 
long  and  100  feet  wide,  at  the  Mare  Island  Navy  Yard;  and  the  Canadian 
Dominion  is  making  a  larger  stone  dry-dock  at  Esquimalt.     Poitland  and 
Victoria  have  marine  ways  for  repairing  vessels. 
80 


wmmm 


IMi 


634 


MANUFACTURES. 


House-building. — The  chief  building-material  in  4  houses  out  of  5  on 
our  coast  north  of  Mexico  is  wood,  and,  in  the  remaining  fifth,  brick  occu- 
pies an  equally  large  proportion,  leaving  little  for  stone  and  adobe,  or 
unburncd  brick,  which  last  was  used  almost  exclusively  by  the  native  Cali- 
fornians  before  the  American  conquest.  In  San  Francisco,  brick  is  pre- 
ferred for  the  costly  business  establishments,  but  for  dwellings  is  considered 
objectionable  on  account  of  earthquakes  (though  nobody  has  ever  been 
hurt  in  a  brick  dwelling  in  California  by  an  earthquake)  and  of  the  moisture 
which  fills,  or  is  supposed  to  fill  the  walls.  A  dwelling  of  wood,  while 
cheaper  than  one  of  brick,  will  usually  find  tenants  at  a  higher  rent,  and 
that  fact  is  the  main  cause  of  the  rarity  of  brick  buildings  on  the  residence 
streets. 

The  brick  store-buildings  of  our  coast  are  not  distinguished  from  simi- 
lar structures  elsewhere  by  any  peculiar  features,  unless  it  is  that  they 
arc  generally  constructed  in  the  most  modern  style,  combining  elegance 
of  outward  appearance  with  convenience  of  internal  arrangement.  The 
stories  arc  high;  and  the  fronts  arc  arranged  with  large  window.?,  ad- 
mitting much  light  and  allowing  passers  to  see  what  is  for  sale.  The  lead- 
ing retail  stores  of  San  Francisco  arc  noted  for  large  windows  and  doors 
and  elaborate  window  displays  of  their  attractive  goods. 

It  i.-;  in  the  wooden  buildings  that  the  prominent  characteristics  of 
Californian  architecture  are  most  observable;  and  they  are  especially 
noticeable  in  San  Francisco.  The  houses  are  not  framed,  but  nailed 
together  in  the  method,  if  not  invented,  at  least  first  made  generally  known 
in  Chicago  about  1845,  and  for  that  reason  styled  the  "  Chicago  frame." 
Except  in  large  buildings  there  are  no  timbers  more  than  3  inches  thick; 
there  is  no  mortising;  and  none  of  the  raising  necessary  in  "  heavy  frames." 
Flimsy  as  these  structures  look  before  they  are  covered,  they  arc  found  to 
be  very  .strong,  and  can  be  moved  on  rollers  for  miles  without  serious 
injury,  as  many  such  houses  3  or  4  stories  high  have  been  moved.  They 
have  been  built  to  a  height  of  6  stories.  The  external  ornamentation  is 
elaborate;  and  in  San  Francisco,  where  the  average  temperature  in  summer 
is  seldom  above  the  degree  of  comfort,  bay-windows  are  very  numerous,  for 
the  purpose  of  catching  the  sun. 


PAPER,  PRINTING,  ETC 


(^oS 


CHAPTER  XXXIII.— PAPER,  PRINTING,  ETC. 

Paper. — Four  varieties  of  paper  arc  made  on  the  coast,  printing,  manilla, 
straw,  and  pasteboard.  In  manufacturing  the  first  Icind,  tlie  materials 
chiefly  employed  are  rags,  old  paper,  and,  within  the  past  year,  wood-pulp. 
Manilla  of  the  better  qualities,  such  as  is  used  for  bags,  is  made  from  old 
manilla  rope.  For  the  inferior  products,  as  heavy  wrapping  paper,  burlap 
(coarse  bagging)  furnishes  the  raw  material.  Straw  paper,  as  its  name 
implies,  is  made  entirely  of  straw,  that  of  wheat  being  usually  preferred. 
Pasteboard  is  also  made  from  straw,  the  pulp  being  subjected  to  hydraulic 
pressure.  Various  other  substances  have  been  used  unsuccessfully,  includ- 
ing the  stem  fibers  of  the  yucca  growing  abundantly  in  the  arid  tracts  of 
Southern  California  and  Arizona;  the  tulc,  a  coarse  reed  found  in  the 
marshes  along  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  rivers,  and  coarse  grass 
gathered  along  the  Columbia  River,  after  the  subsidence  of  a  flood.  The 
American  aloe,  or  century  plant,  has  likewise  been  used  for  this  purpose, 
and  an  incombustible  paper  has  been  made  in  very  small  quantity  from 
asbestos.  The  first  straw  employed  here  in  the  industry  was  found  to  con- 
tain so  much  silica,  that  it  could  not  be  bleached  by  ordinary  processes.  As 
the  portion  used  was  cut  by  a  machine  that  severed  the  stalk  about  9  inches 
from  the  head  of  grain,  the  lower  part  of  the  growth  was  examined  and 
found  free  from  the  objectionable  matter.  Only  the  middle  of  the  stalk  is 
now  used.  The  annual  production  of  paper  on  the  coast  is  about  1,800  tons 
of  printing,  worth  at  wholesale  $160  per  ton;  1,000  tons  of  manilla,  sold 
for  $180  per  ton ;  and  2,400  tons  of  straw  wrapping,  and  300  tons  of  paste- 
board, each  sold  at  $60  per  ton ;  making  in  all  5,500  tons,  worth  $630,000. 
The  annual  consumption  is  more  than  6,000  tons  of  printing,  2,500  tons  of 
wrapping,  1,300  tons  of  manilla,  and  750  tons  of  pasteboard,  leaving  5,000 
tons  to  be  supplied  by  the  Eastern  States.  A  portion  of  that  supply, 
especially  in  the  finer  qualities  of  book  and  label  paper,  comes  from  the 
Boston  house  of  S.  D.  Warren  &  Co.,  who  have  about  a  dozen  paper  mills 
in  various  parts  of  New  England.  No  writing  paper  is  manufactured  on 
the  coast,  and  the  imports  of  that  article  probably  amount  to  $350,000 
annually,  four  fifths  being  received  at  San  Francisco.  The  value  of  the 
envelopes  consumed  yearly  is  about  $150,000,  or,  at  $4  per  1000,  25  to  each 
inhabitant  of  the  coast  north  of  Mexico. 


6.36 


MANUFACTURES. 


Of  the  raw  material  consumed  by  our  paper-mills  yearly,  i.ooo  tons  are 
rags,  5,500  tons  wheat  straw,  and  1,000  tons  manilla  stock.  The  rags  arc 
gathered  mostly  by  Chinese  in  our  towns,  and  cost  $45  per  ton;  straw  sells 
for  $5.50  per  ton,  and  manilla  stock  for  $60  per  ton.  About  $350,000  arc 
invested  in  buildings  and  machinery;  the  working  capital  amounts  to 
$100,000,  and  employment  is  furnished  to  200  persons,  one  third  of  whom 
are  women  and  minors.  The  men  are  paid  $2  per  day,  and  the  others 
from  $1  to  $i-.25,  a  day's  work  being  10  hours.  In  all,  lo  paper-mills 
have  been  built  on  the  coast,  the  earliest  erection  of  the  kind  being  in 
1S56.  Of  these,  8  were  put  up  in  California,  and  one  each  in  Oregon 
and  Utah.  There  arc  7  remaining.  Of  the  3  mills  no  longer  in  ex- 
istence, the  one  in  Utah  was  built  by  direction  of  Brigiiam  YouxG, 
at  Salt  Lake  City,  about  20  years  ago,  and  was  discontinued  for  want 
of  support.  The  Eagle  Mil!  at  Punta  y\rcnas,  Mendocino  County,  Cal- 
ifornia, was  unsuccessful  by  reason  of  location,  being  too  remote  froni 
the  sources  of  supply  of  its  raw  material.  The  third  establishment  now 
closed  was  built  in  Los  Angeles  County,  to  use  the  yucca  fiber,  and 
was  unable  to  compete  with  Eastern  manufacturers.  The  production  of 
paper  on  the  coast  is  not  equal  to  one  half  the  consumption;  in  fact, 
the  consumption  of  printing  paper  alone  is  greater  than  the  total  pro- 
duction. Most  of  the  printing  paper  is  used  for  book  and  other  work  out- 
side of  newspaper  issues,  that  consumption  being  now  nearly  supplied 
by  home  production.  The  material  that  by  its  abundance  and  cheapness 
enables  our  manufacturers  to  compete  most  .successfully  with  Eastern  pro- 
ducers, is  straw.  The  most  productive  establishment  is  that  of  The  Cali- 
fornia Paper  Manufacturing  Comi'.vny,  whose  works  arc  at  Stockton. 
Capital  amounting  to  $300,000  is  invested,  and  80  hands  employed. 

Lick  Paper-mill.— The  mill  of  The  Lick.  Paper  Company  at  Alviso, 
California,  was  built  as  a  flour-mill  in  1852  by  JAMES  LiCK,  the  noted  phi- 
lanthropist. In  his  early  years  he  had  been  a  millwright  and  cabinet- 
maker, and  when  he  found  himself  wealthy  in  California,  he  gratified  his 
pride  as  a  mechanic  by  building  a  mill  which  not  only  turned  out  the  best 
flour  then  made  in  the  State,  but  was  finished  with  polished  mahogany,  at 
an  expense  of  several  hundred  thousand  dollars.  The  situation,  however, 
was  inferior  for  grist  purposes  to  that  of  many  other  mills  built  afterward.s, 
so  it  was  converted  into  the  Lick  Paper-mill,  the  production  of  which,  com- 
prising printing,  manilla,  cartridge,  and  hardware  paper,  is  about  2  tons  per 
day,  the  raw  material  being  procured  from  junk  dealers  in  San  Francisco. 
Special  machinery  has  recently  been  introduced  capable  of  manufacturing 
from  75  to  200  paper  bags,  of  the  satchel-bottom  pattern,  per  minute,  the 


PAPER,   PRINTING,   ETC. 


637 


number  depending  on  the  size  of  the  bag.  The  working  force  consists  of 
20  men.  The  present  company  was  incorporated  in  1S80  with  a  capital  of 
$ioo,cxx),  with  F.  H.  McCormick  as  president  and  F.  N.  Del.VNOY  secre- 
tary. The  first  mentioned  has  been  on  this  coast  since  1865,  and  went  into 
business  in  San  Francisco  in  1876.  The  secretary  came  here  in  1874.  The 
products  of  the  mill  arc  sold  chiefly  to  the  trade  by  the  company's  agents 
in  San  Francisco,  McCORMiCK  &  Delaxoy,  shipping  and  commission 
merchants,  whose  office  is  at  109  California  Street. 

The  Pioneer  Paper-mill. — The  Pioneer  Paper-mill,  the  first  one  on  our 
slope,  was  built  in  1856  on  the  bank  of  the  San  Geronimo,  or,  as  it  is  now 
generally  called.  Paper-mill  Creek,  in  Marin  County,  California,  15  miles 
from  San  Rafael,  in  the  midst  of  beautiful  redwood  timber.  A  village  has 
grown  up  about  the  mill,  and  in  the  summer  there  is  an  additional  popula- 
tion of  campers,  who  find  favorite  resorts  in  the  vicinity.  Power  is  sup- 
plied by  the  creek  during  half  the  year,  and  by  steam  during  the  dry 
season.  Employment  is  given  to  20  hands,  who  receive  from  $30  to  $50  a 
month.  The  mill  was  erected  by  S.  P.  TAYLOR  &  Co.,  who  still  own  and 
run,  it,  and  dispose  of  its  product,  about  3CX)  tons  of  manilla,  at  their 
paper  warehouse  at  414  and  416  Clay  Street,  San  Francisco.  Mr.  TAYLOR, 
the  senior  member  of  the  firm,  a  native  of  New  York  State,  and  a  resident 
of  California  since  the  spring  of  1850,  has  served  the  city  of  San  Francisco 
as  supervisor  for  one  term  in  a  creditable  manner. 

Other  mills  on  our  coast  are  those  of  E.  T.  KlNCi  &  Co.,  at  Saratoga; 
Brown  Brothers  &  Watson,  at  Corralitos;  the  South  Coast  Paper- 
mill,  at  Soquel;  and  the  Clackamas  Paper-mill,  near  Oregon  City.  The 
last  mentioned  was  established  in  1868  by  the  present  proprietor,  II.  L. 
PiTTOCK,  who  has  $50,000  invested  in  the  industry',  employs  25  hands,  and 
turns  out  news,  manilla,  and  coarser  papers  to  the  value  of  $50,000  annually. 

Tho  Graham  Paper  Company. ^Among  the  mills  which  send  large 
supplies  of  paper  to  our  coast,  are  those  of  THE  GRAHAM  Paper  Company 
of  St.  Louis,  Mo.  (formerly  H.  B.  Graiiam  &  BROTHER),  represented  in 
San  Francisco  by  the  agency  of  VV.  G.  RICHARDSON,  at  507  Montgomery 
Street,  established  since  1873.  The  products  of  this  company  are  well 
known  to  all  large  consumers  of  paper  on  the  coast.  Since  the  establish- 
ment of  its  business  27  years  ago,  the  success  of  the  house  has  been  unin- 
terrupted. The  company  now  occupies  Nos.  217  and  219,  and  also  212 
North  Main  Street;  all  4-story  building.s,  containing  the  largest  stock  west 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  assorted  to  supply  the  wants  of  publishers, 
printers,  binders,  box-makers,  and  the  wrapping-paper  trade.  Their  Paper 
Stock  warehouse — the  largest,  most  complete,  and  convenient  on  the  conti- 


638 


MANUFACTURES. 


nent,  at  Nos.  1229  to  1237  North  Sixth  Street — brings  them  in  close  com- 
munication with  the  largest  mills  in  the  land.  Their  facilities  arc  unsur- 
passed for  promptly  filling  car-load  orders  for  daily  and  weekly  publications, 
as  well  as  the  minor  wants  of  the  general  trade.  They  obtain  book  and  flat 
papers  from  the  best  known  mills  of  the  country,  and  handle  the  product  of 
several  news  print  mills.  Their  bnuic  of  Keystone  paper  being  used  by 
leading  dailies  in  many  states,  taxes  their  present  capacity  for  production 
to  the  utmost;  but  they  are  completing  arrangements  to  materially  increase 
the  product  of  this  popular  brand,  and  are  in  the  market  to  supply  any  of 
the  products  of  paper-mills. 

The  Owen  Paper  Company. — TiiK  OwF.x  Paper  Factory  was  estab- 
lished at  Lee,  Massachusetts,  in  1S22,  by  a  firm  of  which  Charles  M.  Owex 
was  the  senior  partner.  His  son,  Edward  H.  Owen,  became  a  partner  in 
1849,  and  soon  after  assumed  the  management  of  the  works.  In  1857-8  the 
firm  erected  at  Mousatonic,  Massachusetts,  what  is  now  known  as  the  "  Old 
Mill,"  which  has  been  enlarged  from  time  to  time  until  it  is  now  320  feet 
long,  and  fitted  with  the  most  approved  machinery,  much  of  it  patented  by 
the  mill-owners.  The  arrangements  are  such  that  the  rags  are  received  from 
cars  at  one  end  of  the  mill,  and  the  finished  stock  shipped  from  the  other 
end.  The  company  incorporated  in  1862  comprised  E.  H.  OwEN,  CHARLES 
M.  Owen,  and  Henry  D.  Cone.  Within  20  years,  various  changes  have 
occurred,  and  now  HENRY  D.  CONE  is  sole  proprietor  and  active  man- 
ager. The  specialty  of  the  works  is  the  manufacture  of  first-class  paper 
from  carefully  selected  linen  and  cotton  rags,  and  the  uniform  good  quality 
of  the  goods  has  secured  for  them  a  reputation  not  only  throughout  the 
United  States,  but  also  in  other  countries  which  use  much  paper.  A  new 
mill  put  up  in  18S1  i.s,  it  is  claimed,  one  of  the  largest  and  best  equipped  in 
the  world.  The  main  buildings  have  a  frontage  of  500  feet,  with  a  second 
building  in  thp  rear  400  by  300  feet,  and  a  wing  200  by  40  feet.  The  boiler 
and  storehouses  are  detached.  Mr.  CoNE  having  bought  the  land  on  both 
sides  of  the  stream  upon  which  his  works  are  situated,  for  a  distance  of  a  mile 
and  a  half,  is  enabled  to  command  the  supply  of  pure  water  necessary  in  fac- 
tories of  this  kind.  The  cottages  of  the  workmen  form  a  village,  with  pleasant 
surroundings,  and  the  proprietor  has  furnished  a  free  library  of  several  thou- 
.sfind  volumes  for  the  use  of  the  employees.  The  result  of  this  enterprise 
has  been  to  place  on  the  markets  of  the  country  a  class  of  paper  for  which 
the  American  market  was  previously  dependent  upon  foreign  producers. 

Bags,  Eoxes,  and  Collars. — The  consumption  of  paper  bags  on  this 
coast  is  about  6o,ooo,ocxd  per  annum,  valued  at  $i8o,ocx3.  They  are  made 
by  an  automatic  machine  that  performs  the  entire  work,  including  pasting. 


P  9 


PAPER,   PRINTING,   ETC. 


639 


The  paper  is  fed  from  a  roll,  and  upon  the  completion  of  each  50  bags,  a 
bell  i.s  struck,  leaving  only  the  packing  to  be  done  by  hand.  The  principal 
manufacturers  are  BLAKE,  ROBBINS  &  Co.  of  San  Francisco,  and  TlIE 
Lick  Paper  Company. 

The  annual  consumption  of  paper  boxes  is  valued  at  $50,000,  and  is  sup- 
plied by  home  production,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  French  goods,  worth 
not  to  exceed  $500.  The  industry  furnishes  work  to  about  60  persons,  the 
greater  portion  of  whom  arc  boys  and  girls,  who  arc  paid  by  the  piece, 
earning  from  $3  to  $12  per  week,  according  to  proficiency.  The  few  adults 
employed  are  paid  from  $12  to  $20  per  week.  A  day's  work  is  10  hours. 
Raw  materia!  is  consumed  to  the  value  of  $20,000,  and  is  mostly  imported, 
only  about  one  fourth  being  the  product  of  our  paper-mills.  Paper  boxes 
are  made  in  San  Francisco  by  CHARLES  TllIEBAUT,  Max  Waizman,  and 
Wempe  Brothers,  and  Otto  Roenicke  has  a  factory  in  Portland, 
Oregon. 

Paper  collars  are  consumed  at  the  rate  of  about  2,000,000  per  annum, 
at  an  average  price  of  $6.50  per  1,000,  or  a  total  of  $13,000.  None  are 
made  here  now,  a  combination  of  Eastern  manufacturers  and  a  largely  re- 
duced consumption  having  compelled  the  only  producers,  Wempe  &  Co., 
of  San  Francisco,  to  discontinue  the  business.  In  1870  this  firm  had 
$10,000  invested  in  the  industry;  employed  12  hands,  to  whom  they  paid 
$3,000  wages;  consumed  material  to  the  value  of  $9,000;  and  produced 
collars,  cuffs,  etc.,  to  the  value  of  $22,000. 

No  paper  hangings  are  now  manufactured  on  our  coast,  though  a  few  have 
been  made  experimentally. 

Type  Foundries. — Until  the  year  1866  the  newspapers  and  printing- 
houses  of  the  Pacific  Coast  drew  their  supplies  mainly  from  agencies,  in 
connection  with  some  of  the  leading  type  foundries  of  the  Eastern  States. 
Agents  were  compelled  to  carry  large  assortments  of  stock  and  to  charge 
high  prices,  in  order  to  realize  a  fair  profit  on  the  capital  represented.  The 
want  of  a  nearer  depot  of  supplies  than  New  York  or  Philadelphia  was  a 
great  drawback,  and  it  is  estimated,  that  since  1849,  not  less  than  $1,500,- 
000  has  been  sent  abroad  for  the  purchase  of  type  and  printers'  materials. 
The  establishment  of  type  foundries  in  San  Francisco  wrought  an  immedi- 
ate saving  to  purchasers. 

Previously  to  1 866  several  attempts  were  made  at  home  manufacture,  but 
with  no  very  encouraging  results.  A  successful  type  foundry  is  a  business 
that  is  apt  to  be  slow  in  development,  but  when  once  firmly  established, 
there  is  no  limit -to  its  growth  and  duration.  In  England  some  of  the 
foundries,  known  to-day  as  the  best  and  largest,  had  their  origin  soon  after 


^WW^IPii 


640 


MANUFACTURES. 


the  introduction  of  the  art  of  printing;  and  in  Philadelphia  and  New  York 
the  foundations  of  several  establishments,  that  are  now  world-famous,  were 
laid  nearly  a  century  ago. 

There  are  now  4  foundries  in  operation  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  3  of 
which  are  in  San  Trancisco — those  of  P.VINTER  &  Co.  (proprietors  of  the 
San  Francisco  and  California  Type  Foundries),  Marder,  Luse  &  Co.  (the 
Pacific  Type  Foundry),  and  FOREMAN  &  Co.  The  Pacific  Foundry  is  a 
branch  establishment  of  a  Chicago  house,  and  until  recently  was  under  the 
management  of  N.  C.  HAWKS.  There  is  also  a  foundry  at  Oakland  con- 
ducted by  the  Pacific  Press  Publishing  Association. 

The  value  of  type  manufactured  at  these  foundries  is  estimated  at  $50,- 
000  a  year,  and  the  number  of  operatives  employed,  at  45.  Skilled  work- 
men, who  do  the  mold-making  and  machine  work  and  the  fitting  of 
matrices,  arc  paid  fi.xed  wages,  ranging  from  $15  to  $21  a  week.  Others, 
working  by  the  piece,  make  $12  to  $18.  Foremen  receive  $25  to  $35  ;  boys 
earn  $2.50  to  $5,  and  girls  $3  to  $7  a  week.  There  are  19  casting  machines 
at  the  several  establishments,  with  a  capacity  for  turning  out  30  pounds  of 
type  per  day  to  each,  but  the  demand  is  not  large  enough  to  keep  all  the 
machines  running.  The  different  kinds  of  type  required  by  newspapers, 
and  all  the  different  varieties  of  what  arc  known  as  "  standard  job  faces," 
are  made  on  this  coast.  Imports  consist  chiefly  of  display  types  and 
borders,  for  which  patents  have  been  issued  in  the  Eastern  States.  The 
quantity  of  stock  kept  constantly  on  hand  by  foundries  and  dealers,  is  esti- 
mated at  $60,000  to  $70,000  for  the  entire  Pacific  Coast. 

The  materials  usea  ii.  making  type-metal  are  lead,  antimony,  tin,  and 
copper,  the  2  latter  bciny  i  ;ed  as  alloys.  The  usual  proportion  is  for  large 
type,  70 per  cent,  of  lead  und  20  per  cent,  of  antimony;  for  small  type,  60 
per  cent,  of  lead  am'  }:,  per  cent,  of  antimony.  The  proportion  of  tin  is 
about  8  per  cent.,  and  of  copper  2  per  cent.  The  degree  of  hardness  in  the 
metal  depends  on  the  proportion  of  antimony  used ;  the  degree  of  tough- 
ness or  durability,  on  the  proportion  of  tin  and  copper.  Tough  type,  or 
good  wearing  type,  is  in  demand  by  establishments  in  which  cylinder 
presses  are  in  use,  and  for  this  description  less  antimony  is  required.  The 
best  type  foundries  have  established  rules,  from  which  they  seldom  deviate, 
as  to  the  degree  of  hardness  that  type-metal  should  possess ;  but  among 
printers  there  is  a  difference  of  opinion  on  this  point.  Hard  type  is  pie- 
fcncd  by  some  printers,  but  objected  to  by  others.  If  too  hard  it  is  liable 
to  become  brittle,  and  crumble  when  under  pressure. 

Until  the  completion  of  the  overland  railroad  in  1869,  most  of  the  lead 
taken  from  the  base  metal  mines  of  the  Pacific  Coast  would  not  repay  the 
expense  of  freight,  and  was  therefore  unmarketable,  the  supply  needed  by 


PAPER,   PRINTIXG,   ETC. 


641 


t)pc  founders  being  mainly  imported.  Since  that  year,  refined  lead  of 
home  production  and  antimony  have  been  in  supply,  at  rates  just  low 
enough  to  stop  their  importation. 

Printers'  materials,  which  include  such  articles  as  ca.ses,  stands,  cabinets, 
imposing-stones,  brass  rules,  and  various  kinds  of  brass-work,  are  used  in 
San  Francisco  to  the  value  of  $5o,ocxd  a  year.  Of  this  sum,  about  $12,- 
500  represents  the  cost  of  brass-work,  all  of  whicli  is  done  in  that  city,  and 
the  remaining  $37,500,  the  cost  of  wood-work,  which  is  imported  or  made 
at  the  local  mills  in  about  equal  proportions. 

Of  the  type  foundries  now  in  operation,  that  of  Paixter  &  Co.  is  worthy 
of  special  mciii.on,  as  one  of  the  members  of  that  firm  has  been  connected 
with  the  business  on  thi ;  coast  from  its  first  inception,  and  a  brief  descrip- 
tion of  his  career  will  recall  some  interesting  recollections. 

Painter  &.  Co.— Jerome  B.  Painter,  of  the  present  firm  of  Painter 
&  Co.,  510  Clay  Street,  commenced  business  in  1850,  in  partnership  with 
Messrs.  JOBSON  and  Sterett,  on  the  south-west  corner  of  Sansome  and 
Washington  streets.  The  firm  made  printing  their  specialty,  but  also  man- 
ufactured leads  and  slugs,  and  dealt  in  type,  presses,  and  printers'  mate- 
rials. In  the  confiagration  of  1851  the  premises  were  burned  to  the  ground, 
and  the  partnership  was  thereupon  dissolved.  Three  years  afterwards  Mr. 
Painter  associated  himself  with  John  O'Meara,  and  these  gentlemen 
conducted  business  together  till  1859,  when  Mr.  O'Meara  died,  and  Mr. 
Painter  formed  a  partnership  with  his  brother,  Theodore  P.  Painter, 
under  the  firm  name  of  PAINTER  &  Co.  In  1866  he  purchased  the  San 
Francisco  Type  Foundry,  originally  started  in  1853  by  EDWARD  Pelouze, 
and  afterwards  conducted  by  that  gentleman's  brother.  In  the  fall  of  1866, 
Faulkner  &  Son,  in  connection  with  the  New  York  firm  of  Conner  & 
Son,  established  the  California  Type  Foundry,  and  carried  on  business  on 
an  extensive  Ecalc.  In  1868  H.vc;ar  &  Co.  opened  a  branch,  in  connection 
with  their  business  in  New  York.  Competition  afterwards  became  too  great 
for  so  limited  a  field  of  operations,  and  prices  were  forced  down  to  a 
point  that  was  unremuncrative.  In  1875  the  business  of  the  California  Type 
Foundry  and  of  IIagar  &  Co.  passed,  by  purchase,  into  the  hands  of 
Painter  &  Co.  This  firm  now  docs  a  large  and  increasing  trade  in  the 
manufacture  of  type,  the  sale  of  printers'  materials  and  supplies,  and  in  elec- 
trotyping  and  stereotyping,  under  which  head  further  mention  is  made  of 
the  establishment. 

Electrotype  and  Stereotype. — A  stereotypy  is  a  fac  simile  of  a  page 
of  ordinary  type,  but  with  fixed,  instead  of  movable  characters.     The  main 
design  is  to  dispense  with  the  necessity  of  keeping  in  type  publications  for 
81 


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i^wm\im!f»t[mm»m^ffi^mfMi»mm^ 


O42 


MANUFACTURES. 


which  there  is  lilcely  to  be  a  future  demand.  The  task  of  recomposition  is 
thus  avoided,  and  the  type,  bcini^  thus  released,  can  be  distributed  and 
reset. 

On  account  of  the  small  number  of  books  published  on  this  coast,  electro- 
typing  and  stereotyping  furnish  employment,  outside  of  work  done  in 
newspaper  offices,  to  only  22  workmen. 

There  are  at  present  3  firms  in  San  Francisco  and  one  in  Oakland  en- 
gaged in  this  line  of  business.  Paintur  &  Co.,  already  mentioned  under 
the  heading  of  Type  Foundries,  executed  in  1858  the  first  piece  of  electro- 
typing  ever  attempted  in  this  State,  for  the  heading  of  the  Golden  Era.  The 
apparatus  for  a  complete  stereotype  foundry,  with  the  latest  improvements, 
was  also  brought  here  in  1857  by  the  same  firm,  and  they  .'cil'  have  a  por- 
tion of  it  in  u.se.  A  complete  electrotype  and  stereotype  foundry  was 
brought  from  the  East  in  1865,  by  the  printing  firm  of  TowxK  &  B.vcoN, 
and  afterwards  fell  into  the  hands  of  P.VIXTICR  &  Co.,  who  now  employ  t^ 
hands  in  that  department,  and  put  into  plates  from  100  to  200  pages  of 
book-work  a  day,  besides  doing  a  large  amount  of  other  nork  for  printers. 
W.  IIoi-rsciINEIDER,  of  the  firm  of  VaXTERliURN  &.  Co.,  staitcd  an 
electrotype  foundry  in  1863,  and  is  still  engaged  in  that  business.  Palmkk 
&  Rev  arc  mentioned  in  the  ne.xt  paragraph. 


!;     f< 


I      i 


Palmor  &  Rey. — Prominent  among  the  type  founders  of  San  Francisco,  is 
the  firm  of  P.VEMER  &  Rev,  who,  although  comparatively  new  here,  have  the 
most  complete  stock  of  type,  printing-presses,  and  printers'  materials  upon 
the  coast ;  and  have  also  an  e.\tensive  machine-shop  for  the  manufacture 
and  repair  of  presses  and  book-binders'  machiner}',  and  the  largest  and 
best  appointed  electrotyping  and  stereotyping  foundry  west  of  Chicago. 
They  employ  about  30  men  on  the  average.  They  are  the  sole  agents  of 
Miller  &  lilCIIARD,  the  eminent  type  founders  of  Edinburgh;  Till', 
Campbell  Pre.ss  Manufacturinc;  Companv,  of  New  York,  manufac- 
turers of  cylinder  presj^cs ;  Tiii:  CiLOitK  Manuiacturing  Comp.vnv,  of 
\ew  York,  manufacturers  of  i'eerless,  Clipper,  and  Jewel  jobbing  presses; 
C.  H.  COTTUELL  &  Co.,  of  Westerly,  R.  I.,  manufacturers  of  cylinder  presses ; 
Howard  Iron- works,  of  Buffalo,  manufacturers  of  pa|icr-cutters  ;  TlNC.UE, 
Ilorsi',  &  C(X,  of  New  York;  J.  C.  T(ii>l),  of  New  'N'ork;  and  various 
other  pnjuiincnt  Eastern  manufacturers.  I'ALMKR  &  Ri:Y  have  a  bianch 
house  in  Chicagc)  fur  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  lithographic  pres.ses. 

Printing-inka.-— Printing-inks,  as  produced  on  the  coast,  are  of  3  general 
\arlcties;  couimon  blacl-;,  colored,  and  lithographic.  The  first  nruned  is  a 
lui.xlurc  of  linseed  oil,  lampblack,  soap,  and  resin;  the  others  being  made  of 


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PAPER,   PRINTING,   ETC. 


643 


more  costly  materials,  including  solutions  of  the  precious  metals.  Usually 
all  arc  applied  by  means  of  clastic  rollers,  composed  of  glue  and  molasses, 
and  which  are  raauufactured  in  connection  with  the  inks.  The  present  pro- 
duction of  inks  comprises  16  grades  of  news  and  poster;  20  of  book,  job,  and 
woodcut;  and  4  of  diagram,  which  vaiy  in  price  from  12}^  cents  to  $S  pei 
pound;  also  26  standard  grades  and  tints  of  colored  inks,  costing  from  50 
cents  to  $5  per  pound,  and  lithographic  inks  and  bronze  powders.  The  ink 
used  in  printing  this  book  was  made  here.  The  manufacture  is  conducted 
to  some  extent  by  machinery,  not  more  than  10  men  being  employed.  The 
capital  invested  amounts  to  $30,000,  and  the  annual  production  is  valued  at 
$40,000.  About  100  cases  are  exported,  chiefly  to  British  Columbia  and 
the  Hawaiian  Islands.  The  importation  of  printing-ink  is  very  small,  but 
the  raw  material  is  all  brought  from  abroad,  mostly  from  Europe.  The  only 
manufacturers  of  printer's  ink  on  the  coast,  are  ShattuCK  &  FLETCHER, 
at  San  Francisco. 

Newspaper  Printing.— After  the  mind  has  been  awakened  by  books, 
and  the  conversation  of  intelligent  companions,  and  accustomed  to  habits 
of  observation  and  study,  it  craves  thought  -food,  the  most  attractive  form  of 
which,  for  the  majority  of  mankind,  is  a  knowledge  of  the  events  happening 
contemporaneously  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  We  are  so  constituted  that 
we  feel  an  irresistible  interest  in  all  the  facts  that  have  a  large  influence  on 
the  happiness  of  any  considerable  number  of  our  race;  and  this  interest  is 
greater  in  proportion  as  the  occurrence  is  recent.  Our  good  and  evil  for- 
tunes arc  felt  most  keenly  when  they  are  still  fresh;  after  a  few  weeks  or 
even  day.s,  the  sensations  suggested  by  them  become  dull.  For  a  similar 
reason,  our  feelings  arc  not  aroused  to  the  same  extent  by  hearing  of  an 
event  weeks  after  it  has  become  stale  to  the  participants,  as  if  wc  had  heard 
of  it  while  it  was  still  in  progress.  It  was  reserved  for  our  centuiy  to  invent 
the  electric  telegraph  and  bring  it  into  general  use  as  the  handmaid  of 
journalism;  and  thus  to  associate  all  civilized  nations  in  a  daily  communion 
of  thought  and  sympathy  over  the  news  of  the  world. 

Nowhere  else  is  the  craving  for  reports  of  the  most  recent  occurrences 
from  all  parts  of  the  globe  stronger  than  in  the  American  and  British  por- 
tions of  our  slope;  nowhere  else  are  journalism  and  the  general  news  depart- 
ment of  telegraphy  more  liberally  patronized  in  proportion  to  population 
than  here;  and  nowhere  else  has  journalistic  skill  in  the  clear  presentation 
of  news  reached  a  higher  development.  Our  people  generally  have  been 
trained  by  schools,  travel,  and  familiarity  with  extensive  business  and  bold 
enterprise  to  take  an  interest  in  the  afl'airs  of  all  mankind.  In  the  places 
provided  with  a  daily  mail,  the  morning  paper  with  its  record  of  the  notable 


644 


MANUFACTURES. 


political,  commercial,  industrial,  literary,  and  social  events  of  the  previous 
day  in  Europe  and  America,  is  one  of  the  necessaries  of  life. 

The  newspapers  of  our  coast,  as  a  class,  have  gained  an  honorable  dis- 
tinction by  their  careful  study  and  intelligent  elucidation  of  the  local  com- 
■)  ■  .nd  industries.  The  varied  and  rich  resources,  their  rapid  dcvelop- 
r.  >d  the  active  traffic  of  these  Pacific  States  and  Territories,  offered 

intere  iiHg  fields  for  investigation,  and  many  of  the  editors  have  shown 
much  zeal  and  knowledge  in  using  their  opportunities.  The  annual  reviews 
published  at  the  close  of  each  year  by  leading  dailies  of  San  Francisco, 
Oakland,  Sacramento,  Stockton,  Los  Angeles,  Portland,  Salt  Lake  City, 
Victoria,  Seattle,  and  other  places,  and  by  the  commercial  weeklies  of  San 
Francisco,  arc  models  of  costly,  comprehensive,  and  judicious  compilation. 
Some  of  these  papers  will  be  mentioned  hereafter  more  specifically. 

The  public  journalc  if  our  coast  are  so  numerous,  and  they  have  exerted 
so  much  influence  on  the  development  of  its  resources,  that  a  comprehen- 
sive account  of  their  origin  and  progress  would  make  up  a  large  part  of  its 
history.  Here,  as  in  the  Atlantic  States,  the  newspaper  h.is  been  a  semi- 
nary and  training  school  for  politicians  and  statesmen,  and  some  of  the 
highest  offices  within  the  gift  of  the  people  of  California  have  been  given 
to  the  graduates  of  composing  and  editorial  rooms.  The  first  newspaper 
on  the  Western  slope  of  our  continent — at  least  the  first  of  which  we  have 
any  note — was  the  Oregon  Spectator,  a  weekly  paper,  the  first  number  of 
which  appeared  on  February  $,  1846,  at  Oregon  City,  then  the  chief  town 
of  Oregon;  JAMES  W.  Nesmith,  since  a  member  of  the  National  Senate, 
was  one  of  its  proprietors.  Spain  and  Mexico  held  California  for  three 
quarters  of  a  century  without  establishing  a  newspaper;  the  Americans  had 
been  in  possession  of  Monterey  just  39  days  when  the  weekly  Californian 
appeared  on  August  15,  1846,  The  Californian  Star,  published  with  ma- 
terial brought  by  the  Mormons,  i.ssucd  January  7,  1847,  was  the  first  news- 
paper in  San  Francisco,  and  the  first  daily,  the  Alta  California,  welcomed 
the  sun  on  January  22,  1850.  Since  that  day  there  has  been  a  steady  and 
rapid  increase,  not  only  in  all  the  American  States  and  Territories  west  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  but  also  in  British  Columbia,  Mexico,  and  Central 
America. 

The  number  of  printing-establishments  of  all  kinds  on  the  coast  is  about 
700.  Of  these,  more  than  40x3  publish  periodicals,  the  remainder  being 
book  and  general  job  offices.  Steam-power  is  employed  by  30  of  the 
former  and  55  of  the  latter.  The  annual  value  of  the  newspaper  and 
literary  business  is  .$3,5oo,cxx);  that  of  the  book  and  job  work,  $2,ooo,cxxD. 
The  circulation  of  the  76  daily  newspapers  is  at  least  225,000  copies.  Of 
this  number  San  Francisco  supplies  133,000  in  the  English,  and  7,000  in 


PAPER,  PRINTING,  ETC 


645 


Other  languages,  the  issues  comprising  14  publications.  Outside  of  the  city 
there  are  28  dailies  in  the  State  of  California.  Nevada  has  12;  Oregon 
and  Arizona,  6  each;  Utah,  4;  Washington  Territory,  3;  British  Columbia, 
2  ;  and  Panama,  one.  Their  subscription  lists  range  from  200  to  4,000 
copies  each. 

Of  the  newspapers  not  daily  California  has  188  weekly,  11  semi-weekly, 
and  2  tri-weekly;  Nevada  has  10  weekly;  Oregon,  52  weekly,  and  one 
monthly;  Washington  Territory,  21  weekly;  Arizona,  14  weekly;  Utah,  8 
weekly;  Idaho,  10  weekly,  and  one  tri-weekly;  British  Columbia,  4  weekly, 
and  2  scmi-weckly;  Mazatlan,  2  weekly;  Lower  California,  2  weekly;  and 
Panama,  one  weekly.  The  proprietors  of  40  of  this  class  own  neither 
type  nor  machinery,  but  get  their  editions  printed  at  job  works.  The  sub- 
scription lists  of  the  dailies  range  from  200  to  40,000  copies  each.  The 
capital  invested  in  the  business  amounts  to  $3,200,000,  of  which  $2,000,000 
is  in  the  newspaper  and  literary  establishments.  Employment  is  given  to 
1,816  compositors,  of  whom  654  work  in  the  book  and  job  offices.  Of  all, 
about  200  arc  females.  The  book  and  job  employees  are  paid  from  $7  to  $25 
per  week,  or  rates  averaging  35  cents  per  1,000  ems,  when  working  by  the 
piece;  expert  compositors  averaging  $15  per  week.  An  "em"  is  the  space 
formerly  occupied  by  a  square  letter  M,  which  is  the  unit  of  measurement. 
News  and  literary  compo.sitors  receive  from  25  cents  to  50  cents  per  i,000 
ems,  averaging  40  cents.  Foremen  and  power  pressmen  of  the  first  class 
are  paid  from  $25  to  $35  per  week;  those  of  the  second  cla.ss,  from  $15  to 
$25  for  the  same  period.  These  rates  are  about  10  per  cent,  higher  than 
those  in  the  Eastern  States.  The  leading  San  Francisco  dailies  employ 
from  25  to  50  regular  hands  each,  including  foremen  ;  and  the  rates  paid 
compositors  are  50  cents  per  1,000  ems.  Four  are  printed  from  stereo- 
typed plates— the  Call,  Chronicle,  Examiner,  and  Post.  The  first  2  have  the 
latest  improved  perfecting  R.  HOE  presses,  which  print  from  paper  in  contin- 
uous roll,  cutting,  folding,  and  pasting  33,000  copies  per  hour  each,  if  driven 
at  full  speed.  Other  presses  in  large  news  and  job  offices  average  10,000 
copies  per  hour.  Several  of  the  important  job-printing  establishments  have 
facilities,  which  would  enable  them  to  set  up  and  print  a  large  double-sheet 
newspaper  complete,  and  furnish  20,000  copies  within  10  hours  after  re- 
ceiving notice. 

In  early  days  San  Francisco  was  the  printer's  paradise.  Higher  wages 
were  paid  compositors,  and  higher  prices  charged  for  work,  than  ever  was 
known  in  the  world's  history  elsewhere.  In  1870  wages  began  to  decline, 
owing  to  the  increasing  number  of  workmen,  who  had  become  so  many 
as  to  crowd  each  other,  causing  competition  between  firms  and  reduction  in 
prices. 


VRMPai 


HHPI 


646 


MANUFACTURES. 


Book  and  Job  Printing. — Our  slope  has  nearly  300  book  and  job  print- 
ing offices,  most  of  them  small  shops,  employed  exclusively  on  job  work, 
not  employing  more  than  3  or  4  persons  each.  The  number  of  those  fre- 
quently employed  on  book  work  does  not  exceed  20;  there  is  perhaps  not 
r.iore  than  one  constantly  engaged  in  book  work,  and  not  one  devoted  ex- 
clusively to  it.  The  circumstances  are  not  favorable  here  to  the  publication 
of  books  generally,  labor  and  materials  arc  higher  than  in  the  Atlantic 
States,  and  the  leading  houses  there  are  conveniently  situated  for  controlling 
the  trade  of  so,ocX),ooo  people,  while  here  the  entire  population  numbers 
only  1,500,000.  Under  these  circumstances  it  required  much  enterprise  to 
undertake  book  publishing  on  our  coast  as  a  regular  business,  but  it  has 
been  done  with  success. 

The  largest  book  and  job  offices  of  the  coast  are  in  San  Francisco,  and 
include  those  of  A.  L.  Ban'croft  &  Co.,  H.  S.  Crocker  &  Co.,  E.  BosQUi 
&  Co.,  Bacon  &  Co.,  B.  F.  Sterrett  &  Co.,  W.  A.  Woodward  &  Co., 
Frank  Eastman,  Joseph  Winterburn  &  Co.,  and  George  Spaulding 
&  Co.  The  printing-house  of  H.  S.  CROCKER  &  Co.,  established  at  Sacra- 
ment<^  in  1856,  docs  the  printing  of  TlIE  CENTRAL  PACIFIC  RAILROAD 
Company  and  various  associated  corporations,  and  besides  the  large  busi- 
ness of  that  kind,  is  extensively  engaged  in  the  sale  and  manufacture  or 
stationery  and  blank-books.  They  deserve  to  be  classed  among  the  large 
stationery  and  printing  establishments  of  the  United  States.  The  main 
office  is  in  San  Francisco,  and  they  have  a  branch  house  in  Sacramento. 
Bacon  &  Qo.,  successors  to  Wiiitton  &  Towne,  established  in  1853,  give 
employment  to  40  persons,  and  make  a  specialty  of  book  work.  B.  F. 
Sterrett,  the  .successor  of  the  firm  of  Jobson,  Sterrett  &  Painter, 
established  in  1850,  has  20  men  in  his  office.  BosQUi  &  Co.  give  special 
attention  to  the  finer  qualities  of  work.  FRANCIS,  VALENTINE  &  Co.,  and 
William  M.  Hinton  &  Co.,  are  other  prominent  firms. 

A.  L.  Banoroft  &.  Co.— The  San  Francisco  firm  of  A.  L.  Bancroft  & 
Co.,  one  of  the  leading  book  and  stationery  houses  of  the  United  States, 
have  a  business  that  amounts  in  the  aggregate  to  $1,000,000  a  year.  They 
receive  9,000  invoices  from  700  different  European  and  American  manufac- 
turers ;  tliey  pay  $  1 50,000  on  freight,  and  $200,000  on  salaries  and  wages 
to  250  employees  in  the  same  period.  Their  wholesale  department  makes 
frequent  shipments  to  1,800  retailers  in  China,  Japan,  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
and  on  our  coast.     The  letters  pouring  in  number  400  a  day. 

Their  business  consists  of  a  manufacturing  and  a  mercantile  branch.  The 
former  includes  composing,  printing,  engraving,  lithographing,  ruling,  and 
binding  departments;  and  has  published  a  multitude  of  books,  including 


M 


PAPER,   PRINTING,   ETC. 


647 


165  volumes  of  law  books.  Among  these  arc  30  volumes  of  the  American 
Decisions;  57  volumes  of  the  California  Reports  and  Digest;  many  volumes 
of  the  Supreme  Court  Reports  of  Oregon,  Nevada,  Washington,  Arizona, 
Idaho,  and  Utah;  HiTTELL's  Codes;  and  standard  elementary  works  by 
POMEROV,  EsTEE,  FREEMAN,  and  Proffatt.  The  American  Decisions,  to 
comprise  the  leading  cases  of  all  the  American  State  supreme  courts,  from 
1 776  to  1 869,  and  to  be  complete  in  yo  orioo  volumes,  is  so  comprehensive  in 
its  plan,  and  so  difficult  and  costly  in  its  execution,  and  requires  so  much 
learning  and  research  for  its  proper  compilation,  and  so  many  years,  15  at 
least,  for  its  completion,  that  it  is  one  of  the  largest  publishing  enterprises  of 
our  time.  All  patterns  of  blank-books  and  stationery,  including  i;)anks  for 
banks,  official  and  legal  documents,  are  manufactured.  The  labels  turned 
out  in  a  single  year  have  numbered  20,000,000. 


A.  L.  Bancroft  &.  Go's  Building. 

The  mercantile  branch  is  divided  into  8  departments  (the  wholesale,  the 
retail,  the  law,  the  official,  the  music,  the  educational,  the  subscription,  and 
the  serial),  each  under  an  able  and  experienced  manager.  The  educational 
department,  besides  selling  school-books,  school-stationery,  school-apparatus, 
and  school-furniture,  publishes  and  introduces  school-books.  Three  times 
as  many  books  are  sold  by  the  subscription  as  by  the  retail  department. 
The  official  department  supplies  blank-books  and  stationery  for  banks  and 
public  offices.  The  music  department  has  Knabe  and  Pease  pianos  and 
printed  music  for  sale. 

The  brick  building  at  721  Market,  75  feet  in  front  on  that  street  and  also 
on  Stevenson,  170  feet  long,  and  6  stories  high,  counting  in  the  basement,  is 


648 


MANUFACTURES. 


ouiicd  by  one  of  the  firm.  They  occupy,  for  the  purposes  of  their  business, 
8  lloors,  with  an  area  of  more  than  an  acre,  about  equally  divided  between 
the  manufacturing^  and  mercantile  branches.  The  accompanying  engraving 
rcprcsent.s  the  Market  Street  front  of  the  building,  and  an  ideal  view  of  the 
interior,  showing  the  distribution  of  the  departments.  The  steam-engine  to 
drive  the  machinery',  and  the  shipi)ing-desks,  arc  in  the  basement.  The 
wholesale,  retail,  official,  law,  and  educational  departments  are  on  the  first 
story  on  a  level  with  the  street.  The  music,  subscription,  and  serial  depart- 
ments are  in  the  second  story.  The  third  has  school-furniture,  paper,  and 
loose  stock.  On  the  fourth  floor  are  compositors,  engravers,  lithographer.s, 
pressmen,  and  presses.     The  folders  and  binders  arc  in  the  fifth  story. 

The  firm  consists  of  2  brothers,  natives  of  Granville,  Ohio:  II.  II.  Bax- 
CROI'T,  born  in  1832,  and  A.  L.  Baxcuoi'T,  born  in  1841.  The  business 
was  commenced  in  1856  by  11.  H.  B.VN'CROI'T,  with  G.  L.  KJiNNY  as  his 
associate,  under  the  style  of  H.  H.  BaN'CROFT  &  Co.  Five  years  later  Mr. 
Kenny  withdrew  to  join  a  brother-in-law  in  business;  and  A.  L.  B.VNCROI'T, 
who  had  arrived  in  San  Francisco  in  1859,  was  admitted  as  a  [)artner  with 
a  fourth,  which  was  subsequently  increased  to  a  half  interest.  The  business 
prospered,  and  the  lot  at  721  Market  Strec^  was  bought,  on  which  was 
erected  a  large  building  specially  adapted  to  then  \vants.  They  moved  in 
1870,  after  having  been  for  14  years  on  Montgomery  Street,  near  Merchant, 
and  having  part  of  the  time  a  front  on  the  latter  street. 

The  title  of  the  firm  was  changed  to  A.  L.  Ba.ncroft  &  Co.  at  the  sug- 
gestion of  the  senior  partner,  who,  while  retaining  an  undiminished  interest 
in  the  liouse,  wished  to  withdraw  from  the  direction  of  its  business,  so  that 
he  could  devote  himself  to  the  more  congenial  occupation  of  writing  a  large 
historj-  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  a  work  to  which  he  has  devoted  much  of  his 
time  for  the  last  10  years.  In  the  4,000  pages  of  his  Native  Races  of  the 
Pacific  States,  he  has  [jublished  what  may  be  called  an  anthropological 
introduction  to  his  history. 


I 


Femow's  Drying  Machine.— The  recent  development  of  manufacturing 
industry  has  made  a  large  demand  for  labels  fit  to  attract  the  eye,  please 
the  artistic  taste,  and  convey  a  clear  idea  of  the  article  .sold.  Labels 
printed  in  colors  as  well  as  oil  jiicturcs,  require  varnishing,  to  give  smooth- 
ness of  surface  and  bring  out  their  best  effects.  But  the  drying  of  labels 
manufactured  by  hundreds  of  millions,  was  a  costly  and  troublesome  op- 
eration, until  Louis  A.  Fernow,  i  19  Monroe  Street,  Chicago,  devi.sed  a 
cheai)  and  convenient  method  of  overcoming  the  difficult)'.  lie  invented 
a  machine  which  may  be  described  in  general  terms  as  a  light,  flcKible,  mov- 
able wire  frame,  which  requires  little  space  or  power,  takes  the  labels  at  the 


ir. 


L.. 


^^>mmmmftm9mm''»mmmmmmmmtim^m^gfm 


Ug^ 


PAPER,   PRINTING,   ETC. 


649 


varnishing  press,  lifts  them  separately  to  the  top  of  the  room,  holds  them 
apart,  moves  them  in  the  air,  and  brings  them  back  in  a  dry  condition, 
ready  to  be  packed  away  without  danger  of  damage  by  sticking  together. 
Extensive  experience  having  proved  the  practicability,  economy,  and  su- 
periority of  Fernow's  Drying  Machine,  it  has  been  introduced  into  many 
first-class  label -printing-houses  in  the  United  States,  including  that  of  A.  L. 
Bancroft  &  Co.,  in  San  Francisco.  Its  adoption  in  any  city  is  a  sign  of 
extensive  manufacturing,  and  a  necessary  adjunct  to  the  production  of  labels 
in  large  quantities,  with  the  strongest  effects  of  color  and  gloss.  Its  effi- 
ciency in  doing  with  a  relatively  small  amount  of  machine  power,  what 
could  not  possibly  be  done  in  the  same  space  and  time  by  hand  even  at  ten 
times  the  expense,  makes  it  one  of  the  curiosities  of  modern  ingenuity. 
With  its  help,  one  person  is  enabled  to  do  as  much  as  20  could  do  by  the 
methods  in  use  before  its  invention,  and  the  work  is  done  in  better  style_ 
The  machine  is  made  useful  for  drying  various  substances,  such  as  cottons, 
woolens,  yarns,  tobacco,  also  in  paper-mills,  card-board  manufactories, 
laundries,  etc. 

Book-binding  and  Blank-books. — The  growth  of  these  industries  is  best 
indicated  by  the  following  figures.  In  i860  there  were  5  book-binding 
establishments  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  employing  15  hands;  expending  about 
$1 1,000  for  material,  $7,000  for  labor,  and  receiving  $32,000  as  the  proceeds 
of  the  year's  work.  In  1870  there  were  14  binderies  in  operation,  with  120 
hands,  paying  out  $74,000  a  year  for  material,  $62,000- for  wages,  and  re- 
ceiving about  $185,000  as  the  value  of  their  manufacture.  In  1881  the 
number  of  binderies  had  increased  to  34,  and  the  number  of  operatives  to 
about  350.  The  amount  expended  for  material  was  estimated  at  $300,000, 
and  for  labor  at  $250,000,  the  value  of  manufacture  at  $750,000.  In  1881, 
a  single  firm  in  San  Francisco,  A.  L.  Bancroft  &  Co.,  did  thrice  as  much 
work  as  was  done  in  i8(.:j.  a:d  more  than  half  as  much  as  was  done  in 
1870  by  all  the  binderies  >-.;  uiC  Pacific  Coast. 

Book-binding,  paper-ruling,  and  the  manufacture  of  blank-books  are 
usually  conducted  in  connection  with  other  industries.  There  are  in  San 
Francisco  18  binderies;  there  arc  2  in  Oakland;  2  in  Sacramento;  and  one 
each  in  Stockton,  San  Jos^,  Petaluma,  Los  Angeles,  and  Yountvillc.  At 
some  of  these  establishments  only  the  cheaper  kinds  of  work  are  done, 
while  at  others  the  most  expensive  bindings  are  produced  in  full  Russian, 
calf,  and  Morocco,  as  well  as  the  cheapest  in  cloth  or  paper.  The  value  of 
the  work  done  at  the  different  binderies  in  San  Francisco,  including  book- 
binding, paper-ruling,  and  the  manufacture  of  blank-books,  was  estimated, 
82 


J 


650 


MANUFACTURES. 


for  1 88 1,  at  $550,000,  or  70  per  cent,  in  value  of  all  the  work  executed  on 
the  Pacific  Coast. 

In  Oregon  there  are  7  binderies  located  in  Portland,  and  one  in  Salem. 
At  least  2  of  the  Portland  establishments  (JOH.\  J.  Meston  and  HoWE  & 
Co.)  manufacture  blank-books,  and  do  paper-rulin|r  in  any  required  pattern. 
Mr.  Meston  also  fills  orders  for  the  mounting  and  varnishing  of  maps  and 
charts. 

There  is  one  book-bindery  in  Nevada,  at  Virginia  City,  and  2  in  Wash- 
ington, at  Tumwater  and  Walla  Walla.  With  the  exception  of  the  cloth  and 
leather,  nearly  all  the  materials  used  in  these  industries  arc  of  home  pro- 
duction. In  California  the  cost  of  labor  is  very  much  higher,  and  of  material 
considerably  lower,  than  in  the  Eastern  States,  in  proportion  to  tV  ilue  of 
manufacture.     New  York  and  Pennsylvania  do  far  more  worl  is  de- 

scription than  all  the  other  States  and  Territories  in  the  U  ..d  in 

neither  of  these  States  is  the  cost  of  labor  much  above  20  per  cent,  while 
material  costs  in  New  York  over  60,  and  in  Pennsylvania  over  50  per  cent 
of  the  value  of  production.  In  California  the  expense  for  labor  is  not  less 
than  33,  and  for  material  about  40  per  cent.  The  difference  is  explained 
by  the  fact  that  most  of  the  work  done  on  this  coast  consists  of  the  cheaper 
descriptions  of  book-binding,  and  by  the  very  high  rates  of  wages  still  pre- 
vailing in  this  department  of  labor.  In  New  York  the  earnings  of  skilled 
male  book-binders  range  from  $12  to  $20  a  week.  In  San  I-'rancisco  as 
much  as  $30  a  week  is  paid,  and  the  lowest  rate  for  skilled  male  labor  is  $1 5. 
Women,  who  do  the  stitching  work,  receive  $9  to  $12,  and  boys,  $4  to  $6. 

Process  of  Binding. — TV  brief  description  of  the  usual  process  of  book- 
binding may  not  be  without  interest  After  the  printed  sheets  have  left  the 
press  they  arc  dried  in  a  steam-heated  temperature  of  at  least  100  degrees, 
and  then  subjected  to  hydraulic  pressure.  After  undergoing  this  process 
the  .sheets  arc  taken  to  the  folding  and  cutting  machines,  and  are  first  folded 
into  pages  of  the  size  required  for  the  book.  If  the  sheet  be  only  once 
folded,  into  2  leaves,  or  4  pages,  the  book  is  in  the  form  of  a  folio;  if  twice 
folded,  as  is  the  case  with  this  volume,  it  becomes  a  quarto;  folded  once 
more  it  is  an  octa^•o;  and  so  on  to  the  smallest-sized  book,  which  contains 
32  leaves  or  64  pages  to  each  sheet  of  printed  matter.  The  next  operation 
is  to  collect  the  pages  for  each  volume,  until  all  the  sheets  are  exhausted. 
The  leaves  arc  then  taken  to  the  "  mashing-machine,"  which  presses  them 
solidly  together.  Grooves  arc  then  formed  in  the  backs  of  the  folds  by 
what  are  termed  "  sawing-machincs,"  in  order  to  receive  the  cords,  through 
which  the  thread  is  passed,  in  sewing  the  sheets  together,  and  so  avoid  a 
protuberance  at  the  back.     After  being  sewed  together  at  the  sewing-frames, 


PAPER,   PRINTING,  ETC 


651 


the  printed  matter  is  in  book  form,  byt  without  binding  or  cover.  The  sides 
arc  then  trimmed  smoothly  and  accurately,  and  the  backs  rounded.  The 
back  is  thinly  coated  with  glue  to  preserve  its  roundness  of  shape,  and  cov- 
ered with  muslin,  over  which  is  pasted  a  piece  of  paper.  The  edges  are 
then  usually  gilded,  marbled,  or  sprinkled,  and  the  book  is  ready  to  receive 
its  binding.  In  cloth-bound  books  the  cloth  is  cut  in  the  required  size,  and 
glued  to  the  boards,  which  are  made  of  such  material  as  is  used  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  cheap  coarse  paper.  The  design  is  then  impressed  on  the  sides 
and  back  of  the  cover  by  means  of  an  embossing  press.  The  book  is  pasted 
or  glued  into  its  binding  or  case,  and  pressed  in  boards  to  form  the  joint 
between  the  sides  and  back.  The  process  last  mentioned  completes  the 
binding. 

Book-binderies. — The  largest  book-bindery  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  the 
one  in  connection  with  the  publishing-house  of  A.  L.  B.VNCROFT  &  Co., 
721  Market  Street,  San  Francisco.  The  fifth,  or  top  floor,  of  the  building, 
is  set  apart  for  this  branch  of  the  business,  and  occupies  a  space  of  40  by 
170  feet.  Through  the  center  of  the  main  room  runs  a  line  of  shafting,  by 
which  motion  is  communicated  to  the  machinery.  The  machines  in  use 
are  of  the  latest  pattern.  The  most  remarkable  of  them  are  the  embossing 
press,  which  is  the  largest  in  California,  and  a  "wave-ruler,"  that  will  de- 
scribe a  circle,  a  reversed  curve,  or  an  ellipse;  and  is  almost  as  great  a 
curiosity  as  the  celebrated  geometric  machine,  used  in  the  United  States 
Treasury  at  Washington.  At  this  establishment  are  found  the  only  ma- 
chines in  use  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  for  the  folding  of  paper  for  book  pur- 
poses. A  machine  fed  by  a  single  person  can  fold  160,000  octavo,  or 
240,000  i2mo  pages  in  9  hours;  while  an  expert  folder,  working  by  hand, 
can  not  do  one  third  so  much.  There  are  machines  for  stitching  paper- 
covered  pamphlets  and  cheap  books  with  wire,  and  apparatus  for  binding 
gift  volumes  in  gilded  Morocco.  About  50,000  volumes  of  law-books  and 
50,000  of  school-books  are  turned  out  every  year  from  this  single  bindery, 
in  addition  to  a  large  number  of  miscellaneous  volumes  and  of  blank-books 
for  the  use  of  county  offices,  departments  of  state,  banks,  mining  com- 
panies, railroad  companies,  etc.  The  working  force  is  under  the  supervision 
of  G.  W.  Cooke,  and  numbers  60  employees,  including  20  men,  35  girls, 
and  S  boys.  The  entire  business  of  BANCROFT  &  Co.'s  book-bindery  is 
estimated  at  $130,000  a  year. 

Other  notable  binderies  in  San  Francisco  are  those  of  H.  S.  CROCKER 
&  Co.,  Bartling  &  Kimball,  D.  Hicks  &  Co.,  A.  Buswell  &  Co., 
and  E.  BOSQUI  &  Co. 


mmm 


^m 


\ 


I 


652 


MANUFACTURES. 


CHAPTER  XXXIV.— IRON. 

Iron  Manufactures. — This  chapter  is  devoted  to  the  manufacture  of 
iron,  and  excludes  the  extraction  of  ore  and  its  reduction  to  the  metallic 
form.  Those  processes  belong  to  the  division  of  mining,  in  which  an 
account  has  been  given  of  the  few  iron  smelting  establishments  on  our  coast. 
The  principal  manufacturing  processes  in  use  here  are  the  casting  and  roll- 
ing of  iron,  the  construction  of  stamp-mills,  hoisting-works,  and  pumps  for 
mines,  of  steam-engines  and  boilers  for  mines,  factories,  and  steamships,  of 
locomotives  for  railroads,  and  of  castings  for  houses,  agricultural  and  other 
machinery  and  kitchen  furniture,  and  the  making  of  wire,  wire  rope,  wire 
cloth,  other  -vire  wares,  saws,  edged  tools,  and  cutlery.  Under  this  heading, 
also,  wc  treat  of  agricultural  implements,  windmills,  and  elevators,  which 
are  made  of  wood  and  iron,  the  latter  being  the  more  costly  material  in  a 
majority  of  cases. 

Notwithstanding  the  high  price  of  labor,  the  dearness  of  coal,  and  the 
fact  that  until  very  recently,  mos.  of  the  materials  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  iron  have  been  imported,  the  growth  of  this  branch  of  industry  has  been 
very  remarkable.  Including  all  its  departments,  the  f;r'-'ss  value  of  produc- 
tion for  1 88 1  was  not  short  of  $20,000,000,  while  in  1871  it  did  not  exceed 
$6,000,000.  Considering  the  enormous  deposits  of  rich  iron  ore  that  have 
been  discovered  in  many  portions  of  this  coast,  and  the  sure  prospect  of  a 
greatly  increased  demand  for  iron  manufactures,  it  is  very  probable  that 
the  next  10  years  may  witness  even  a  greater  development  than  has  oc- 
curred in  the  past.  A  single  illustration  will  show  the  great  possibilities  that 
exist  in  the  future.  During  1881  the  quantity  of  steel  rails  used  by  the  dif- 
ferent railroads  in  course  of  construction  on  the  Pacific  Slope  was  estimated 
at  75,000  tons.  There  is  but  one  rolling-mill  on  this  coast  that  produces 
these  articles,  and  its  capacity  is  limited  to  10,000  tons  a  year.  It  would 
require,  therefore,  /'/i  years  to  furnish  the  rails  needed  for  12  months'  con- 
sumption. The  growth  of  our  iron  interests  has  depended,  and  will  yet  de- 
pend in  a  measure  on  the  demand  for  mining  machinery,  which,  in  1881 
was  manufactured  in  San  Franci-sco  alone  to  the  value  of  $3,000,000,  and 
in  some  previous  years  has  exceeded  that  amount.  At  one  time  the  found- 
ries and  machine-shops  of  this  coast  received  the  bulk  of  their  orders  from 
the  mining  districts,  and  their  prosperity  was  of  course  affected  by  thealter- 


*u«i 


""••°'— ■ 


IRON. 


653 


nations  of  success  and  failure  that  are  inseparable  from  mining  enterprise. 
This  is  no  longer  the  case. 

Iron-work. — It  is  to  the  credit  of  our  iron  manufacturers  that  they  have 
exerted  themselves  to  extend  their  trade  and  to  increase  the  xariety  of 
their  products;  and  they  have  been  rewarded  by  securing  a  large  increase 
in  business  from  distant  markets.  About  5  years  ago  all  the  machinery 
required  for  the  sugar  plantations  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  was  imported 
from  Europe.  San  Francisco  foundrymen  secured  patterns  of  the  ma- 
chinery in  use,  and  undertook  to  compete  with  the  European  manufacturer. 
The  result  has  been,  that  at  the  present  time  nearly  all  the  machinery  or- 
dered for  the  plantations  is  made  in  San  Francisco.  In  the  manufacture  of 
marine  machinery  also  this  coast  has  made  rapid  progress.  Instead  of  send- 
ing East  for  such  machinery,  as  was  the  case  heretofore,  it  is  now  nearly  all 
made  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  An  order  was  given  for  the  construction  here 
of  machinery  for  a  steamship  of  1,800  tons,  recently  completed  in  one  of  our 
ship-yards,  although  the  owner  of  the  vessel  is  an  Eastern  man,  and  resides 
in  an  Eastern  State. 

The  manufacture  of  architectural  iron-work  has  practically  become  a 
separate  branch  of  business.  One  firm  in  San  Francisco  is  almost 
exclusively  engaged  in  casting  ornamental  work,  and  another  in  making 
wrought-iron  girders,  beam.s,  tiebands,  bridge  irons,  and  railings;  also  iron 
doors,  shutters,  burglar-proof  bank-vaults,  etc.  Both  complain,  however, 
that  orders  are  not  increasing,  but  have  of  late  years  fallen  off  This  is 
clearly  due  to  the  fact  that  there  has  been  a  decrease  in  the  number  of 
large  buildings  erected  in  San  Francisco;  and  the  foundries  have  done 
remarkably  well  if  they  have  held  their  own  in  their  particular  lines  of 
business.  Manufacturers  of  wrought-iron  draw  their  supplies  mainly  from 
the  I'ii  S:c  Rolling-mills,  and  the  pig-iron,  for  castings,  has  mostly  been 
imported.  It  is  estimated  that  this  branch  of  the  iron  industry  amounts  to 
aboil L  $500,000  a  year. 

During  the  early  history  of  the  iron  trade  on  this  coast  many  difficulties 
were  encountered.  One  of  these  was  the  need  of  a  rolling-mill  to  utilize 
the  .scrap  iron  which  was  accumulating  all  the  while.  Not  less  than  1,500 
to  1,800  tons  were  yearly  shipped  liast,  and  yet  it  was  estimated  that  2  or 
3  times  that  quantity  went  to  waste;  the  price  paid  for  it  by  ship-owners — 
$12  a  ton — not  making  it  worth  the  trouble  of  collecting  it  and  hauling  it 
to  the  dock.  The  occasional  scarcity  of  coal  and  the  exorbitant  i)rices 
scjmetimes  demanded  for  it  ($35  per  ton  being  paid,  for  example,  in  1864), 
so  increased  the  cost  of  castings,  that  only  such  machinery  was  ordered  as 
.vas  abs^^h-'ply  indispensable.     The  alternations  of  success  and  failure  in 


"^BPpipppBPiWWI 


•WMMPnaiPHan 


654 


^rANU^ACTURES. 


miniii!.;  cntcrpri.scs  were  always  closely  followed  by  like  changes  in  the  iron 
foundries  and  machine  shops.  In  the  flush  times  of  1861-2,  new  foundries 
and  shops  were  opened  almost  every  week — many  of  them  to  be  closed  at 
the  first  season  of  depression  in  trade.  Great  quantities  of  mining  machin- 
ery were  sent  into  the  mountains  and  placed  in  unproductive  mining 
camps.  On  the  failure  of  the  mines  this  machinery  was  sold  to  others 
at  merely  nominal  prices.  The  number  of  orders  for  new  machinery  was 
thus  diminished,  and  the  shops  suffered  accordingly.  Other  obstacles  en- 
countered in  the  progress  and  development  of  the  industry,  were  the  high 
prices  of  pig-iron  and  coal  and  the  great  cost  of  labor.  Pig-iron  has  been 
mainly  imported  from  the  ICastern  States  and  Europe  to  the  amount  of 
about  14,000  tons  annually,  taking  the  average  of  the  past  6  j-ears,  though 
in  1 88 1  imports  were  reduced  to  8,600  ton.s.  The  cost  of  iron  in  San 
I'rancisco  has  ranged,  since  1876,  from  $24  to  $38;  averaging  about  $30  a 
ton  against  $20  to  $22  in  Pennsylvania.  Coal  abounds  on  the  Pacific  Coast, 
but  appears  to  be  of  too  rCcent  formation  to  be  used  in  making  castings. 
Coal  and  coke  must  therefore  be  imported  at  a  cost  of  $12  a  ton,  while  the 
same  kind  of  fuel  costs  in  PennsyUania  but  $4  per  ton.  Labor  in  Cali- 
fornia is  about  35  per  cent,  higher  than  in  the  Eastern  States,  moldcrs 
receiving  $3  to  $3.50  per  day,  machinists  and  ])attern-makers  the  same, 
blacksmiths  $3  to  ,'j;4,  and  laborers  $2.  Although  foundrymen  arc  of  opin- 
ion lliat,  on  account  of  the  climate,  men  can  do  more  work  in  a  day  here 
than  in  the  I'.astcrn  States,  there  is  still  a  large  percentage  in  favor  of 
I'lastern  manufacturers  on  the  score  of  wages. 


Advantages. — At  first  thougJU  it  would  appear  that  these  various  hin- 
drances arc  so  formidable  as  to  render  competition  with  l<'astcrn  foundries 
practical!)-  impossible;  but  there  arc  some  compensating  advantages  enjoj-etl 
by  our  Pacific  Coast  manufacturers  which  enable  them  to  prosecute  their 
business  successful!)-.  On  all  foreign  machinery  there  is  an  import  dut)'  of 
35  per  cent.,  wliicii,  coU])led  with  the  cost  of  freiglit,  ])ractically  excludes  it 
from  our  markets.  There  is  now  a  fair  ])rosi)cct  that  the  iron  mines  of  the 
Pacific  Slope  will  produce  a  full  :iup|)ly  of  pig-iron  for  home  consumption, 
and  though  it  is  the  opinion  of  our  Ibundrymen  tliat  this  will  not  materially 
reduce  the  price,  it  must  jilace  the  iron  market  on  a  steadier  basis,  and 
secure  a  more  regular  supp!)'.  The  distance  from  eastern  cities,  and  tin- 
cfinscf|Uent  loss  of  time  in  tlie  fulfillment  of  orilers,  is  a  great  atlvantage  to 
Pacific  Coast  manufacturers.  Califurnians  arc  noted  for  doing  business  in 
liasle,  and  when  the)'  give  i-ui  order  for  niacliincr)',  re<iuire  it  for  immediate 
use.  The)'  can  not  dela\-  long  enough  lo  send  l''.ast  williout  serious  detri- 
ment to  their  business,  and  hence  their  work  must  be  done  as  rapidly  as 


mmmm 


CXJMFOUNP  MARINE  KyOlMS. 

JOHN  DODOALL,  ATLAS  IRON  WORKS,  VICTORIA,  R  0. 


IJIIllfflllplfl^l 


'i'«>>m'™^''''^'^m^''^^mmmmiifmiimmmmmmm 


i 


1 


I    i-  ! 


iVPMHH 


IRON. 


655 


possible  by  our  local  foundries.  In  the  language  of  one  of  our  prominent 
iron  founders,  "  the  short  time  in  which  machinery  has  to  be  delivered  after 
being  ordered,  is  our  great  safeguard  against  eastern  competition."  An  inci- 
dent which  occurred  in  San  Francisco  will  illustrate  this  point.  Some  time 
since  a  local  sugar  refiner  invited  bids  for  iron  tanks,  to  be  delivered  within 
a  limited  time.  The  lowest  bid  was  $30,000,  and  was  made  by  a  firm  in 
New  York.  A  number  of  bids  were  received  from  foundrymen  on  the  Pa- 
cific Coast,  but  the  lowest  one — that  of  a  San  Francisco  firm — was  for  $3,000 
more  than  the  tanks  would  have  cost  if  the  order  had  been  filled  in  New 
York,  and  the  freight  paid  by  the  purchaser.  As  the  tanks  would  be  un- 
handy for  transportation  by  rail,  and  the  time  was  short  for  shipment  by 
way  of  Cape  Horn,  the  refiner  concluded  to  accept  the  bid  of  the  San  Fran- 
cisco house,  at  a  loss  to  himself,  and  some  gain  to  the  local  foundry. 

The  manufacture  of  iron  on  this  coast  leaves  a  fair  margin  of  profit,  and 
the  price  received  here  for  machinery  and  castings  considerably  exceeds 
that  which  is  paid  in  Eastern  cities.  It  is  probable  that,  with  slight  modifi- 
cations, this  condition  of  affairs  will  continue,  as  freights  are  not  likely  to 
be  reduced  to  such  a  point  as  will  bring  the  Eastern  and  Pacific  Coast 
markets  nearly  to  a  level.  In  order  to  state  the  case  fully  and  clearly,  as  it 
now  exists,  it  will  be  necessary  to  make  a  comparison  between  the  Eastern 
and  the  Pacific  states,  in  the  cost  of  material  and  manufacture,  and  also  in 
the  value  of  production. 

In  Pennsylvania,  pig-iron  is  worth  $20,  and  coal  $4  per  ton,  against  $30 
a  ton  for  iron,  and  $13  for  coal  in  California.  As  one  ton  of  coal  will  melt 
8  tons  of  iron,  the  cost  of  prodiicing  a  ton  of  manufactured  iron  would  be, 
in  Pcnn.sylvania,  $20.50;  and  in  California,  $31.62^^.  Hence,  the  cost  of 
coal  and  raw  iron  is  $11.12^^  a  ton,  or  about  54  per  cent,  higher  in  Cali- 
fornia than  in  Pennsylvan'.i.  The  higher  prices  prevailing  for  labor,  rent, 
interest,  etc.,  will  probably  increase  the  margin  against  the  Pacific  Coast 
manufacturer  to  at  least  60  per  cent.;  so  that  an  article  which  costs  the 
Eastern  foundryman  $100,  will  cost  $160  in  California.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  value  of  plain  castings  in  Pennsylvania  is  $2.10  per  100  pounds;  and  in 
California,  $4;  making  a  difference  of  about  yo  per  cent,  in  favor  of  manu- 
facturers on  this  coast,  as  an  offset  to  the  adverse  margin  of  60  per  cent,  in 
the  cost  of  production. 

If,  therefore,  some  ftundries  have  had  to  close  their  doors  on  account  of 
financial  disaster,  it  mu.'-t  have  been  for  want  of  the  capital  needed  to  tide 
over  a  dull  sea.son,  or  through  mismanagement;  for  there  is  clearly  a  larger 
profit  in  the  iron-trade  on  this  coast,  than  in  the  East,  and  Eastern  estab- 
lishments, as  a  rule,  are  gro\  ing  stronger  and  extending  their  business  from 
year  to  year. 


656 


MANUFACTURES. 


AH  the  foregoing  estimates,  however,  are  made  on  the  basis  of  plain  cast- 
ings, while  the  great  bulk  of  the  business  done  on  this  coast  is  the  manufac- 
ture of  machinery  made  to  order,  and  such  work  varies  in  price  from  $4.50 
to  $9  per  100  pounds,  $5  being  regarded  as  a  fair  average  price.  The  cost 
of  proJucMon  on  work  made  to  order  is  about  2$  per  cent,  more  tlian  on 
plain  casimgs,  which  will  make  the  value  of  such  work  $2.62^  per  100 
pounds  in  the  East,  as  against  $5  on  this  coast,  which  leaves  $2.37^  or  90 
per  cent,  in  favor  of  this  coast. 

The  probable  reduction  in  the  near  future  in  the  price  of  pig-iron,  is  still 
another  and  greater  prospective  element  of  profit  in  favor  of  this  coast. 
The  proprietors  of  furnaces  in  Oregon,  Washington,  and  California,  now 
say  they  can  produce  iron  at  a  profit  for  $24  per  ton,  delivered  in  San  Fran- 
cisco. This  is  $6  per  ton  or  20  per  cent,  less  than  eastern  iron  now  sells  for 
in  this  market.  The  reduction  of  freights  may,  at  some  future  time,  take 
off  10  or  15  per  cent,  of  the  profits  now  enjoyed  by  the  Pacific  Coast  manu- 
facturer over  his  eastern  competitor;  but  the  time  will  probably  never  come 
when  our  iron  foundries  will  not  have  a  decided  advantage  over  those  of  the 
East  and  of  Europe. 

Mining  Machinery . —San  Francisco  machinists  have  long  been  noted 
for  their  success  in  the  manufacture  of  mining  machinery,  and  our  foundries 
and  machine-shops  are  unrivaled  in  this  line  of  work.  Great  efforts  have 
been  made  by  eastern  competitors  to  secure  a  portion  of  the  trade,  espe- 
cially in  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  but  most  of  the  orders  for  mining  ma- 
chinery still  come  to  San  Francisco.  Special  appliances  for  mining  purpo.ses 
were  invented  from  time  to  time,  to  meet  the  requirements  of  various  enter- 
prises on  this  coast.  The  experience  gained  in  constructing  machinery  for 
the  early  quartz  mines  of  California,  and  afterwards  for  the  Comstock  and 
other  great-mines  in  Nevada,  has  enabled  San  Francisco  machinists  to  pro- 
duce work  of  such  a  superior  character,  that  from  Idaho  to  Arizona,  and 
from  Oregon  to  Mexico,  they  command  the  market  without  a  rival.  It  is 
estimated  that  the  sum  of  $3,000,000  was  paid  in  1880  to  Pacific  Coast 
foundries  and  machine-shops  for  this  class  of  work,  including  hoisting, 
pumping,  crushing,  and  smelting  machinery  and  steam-power.  In  the  con- 
struction of  hoisting  works  no  great  changes  have  recently  been  made. 
Most  of  the  cables  are  imported  from  England,  especially  those  used  in 
deep  mining;  their  strength  is  increased  in  proportion  to  the  depth  attained 
by  the  shaft. 

In  pumping-machinery  great  improvements  have  been  made.  Twenty 
years  ago  a  40  horse-power  engine  for  working  a  pump  w.as  considered  a 
wonder  on  our  coast;  now  at  least  one  such  engine  has  700  horse-power. 


IRON.  657 

Many  devices  for  lessening  friction  and  the  chances  of  breakage,  and  for 
the  saving  of  fuel,  have  been  introduced.  Improvements  have  also  been 
made  in  drills,  and  with  great  benefit,  as  much  depends  upon  the  effective 
working  of  the  drill.  Little  use  is  now  made  of  the  ordinary  hand-drill  in 
large  mines.  Patent  drills,  driven  by  steam,  are  used  in  all  extensive  min- 
ing enterprises.  These  drills  are  operated  by  compressed  air,  which  is  con- 
veyed th  "ough  tubes  from  the  surface,  thus  serving  the  double  purpose  of 
cooling  and  purifying  the  air  for  the  miners,  and  furnishing  the  motive 
power  for  driving  their  drills.  In  the  early  days  of  mining,  before  com- 
pressed air  came  into  practical  use,  the  steam-c"g'no  was  lowered  into  the 
mine,  and  its  direct  action  upon  the  drill  was  the  common  method  of  oper- 
ation ;  but  when  any  great  depth  was  reached,  it  was  found  that  the  steam 
condensed  so  rapidly  as  to  lose  its  power.  The  air-compressor  permits  the 
steam-power  to  be  placed  above  ground,  driving  the  compressed  air  through 
tubes  to  any  depth  desired.  The  diamond-pointed  steam-drill,  commonly 
called  the  diamond-drill,  is  only  used  as  a  prospecting  drill.  One  of  its 
advantages  is  that  it  can  be  used  to  penetrate  the  formation  before  the 
miners  are  aware  of  the  nature  of  the  rock  they  are  about  to  encounter, 
and  thus  enable  the  parties  in  control  to  ascertain,  in  advance,  the  situation 
of  valuable  ore  bodies. 

In  stamp-mills  there  has  been  little  recent  improvement;  the  chief  dififer- 
ence  being  in  the  weight  and  number  of  the  stamps.  Several  new  devices 
for  crushing  ore  have  recently  attracted  considerable  attention,  and  a  num- 
ber of  them  have  gone  into  use.  Miners  generally  continue  to  purchase  the 
ordinary  stamp-mill,  in  preference  to  any  other.  The  price  of  these  mills 
varies  with  the  number  of  stamps,  the  usual  price  being  at  the  rate  of  $icx) 
to  $150  per  stamp.  The  combination  amalgamating  pans  are  in  general 
use,  and  unite  the  main  features  of  many  inventions.  They  are  made  by 
nearly  all  the  foundries  and  machine-shops,  and  cost  $500  each.  Settlers 
are  now  made  almost  entirely  of  iron,  and  cost  from  $450  to  $500.  Con- 
centrators cost  about  $400.  Rock-breakers  of  various  designs  are  in  use, 
and  cost  from  $125  to  $400,  and  one  kind  $750.  Cars  for  transporting  ore 
from  the  mines  are  made  42  inches  long,  24  wide,  and  24  deep,  with  a  1 2- 
inch  wheel  and  an  18-inch  track,  and  cost  $ICX)  each. 


Pumps. — San  Francisco  has  produced  a  number  of  large  pumps  for 
tnines,  the  most  notable  and  original  of  which  is  that  made  by  TllE  Ris- 
DON  Iron  Works  for  the  ChoUar-Norcross  shaft  at  Virginia  City.  A 
brief  account  of  it  is  given  in  the  chapter  on  Inventions.  Another  great 
pump  is  that  of  the  Union  Consolidated  Mine,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $500,000 
by  The  Union  Iron  Works. 
83 


n 


6?8 


MANUFACTURES. 


! 


The  manufacture  of  ordinary  small  pumps  has  not  proved  profitable, 
though  a  good  deal  of  capital  has  been  invested  and  lost  in  the  effort  to 
establish  special  manufactories  of  cistern  and  household  pumps;  and  at  the 
present  time  there  are  at  least  500  of  these  pumps  imported  from  the  East 
for  100  manufactured  on  our  coast.  The  relative  cheapness  of  eastern 
pumps  is  due  mainly  to  the  greater  advantages  of  the  eastern  manufacturers 
in  the  employment  of  labor.  The  eastern  method  is  to  pay  boys  75  cents 
to  $1  a  day,  and  put  each  boy  at  work  on  some  one  part  of  the  pump,  and 
confine  him  to  that  one  branch,  and  for  each  gang  of  boys  one  expert  pump- 
maker,  who  puts  the  pumps  together  and  finishes  them  at  $2.50  a  day,  while 
on  our  coast  only  skilled  workmen  are  employed,  who  arc  competent  to 
make  all  the  parts  and  finish  the  pump,  to  whom  from  $2.75  to  $3.25 
a  day  is  paid.  The  cheapest  kinds  of  eastern  pumps  have  but  little  brass- 
work  compared  with  ours,  and  this  one  item  cheapens  the  eastern  goods. 
Again,  eastern  manufacturers  have  sale  for  20  times  as  many  pumps,  and 
this  greater  trade  gives  them  a  great  advantage,  both  in  percentage  on  sales 
and  in  cost  of  production.  The  eastern  pumps  range  in  price  from  $4  to 
$7,  and  our  home  made  from  $10  to  $12  for  cistern  and  house-pumps,  and 
for  windmills  the  eastern  price  is  from  $20  to  $25,  and  ours  $30  to  $35. 
The  total  value  of  small  pumps  made  on  the  Pacific  Coast  in  a  year  is  esti- 
mated at  $200,000,  and  most  of  them  are  made  in  San  Trancisco.  The 
leading  manufacturers  are  W.  T.  Garratt,  HEDGES  &  DiLLENBURG,  and 

H.   II.  BODWELL. 


Iron  Beginnings. — The  Donahue  foundry,  now  known  as  the  Union 
Iron-works,  established  in  1849,  was  the  first  enterprise  of  the  kind  on  the 
Pacific  Coast.  In  the  next  year  the  Vulcan  Foundry,  the  Sutter  Iron 
Works,  and  the  Pacific  Foundry,  began  work.  The  Eureka,  which  made  a 
specialty  of  railings,  balconies,  etc.,  appeared  in  185 1.  The  rapid  increase 
in  mining  operations  during  the  2  or  3  succeeding  years,  caused  the  erection 
of  small  foundries  and  machine  shops  in  many  of  the  mining  towns.  The 
enormous  demand  for  machinery,  and  the  high  price  which  it  commanded, 
induced  eastern  manufacturers  to  make  and  ship  articles  which  they  sup- 
posed to  be  suitable  for  the  purpose,  but  which,  when  tested,  proved  to  be 
almost  entirely  useless.  The  local  establishments  were  therefore  called  on 
to  supply  the  demand;  and  in  1S60  San  Francisco  had  14  foundries  and 
machine-shops,  employing  222  men,  consuming  $571,750  worth  of  material.s, 
and  producing  machinery  valued  at  $1,218,500.  In  the  mean  time  several 
establishments  of  considerable  size  and  importance  had  grown  up  in  various- 
parts  of  the  State,  and  notably  at  Sacramento  and  Marysville.  Boiler- 
works  were  established  at  I'ortland,  Oregon,  as  early  as   1852.     Utah,  in 


IRON. 


059 


1854,  had  a  foundry  at  Salt  Lake  City,  and  one  at  Cedar  City  in  1855. 
The  Salt  Lake  foundry  made  a  specialty  of  cogwheels  and  mill  machinery. 
In  1865  the  first  locomotive  ever  built  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  was  made  at 
the  L'nion  Iron-works,  San  Francisco,  for  the  San  Jose  railroad,  and  gave 
such  satisfaction  that  this  foundry  was  employed,  at  intervals,  for  4  years  in 
making  locomotives  for  the  San  Jose  and  other  interior  railroad  lines,  man- 
ufacturing 12  of  them  during  that  time.  The  trial  trip  of  the  pioneer  loco- 
motive was  made  the  occasion  of  a  festivity,  and  when  it  made  its  appearance 
on  the  streets,  drawn  by  8  horses  over  a  temporary  track  to  the  railroad, 
much  interest  was  manifested  by  the  people  of  the  city. 

Foundries  and  Machine-shops. — In  most  respects,  the  leading  foundries 
and  machine-shops  on  the  Pacific  Coast  compare  favorably  with  those  of 
the  larger  and  older  cities  of  the  Eastern  States  and  of  Europe.  Pennsyl-  ' 
vania,  New  York,  Ohio,  and  Illinois  contain  many  large  establishments,  but 
few  that  are  better  appointed  than  those  of  our  leading  manufacturers.  The 
Eastern  method  is  for  each  house  to  make  a  specialty  of  some  particular 
branch  of  the  business,  while  our  larger  foundries  and  machine-shops  make 
everything  that  is  in  demand,  from  mining-machinery,  locomotives,  steam- 
ship engines,  sugar-mills,  and  architectural  iron-work,  down  to  the  various 
small  articles  required  for  every-day  use.  Some  of  the  establishments  on 
this  coast  are,  however,  conducted  on  the  Eastern  plan,  making  only  orna- 
mental castings,  or  such  articles  as  iron  railings,  fenders,  grates,  sash- 
weights,  etc.  Few  of  them  work  otherwise  than  to  order,  and  the  quantity 
of  goods  made  up  in  stock  is  very  inconsiderable.  Such  articles  as  pumps, 
stoves,  car-wheels,  etc.,  arc  usually  ordered  from  the  East,  while  those  cast- 
ings which  require  special  molds,  or  are  needed  for  mining-machinery,  or 
being  bulky  would  cost  too  much  in  freight,  are  made  on  this  coast.  Our 
principal  establishments  have  machine-tools,  costing,  in  some  instances, 
$10,000  or  $15,000,  with  which  they  turn  out  work  quite  equal  to  that  pro- 
duced in  any  part  of  the  world.  Mining-machinery  hp.s  constituted  the 
great  bulk  of  the  heavy  iron-work  done  in  San  Francisco  up  to  the  present 
time.  As  the  mines  on  the  great  Comstock  lode  have  increased  in  depth, 
the  difficulties  in  hoisting  and  pumping  have  alto  greatly  increased,  and 
what  was  regarded  as  heavy  machinery  10  years  ago,  is  now  considered 
(|uite  inadequate.  In  the  construction  of  mining-machinery  inventive  and 
mechanical  skill  have  been  taxed  to  their  utmost,  to  meet  each  new  emer- 
gency, and  thus  results  have  been  attained,  perhaps  superior  to  any  similar 
work  done  elsewhere  in  the  world.  In  general  business  our  foundries  are 
also  abreast  of  the  times  in  their  equipments,  their  thoroughness  of  work- 
manship, and  the  excellent  quality  of  their  productions. 


CGo 


MANUFACTURES. 


I 
( 

F 
( 

I 

! 


At  i^rcscnt  few  of  our  foundries  and  machine-shops  are  running  to  their 
full  capacity,  and  it  is  probable  that  an  increase  of  30  or  40  per  cent,  in  the 
volume  of  business  could  be  met  without  any  inconvenience;  nor  would  such 
an  increase  be  attended  with  any  great  advance  in  the  cost  of  manufacture. 
It  was  estimated  that,  in  i88i,  the  various  establishments  in  San  Francisco 
gave  employment  to  about  1,200  operatives,  and  consumed  18,250  tons  of 
pig-iron  and  16,500  tons  of  bar-iron  in  manufacturing  the  different  imple- 
ments and  machinery  ordered  during  that  year.  The  amount  of  work  done 
by  the  larger  houses  was  estimated  at  $4,000,000,  of  which  about  $3,000,000 
represents  the  value  of  mining-machinery,  and  the  remaining  $1,000,000 
that  of  marine,  stationary,  sugar-mill,  and  miscellaneous  machinery.  The 
.smaller  establishments  in  the  city,  where  special  lines  of  work  are  done,  such 
as  the  making  of  iron  doors  and  .shutters,  fenders,  safe-vaults,  cornices,  etc., 
do  a  business  estimated  at  $750,000  a  year. 

Californian  foundries  and  machine-shops  outside  of  San  Francisco,  do  not 
less  than  $500,000  worth  a  year.  Oregon,  Washington,  and  other  portions 
of  the  coast,  will  probably  add  about  $2,000,000  to  the  volume  of  produc- 
tion. The  entire  business  of  the  Pacific  Coast  already  amounts,  therefore,  to 
about  $7,250,000  a  year,  and  there  is  an  almost  certain  prospect  of  a  large 
increase  in  the  future. 


Rlsdon  Iron  Works.— The  RiSDON  Iron  and  Locomotive  Works, 
which  makes  a  specialty  of  machinery  for  mines,  stcam.ships,  and  sugar- 
mills,  is  one  of  the  great  iron  establishments  of  our  time,  especiai'v  worthy 
of  note  for  having  manufactured  the  Virginia  City  water-pipe  and  the 
Chollar-Norcross  pump,  which  seem  destined  to  occupy  a  place  in  the  his- 
tory of  hydraulic  engineering,  as  well  as  in  that  of  our  coast.  ■  The  Risdon 
Works  also  made  the  pipe  to  convey  water  across  a  deep  ravine  for  the 
irrigation  of  Claus  SI'RECKELs'  sugar  plantation  in  the  Hawaiian  island  of 
Maui,  and  the  Yellow  Jacket  hoisting  apparatus,  which  last,  constructed  to 
hoist  ore  from  a  depth  of  4,000  feet,  weighs  350  ton.s,  and  is  the  heaviest 
machinery  of  the  kind  ever  made.  The  Risdon  Works  had  the  first  hy- 
draulic press  riveting  machine  in  the  United  States.  The  pump  and  hoist- 
ing works  which  they  are  building  for  the  Eureka  Con.solidated  Mine,  are 
designed  on  a  plan  bold  and  original  in  conception  as  well  as  grand  in  scale, 
and  promise  to  add  much  to  a  reputation  already  high.  In  short,  if  the 
Risdon  establishment  is  not  so  large  as  many  in  Europe  or  on  the  Atlantic 
Slope  of  our  continent,  it  is  second  to  none  as  to  capacity  in  its  specialties. 
In  order  to  handle  the  enormous  weight  of  the  pieces  of  machinery  manu- 
factured in  its  shops,  it  has  a  revolving  crane,  capable  of  lifting  50  tons, 
with  12  hydraulic  side  cranes.     Electric  light  is  supplied,  after  dark,  by  \6 


IRON. 


66i 


Brush  burners,  each  of  2,000  candle-power.  The  establishment,  at  the  corner 
of  Howard  and  Bcalc  streets,  San  Francisco,  is  the  property  of  an  incorpo 
rated  company,  in  which  there  are  12  shareholders.  W.  H.  Taylor  is  the 
president,  and  JOSEPH  MOORK  superintendent. 

Union  Iron-vrorks.  —  The  Union  Iron-works,  including  foundry, 
machine-shops,  and  boiler-shops,  occupy  a  lot  on  Mission  Street,  extending 
from  First  to  Fremont,  with  a  frontage  of  275  feet  on  each  of  the  last  2 
streets.  The  half  of  this  lot  nearest  to  First  is  covered  with  a  brick  building 
3  stories  high,  above  the  basement;  and  the  other  half  has  a  wooden  build- 
ing. By  the  number  of  their  departments,  the  completeness  of  their  equip- 
ment, and  the  large  size  of  their  machinery,  TiiE  Union  Iron-wokk.s  are 
prepared  to  undertake  extensive  enterprises  in  all  the  main  classes  of 
foundry  and  machine  work.  One  of  the  planers,  the  largest  on  the  coast, 
can  plane  10  feet  square  by  25  feet  long.  There  are  6  cranes  with  power  to 
lift  50  tons  each,  2  large  steam-hammers,  and  lathes  with  capacity  to  turn 
a  shaft  25  feet  long  or  a  balance-wheel  25  feet  in  diameter.  Mining 
machinery  is  one  of  the  specialties  of  The  Union  Iron-wokks.  In  1879 
they  made  the  pumping  machinery  of  the  Union  Consolidated  Mine,  cal- 
culated to  pump  106,000  gallons  an  hour  from  a  depth  of  4,000  feet,  and 
erected  at  a  cost  of  $500,000.  They  give  employment  to  600  persons,  and 
have  paid  much  attention  to  the  intlustrial  education  of  boys,  many  of  whom 
under  their  training  have  become  excellent  mechanics  and  successful  busi- 
ness men.  The  influence  of  The  Union  Iron-works  has  been  used  to  de- 
velop the  iron  mines  of  the  coast.  G.  W.  rRESCOTT,thc  senior  partner,  is  inter- 
ested in  the  Irondale  Mine  in  Washington  Territory;  and  the  second  partner, 
Irving  M.  Scott,  was  one  of  the  promoters,  and  is  one  of  the  chief  share- 
holders in  the  Clipper  Gap  Mine,  California.  The  third  partner  is  Henry 
T.  Scott.  The  present  firm  (I'RESCOTT,  Scott  &  Co.)  in  1S75  succeeded 
H.  J.  Booth  &  Co.,  who,  in  1865,  succeeded  BOOTH  &  Co.,  succes.sors  to 
Peter  Donahue,  who,  in  conipany  with  his  brother  James,  in  1849,  estab- 
lished the  Union  Foundry,  the  first  on  the  coast,  or  at  least  in  California. 
It  made  millionaires  of  the  DONAHUES,  and  has  been  one  of  the  prominent 
industrial  institutions  of  the  coast. 


Peter  Donahue. — The  most  prominent  iron  manufacturer  of  our  coast 
has  undoubtedly  been  PETER  DONAHUE,  who  has,  however,  now  retired 
from  the  business.  Born  of  Irish  parents  at  Glasgow  in  1822,  he  came, 
with  his  father,  in  1835,  to  New  York,  where  he  learned  the  engineenng 
trade,  lie  was  employed  on  a  steamer  on  the  western  coast  of  South 
America,  when  the  gold  mines  of  California  were  discovered,  and  in  1849 


662 


MANUFACTURES. 


he  arrived  in  San  Francisco,  where  he  met  his  brothers,  James,  a  boiler- 
maker,  and  Michael,  a  moldcr.  They  opened  a  blacksmith  and  machine 
shop  on  Montgomery  Street,  near  Jackson,  and  then  moved  to  the  corner 
of  Mission  and  First  streets,  in  what  was  then  Happy  Valley,  where  the)' 
established  a  foundry.  After  the  great  fires,  old  iron  was  very  cheap,  and 
their  castings  were  in  demand  at  good  prices,  so  in  a  few  years  the  establish- 
ment was  a  source  of  a  large  income  to  Peter,  who  had  become  its  exclu- 
sive owner.  His  prominence  in  the  iron  business,  his  wealth,  and  hissownd 
judgment,  gradually  enabled  him  to  take  a  leading  part  in  many  important 
enterprises,  including  the  San  Francisco  Gas  Works,  the  Omnibus  Street 
Railroad,  the  San  Jose  Railroad,  the  San  Francisco  and  North  Pacific  Rail- 
road, and  the  construction  of  the  United  States  steamer  Saranac,  of  the 
monitor  Comanche,  of  various  merchant  steamers,  and  of  notable  build 
ings.  His  work  has  left  a  permanent  impress  on  California,  and  especially 
CMi  San  Francisco. 

.^tna  Iron-works. — One  of  the  oldest  and  most  prominent  iron  manu- 
facturing establishments  on  our  coast  is  the  ^tna  Iron-works  started  on 
Sutter  Street,  between  Montgomery  and  Sansome,  in  1857,  by  TilOM.VS 
Penderg.\ST,  and  moved  to  the  present  site  at  217  to  221  Fremont  Street, 
between  Howard  and  Folsom,  in  San  Francisco.  The  works  include  pat- 
tern, foundry,  blacksmithing,  and  machine-shop  departments,  supplied  with 
all  the  complex  and  fine  implements  required  for  a  foundry  and  machine- 
shop  of  the  superior  class.  The  blacksmith-shop  connects  the  machine- 
shop  with  the  foundrj',  and  has  a  3-ton  hammer.  The  foundry  is  80  feet 
long  and  40  wide,  with  an  L,  and  contains  2  cupola  furnaces,  capa- 
ble of  melting  15  tons  of  iron  daily.  The  machine-shop,  occupying  the 
main  building,  90  feet  long,  80  wide,  and  3  stories  high,  embraces  all  the 
latest  improvements  in  heavy  tools,  such  as  lathes,  boring,  planing,  and 
slotting  machines.  The  principal  products  of  The  ^Etna  IRONWORKS 
are  designed  for  mining  purposes,  and  include  engines,  boilers,  amalgama- 
tors, ore-breaker.s,  smelters  for  reducing  argentiferous  galena  and  copper 
ores,  and  hoisting  and  pumping  engines.  The  WHITE  Rotary  Furnace,  of 
which  George  W.  White  is  the  inventor  and  sole  owner,  is  manufactured 
exclusively  in  this  establishment,  of  which  the  present  proprietors  arc 
Thomas  Pendergast,  James  Pendergast,  and  George  Johnson. 
The  number  of  men  employed  varies  from  80  to  1 20. 

Fulton  Iron-works. — The  Fulton  Iron-works  on  the  corner  of 
Fremont  and  Howard  streets,  prominent  among  the  large  iron  manufactur- 
ing establishments  of  San  Francisco,  were  founded  by  D.  B.  HiNCKLEV  in 


IRON. 


663 


1855,  and  are  now  owned  by  D.  B.  HiNCKLEY,  jAMES  Spiers,  and  D.  E. 
Hayes  in  partnership.  They  give  employment  to  300  persons,  and  the 
value  of  their  annual  production  is  about  $800,000.  The  foundry,  boiler, 
and  machine  departments  are  extensive,  and  well  supplied  with  machinery, 
stock,  skill,  and  experience  for  undertaking  large  and  costly  enterprises. 
They  have  manufactured  the  iron-work  for  many  quartz-mills  of  all  sizes, 
from  5  to  60  stamps,  and  they  .supplied  the  engines  for  the  ocean  steamers 
State  of  Soiiora,  Thomas  A.  IVhitclaiv,  and  C.  R.  Bishop.  In  their  cupola 
furnaces  20  tons  of  iron  can  be  melted  in  a  day;  their  large  lathe  has  14 
feet  swing;  their  principal  planer  can  plane  surfaces  20  feet  long  and  5  feet 
square,  and  one  of  their  steam-hammers  can  strike  a  blow  with  a  weight  of 
1 1  ton.s. 

Pacific  Iron- works. — The  Pacific  Irox-works,  established  in  1850, 
and  long  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  noted  industrial  establishments  of 
our  country,  have  pattern,  molding,  smithing,  machine,  and  boiler  depart- 
ments, with  all  the  mechanical  appliances,  technical  experience,  and  the 
best  engineering  ability  requisite  for  the  complete  production  within  their 
own  establishment  of  the  various  kinds  of  heavy  machinery  most  in  de- 
mand on  our  slope.  They  make  a  specialty  of  machinciy  for  mines,  mills, 
and  smelting-works,  and  creditable  samples  of  their  production  can  be 
found  in  nearly  every  mining  camp  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Many 
of  the  most  successful  mining  enterprises  of  the  country  use  the  hoisting- 
works,  mills,  and  other  products  of  THE  PACIFIC  IRON-WORK.S.  Within 
the  past  few  years,  extensive  orders  have  been  received  from  the  Japanese 
Government,  and  from  Central  and  South  .Vmerica.  They  employ  from 
200  to  300  men,  and  consume  4,000  to  5,000  tons  of  pig,  bar,  and  plate 
iron  annually.  For  the  last  20  years  the  business  has  been  conducted  by 
Rankin,  Brayton  &  Co. 

iimpire  Foundry. — The  Empire  Foundry  and  Machine-shop.s,  at  135- 
143  Fremont  Street,  of  SAVAGE  &  Sons,  make  all  descriptions  of  machinery, 
for  agricultural,  mining,  shipping,  architectural,  or  ornamental  purposes. 
Among  the  products  of  this  establishment  are  the  cast-iron  fronts  of  the 
Palace  and  Baldwin  hotels,  the  stairs  of  the  Hall  of  Records,  the  entrance  col- 
umns of  the  New  City  Hall,  of  SHERWOOD'S  Union  Block,  of  HUNTINGTON, 
Hopkins  &  Co.'s  new  building,  of  Crocker's  business  buildings,  O'Con- 
nor's Block,  all  in  San  Francisco;  of  the  Opera  House  at  Salt  Lake,  of 
Baker's  Block  at  Los  Angeles,  and  of  the  New  Palace  at  Honolulu. 

Salem  Iron  Works. — The  Salem  Iron  Works  were  established  in  i860 
by  B.  F.  Drake,  the  present  owner,  and  for  the  last  15  years  have  been 


664 


MANUrACrUREH. 


under  the  foremanship  of  John  Holman'.  Thc\-  cover  a  space  82  feet  lonjr 
by  75  wide,  ,L;ivinj,r  employment  to  12  men,  who  turn  out  a  ^rcat  variety  of 
engines,  machinery,  and  castings.  The  average  wages  arc  $3  per  daj'.  Mr. 
Dr.VKE  came  to  our  coast  in  1851,  and  after  mining  for  a  short  time  in 
Nevada  County,  California,  moved  to  Oregon  City,  where  he  remained  till 
he  engaged  in  the  iron  business  at  Salem. 

Albion  Foundry. — One  of  the  most  extensive  and  comprehensive  foun- 
dries on  our  coast  is  tiie  Albion  at  Victoria,  owned  by  Joseph  Si'R.\TT, 
who,  like  most  other  successful  men  in  the  newer  portions  of  our  continent, 
began  work  on  a  small  scale,  and  gradually  enlarged  his  operations  as  he 
accumulated  capital  and  experience.  The  foundr\^  has  iron  and  brass  cast- 
ing departments,  a  blacksmith-shop  with  a  steam-hammer,  a  boiler-shop, 
a  machine-shop,  ;i  brass-finishing  shop,  and  a  bolt-shop.  The  machinery, 
tools,  and  arrangements  for  casting,  forging,  planing,  turning,  grinding, 
polishing,  japanning,  and  enameling  work  for  steamboats  or  mills,  are  com- 
plete. Stoves  arc  made  in  anticipation  of  the  demand,  and  Mr.  Spratt 
keeps  them  for  .sale  in  a  large  3-.story  store  with  an  elevator,  where  he  also 
sells  imported  agricultural  implements.  Having  prepared  himself  to  make 
steamboat  machinery,  Mr.  SPR.VTT  built  the  steamer  Maud,  and  after  buy- 
ing the  Cariboo  Fly  and  the  Wilson  G.  Hunt,  refitted  them  and  jjlaced  them 
on  the  route  between  Victoria  and  Nanaimo,  touching  at  intermediate  ports. 
He  has  commodious  warehouses,  several  large  wharves,  with  deep-water 
frontage,  and  employs  60  men,  exclusive  of  his  wharf  and  steamboat  hands. 
He  also  owns  a  large  mine  of  rich  iron  ore  on  Tcxada  Island,  destined  to 
be  very  valuable  at  no  distant  future.  Mr.  SPR.VTT  .served  an  apprentice- 
ship to  the  trade  of  machinist  under  Sir  John  Rennie,  in  London.  His 
position  in  British  Columbia  is,  and  his  career  has  been,  in  some  respects, 
similar  to  that  of  PETER  DoNAHUE  in  California,  but  unlike  the  latter,  he 
has  not  been  overshadowed  by  railroad  or  mining  magnates. 

The  Victoria  Iron  Works  of  Sil.wv  &  KuNA,  on  Herald  Street  near 
Stove  Street,  in  Victoria,  are  occupied  mainly  in  boiler-making.  They 
occupy  a  building  120  tect  long  by  60  feet  wide,  in  which  they  employ  16 
men,  at  wages  ranging  from  $2  to  $4  a  day.  They  have  been  established 
since  1S76. 

Uavh)  Lister  &  C(j.,  proprietors  of  the  New  Tacoma  Iron  Works,  in 
Washington,  mansdacture  about  3  tons  of  castings  a  day,  besides  doing  a 
large  business  in  :()nnection  with  then  machine-shop,  in  which  they  have 
all  the  appliances  requiretl  for  the  different  kinds  of  work.  One  of  their 
specialties  is  the  making  of  chilled  car-wheels,  several  hundreds  of  which 


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have  already  been  produced  at  their  establishment,  and  have  been  pro- 
nounced of  first-class  quality.  The  orders  received  by  this  firm  are  sufficient 
to  keep  about  40  operatives  in  constant  employment. 

Among  the  other  foundries  of  our  coast  are  the  National  Iron-works,  of 
Marsciiutz  &  Cantrell;  the  Eureka,  of  Thompson  Brothers;  and 
the  Occidental,  of  Steiger  &  Kerr,  in  San  Francisco;  the  Oakland 
Iron-works,  of  IVES  SCOVILLE,  in  Oakland;  the  Hope  Iron-works,  of  H. 
H.  McWnxiAMS;  the  Union  Works,  of  ROOT,  Neilson  &  Co.;  and  the 
Sacramento  Foundry,  of  GUTENBERGER  &  Co.,  of  Sacramento;  the  Globe 
Iron-works,  of  John  Caine;  and  the  foundry  and  machine-shop  of  Far- 
RINGTON,  Hyatt  &  Co.,  of  Stockton;  H.  J.  BOOTH  &  Co.,  of  ]\Iarys- 
ville;  The  Willamette  Iron-works  and  Smith  Brothers  &  Co., 
of  Portland;  White  &  Tenny,  of  Seattle;  and  the  Silver  Iron-works, 
and  Salt  Lake  Iron-works,  of  Salt  Lake  City. 

Railroad  Workshops.— The  workshops  of  The  Central  Pacific  Rail- 
road CoMiWNV  at  Sacramento,  prominent  among  the  industrial  establish- 
ments of  the  coast,  comprise  rolling-mills,  foundries,  and  machine,  boiler, 
pattern,  car,  blacksmith,  copper  and  tin,  cabinet,  and  upholstery  shops.  The 
chief  material  in  point  of  cost  is  iron,  but  wood  and  many  other  materials 
are  also  u.scd  extensively.  The  main  products  in  1881  included  7  locomo- 
tives, 100  cars,  100  truck-wheels  for  locomotives,  9,550  car-wheels,  2,200  tons 
of  iron  castings,  743  tons  of  bar-iron,  1 16  tons  of  brass  castings,  and  repairs 
on  800  cars.  Among  the  materials  consumed  were  3,cxx)  tons  of  wrought- 
iron,  2,000  tons  of  cast-iron,  500  of  sheet-steel,  50  of  pig-copper,  3,000,000  feet 
of  lumber,  1,800  tons  of  coal,  and  1,500  cords  of  wood.  The  space  occupied  is 
1 30  acres,  all  of  it  reclaimed  from  sloughs  connected  with  the  Sacramento  and 
American  rivers,  and  filled  in  with  earth  to  the  high  grade  of  the  city.  In 
1881  a  rolling-mill  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $55,000,  and  it  is  expected  that 
a  larger  mill  for  rolling  Bc.s.semer  steel  will  soon  be  built.  These  arc  the 
main  storehouses  of  the  company  for  its  3,000  miles  of  rail  and  Goo  miles  of 
steamboat  route,  and  the  value  of  the  material  in  store  on  January  i,  1882, 
was  $600,000.  Among  the  articles  kept  in  store  arc  illuminating  and  lubri- 
cating oils;  and  of  these,  230,000  gallons,  worth  $95,000,  were  issued  in  1881, 
the  quantity  of  the  lubricating  being  nearly  three  times,  and  its  gross  value 
nearly  twice,  that  of  the  illuminating  oil.  Employment  is  given  to  1,200 
men,  thus  contributing  much  to  the  prosperity  of  the  city.  Besides  these 
rhops  at  Sacramento,  TlIE  CENTRAL  PACIFIC  RAILROAD  COMPANY  has 
repairing-shops  at  the  ends  of  various  divisions  of  the  road.s. 

The  Oricgon  Railway  and  Navigation  Company  has  extensive  ma- 
chine-shops for  building  and  repairing  cars  at  Portland  and  The  Dalles,  and 
The  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  Company  has  its  shops  at  Tacoma. 
84 


666 


MANUFACTURES. 


Boiler-making. — The  manufacture  of  marine,  locomotive,  and  stationary 
boilers  is  included,  among  other  branches,  at  many  of  the  leading  found- 
ries and  machine-shops  on  the  Pacific  Coast;  and  there  arc,  besides,  a  few 
establishments  which  confine  their  operations  exclusively  to  boiler-making 
and  repairing,  and  to  the  manufacture  of  sheet-iron.  Profits  in  this  line  of 
business,  when  conducted  alone,  are  smaller  than  in  other  branches  of  the 
iron  trade,  and  the  work  of  repairing  is  considered  the  most  lucrative 
portion  of  it.  The  number  of  boilers  made  in  ,San  Francisco  is  estimated 
at  about  500  a  year,  and  their  average  value  at  $1,000  each,  or  $500,000  in 
the  aggregate.  Horizontal  tube-boilers  are  more  in  use  than  other  descrip- 
tion'- The  entire  demand  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  whether  for  steamship, 
factory,  mining,  or  other  use,  is  supplied  by  local  manufacturers,  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  small  boilers  for  stationary  engines,  which  are  occasion- 
ally shipped  round  the  Horn,  at  an  expense,  including  freight,  about  equal 
to  what  they  would  cost  if  made  in  California.  A  single  firm  in  San  Fran- 
cisco has  occasionally  not  less  than  60  or  70  boilers  in  various  stages  of 
progress  at  one  time. 

Plates  for  boiler-making  are  imported  from  the  Eastern  .States,  and  can 
be  laid  down  in  San  Francisco  at  cheaper  rates  than  those  of  English  man- 
ufacture, which  have  to  bear  the  charge  of  import  duty.  Moreover,  the 
laws  of  the  United  States  forbid  that  any  other  than  American  sheet-iron 
should  be  used  in  the  construction  of  marine  boilers.  The  law  also  re- 
quires that  those  in  use  on  steamships  should  be  inspected  once  a  year  by 
an  officer  especially  appointed  for  that  purpo.se. 

There  are  12  establishments  in  San  Francisco  where  boilers  are  manufac- 
tured, and  3  where  boiler-tubes  are  made.  Among  the  former  are  Pres- 
coTT,  Scott  &  Co.  and  The  Rlsdon  Iron  and  Locomotive  Works, 
both  of  which  have  already  been  mentioned. 

Among  the  other  boiler-works  of  our  coast  are  those  of  Pretorius, 
TROWnRilJCiE  &  Co.  and  J.  V.  Mall,  in  San  Francisco;  The  Portland 
Boiler-works,  in  Portland;  and  JOSEPH  Spratt,  in  Victoria. 


Stoves. — The  value  of  stoves  and  stove-castings  manufactured  on  the 
Pacific  Coast,  is  estimated  at  not  less  than  $250,000,  and  the  value  of 
imported  articles  at  $1,000,000  a  year.  At  various  times,  efforts  have 
been  made  to  establish  stove-works  in  San  Francisco,  but  with  limited  suc- 
cess. In  several  of  the  interior  towns  of  California  the  local  foundries  have 
supplietl  the  home  trade  to  a  large  extent,  but  nf)  reliable  statistics  concern- 
ing them  are  at  hand.  One  great  obstacle  in  the  way  of  establishing  stove 
factories,  is  the  difficulty  in  producing  a  new  style,  which  will  not  be  an 
infringement  on  some  pre\ious  patent,  and   llie  high   price  that   must  be 


IRON'. 


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paid  for  any  new  style  or  pattern  which  is  in  popular  demand.  Not  less 
than  $5,000  is  occasionally  paid  by  large  Eastern  establishments  for  new 
styles,  which  the  purchasers  then  patent  for  their  own  protection. 

The  great  number  of  styles  or  patterns  already  patented  renders  the  inven- 
tion or  construction  of  a  new  stove  much  more  difficult  than  is  generally 
supposed,  and  the  liability  to  infringement  of  previous  patents  renders  the 
business  of  manufacturing  somewhat  hazardous.  In  manufacturing  accord- 
ing to  Eastern  patterns,  protected  by  patent,  the  royalty  is  usually  so  large 
as  to  reduce  the  margin  of  profit  to  a  very  low  point;  and  in  consequence 
there  is  little  or  no  inducement  to  engage  in  the  business  of  manufacturing. 

About  $5,000  worth  a  year  of  kitchen-ranges  are  made  to  order  in  San 
Francisco,  of  .special  size  or  measure,  and  they  are  almost  exclusively  manu- 
factured b)'  Jonx  G.  Il.S,  who  also  makes  stove-castings  and  grates  for 
local  hardware  houses,  using  only  Scotch  pig-iron  for  his  work.  About 
$7,000  worth  of  ship-ranges  are  annually  manufactured  by  II.  C.  L.VN'GREHR, 
who  is  the  chief  manufacturer  of  this  line  of  goods  in  San  Francisco. 

The  Alvarado  Stove  Works,  established  in  1872,  and  owned  by  GEORGE 
H.  Tay  &  Co.,  are  located  in  Alvarado,  Alameda  County.  More  than 
$200,000  has  been  invested  in  this  enterprise,  which  promises  to  become  a 
success,  as  their  work  is  equal  to  the  best  from  the  East;  and  their  stoves 
are  free  from  sea-rust,  and  the  corroded  or  broken  parts  can  be  readily 
duplicated.  They  make  a  specialty  of  the  Imperial  Range,  which  for  finish, 
convenience,  and  material,  rivals  any  imported  article.  The  inateriai  u<-,ed 
is  a  mi.xture  of  Eastern,  Scotch,  and  Oregon  iron,  a  combination  nrolucing 
a  superior  quality  of  iron  for  stove-castings.  About  30  hands  arc  employed 
in  the  works,  and  as  their  stoves  gradually  supplant  the  Eastern-made  arti- 
cles, which  they  now  bid  fair  to  do,  they  will  employ  from  150  to  200  men 
regularly.  They  also  manufacture  all  kinds  of  stoves  and  heating  and 
cooking  ranges.  The  Oregon  Stove  Works,  owned  by  a  company,  of  which 
J.  LOWENBERU  is  president,  established  in  i8f2,  produce;;,  on  an  average, 
12  stoves  a  day,  and  finds  a  ready  market  for  them  in  Oregon,  Washington, 
and  Idaho.  They  use  90  per  cent,  of  Oswego  and  10  per  cent,  of  Scotch 
iron  in  their  castings. 


Wire-works.— The  wire  manufacturing  industry  of  our  coa.st  has  been 
much  stimulated  by  the  large  demand  for  wire  cables  to  hoist  ores,  to  carry 
them  down  the  sides  of  steep  mountains,  and  to  draw  street-cars  on  the  cable 
roads.  The  cable  reads  and  wire  ropeways  require  round  cables;  the  large 
hoisting-works  liave  flat  cables,  .sometimes  8  inches  wide  and  seven  eighths 
of  an  inch  tliick.     These  larger  cables,  4,000  feet  long,  weigh  more  than  1 2 


«■ 


668 


MAXUrACTUkKS. 


tons;  and  as  the  transportation  is  very  costly  on  account  of  their  great 
bulk  and  weight,  and  the  weaving  is  done  by  hand,  several  mining  com- 
panies at  Virginia  City  have  imported  their  wire  and  made  their  own  cables 
near  their  shafts.  The  wire  rope  factory  of  A.  S.  Halliuie  is  the  only 
establishment  v>-hich  makes  or  draws  wire,  or  makes  wire  rope  on  our  coast. 
The  raw  material  for  wire  is  rolled  iron  or  soft  steel  rod,  which  is  drawn 
through  a  hole  in  a  hard  steel  plate — the  hole  being  smaller  than  the  rod. 
This  operation  is  repeated  until  the  wire  is  small  enough,  even  till  it  is  as 
thin  as  a  fine  thread.  Mr.  Hallidie's  factory  has  240  such  plates  for 
wire-drawing;  and  of  its  smallest  wires  140  can  be  laid  side  by  side  within 
the  space  of  one  inch.  The  wire-drawing  machinery  is  working  to  its 
full  capacity,  and  is  to  be  enlarged  to  meet  increasing  demands.  The 
wire  factory  is  on  one  side  of  Sansome,  between  Vallejo  and  Green  streets, 
and  on  the  opposite  side  is  the  wire  rope  factory  owned  by  the  same  gentle- 
man. It  makes  cable  ropes  and  wires  of  all  sizes  demanded  here,  to  the 
length  of  4,000  feet.  The  power  for  the  2  factories  is  fur.iished  by  steam- 
engines  with  180  horse-power. 

The  California  Wiue-works  Company,  of  which  A.  S.  Hallidie 
is  president,  has  succeeded  to  a  business  originally  established  in  San  Fran- 
cisco by  George  Dennis  in  1854.  It  makes  screens  for  quartz  and  flour 
mills,  sieves,  riddles,  bird-cages,  fenders,  fire-guards,  and  a  great  multitude 
of  other  articles  for  use  in  kitchens,  parlors,  and  industrial  establishments. 
The  amount  of  wire  used  annually  is  goo  tons.  Wire  is  manufactured  on 
a  small  scale  in  3  retail  shops  in  San  Francisco,  and  by  JoilN  Brush  & 
Son,  of  Albany,  Oregon. 

Saws.  -The  factory  of  THE  PACIFIC  Saw  MANUFACTURING  COMPANV, 
located  at  17  and  19  Fremont  Street,  San  Francisco,  is  the  only  establish- 
ment of  this  kind  on  the  coast,  and  was  put  into  operation  in  1866  by  C. 
r.  SuEFi'iELU,  N.  W.  Spauluing,  and  James  Patterson.  The  capital 
was  $24,000,  which  was  all  invested  in  machinery,  tools,  and  raw  material. 
Previous  to  this  time,  Mr.  Sl'AULUING  had  invented  an  adjustable  and 
removable  tooth  for  circular  .saws,  which  has  revolutionized  the  manufac- 
turing of  lumber  in  all  portions  of  the  world,  which  have  sawmills 
supplied  with  the  most  efficient  machinery.  Saws  with  this  invention 
attached  are  made  c.xtensr-cly  in  .St.  Louis  and  Chicago;  and  nearly  all 
circular  saws  above  40  inches  in  diameter,  made  on  the  Pacific  Coa.st,  are  ' 
fitted  with  movable  and  adjustable  teeth.  About  500  circular  saws  are  sold 
annually  in  San  l'"rancisco  for  sawmill  use  on  the  coast,  the  sizes  ranging 
from  2  to  64  inches  in  diameter,  and  the  cost  from  $1  to  $27.  The  greatest 
diameter  for  circular  saws  is  84  inches.     Of  all  the  saws  manufactured  in 


'  ?l 


wmmmfn 


IRON. 


660 


San  Francisco  three  fourths  are  intended  for  sawmill  use,  and  nineteen 
twentieths  of  the  lumber  manufactured  upon  the  Pacific  Coast  is  cut  by  cir- 
cular saws.  The  company  are  turning  out  all  the  finer  grades  of  hand  and 
crosscut  saws,  and  of  the  latter,  3,600  dozen  are  manufactured  annually. 
They  sell  readily.  The  importations  of  such  saws  arc  also  a  large  item; 
during  1880  there  wcJre  imported  to  this  coast  2,500  dozen  handsaws,  and 
about  15,000  crosscut  saw.s.  It  is  generally  understood  by  the  more  in- 
telligent mcchanicj  of  the  coast,  that  the  saws  of  all  kinds  made  here  are 
of  finer  material  and  better  workmanship  than  those  shipped  from  the 
Atlantic  States.  The  business  of  THE  PACIFIC  Saw  MANUFACTURING 
Company  has  been  a  complete  success  in  every  detail,  and  the  trade  now 
extends  from  South  America  to  all  of  the  northern  territories  of  the 
Pacific.  Employment  is  given  to  30  men,  whose  wages  range  from  $2  to 
$6  per  day.  The  annual  value  of  the  product  is  $100,000,  and  the  raw  mate- 
rial used  annually  is  valued  at  $24,000.  The  steel  used  is  obtained  mostly 
from  Pittsburg,  and  some  from  Sheffield.  Little  difference  in  the  qualities 
of  the  steel  shipped  from  these  places  is  observed,  the  American  being  in 
some  respects  preferable.  Mr  Spaulding  has  lately  invented  a  gouge- 
tooth  and  bit  for  circular  saws,  which  is  intended  to  supersede  everything 
in  the  saw-iooth  line.  It  is  now  being  used  by  several  lumber  companies, 
and  practical  tests  show  that  it  requires  less  power,  cuts  smoother,  and 
needs  less  kerf  to  clear  it.     The  company  have  orders  ahead  of  their  supply. 


Cutlery. — Our  coast  has  not  done  much,  and  for  many  years  to  come 
will  probably  not  do  much,  in  the  manufacture  of  cutlery.  The  high  price 
of  labor  as  compared  with  that  of  the  raw  material,  and  the  low  cost  of 
transportation  as  compared  with  the  market  price  of  the  finished  product, 
give  great  advantages  to  the  manufacturers  of  Europe  and  Eastern 
America.  Notwithstanding  the.se  advantages,  however,  a  small  business 
has  been  done  on  our  slope  in  making  cutlery  adapted  to  special  wants. 
The  first  cutler  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  was  William  Walkf.R,  who 
made  knives,  razors,  and  scissors  at  Salt  Lake  City  in  185 1.  HUGII  Mc- 
CoNNELL,  of  San  Francisco,  in  1852  made  butcher  knives  and  bowie 
knives,  the  latter  being  of  excellent  temper  and  mounted  with  sHver,  or 
even  gold,  in  such  manner  that  a  knife  sold  for  $100  or  more.  San 
Francisco  carving  knives,  finished  with  care  and  much  elegance  of  form, 
command  high  prices,  and  find  a  sale  in  New  York.  The  principal 
cutlers  on  our  coast  at  present  are  VViLL  &  FiNCK  (successors  of  Mc- 
CoNNELL)  and  Michael  Price,  of  San  Francisco.  The  annual  product 
is  worth  about  $60,000;  the  number  of  tren  employed  is  50,  and  their 
wages  are  $3. 50  a  day. 


670 


MANUFACTURES. 


Files. — Oiir  coast  consumes  files  to  the  value  of  several  Inindrcc!  thou- 
saml  dollars  annually,  and  imports  nearly  all.  \\"c  lia\'e  no  factory  engaj^cd 
in  making  files  for  the  trade,  but  a  dozen  mechanics  are  employed  in  4  San 
Francisco  shops  in  rccutting  files;  and  some  work  of  the  same  kind  is  done 
in  the  shops  of  TlIE  CENTRAL  PACIFIC  RAILROAD  Co.MPANY  at  Sacra- 
mento. A  few  files  and  rasps  of  odd  shapes  arc  made  out  of  old  material; 
hut  the  file-cutting  business  of  the  coast  as  a  whole  is  insignificant.  About 
1870  there  were  3  factories  making  files  for  the  trade,  and  it  was  supposed 
the  business  was  on  a  secure  basis.  The  C.vliforn'i.v  File  Comi'.i.w  in 
one  year  produced  files  worth  $20,000,  but  the  enterprise  became  unprofit- 
able when  the  market  obtained  cheaper  supplies  by  rail  from  Eastern 
factories. 

Miscellaneous  Tools. — The  only  factories  on  our  coast  of  miscellaneous 
mechanical  tools,  of  class'es  not  heretofore  mentioned, 'tire  in  San  Francisco. 
The  California  Tool  Works  make  edged  tools,  and  also  dies  and 
punches  for  shoemakers,  tinners,  and  printers,  and  various  agricultural  im- 
plements. Bauer  Broiiieks  manufacture  tools  for  shoemakers  and 
saddlers;  Abner  DoiiLE  makes  tools  for  blacksmiths,  masons,  and  miners. 
The  Sax  Fuaxci.sco  Tool  Company  devote  most  of  their  attention 
to  the  manufacture  of  heavy  machines  and  tools  for  turnirig  and  planing 
iron,  but  produce  small  tools  al.so.  All  these  establishments,  however,  de- 
pend to  a  large  extent  on  orders  for  their  business,  and  could  not  compete 
with  Eastern  factories  advantageously,  if  they  depended  exclusively  on  pro- 
duction for  the  trade. 

The  instruments  of  civil  engineers  and  the  tools  of  machinists  are  mostly 
imported  from  Eastern  States,  with  a  small  percentage  from  Germany 
and  England ;  the  last,  although  generally  considered  the  best,  find  a 
limited  sale  on  account  of  their  high  price.  The  tools  used  by  the  large 
foundries  and  machine-shops  are  mostly  imported  by  these  institution.s,  and 
it  is  impossible  to  get  a  trustworthy  estimate  of  the  yearly  consumption  on 
this  coast. 

Abner  Doble. — Tools  for  blacksmiths,  stone-cutters,  and  miners  have 
been  manufactured  in  San  Francisco  since  1850  by  AnXER  DOHLE.  His 
factory  is  situated  at  13  Fremont  .Street.  The  shop,  in  the  rear  of  the 
salesroom,  is  a  large,  well-arranged  room,  containing  2  steam-hammers, 
forges,  and  various  machinery.  Fourteen  men  are  employed,  the  mechan- 
ics receiving  $4  per  day  and  the  helpers  $2.25  per  day.  Mr.  DoiiLE  is 
agent  for  Thomas  Firth  &  Sox,  Sheffield,  England,  from  whom  he  gets 
his  steel.  About  1 50  tons  of  steel  is  on  hand  constantly,  and  the  tools 
manufactured  annually  by  him  are  worth  about  $24,000.     Mr.  DOBLE,  a 


IRON. 


671 


native  of  Indiana,  came  to  California  in   1850,  and  immediately  after  his 
arrival,  commenced  working  at  his  trade,  to  which  he  has  since  been  faithful. 

John  Wright,  of  San  Francisco,  is  the  only  manufacturer  of  picks  for 
the  trade  on  our  coast.  His  annual  sales  vary  from  1,500  to  2,000  dozens 
annually,  including  picks  made  to  his  order  and  under  his  supervision  in 
the  Eastern  States. 

Fire-arms. — As  in  cutlery,  so  in  fire-arms,  this  coast  can  not  compete 
with  the  Eastern  States  or  England  in  manufacturing  for  the  general 
market ;  and  our  local  production  has  been  limited  to  the  supply  of  special 
and  exceptional  wants.  A  few  cannon  have  been  cast,  and  many  fine 
rifles  and  shot-guns  have  been  put  together  here — most  of  the  parts  having 
been  manufactured  in  the  East;  but  this  work  was  either  done  to  order  or 
the  weapons  were  of  patterns  which  could  not  be  matched  among  the  goods 
manufactured  elsewhere  for  the  trade. 

N.  Curry  &  Brother. — This  house  was  established  in  San  Francisco  in 
1852  by  Charles  Curry,  who  then  moved  from  Philadelphia,  where  he 
had  been  engaged  in  the  same  business  since  1837.  He  opened  a  store  on 
Commercial  Street,  and  afterwards  moved  to  the  corner  of  Commercial  and 
Battery,  where  he  remained  till  his  death  in  1863.  From  the  profits  of  his 
business  and  of  judicious  investments  in  real  estate,  he  accumulated  a  hand- 
some fortune  which  he  left  to  his  brothers,  N.  and  JOHN  CURRY,  who 
succeeded  him  and  compose  the  present  firm,  the  former  having  been  con- 
nected with  the  house  for  some  years  before.  They  moved  in  1869  to  their 
present  situation,  113  Sansome  Street,  which  they  subsequently  purchased. 
They  have  a  large  importing  and  jobbing  business,  extending  to  all  points 
tributary  to  San  Francisco,  including  Mexico  and  the  Sandwich  Islands. 
They  are  the  Pacific  Coast  agents  for  the  Remington  breech-loading  rifles, 
magazine  rifles  and  shot-guns,  for  the  celebrated  Greener  shot-guns,  manu- 
factured in  Birmingham,  England,  and  used  extensively  by  sportsmen 
everywhere,  and  for  Sharp's  rifles;  and  they  import  largely  of  Colt's  revolv- 
ers and  breech-loading  shot-guns,  the  Parker  breech-loading  guns,  the 
Kennedy  rifles,  and  the  cartridges  of  the  Union  Metallic  Cartridge  Com- 
pany, liridgcport,  Conn.  Besides  their  specialties,  the  firm  deals  in  such 
cheaper  goods  as  the  trade  demands,  carrying  in  stock  everything  in  the 
line  of  sporting  goods,  except  fishing-tackle.  They  have  a  repair  shop, 
employing  several  workmen,  and  manufacture  fine  guns  and  rifles  to  order. 

A.  J.  Plate  &  Co.— The  firm  of  A.  J.  Plate  &  Co.  dates  from  May, 
1850,  when  its  founder,  Mr.  A.  J.  Plate,  commenced  business  in  a  little 


672 


MANUFACTURES. 


outdoor  stand  on  long  wharf  (now  Commercial  Street),  with  a  small  stock 
of  ammunition  and  second-hand  pistols.  Me  was  a  native  of  Westphalia, 
and  having  received  an  ordinary  business  education,  came  to  America  in 
1830.  With  2  brothers  he  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture, 
building  up  a  flourishing  business.  Having,  however,  been  visited  by  3 
disastrous  fires  in  the  space  of  3  years,  the  last  of  which  swept  away  all 
his  property,  he  was  prepared  to  fall  an  easy  victim  to  the  great  Californian 
fever  of  1849.  Leaving  his  wife  and  infant  son  in  New  York,  he  arrived  in 
San  Francisco  in  the  fall  of  that  year.  After  a  few  months  in  the  mines, 
where  he  met  with  moderately  good  fortune,  he  came  to  San  Francisco,  and 
commenced  business.  In  185 1  he  opened  a  small  store  on  Leidesdorff 
Street,  and  added  a  repair  shop  to  his  business.  In  1855  he  removed  to 
Commercial  Street,  and  began  the  importing  and  jobbing  of  fire-arms  and 
ammunition,  in  which  his  business  continued  to  increase  until,  in  1866,  he 
was  able  to  purchase  and  occupy  the  old  Knickerbocker  fire-engine  build- 
ing, at  510  Sacramento  Street,  which  he  occupied  until  his  death,  in  187S. 
Mr.  Plate  left  a  large  property  to  his  family,  his  2  sons,  H.  A.  and  A.  !•'. 
Plate,  succeeding  to  his  business,  in  which  the  former  had  been  a  partner 
since  1S71.  Mr.  Plate  was  among  the  first  to  import  arms  from  Europe 
direct  to  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  he  built  up  a  prosperous  trade  with  our 
entire  slope,  from  Mexico  northward.  The  firm  have  also  had  some  export 
trade  to  the  Pacific  islands,  with  occasional  shipments  to  China  and  Japan. 
Some  years  before  Mr.  PlA'IE'.s  death,  the  firm  had  reached  a  position 
among  the  largest  dealers  in  fire-arms  west  of  St.  Louis.  In  1865  Mr. 
Plate  added  to  his  business  a  department  of  regalia  and  military  goods 
(mentioned  in  the  chapter  including  that  subject),  which  was  carried  on  at 
325  Montgomery  Street.  In  1880  the  firm  moved  to  their  present  quarters, 
Nos.  418  and  420  Market  Street,  where  for  both  departments  of  their  busi- 
ness, they  occupy  3  stories  and  basement.  Besides  manufacturing  fine 
rifles  and  guns  to  order,  they  do  a  general  jobbing  and  repairing  business, 
and  employ  a  number  of  hands  in  their  shops,  at  wages  ranging  from  $5  to 
$25  a  week. 

Among  the  houses  in  this  line  of  business  on  our  coast  may  be  men- 
tioned LiUDLE  &  Kaeding,  Clabrough  &  Golcher,  and  C.  D.  Ladd. 
of  San  Francisco;  and  H.  T.  HUDSON  and  Wm.  Beck  &  SON,  of  Portland. 

Safes. — The  only  manufacturer  of  safes  on  our  coast  is  JON.\TH.\N 
KiTTREDGE,  who  makes  from  20  to  30  annually,  and  depends  mainly  for 
his  patronage  on  banks  and  wealthy  houses,  which  want  large  safes  of 
patterns  or  sizes  not  made  for  the  trade.  The  ordinary  safes,  from  Eastern 
factories,  can  be  sold  here  much  cheaper  than  those  made  in  San  Francisco. 


IKON.  C73 

Not  only  arc  w  igcs  lower  there,  but  the  larger  market  enables  the  manu- 
facturers to  make  a  great  number  of  one  size  and  patttrn,  and  they  can  cm- 
ploy  more  muchincry,  and  relatively  less  highl)'  skilled  labor  than  in  a  shop 
where  only  a  few  costly  safes  arc  made,  each  different  in  size  and  pattern 
from  the  others.  There  is  no  probability  of  much  increase  in  the  manu- 
facture of  safes  on  our  coast  in  the  near  future. 

Locks. — No  locks  are  made  for  the  trade  on  this  coast,  but  there  are  a 
dozen  locksmiths  who  make  them  to  order;  and  .some  of  the  work  done  is 
of  vcrj'  fine  quality.  JOX.MHAX  KitiREDGE,  of  San  Francisco,  makes 
safe-locks.  After  the  construction  of  the  Palace  Hotel  was  commenced, 
A.  M.  Adam.S,  a  skillful  locksmith,  proposed  to  W.  C.  RALSTON  to  estab- 
lish a  lock  factory,  and  supply  the  Palace  with  locks  of  Pacific  manufacture. 
R.VLSTON  gave  thi  lelp  required,  and  the  factory  was  established.  TllE 
Centr.\l  Pacific  Railroad,  The  Kimd.\ll  Carriage  Compaxv,  and 
the  Napa  Insane  A.s)lum  patronized  it;  but  the  general  public  purchased 
cheaper  locks  brought  from  the  Ea.'-t,  .and  the  lock  factory  of  A.  M.  ADAMS 
&  Ci).,  proving  unprofitable,  was  closed. 

Pacific  Chain-works.  —The  only  chain  factory  on  our  coast,  established 
in  1874,  is  known  as  the  Pacific  Chain-works,  at  the  corner  of  Iowa  and  Yuba 
streets,  on  the  Potrcro,  in  South  San  I'^rancisco.  The  proprietor,  Jame.S  E. 
Gordon,  owns  the  land  and  buildings;  the  iron  rods  used  in  his  work 
are  made  specially  for  him  at  the  Pacific  Rolling-mill,  in  which  he  has  been 
a  stockholder  from  the  start ;  and  his  manufactured  products  are  sold 
through  the  agency  of  TllE  GORDON  IlARDW.VRE  COMPANY  at  250  and 
252  Market  Street,  which  succeeded  ihe  mercantile  business  established  by 
him  about  the  same  time,  and  noticed  in  another  part  of  this  work.  He  makes 
crane,  cable,  dredging,  sugar-mill,  mine,  railway-car,  ship,  bridge,  log,  raft, 
coil,  back,  trace,  pole,  lock,  and  stay  chains,  plain  or  twisted;  but  his  enter- 
prise depends  largely  for  success  on  order  work  for  chains  of  special  sizes 
and  superior  quality,  for  which  he  has  been  awarded  several  bronze  and 
silver  medals  at  the  exhibitions  of  the  San  Francisco  Mechanics'  Institute. 
Those  who  are  content  with  the  common  styles  and  cheap  qualities  of 
cTiain  sent  to  our  coast  by  Eastern  factories,  some  of  them  made  in  the 
public  prisons,  are  not  likely  to  patronize  the  more  carefully  selected  mate- 
rial and  the  more  costly  labor  of  the  Pacific  Chain-works.  Mr.  GORDON 
employs  from  5  to  15  men  in  chain-making,  according  to  the  briskness  of 
the  season. 

Springs. — Though  mattress  springs  and  wire  mattresses  are  made  of  iron 
wire,  their  production  on  this  coast  is,  to  a  large  extent,  in  establishments 
8s 


674 


MANUFACTURES. 


engaged  in  the  sale  of  bedding  or  furniture,  and  therefore   mention  has 
been  made  of  them  in  the  chapter  on  textile  fabrics  and  wool. 

The  wagon  and  carriage  springs  sold  annually  on  our  coast  are  worth  $200,- 
cxx),  and  we  manufacture  a  little  more  than  one  seventh  of  the  supply,  the  re- 
mainder coming  from  the  Atlantic  Slope.  The  labor  is  a  large  part  of  the 
cost  of  springs,  and  so  long  as  workers  in  iron  get  from  loto  25  percent,  more 
here  in  wages  than  on  the  other  side  of  the  continent,  it  is  not  likely  that 
the  importation  of  steel  springs  can  be  much  reduced.  The  Eastern  springs 
arc  sold  for  16  cents  and  the  Californian  for  20  cents  a  pound;  and  the  local 
manufacture  depends  to  a  considerable  extent  on  articles  different  from 
those  imported,  as  prepared  for  the  general  market  The  only  wagon 
spring  factoiy  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  is  that  of  TlIi:  Betts 
Spring  Comp.VNY  in  San  Francisco,  located  at  No.  218  Fremont  Street, 
with  a  frontage  of  70  feet  and  a  depth  of  138  feet,  where  all  kinds  of  steel 
springs,  from  the  locomotive  to  the  baby-carriage,  are  manufactured.  The 
factory  was  started  in  1S68  by  WILLIAM  M.  BETTS,  the  head  of  the  estab- 
lishment, and  a  practical  mechanic.  Eighteen  men  are  employed  at  wages 
averaging  $2.75  per  day.  They  import  their  steel  from  the  Eastern  States, 
and  occasionally  from  Europe;  and  about  80  tons  were  worked  up  last 
year.  A  heavy  item  of  expense,  which  puts  this  company  at  a  disadvan- 
tage compared  with  Eastern  factories,  is  the  price  of  anthracite  coal,  which 
is  imported  from  Penn.sylvania  at  a  cost  of  $13  per  ton.  However,  the 
business  is  prospering  and  gradually  extending,  small  shipments  having 
been  made  to  China,  Japan,  and  Mexico. 


Agricultural  Implements. —  The  agricultural  implements  purchased 
annually  on  our  coast  arc  worth  about  $5,000,000,  of  which  amount  Cali- 
fornia takes  probably  five  sevenths,  and  Oregon  and  Washington  a  fifth. 
Four  sevenths  of  the  supply  may  be  manufacured  here,  and  the  remainder 
brought  from  the  Atlantic  Slope.  California  purchases  annually  about 
1,000  headers,  worth  each  $350;  350  threshers,  worth  from  $500  to  $1,200; 
1,500  gang-plows  (tl.:;  largest  with  8  plows),  worth  from  $75  to  $150; 
13,500  single  plows,  worth  from  $5  to  $25;  5,000  harrows,  worth  from  $10 
to  $50;  5,000  cultivators,  worth  from  $10  to  $100;  and  3,000  reapers,  worth 
from  $200  to  $300.  Among  the  articles  of  this  class  made  annually  on  our 
coast  arc  100  headers,  1,000  gang-plows,  3,000  single-plows,  50  hay-presses, 
and  all  the  harrows  and  cultivators  used  here.  The  horse-rakes,  spreaders, 
seed-sowers,  derricks,  harrows,  cultivators,  and  sclf-fecdcrs,  for  threshing- 
machines,  are  bulky  in  proportion  to  weight,  and  arc  generally  made  here. 

Many  of  these  machines  can  be  made  more  cheaply  in  the  East  than 
here.     The  labor,  which  is  a  large  item,  is  from  20  to  25  per  cent,  cheapci 


IROX. 


6/5 


there.  A  factory  there  usually  makes  only  2  or  3  kinds  of  implements, 
but  produces  them  in  great  numbers;  while  here  it  undertakes  to  manufac- 
ture 20  different  articles— but  a  small  number  of  each.  All  the  supplies 
needed  can  be  obtained  there  in  great  variety  and  abundance.  Castings  of 
common,  or  malleable  iron,  may  often  be  bought  from  foundries  which  pro- 
duce them  as  specialties.  Favorable  contracts  can  be  made  for  the  use  of 
the  patents  needed  in  many  of  the  implements.  The  oak-  and  hickory  in- 
dispensable in  the  wood-work,  arc  necessarily  cheaper  there  than  here.  The 
price  of  every  material  and  of  every  class  of  labor  employed  in  the  factory 
is  dearer  here;  and,  as  a  consequence,  the  implement  proiluced  in  San 
Francisco  always  commands  a  higher  price  than  one  made  in  St.  Louis  or 
Chicago. 

The  freight  from  the  Atlantic  Slope  has  a  large  influence  on  the  price  of 
our  agricultural  implements.  The  charge  by  rail  is  $50  a  ton  by  the  car- 
load; on  sailing-vessels  it  is  $10,  but  the  voyage  is  long  and  uncertain,  and 
the  insurance  and  packing  rcvst  more  than  by  rail;  and  besides,  New  York 
is  not  the  place  where  these  articles  are  manufactured  e.xtensively.  About 
one  half  of  the  agricultural  implements  brought  to  our  coast  from  the  East, 
come  by  way  of  Cape  Ilorn.  Most  of  the  implements  made  here  are  of  pat- 
terns not  much  used  on  the  Atlantic  Slope,  or  our  mechanics  have  acquired 
a  special  skill  in  their  production,  or  the  freight  makes  up  a  large  part  of 
their  cost.  The  railroad  charges  for  bringing  a  hay-press  weighing  a  ton 
and  a  half  across  the  continent  are  $75,  or  16  per  cent,  of  $450,  its  sale 
price.  The  construction  is  comparatively  simple,  and,  instead  of  taking  the 
high-priced  oak  for  the  wood-work,  the  cheaper  red  fir  may  be  substituted, 
and  it  is  strong  enough.  A  threshing-engine  weighs  4  tons;  a  threshing- 
machine  from  il4  to  2'/2  tons;  a  header  from  i^i  to  I i^  tons;  a  reaper 
half  a  ton  or  more;  a  gang-plow  of  average  size  600  pounds;  a  cultivator 
from  75  to  750  pounds;  a  harrow  from  75  to  300  pounds;  a  sirglc-plow 
from  40  to  100  pounds. 

About  500  men  are  regularly  employed  in  the  factories  of  agricultural 
implements  on  our  coast.  The  leading  establishments  are  TlIE  Benicia 
Agricultural  Works,  at  Benicia,  to  be  mentioned  hereafter;  Jackson 
&  Tru.MAN,  H.  W.  Rice,  and  E.  SouLE,  in  San  Francisco;  and  Matte- 

SON    &   WiLLlAM.SON,  G.    LiSSENDEN,   JOHN    CAIXE,  and    H.   C.   SlI.UV,  in 

Stockton;  TiiE  Cilico  PLOW  WORKS,  at  Chico ;  H.  D.  Nash  &  Co.,  at 
Sacramento;  J.  EXRIGIIT,  who  makes  straw-burning  engines,  at  San  Josd; 
arid  J.  L.  Hk.vld,  in  the  same  specialty,  near  Port  Costa. 

The  Jud.sox  Horse-nail  Company,  of  which  Egbert  Jud.sox  is 
president,  contracts  with  the  State  of  California  for  the  manufacture,  in  the 


n         :1 


1 


676 


.MANUKACTUKES. 


San  Oucntin  pri-on,  of  Victor  Mowint^^-Machincs,  pulleys,  hangers,  coup- 
lings, collars,  hardware,  and  horse-nails,  employing  60  hands.  Several  of 
the  articles  turned  out,  including  the  mower  and  the  pulleys,  are  the  first  of 
tlicir  respective  kinds  ever  made  on  tlie  coast.  The  work  furnishes  em- 
ployment to  60  convicts.  With  the  exception  of  the  hor.se-nails,  which  are 
made  of  the  best  Norway  iron,  the  raw  materials  consumed  are  products  of 
our  slopa 

Benlcia  Agricultural  Works.— Tin.  Bknicia  Agriculturai,  Works 
is  the  name  I'l  an  incorporatcfl  company,  which  has  one  of  the  largest  fac- 
tories for  agricultural  implements  in  the  Unitetl  States,  occupying  15  acres, 
Including  the  property  long  held  by  the  Pacific  JMail  Steamship  Company 
at  licnicia,  with  a  wharf  ''15  feet  wide  and  600  long.  Although  the  incor- 
poration antl  the  establushment  at  Benitia  arc  recent,  the  cijmpany  arc  in 
one  sen.se  old,  for  tltcy  -po-sscss  the  knowledge,  experience,  skill,  and  credit 
nf  their  predecessor,  Tlir.  SWEEI'STAKK  FLOW  COMPANY,  established  and 
maintained  b_\-  B.UCER  &  H.VMILTON  at  San  Lcandro  for  many  ycirs. 
That  company  had  spent  many  years  in  studying  the  wants  of  the  Pacific 
market,  and  had  found  that  on  .account  of  high  wages,  the  dryness  of  the 
summers,  the  distnnare  of  many  farms  from  ropairing-shops,  and  the  seri^ius 
loss  in  case  of  breaika'^e,  the  farmers  of  California  demanded  very  superior 
i-mplcmcnts :  and  it  was  in  the  manufacture  of  these  that  Il.VKKR  &  HAM- 
ILTON laid  die  solid  foundation  of  the  Benicia  Agricultuial  Wr)rks.  The 
corporation  lias  a  capital  of  $500,000,  most  of  the  stock  hcing  contributed 
by  Baker  S:  Hamilion,  ami  employs  200  men,  all  whites,  at  wages  rang- 
img  from  $1  to  $5  per  day.  They  have  a  sawmill  at  Seattle,  where  they 
manufacture  much  of  the  hard  wood  suitable  for  their  purpo.sc,  obtainable 
n  Washington,  and  the  remainder  of  their  hard  wood  they  bring  from  the 
Mississippi  Valle\-.  Most  of  their  iron  comes  from  Clipper  Gap,  California, 
jmd  Oswego,  Oregon,  a  little  .Scotch  being  mixed  in,  to  get  the  best  combi- 
nation of  toughness  and  hardness.  They  make  Hill's  Improved  Headers, 
the  ]",ureka  Gang-plows,  Sweepstake  Gang-plows  (new  model),  luireka 
Gangs,  Payne's  .Single  Sulky  Plows,  Bcauregaril's  Channel  Iron  Harrow, 
wood  harrows,  Cahoon  and  Gem  sccdsowers,  Gillis'  Horse  Powers,  road- 
scrapers,  iron-gear  spring  wagons,  .seedsowers,  cultivators,  and  other  imple- 
ments.    F.  A.  Hill  's  the  superintendent  of  their  works. 

Jackson  &  Truman.— Among  the  interesting  industrial  establishments 
of  the  P.icific  Slope,  the  agricultural  works  of  Jackson  &  Truman,  at 
6j5  .Sixth  .Street,  San  P'ri'ticisco,  deserves  special  mention.  It  owes  its 
foundation  and  success  mainly  to  the  inventive  genius  of  the  senior  partner, 


IRON. 


677 


who,  finding  that  the  thrcshin};  machinery  used  lo  or  15  years  a^o  was  nut 
fully  adapted  to  the  wants  of  California,  set  his  wits  to  work  antl  made  in- 
vention after  invention,  until  the  expense  of  separating  grain  from  straw 
and  chaff  had  been  reduced  about  50  per  cent.  Mo-t  of  t!ie  iin|)rii\e- 
ments  originated  with  him,  others  were  made  necessary  by  his  inventions. 
First  on  the  list  was  the  self-feeder  and  elevator,  which  saved  the  labor  of 
8  men  on  every  large  thresher.  The  old  system  of  hand-l'ceding  required 
16  men  to  pass  *'■  — ain  from  the  stack  to  the  threshing-machine,  and  ^avc 
them  opportunit:.  '..1  shirk,  so  that  either  the  supply  to  the  machine  was 
insufficient  and  '.  ■  gular,  or  the  labor  was  e.vtrcmely  hard  on  the  willing 
hands.  For  that  reason,  and  because  of  the  great  heat  in  tlx  ihre.shing 
season,  it  was  difficult  to  get  good  men  for  such  work.  TJv  self-feeder 
enables  8  men  to  do  the  feeding,  and  imposes  a  regular  task  on  each,  .v/ 
that  there  is  no  chance  to  shirk.  He  who  can  not  or  will  not  do  his  share 
is  rejected.  Ikside,-;,  on  account  of  the  greater  regularity  in  the  feed,  the 
ordinary  working  capacity  has  increased  25  per  cent.  The  number  of 
steam  threshing-machines  on  our  coast  is  variou.sly  estimated  fron.  4,500 
to  3,000,  and  is  probably  not  less  than  2,1x0.  The  average  length  of  the 
threshing  season  is  70  days,  and  multiplying  that  number  by  2,0c  o  and  8, 
we  have  a  total  saving  of  1,120,000  day's  work,  or  ac  $2  a  day,  more  than 
$3,000,000. 

To  prepare  his  grain  for  the  feeder  and  t  levator,  and  secure  the  regular- 
ity of  the  supply,  Mr  Jack.son  invented  an  imjjroved  distributing  spreader- 
distributer,  which  last  saves  the  labor  of  une  man.  His  spreader  was  intro- 
duced only  2  years  ago,  and  now  more  than  half  the  threshing-machines  in 
the  State  have  elevators  with  spreadtrs  attached.  Another  invention  of 
Mr.  Jackson's  is  a  portable  derrick  mounted  on  a  common  road-wagon, 
the  derrick  being  so  made  that  it  can  be  conveniently  lowered  to  pass 
through  covered  bridges  or  under  trees.  With  the  derrick,  Jackson's 
light-weight  horse-fork  is  u.scd  to  carry  the  grain  from  the  stack  to  the 
derrick  floor,  where  it  passes  to  the  elev.itor  JacksoN's  fork  weighs  about 
40  pounds,  whereas  the  older  forks  weighed  70.  their  weight  being  a  great 
objection  to  their  use.  The  implement  is  called  a  horse-fork,  but  it  will 
soon  be  a  steam-fork,  for  jACKSON  &  Truman  have  bought  a  patent  for  a 
spool  or  drum  which  will  be  driven  from  the  threshing-engine,  thus  saving 
the  labor  of  4  horses  and  one  man.  Mr,  J.VCK.SON  has  11  patents  in  all  in 
threshing  machinery. 

In  Consequence  of  the  introduction  of  his  inventions,  it  has  become 
profitable  to  use  larger  engines  and  threshing-machines,  to  make  the  stacks 
with  more  care,  to  employ  more  trustworthy  men,  and  to  pay  higher 
wages;  for  men  engaged  in  threshing  get  better  pay  now  than  they  did   in 


678 


.\1ANUKACTUI<1:S. 


1870.  Within  10  jcars  the  average  cost  of  threshing  a  cental  of  wheat,  in 
California,  has  been  reduced  from  20  to  10  cents;  a  saving  of  $2,800,000  on 
the  crop  of  wheat  harvested  by  ('alifoniia  in  1881.  The  greater  jiart  of 
that  saving  is  the  result  of  BvRON  Jackson's  ingenuit)-. 

When  he  found  that  he  had  the  exclusive  right  to  manufacture  valuable 
agricultural  machinery,  j\Ir.  jACKSON,  in  1S72,  began  to  manufacture,  hav- 
ing his  work  done  by  contract  in  Sacramento;  the  next  year  he  established 
a  factory  of  his  own  at  Woodland ;  in  1S78  he  mo\ed  to  San  Francisco; 
and  in  iSSi  he  formed  a  partnership  with  I.J.  Tru.MAN,  who  had  been 
manager  for  Hakkr  &  H.VMIL  TON  for  18  years.  They  have  invested  ci 
$ioo,0(X)  in  their  busines.s,  employ  65  men,  and  manufacture  \ineyard  .u'l 
iron  harrows,  hay,  hide,  hop,  and  wool  prcs.scs,  high  and  low  ilerricks, 
tlireshing  and  stationary  engines,  horse-fork.s,  steam-derrick  fork-spools, 
and  self-feeders.  Their  steam-engines  are  supplied  with  an  automatic 
governor  on  the  engine-shaft,  connected  directly  to  a  plain  slide-valve, 
which  is  balanced  by  a  very  durable  and  simple  device,  so  that  the  valve 
will  last  as  long  as  any  portion  of  the  engine,  and  never  leak  steam  The 
entire  engine,  including  the  governor  and  valve,  was  designed  by  Mr. 
J.VCKSON. 


H.  W.  Rice.- Tin;  engine  ;uui  boiler  works  of  II.  W.  RlCK,  embracing 
the  Nos.  52  to  60  Bluxumc  Street,  have  a  frontage  of  1O5  feet  by  120  feet 
dee[),  and  occup)-  a  neat  2-story  buildingwhich  is  suitably  divided  into  a 
machine-shop,  builcr-shop,  erecting-rooms,  paint-rooms,  forge-shops,  and 
storage-rooms.  A  large  power  elevator  gives  communication  to  the  upper 
floors,  where  are  pattern-rooms,  drafting-room,  and  wood-shoiis.  Mr.  RiCK 
first  established  his  factory  in  Haywood  in  1873,  and  moved  to  San  Fran- 
cisco in  1876.  Mis  specialty  is  the  straw-burning  engine,  which  he  was  the 
first  to  make  a  succcs.s,  by  burning  the  worthless  straw  that  is  \\  aslcd  in  the 
har\est-fieids,  making  it  sui)|)l)'  the  fuel  fur  generating  steam  in  lield 
engines.  Mis  first  patent,  issued  January,  1874,  and  reissued  March,  1875, 
has  been  sustaincil  in  2  cases  before  the  Um'teil  States  Circuit  Court,  where 
the  originality  aiul  the  great  value  of  the  inventions  were  generally  recog- 
nized. The  straw-burning  engines  are  iinw  in  common  use  in  California 
and  are  rapidly  being  introduced  into  all  the  wheat-growing  districts  of  the 
Mississippi  basin.  lie  has  now  270  engines  in  successful  use.  In  1881  he 
built  and  sold  45  engines,  and  in  April,  1882,  he  was  building  .^o,  and  had 
already  contracted  for  the  sale  of  20.  1  le  also  manufactures  gang-plows,  saw- 
mills, jack-screws,  marine  and  stationary  boilers,  etc.  He  is  comi>leling  tlu; 
boiler  and  steam-drum  for  an  engine  of  scx)  hor.sc-pnwii-  to  be  used  in 
.Sl'l'.KKV's  enlarged  flour-mill  at  Stockton. 


't 


1K(JN. 


67y 


Windmill'!. —  Tlic  lack  of  raiti,  iluriiiLj  tlie  summer,  rcrulcrs  .soim-  arti- 
ficial supply  of  walcr  ncccssar)-  on  many  portions  of  the  I'acific  Coast, 
anil  the  prcvailinj^  brcc/.c,  ilurinij  the  saini;  season,  maki.-s  the  windmill  the 
cheapest  power. 

Most  of  the  lartje  ttnvns  in  California,  anil  'esiiecially  those  situated  in 
the  agricultural  di.strict.s,  ha\c  one  or  nK^rc  small  factories,  which  .'-upply 
the  local  demand.  Stockton  has  4  such  establishments,  while  San  Fran- 
cisco has  8,  some  of  which  manufacture  ver)-  little.  .Stockton  is  sometimes 
called  the  "Cit)-  of  Windmills."  Within  a  radius  of  a  few  hundred  yartls 
of  the  Yosemite  Hotel,  at  Stockton,  one  ina)-  count  more  windmills  than 
are  to  be  seen,  in  the  same  area,  elsewhere  in  the  State.  The  windmill  fans, 
in  u.sc  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  \ary  from  6  to  60  feet  ifi  diameter  of  wheel. 
Their  cost  ranges  from  $75  to  $2,000,  a\eraging  $joo  or  $250. 

Oregon  pine  and  redwooil  are  the  principal  materials  used  for  the  wood- 
work. The  oblique  vanes  oi-  fans,  ladiating  from  the  shaft,  are  made  of 
redwood,  which  being  light,  and  less  liable  to  injury  from  rain  or  sun  than 
other  timber,  is  well  adapteil  to  the  purpose.  Oregon  i)ine  is  preferred  for 
the  arm-braces,  on  account  of  its  extreme  toughness.  The  iron  castings 
and  brass  bearings  arc,  for  the  most  part,  (obtained  at  tl)e  San  l'"rancisco 
foundries. 

Although  there  is  abundance  of  material  to  be  obtained  in  California,  at 
a  reasonable  cost,  liastcrn  manufacturers  often  contrive  to  .sell  their  mills  at 
cheaper  rates  than  those  made  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  The  wages  of  opera- 
ti\'cs,  in  all  parts  of  California,  are  $.]  a  d;iy,  and  this  high  rate,  which  is  at 
Ica.st  20  per  cent,  above  the  ICastcrn  price  of  labor,  may  probably  account 
for  the  matter.  The  Eastern  mill  is  less  carefully  made,  and  the  wood  is 
often  not  thoroughly  seasoned,  a  defect  wliich  tells  very  quickly  in  the  dry 
climate  of  California. 

Many  of  our  factories  have  some  peculiar  methods  of  their  own  in  the 
process  of  manufacture,  and  a  large  number  of  patents  have  been  issued 
for  various  inventions.  Most  of  the  windmills  made  of  late  years  are  .self- 
regulating,  will  adapt  themselves  to  a  light  or  strong  breeze,  and  will 
stop  revolving  in  a  gale.  Many  improvements  have  been  made  since 
WiM.l.VM  I.  Tusn.N  erected  at  Ik-nicia,  in  1M49,  the  first  mill  ever  built  in 
California. 


Elevators. — Ti)e  m.imifacture  and  use  of  house  elevators  on  our  coast 
aie  limited,  with  few  e.\ce|)tions,  to  San  Francisco,  the  only  city  west  of  tlie 
Rocky  Mountains  large  enough  to  make  a  considerable  demand  for  tlicm. 
All  the  different  kinds  of  machines  commonly  in  use,  from  a  dumb-waiter 
to  a  hotel  pas.senger  ele\ator,  are   manufactured.     Some  very  handsome 


i 


II 


fit 


;  I 


6So 


MANUl  AtTURES. 


passciiircr  c.irs,  fitted  with  dumcd  skylights  of  ground  glass,  \o!iti!atcd  by 
ineans  of  bronze  wire  screens,  and  finished  with  paneled  and  inlaitl  wood, 
have  been  made.  I'or  many  of  these  elevators,  automatic  doors  ;;rc  pro- 
vided, which  are  lock-^d  and  unlocked  by  the  upward  or  downw.irtl  motion 
of  the  cars;  thus  avoiding  all  danger  of  their  being  open  excei)t  at  tlvj 
moment  when  the  car  arrives.  By  the  use  of  elevators  the  objection  to 
renting  rooms  on  the  upper  i1'->ors  of  hotels,  office  buildings,  etc.,  is  entirely 
obviated  ;  and  the  top  floor  is  often  .iio"'e  desirable  than  the  lower  ones,  on 
account  of  its  seclusion  and  quiet.  For  .  idewalk  hoists,  used  in  raising 
heavy  goods  from  the  basement,  wire  ropes  are  rapidly  taking  the  place  of 
chains.  In  the  use  of  chain  hoists  any  sudden  jar  is  apt  to  break  a  link, 
and  when  this  occurs,  the  life  of  the  operator  is  endangered,  and  the  goods 
on  the  platform  are  damaged.  The  wire  rope,  which  is  elastic  and  yield- 
ing, is  now  preferred  on  account  of  its  greater  safety.  Hoists,  worked  by 
hand  power,  arc  used  where  steam  and  hydraulic  power  can  not  be  ob- 
tained. They  are  furnished  with  a  clutch  for  holding  the  load  at  any 
point  of  its  ascent  or  descent. 

Steam,  electricity,  I'.ydraulic  power,  and  hand  power  are  all  used  for 
working  hoists  and  elevators.  A  small  one,  used  at  the  Baldwin  Hotel,  for 
raising  packages  from  the  office  to  the  different  floors,  is  run  by  electricity. 
Hydraulic  elevators  have  the  advantage  of  great  simplicity  and  safety, 
combined  with  smoothness  in  running  and  freedom  from  smoke,  heat,  and 
noise.  A  pressure  of  40  pounds  to  the  .scjuare  inch  is  usually  sufficient,  and 
can  be  obtained  in  most  cases  by  turning  on  the  water  from  the  city  mains. 
Where  this  pressure  does  not  exist,  or  is  insufficient,  a  tank  or  receiver  is 
used  with  a  capacity  of  1,500  to  2,000  gallons.  Air  is  (jumped  in  up  to  a 
pressure  of  80  pounds,  a  id  the  tank  is  then  half  filled  with  water,  by  which 
means  the  air  pressure  is  doubled,  and,  remaining  as  a  constant  head  on 
the  water,  furnishes  power  for  hoisting  purposes.  In  buildings  where  there 
is  shafting  convenient  y  situated,  leather  belting  is  often  usett  for  the  trans- 
mission of  power. 

The  lumber  requir.-d  for  the  making  of  hoists  and  elevators  comes  prin- 
cipall)-  from  I'ugot  Sound,  except  that  which  is  used  for  the  cage.s,  which 
arc  commonlv  made  of  ICastern  ash.  The  wire  rope,  iron,  and  other  mate- 
rials used  arc  mainly  of  home  ])roduclion.  Orders  are  occasionally  received 
by  .San  l"ranci.sco  manufacturers  from  Portland,  ( >regon,  and  from  the 
H.awaiian  Islands,  but  their  amount  is  not  very  considerable.  The  few 
machines  miporttd  from  abroad  consist  almost  cntirel)-  of  co.-,tly  passenger 
elevators,  required  for  first-class  hotels,  and  for  a  Id- other  buildings,  'i  hose 
used  at  the  Grand  1  lotel,  the  Nevada  Block,  and  at  A.  B.  M'.'Creeuy's 
building,  on  Pine  Sireet,  were  made  in  .San   I'Vaiicisco.     The  (irand   Hotel 


it 


jL_ 


IRON. 


68 1 


elcvatdr  lia.j  been  in  operation  for  over  5  years,  running  17  hours,  and 
makinfT  about  500  trips  every  clay  in  the  year.  In  I'.astern  cities,  where 
hotels,  factories,  and  business  buikliuLfs  an;  freciuenll)'  7,  S,  ;ind  even 
10  stories  hi^'h,  elevators  arc  used  much  more  extensively  than  in  San 
Francisco,  where  3  or  4  stories  arc  the  usual  limit.  The  number  made  in 
the  latter  city  does  not  average  more  than  80  to  100  a  \-ear,  and  iheir  \alue 
does  not  exceed  $ioo,(X>o.  The  demand  is  necessari!\-  limited,  anil  depends 
mainly  on  the  number  of  large  buildings  that  may  be  in  course  of  erection. 
At  times  the  orders  received  in  a  single  week  will  exceed  those  for  several 
previous  months;  then  will  follow  another  dull  interval,  during  which  there 
is  little  or  no  busines.s.  A  San  Francisco  firm  has  now  on  hand  an  order 
fur  2  passenger,  4  freight,  and  3  sidewalk  elevators,  ail  for  the  use  of  a 
single  building  now  in  course  of  erection.  Their  cost,  when  complete,  in- 
cluding machinery  and  boilers,  will  amount  to  $30,000. 

The  ui'icertainty  and  fluctuation  in  the  demand  cause  much  of  the  work 
to  be  let  outli.  contractors,  and  very  few  mechanics  find  steady  employ- 
ment in  this  department  the  year  round.  In  busy  times  there  may  be 
30  or  40  men  engaged,  and  in  dull  times  not  more  than  a  dozen.  Only 
first-class  mechanics  are  employed,  and  their  wages  arc  from  $3  to  $4  a 
day.  Most  of  the  elevators  in  California,  and  many  of  tho.se  in  Fastcrn 
cities,  are  made  under  patents  for  hydraulic  elc\  ators  granted  to  PlIILU' 
HlXKLE,  of  .San  Francisco.  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Boston,  St.  Louis, 
Cincinnati,  Rochester,  and  Detroit  all  pay  a  royalty  to  him. 

George  H.  Sanborn's  Sons.  —  A  considerable  portion  of  the  book- 
binders' and  ^nnters  machinery  u.sed  on  this  coast  comes  from  the  estab- 
lishment f  (.iEOK(;k  II.  SaNBORN'.S  Sons,  25  Beekman  Street,  New 
York,  and  152  and  154  Monroe  Street,  Chicago.  The  firm  have  a  large 
factory  on  the  Mystic  River  in  Connecticut.  The  Sanborn  machines  are 
tioted  for  their  easy,  quick,  and  smoolii  running.  Their  embossing  press, 
number  10,  pos.sesses  the  requisite  size  ■>nd  strength  for  all  regular  work  in 
binderies;  number  12,  a  stronger  and  more  powerful  machine,  is  suited  for 
large  surfaces,  and  for  the  hardest  kinds  of  boards,  such  .-.s  the  embossing 
of  quarto  and  folio  bibles;  their  double-elephant  embossing  and  compress- 
ing machine,  number  13,  is  the  most  massive  and  powerful  machine  ever 
intr<x.luccd,and  is  used  for  gilding  large  surfaces  on  card-board,  or  any  very 
thin,  solid  substance,  or  for  mashing  or  book-pressing  for  large  books. 
Their  patent  roller-backing  machine  is  largely  used  in  binderies  wiicre 
cdiltoji  work  is  done,  and  is  the  only  macliinc  of  iIm;  kind  in  use.  SAN- 
BORN s  Sons  have  been  established  since  1852.  First-^lass  medal*  were 
86 


«ir  i-Jflw 


682 


MANUFACTURES. 


awarded  to  them  at  the  London  and  Paris  exhibitions,  at  the  Centennial 
Exhibition  in  Philadelphia,  and  at  other  places  in  different  parts  of  the 
\v(jrld,  where  their  machines  have  been  exhibited. 


Rolling-mills. — Our  .slope  has  2  rolling-mills;  one  at  San  Francisco  bc- 
lon!,nng  to  TlIE  Pacikic  Rolling-MILI,  Compaxv,  with  a  present  capacity 
of  30,000  tons  a  year,  and  another  at  Sacramento  connected  with  the  rail- 
road sho]3s — the  latter  depending  for  its  raw  material  on  old  rails  and  scrap- 
iron.  Tme  Pacific  Rolung-jiii-L  Company  was  organized  May  10,  1866, 
the  original  corporators  being  W.M.  Ai.VOKD,  JoilX  Bkxsley,  D.  O.  Milxs, 
B.  P.  Bruner,  and  A.  H.\V\v.\RD.  They  complied  with  the  conditions  of  an 
act  of  the  legislature,  passed  in  April  of  the  same  year,  granting  a  tract  of 
submerged  land  in  front  of  Potrero  Point,  the  conditions  being  that  they 
should  pay  the  price  to  be  fixed  by  the  Tide  Land  Commissioners,  at  not 
more  than  $300  an  acre  for  the  land,  and  should  also  erect  a  rolling-mill. 
This  tract,  with  some  upland  previously  purchased,  gave  sufficient  ground 
for  their  works,  the  construction  of  which  was  commenced  without  delay. 
In  July,  1 868,  the  buildings,  wharves,  and  machinery' were  all  complete,  and 
in  that  month  the  first  bar  of  iron  was  rolled.  The  capacity  was  then  3,000 
tons  a  )'car. 

The  works  are  divided  into  several  departments,  each  having  its  special  line 
of  production.  In  the  first  are  made  bar,  rod,  and  angle  iron,  I-bcams,  and 
T  and  channel  iron.  Iron  and  steel  rails  are  rolled  in  the  second.  In  the 
third  are  the  puddle-mill  and  furnaces  for  converting  pig  and  cast-iron  into 
wiought-iron.  The  fourth  department  contains  furnaces  and  steam-ham- 
mers for  locomotive,  marine,  and  engine  forgings  of  all  kinds.  The  fifth  is 
the  smith-shop,  for  the  manufacture  of  irons  required  in  bridge,  ship,  and 
car  work.  The  sixth  is  the  factory  for  bolts,  nuts,  railroad  and  ship  spikes, 
track-nail.s,  washers,  etc.  In  the  seventh,  all  kinds  of  coil-chains  arc  man- 
ufactured. Besides  these  separate  departments  for  the  production  of  iron- 
work, there  are  a  repair-shop,  a  box-factory,  and  a  pattern-shop. 

The  machinery  of  the  rolling-mill  is  driven  by  6  engines,exerting  650  horse- 
power and  driving  5  separate  trains  of  rolls.  Eighteen  reverbatory  furnaces 
are  in  use,  capable  of  heating  130  tons  of  iron  in  a  day.  The  heat  gener- 
ated by  the  furnaces  is  utilized,  not  only  for  the  manipulation  of  the  iron, 
but  also  for  furnishing  steam — 40  boilers  being  heated  by  this  means.  A 
\  ast  sa\ing  in  fi'.cl  is  thus  effected.  Two  steam-hammers,  with  a  crushing 
])ii\\cr  of  150  and  240  tons,  resijectivcl)-,  are  u:icd  for  making  large  wrought 
sh.il"';.  There  are  also  3  steam-hammers  of  great  power  in  the  blacksmith- 
sho]}.  There  are  6  machines  for  cutting  railroad  spikes  fn  iiii  the  hot  iron,  and 
each  spike  machine  can  make  75  spikes  per  minulc;  and  7,500  bolts  can  be 


IRON. 


6Si 


made  in  a  day.  Five  machines,  fed  with  hot  iron  bars,  turn  out  fuiishcil 
.square  and  hexagon  nuts.  An  immense  [ilain  ilisk  saw,  which  makes  ,5,000 
revolutions  per  minute,  is  used  for  cutting  cold  iron  of  any  thickness,  sucli 
as  beams,  bars,  pillars  for  buildings,  etc.,  at  any  required  length.  A  large 
quantity  of  new  machiner)',  ordered  from  the  I'last,  will  soon  increase  the 
capacity  of  the  mills  and  introduce  the  latest  im}  rovements.  Scrap-iron 
is  received  from  all  sources.  In  addition  to  the  lo:al  supply,  many  coun- 
tries that  have  commercial  relations  with  San  Fr;  ncisco,  contribute  their 
quota.  Bituminous  coai,  from  Australia,  to  the  extent  of  about  15,000  tons 
a  year,  is  consumed  at  the  Pacific  Rolling-mills.  Gas  furnaces  have  recently 
been  erected  for  the  manufacture  of  coal-gas,  to  be  u.scd  instead  of  coal ; 
and  it  is  claimed  that  ihey  effect  a  saving  of  25  per  cent,  in  fuel,  and  of  50 
per  cent,  in  the  waste  of  iron.  The  mill  runs  day  and  night.  From  430 
to  450  men  are  employed  usually  in  the  different  shifts.  The  rates  of 
wages  are  25  per  cent,  higher  than  those  prevailing  in  the  Eastern  States. 
Common  laborers  receive  from  $1.75  to  $2  per  day;  puddlcrs,  rollers,  and 
mill-men  are  paid  by  the  ton,  and  make  about  $4  per  day;  and  those  in 
charge  of  a  gang  of  men  receive  .$8  i)er  day. 

The  officers  of  the  Pacific  Rolling-mill  Company  are  Wm.  Alvord, 
President,  L.  H.  Bknchley,  General  Manager,  Patrick  Noble,  Superin- 
tendent, and  Ciiari.es  M.  Keexey,  Secretary.  Of  Mr.  Alvord,  some 
account  has  been  given  in  the  chapter  on  Banking.  Mr.  Benciii.EV  came 
to  Cal.fornia  in  1850  and  has  been  in  the  iron  business  since  1852.  lie 
was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  Pacific  Oil  and   Lead-works. 


Rolling-mill  Products  — When  the  Pacific  Rolling-mills  began  work, 
they  made  only  bar-iron,  but  soon  afterwards  undertook  the  manufacture 
of  railroad-iron.  Later  they  erected  puddling-furnaces,  which  enabled 
them  to  make  use  of  pig-iron.  They  do  not  make  sheet-iron,  as  the  limited 
demand  for  it  would  not  justify  the  outlay  for  the  necessary  machinery, 
which  is  very  expensive.  At  present  they  manufacture  railroad-iron  of  all 
sizes  and  shapes;  wrought-iron  shafts,  for  mills  and  steamships;  I-beams 
and  girders,  for  house-building  and  bridges;  rod-iron  of  all  sizes,  from  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  to  6  inches  in  diameter,  both  round  and  square;  and 
strap  and  flat  iron  up  to  12  inches  wide.  They  also  make  chains  of 
various  sizes,  and  all  kinds  of  screws,  bolts,  and  nuts.  The  manufacture 
of  these  articles  amounts  to  7,000  tons  a  year,  exclusive  of  railroad- 
iron.  Iron  bridges  arc  made,  of  many  sizes  and  patterns.  Among 
those  recently  manufactured  arc  one  of  260  feet  span  for  Oregon,  2  of 
160  feet  each  for  the  same  State,  and  one  of  180  feet  for  Oroville,  Call- 


t 


684 


MANUFACTURES. 


fornia.  Shafts  for  steamships  arc  made  in  all  sizes,  a  90-foot  shaft,  in  4 
lengths  with  couplings,  havintj  been  mnde  recently  for  the  steamship  vl/^.i-Zr^. 
Iron  rails  for  street-car  lines  in  San  Francisco,  and  for  several  interior  rail- 
road lines,  have  for  years  past  been  made  at  the  Pacific  Rolling-mills,  but 
steel  rails  were  not  produced  till  May,  1881,  when  the  first  experiment  was 
made,  and  with  such  success  that  they  will  hereafter  be  manufactured  as  a 
part  of  the  regular  business  of  the  factory.  The  demand  for  these  articles 
is  very  large,  and  has  so  fur  been  supplied  eritirely  from  abroad.  The  fish- 
plates, bolts,  spikes,  etc.,  were  mainly  produced  at  the  mills;  over  30,000 
boxes  of  spikes,  each  box  containing  100  pounds,  having  been  made  for 
a  single  company  in  one  year.  All  the  boxes  and  wood-work  used  at  the 
mills  are  made  on  the  premises  in  a  separate  building,  which  includes  a 
carpenter-shop  and  pattern-loft. 


'ill 


'li 


•§.| 


^k 


OTHER  METALS. 


685 


CHAPTER  XXXV.— OTHER  METALS. 

Various  Metals.— The  previous  chapter  treats  of  manufactures  in  which 
iron  is  the  chief  material;  and  now  we  come  to  those  articles  in  which  a 
similar  place  is  occupied  by  other  metals.  These  make  up  a  comprehen- 
sive class,  and  include  jewelry,  silverware,  gold-leaf,  gilt,  plated,  galvanized, 
and  japanned  ware,  refined  lead,  lead  .sheet  and  pipe,  shot,  tinware,  copper- 
ware,  and  so  forth.  The  gross  annual  production  of  our  coast  in  these 
articles  has  in  some  years  amounted  to  $i4,cxx),ooo,  a  large  part  of  that 
amount  consisting  of  the  gold,  silver,  and  lead  obtained  by  refining  base 
bullion,  the  yield  of  which  varies  greatly  from  year  to  year.  Leaving  that 
out  of  consideration,  the  production  amounts  to  $4,000,000,  and  gives  em- 
ployment to  1,500  persons. 

Brass  Foundries. — In  the  manufacture  of  brass  and  bronze  the  foundries 
of  our  coast  have  made  great  progress,  and  have  reached  a  state  of  develop- 
ment which  will  compare  favorably  with  like  work  done  in  the  older  States 
and  Europe.  For  example,  in  one  establishment  alone  may  be  found  the 
following  metals,  all  of  home  manufacture  and  of  first  quality:  the  golden- 
yellow  brass,  called  prince's  metal,  2  parts  copper  and  one  part  zinc;  bronze 
for  gun-making,  machinery  castings,  and  statues,  96  to  108  parts  copper 
and  II  parts  tin;  and  bell-bronze,  36  parts  copper  and  11  tin;  also  bell- 
bronze  with  extra  zinc  to  produce  greater  shrillness  of  tone,  and  other 
kinds  with  silver  or  lead  added  to  .soften  the  tone;  likewise  a  brass  some- 
what ductile  and  malleable,  produced  by  combining  less  than  10  ounces  of 
zinc  with  16  ounces  of  copper,  or  made  crystalline,  hard,  and  brittle  by  ad- 
ditional zinc.  As  in  other  parts  of  the  world,  old  brass  is  used  by  melting 
and  recasting.  Antimony  and  bit.,  th  are  also  used.  The  mixing  of  the 
different  metals  is  done  in  furnaces,  and  the  alloy  is  cast  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  iron.  The  principal  foundries  of  the  coast  are  located  in  San  Fran- 
cisco. The  copper  used  in  our  foundries  is  partly  old  scrap-copper,  worth 
18  to  20  cents  per  pound,  and  partly  from  Lake  Superior,  worth  here  32 
cents  per  pound;  zinc,  mostly  from  Missouri,  costs  4  cents  per  pound  here; 
block-tin,  from  Australia,  worth  18  cents  per  pound,  landed  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, but  formerly  from  Banka  Straits  Settlements,  a  superior  acticlc,  and 
higher  priced;  lead,  5  cents;  and  antimony  16  cents  per  pound.    Old  brass 


I. 


1^ 


686 


MANUFACTURES. 


is  worth  from  lo  to  14  cents  per  pound.  The  price  of  brass  castings  per 
jiouiid  at  the  present  time  is  '',5  cents  for  good  niachincr)-  work,  2.S  cents  for 
second-class  ditto;  for  ship-worlc  25  cents,  and  for  finishers'  work,  from  Go 
cents  to  .$1  ;  aseragc  price  on  all  work  d<jne,  about  40  cents.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  3,500  pounds  of  brass  castings  are  made  daily  on  the  coast,  500 
jiounds,  or  one  seventh,  being  done  in  Oregon;  annual  product  for  the 
coast,  560  tons,  worth  $441,000.  Mateiials  used,  in  tons,  copper  341,  tin 
1 15,  zinc  71,  lead  25,  antimony  <S.  IJelis  are  worth  from  40  to  50  cents  per 
pound,  according  to  size  and  composition.  Steel  bells  arc  worth  25  to  30 
cents  per  pound,  anil  are  mostiy  imported.  Some  brass-work  is  still  im- 
ported, but  it  is  mainly  articles  known  as  finishers'  work.  Wages  com- 
pare with  the  East  as  follows:  molders,  here,  $3  to  $3.50,  there,  $1.50  to 
$2;  machinists,  here,  $2.50  to  $3.50,  there,  $1.50  to  $2.50;  blacksmiths, 
here,  $3  to  $4,  there,  $2  to  $2.50;  laborers,  here,  $2,  there,  $1  ;  boys,  here, 
first  year,  $3  per  week,  there,  nothing;  here,  second  year,  $4,  there,  $3. 
Hours  of  labor,  10  in  summer  and  9  in  winter.  Hands  arc  generally  em- 
ployed throughout  the  year,  except  the  laborers,  who  are  taken  on  and 
sent  oif  as  the  business  may  require.  The  articles  usually  manufactured  in 
our  foundries  arc  pumps,  bells,  gongs,  water-gates,  gas-gates,  fire,  dock,  and 
garden  hydrants,  gas-valves,  steam-gauges,  and  whistles,  and  many  other 
articles.  The  crucibles  in  use  here  are  nearly  all  imported,  worth  about 
$20,000  for  a  year's  supply;  and  as  an  abundance  of  plumbago  is  found  in 
Columbia,  Tuolumne  Count},  California,  and  in  Mexico,  it  is  suggested 
that  it  would  pay  to  establish  a  manufactory  on  the  coast.  In  1880  there 
were  in  San  Francisco  8  foundries,  employing  from  180  to  200  hands,  and 
producing  $190,000  worth  of  goods. 

The  leading  brass  foundries  of  the  coast  arc  those  of  W.  T.  Garratt, 
Weed  &  Kixcjwell,  Greenberg  &  Co.,  and  Olssen  &  Benner  in  San 
Francisco,  and  Joseph  SI'RATT  in  Victoria. 

Garratt's  Brass  Foundry. — The  brass  and  bell  foundry,  and  machine 
and  hydraulic  works  of  W.  T.  Garratt,  had  their  beginning  in  San  Fran- 
cisco in  1850,  and  now  occupy  the  premises  on  the  corner  of  Natoma  and 
I'remont  streets,  the  foundry  being  in  the  rear.  For  years  this  was  the  only 
house  where  bras.s-founding  was  done  with  similar  mechanical  labor  on 
our  coast.  The  business  took  a  definite  shape  in  1853,  and  has  con- 
tinued to  increase  until  now  these  works  are  among  the  most  important 
of  the  kind  in  the  United  States  for  the  variety  of  their  products.  The 
articles  made  by  them  include  bells,  hydrants,  valves,  faucets,  and  mis- 
cellaneous castings,  from  the  smallest  to  the  largest  size,  in  brass,  HabbitI 
metal,  and    other    allo)-s.      In    iron,   and   general    machine   business,  tlic> 


■  I- 


OTHKR    -^n  TAI.S. 


G9~7 


make  prlobc-valvcs,  saftj-'Valvcs,  fiic-hydrants,  water  and  j^as  pates,  ami 
cast-iron  fittinc^s  for  large  pipes.  They  also  carr_\'  a  large  stock  of  iinn- 
pipe,  antl  malleable  iron  fittings,  governors,  hand  portable-blowers,  blast- 
blowers  for  smithies  and  foundries,  and  steam-traps.  One  of  their  speo- 
ialtics  is  Garratt's  jacklicad,  or  miner's  sinking-pump;  its  lightness, 
durabilit) ,  and  the  ease  with  which  the  valves  can  be  replaced,  make 
it  one  of  the  best  pumps  in  use  fur  sinking.  Muddy  aiul  gritty  waters  do 
not  obstruct  its  action.  Mr.  G.\KRA  IT  manufactures  the  1  looker  steam- 
pump,  a  Californian  invention  which  has  received  the  gold  medal  of  the 
Mechanics'  Institute,  and  has  come  out  successful  whenever  it  has  been  in 
competition.  It  is  specially  valuable  for  mining  and  irrigation,  and  boiler 
feed,  and  is  the  best  steam-pump  for  general  use  on  our  coast.  Mr.  G.\R- 
R.^TT  has  the  exclusive  right  to  manufacture  it  west  of  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains. The  largest  and  best  bells  on  the  coast  were  cast  in  these  works.  It 
is  said  that  a  greater  variety  of  work  is  done  tierc  than  in  any  other  estab- 
lishment in  the  United  States.  Almost  everything  needed  in  connection 
with  pipes  for  the  conveyance  of  water,  steam,  gas,  and  air  is  manfactured. 
The  place  is  a  hive  of  industry.  Many  of  Mr.  G.VRRATT'.s  best  workmen 
learned  their  trade  as  apprentices  in  his  foundry  and  shops.  His  products 
find  a  market  in  Australia,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  China,  and  Japan,  as  well 
as  on  our  coast. 


William  T.  Garratt  is  a  native  of  Connecticut.  While  he  was  still  a 
child  his  father  emigrated  to  the  West ;  and  he  grew  to  manhood  in  Cin- 
cinnati. When  20  years  of  age  he  started  for  California  and  arrived  in  the 
spring  of  1850.  For  a  short  time  he  worked  in  the  gold  mines  at  Big 
Deer  Creek,  now  known  as  Nevada  City;  he  then  came  to  San  Francisco, 
and  entering  the  foundry  of  G.  W.  SllULTZ,  was  admitted  into  partnership 
in  September,  1850,  after  a  month's  trial.  On  the  dissolution  of  the  firm. 
Mr.  SliULTZ  retiring  in  185 1,  Mr.  GARRATT  continued  the  business.' 
In  the  conflagration  of  that  year  his  buildings  were  burned  to  the  ground. 
He  again  opened  business  on  Halleck  Street,  and  was  a  second  time 
burned  out.  In  1866  he  started  once  more  near  the  corner  of  Market  and 
First  streets,  and  after  a  prosperous  career  of  4  years  his  foundry  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire  for  the  third  time,  caused  by  the  burning  of  the  Mechanics' 
Mill.  His  loss  on  this  occasion  was  very  heavy.  Nothing  daunted,  he 
shortly  afterwards  commenced  to  build  up  the  establishment  which  he  now 
occupies.  Mr.  Garratt  has,  at  times,  held  large  interests  in  mines,  rail- 
roads, and  steamboats;  and  several  steamers  now  running  in  the  Bay  of 
San  Francisco  arc  named  after  members  of  his  family.  For  more  than  20 
years  he  has  been  an   active  member  of  the  Odd   Fellows'   a'  d  Masonic 


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MANUFACTURES. 


societies,  and  is  also  president  of  Tin:  Territorial  Pioneers.  In  poli- 
tics he  is  a  Republican,  and  between  1870  and  1874,  represented  the  city 
and  county  of  San  Francisco,  as  Senator  in  the  State  Legislature. 

Lead-works. — The  manufacture  of  lead  into  the  various  articles  usually 
produced  from  that  metal  was  begun  in  San  Francisco  in  1865,  and  the 
enterprise,  successful  from  the  fir.st,  now  supplies  the  entire  consumption  of 
the  coast.  The  products  of  the  industry,  including  sheet  and  bar  lead,  lead 
wire,  pipe,  and  sasii,  shot,  bullets,  sheets  and  pipe  of  block-tin  (tin  alloyed 
with  a  small  proportion  of  antimony).  Babbitt  metal,  .solder,  bar-lead,  and 
bar-tin,  amount  to  about  5,300  tons  per  annum,  valued  at  $825,000.  Em- 
ployment is  furnished  to  150  hands,  whose  wages  average  $2.50  per  day  of 
10  hours.  Of  the  raw  materials  consumed,  lead  and  antimony  arc  pro- 
duced here  in  abundant  quantity.  Tin,  of  which  about  5  tons  arc  worked 
up  monthly,  comes  from  England  and  Australia;  and  graphite,  used  to 
gloss  shot,  etc.,  is  also  imported.  About  50  tons  of  lead  pipe  arc  .shipped 
to  British  Columbia,  and  small  shipments  are  made  to  Mexico  and  the  Ma- 
waii:in  Island.s.  The  principal  establishments  arc  TlIE  Seldv  SMELTING 
AM)  Lead  Co.mpanv,  Prentiss  Sr.LHV  superintendent,  whose  works 
comprise  a  3-story  brick  building  70  b)'  80  feet,  and  a  shot-tower  200 
feet  high,  and  the  Pacific  Metal' Works,  established  in  1876  by  the  jires- 
cnt  pro])rictors,  MoKROW  &  Stronc,  who,  in  addition  to  the  manufacture 
of  Babbitt  metal,  .solder,  bar-lead,  and  bar-tin,  arc  the  only  hou.sc  that  pro- 
duces fruit-canners'  solder,  cut  in  pieces  resembling  a  drop,  by  a  machine. 

Plumbing.— Plumbing  and  gas-fitting  establishments  have  sprung  up  in 
every  town  of  importance  on  our  coast,  indicating  a  readiness  on  thd  part  of 
the  people  to  avail  themselves  of  the  household  and  .sanitary  conveniences 
of  the  day.  About  200  shops,  great  and  small,  are  now  open,  the  least 
of  which  does  .something  in  the  way  of  manufacturing.  Capital  amount- 
ing to  $500,000  is  invested,  and  450  hands  are  employed,  including  25 
apprentices.  Mechanics'  wages  average  $3  per  day  of  10  hours,  and  the 
annual  business  is  valued  at  $1,500,000,  including  imports  from  the  States 
east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  as  follows:  chandeliers  and  fixtures,  $450,- 
000;  miscellaneous  harilware,  sheet-iron,  tin,  zinc,  etc.,  $175,000;  plumbers' 
brass-work  and  gas-pipe,  $50,000  each;  in  all,  $725,000.  Lead-pipe  is  sup- 
plied by  home  manufacture,  as  is  also  considerable  of  the  brass-work. 
ICxports,  principally  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands  and  Mexico,  amount  in  value 
to  $10,000.  As  to  the  location  of  the  shops,  seven  eighths  of  them  are  in 
Calif'irnia — San  Francisco  having  125;  Oregon  has  K;  Utah  ami  Nevada,  3 
each;  and  Washington  anil  Arizona,  each  one.  The  most  extensive  plumb- 
ing work  on  the  coast  is  that  in  the  Palace   IhHel,  San  Francisco,  compris- 


OTHER   METALS. 


6S9 


ing,  in  part,  500  closets,  4,000  basins,  and  a  complicated  heating  apparatus, 
the  whole  costing  $350,000.  The  first  plumbing  done  on  the  coast  was  by 
J.  K.  Prior,  who  opened  a  shop  in  San  Francisco  in  1853,  and  upon  the 
introduction  of  ga.s,  added  gas-fitting  to  his  business.  Among  the  whole- 
sale dealers  and  importers  of  gas-fixtures  are  A.  F.  XVE  &  Co.,  McNallv 
&  Hawkin.s,  David  Bush,  Thomas  Day,  and  D.  Lasswell,  all  of  San 
I'rancisco. 

Tin'ware. — Tinware,  as  manufactured  on  this  coast,  is  of  2  general 
classes:  that  made  in  sections,  afterwards  joined  by  soldering,  and  the 
variety  termed  "pressed,"  the  latter  comprising  articles  stamped  from  single 
sheets.  The  manufacture  of  wares  from  sheet-iron,  being  carried  on  in 
connection  with  the  tinsmith's  business  almost  exclusively,  is  included  in  the 
total  amounts  given.  The  annual  consumption  of  these  goods  is  valued  at 
more  than  $1,500,000,  of  which  about  two  thirds  are  the  product  of  our 
home  works;  the  remainder  being  imported  from  the  Eastern  States,  and 
consisting  chiefly  of  pressed  ware.  There  arc  about  125  establishments 
engaged  in  this  industry  exclusive  of  repair-shops;  the  capital  invested 
amounts  to  $500,000,  and  employment  is  given  to  550  hands,  of  whom 
more  than  one  half  are  white  mechanics;  100  are  apprentices,  and  100  are 
Chinese.  It  is  estimated  that  in  addition  to  those  already  mentioned,  lOO 
Chinese  are  engaged  in  small  shops  of  their  own,  or  working  for  proprie- 
tors of  their  own  race  in  San  Francisco  and  some  of  the  larger  towns. 
Their  products,  consisting  mostly  of  the  more  common  articles  of  tinware, 
are  valued  at  $70,000  per  annum,  and  are  sold  in  the  small  towns  of  the 
slojie.  The  average  wages  paid  arc:  to  white  men,  $2.50  per  d.iy  of  10 
hours;  to  apprentices,  from  50  cents  to  $1.50  per  day,  according  to  experi- 
ence and  ability;  and  to  Chinese,  who  are  mostly  employed  on  piece-work, 
f.uni  $1  to  $1.50  per  day.  The  tin-plate,  of  which  750  tons  were  con- 
sumed in  1 88 1,  is  imported  from  Australia,  and  costs  about  23  cents  per 
pound.  Common  sheet-iron  comes  from  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  and  the  better 
qualities  from  Sweden  and  Ru.ssia.  The  importation  of  tin  during  1881 
was  more  than  double  that  of  any  previous  year,  the  increased  demand 
coming  from  fruit  and  fish  canneries.  This  branch  of  the  business  alone 
employs  1 50  men,  one  half  of  whom  are  Chinese.  A  considerable  quantity 
of  tin-plate  is  also  consumed  in  the  manufacture  of  cans  for  lard,  spices, 
«and  milk.  With  the  exception  of  the  fish-packers,  who  make  their  cans  at 
their  stations,  about  one  half  the  tinware  of  the  coast  is  the  product  of  San 
Francisco  factories;  one  hou.sc  in  the  city  turning  out  over  100  dozen  of 
milk-cans  annually,  which  arc  sold  at  wholesale  for  $16  per  dozen, 

I'hu  mining  of  1849  created  a  demand  for  tin  and  sheet-iron  ware,  ...d 


mmim 


•m 


690 


MANUFACTURES. 


prices  were  very  high ;  a  sheet-iron  pan  for  washing  gold  costing  the  miner 
•an  ounce  of  gold.  In  1858  Sacramento,  owing  to  her  geographical  posi- 
tion, furnished  the  miners  with  most  of  their  supplies.  At  that  time  that 
city  contained  14  shops,  and  Marysville  had  2,  the  16  establishments  cm- 
ploying  over  100  hands  and  having  $2CX),000  invested  in  the  business. 
Their  goods  readily  sold  at  prices  100  per  cent,  in  advance  of  the  highest 
I'lastcrn  rates  of  the  time.  San  Francisco  did  not  manufacture  the  wares 
under  consideration  to  any  e.xtcnt  until  i860,  when  the  mining  demand 
had  begun  to  give  place  to  that  of  the  dairymen. 

Among  the  factories  of  the  coast  are  those  of  GEORGE  H.  Tay  &  Co., 
established  in  San  Francisco  in  1848,  and  now  the  largest  on  the  coast;  B. 
C.  Austin;  J.  De  La  Montanya;  Holbrook,  Merrill  &  Stetson, 
and  VV.  W.  MONTAGUE  &  Co.,  all  of  San  Francisco;  James  Dalzell 
and  M.  De  La  Montanya,  Oakland ;  D.  VVeimann,  at  Sacramento;  John 
Jackson  and  Howard  Hogan,  of  Stockton;  M.  W.  Childs,  at  Los 
Angeles;  MiLTON  CAMPBELL,  at  San  Jos^;  and  Goldsmith  &  Loewen- 
BERG  and  D.  CoLE  &  Co.,  at  Portland. 

Coppersmithlng. — There  are  12  establishments  of  this  cla.sson  thecoa.st, 
9  of  which  are  in  San  Francisco,  and  one  each  in  Sacramento,  Vallejo,  and 
J'ortland,  Oregon.  Capital  tn  the  amount  of  $80,000  is  invested  in  the  in- 
dustry, and  50  smiths  arc  employed,  who  are  paid  wages  averaging  $3.50 
per  day  of  10  hours.  The  value  of  the  copper  used  annually  is  $ioo,ooo, 
it  being  Lake  Superior  ore,  rolled  in  New  England  mills;  and  the  work 
done  here  amounts  to  $120,000  more,  making  $220,000  as  the  total  value 
of  the  production.  Imports  of  finished  work  amount  to  $25,000,  and  con- 
siderable work  is  exported  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands  for  use  on  sugar  plan- 
tations there.  The  business  includes  copper-work  for  steam-vessels,  sugar 
refineries,  breweries  and  distilleries,  mines,  artificial  ice  and  soda  water  fac- 
tories, and  for  house  and  miscellaneous  work.  The  first  to  engage  in  the 
industry  was  JOSEPH  MackEN,  who  opened  an  establishment  in  San  Fran- 
cisco about  1852.  The  principal  coppersmithlng  establishments  on  our 
coast  arc  those  of  GicoRGE  A.  TRIPP,  Charles  W.  Smith,  Jr.,  Sanders 
&  Co.,  Wagner  &  Tood,  John  G.  Ils,  A.  S.  Iredale  &  Co.,  Little 
&  Lawson,  Simeon  Mistre,  and  P.  Perev,  of  San  Francisco,  and 
William  Hkaly  in  Portland. 

Oalvanized  Iron. — Galvanized  iron  is  iron  covered  with  a  metallic  coat- 
ing for  the  purpose  of  preventing  oxidation.  In  the  ordinary  method,  the 
surface  of  the  iron  being  thoroughly  cleaned  by  friction,  with  the  aid  of 
diluted  acid,  the  mass  is  plunged  into  a  bath  composed  of  melted  zinc,  to 
which  small  quantities  of  mercury  and  .soda  or  potash  have  been  added. 


^^^m 


OTHER  METALS. 


691 


No  sheets  or  other  large  bodies  of  iron  are  thus  treated  on  this  coast,  the 
local  industry  being  confined  to  covering  small  articles,  as  tubs,  buckets, 
spikes,  bolts  for  ship-building,  hoop-iron,  and  iron-wire.  The  iron  so 
coated  annually  i.s  valued  at  about  $10,000  before  treatment,  and  its  value 
is  increased  from  20  to  30  per  cent,  by  the  process.  The  capital  invested 
in  the  industry,  which  is  carried  on  in  connection  with  japanning  and  man- 
ufacturing small  articles,  amounts  to  $50,000,  and  employment  is  given  to 
20  men  and  5  boys;  who  are  paid  an  average  of  $2.50  per  day  for  the 
men  and  $5  per  week  for  the  boys.  A  day's  work  is  10  hours,  and  the 
working  season  extends  throughout  the  year,  the  market  being  slightly 
duller  during  the  winter  months  ti:an  at  other  times.  The  work  done  is 
principally  for  wholesale  dealers  in  San  Francisco.  Large  pieces,  including 
sheets,  pipe,  etc.,  are  supplied  to  us  chiefly  by  Pittsburg;  which  city  being 
a  large  iron  center  and  commanding  a  cheap  supply  of  zinc,  is  enabled  to 
manufacture  on  a  scale  against  which  our  coast  is  unable  to  compete  either 
in  quantity  or  price.  The  principal  establishment  is  that  of  JOHN  Lee  & 
Co.  at  San  Francisco.  They  employ  15  men  and  5  boys,  and  turn  out 
50  tons  of  galvanized  iron  yearly,  most  of  which  is  manufactured  into 
various  articles  on  the  premises. 

Depending  upon  galvanized  iron  for  its  supply  of  raw  material  is  the 
manufacture  of  cornices,  and  other  architectural  ornaments,  roofing,  etc 
At  least  600  tons  of  coated  sheet-iron  are  consumed  in  this  industry 
yearly.  Capital  amounting  to  $100,000  is  invested,  and  150  men  and  boys 
employed,  the  former  receiving  $3,  and  the  latter  $1  per  day  of  10  hours. 
The  sheet-iron  costs  from  8  cents  to  12  cents  per  pound,  according  to  qual- 
ity, and  the  finished  cornice  is  sold  at  from  $5  to  $12  per  foot,  depending 
upon  the  architect's  design.  The  busy  season  is  from  May  to  December. 
The  principal  establishments  are  those  of  CONLIN  &  Roberts  and 
Joseph  F.  Forderer,  in  San  Francisco;  and  Hexter  &  May,  at  Portland. 

Japanning. — Japanning,  as  done  on  the  coast,  consists  in  applying  var- 
nish to  tinned  or  plain  sheet-iron  ware,  and  drying  in  a  heated  oven. 
Ordinary  articles,  as  the  cheaper  kinds  of  tinware,  receive  a  single  coat,  but 
the  better  class  of  goods  are  treated  se"'-al  times;  each  coat  being 
heated,  and  when  hardened,  polished  by  liana  »vith  powder.  Further  orna- 
mentation is  added,  in  the  form  of  gilding,  or  painting  with  bright  colors. 
The  annual  production  of  these  wares  amounts  to  about  $30,000,  and  the 
imports  of  Eastern  manufacture  to  as  much  more. 

As  the  industry  is  supplementary  to  and  mostly  carried  on  in  connection 
with  manufacturing,  the  additional  capital  required  is  small,  probably  not 
exceeding  $10,000.     A  few  men  and  boys  are  employed,  the  former  being 


6g2 


MANUKACTU'^ES. 


paid  $3  a  day,  and  the  latter  earning  from  $5  to  $8  per  week.  The  busi- 
ness is  principally  in  the  hands  of  J  NO.  Lee  &  Co.,  GEORGE  Tay  &  Co. 
(who  are  referred  to,  the  former  in  the  section  on  galvanizing,  and  the 
latter  in  that  on  tinware),  and  R.  Short,  all  of  San  Francisco. 

Metallic  Signs. — Metallic  signs  made  of  brass  or  zinc  are  .sold  on  the 
coast  to  the  annual  value  of  about  $10,000.  The  letters  arc  .stamped  into 
the  sheet  of  metal,  and  the  spaces  thus  made  are  filled  with  paint,  usually 
black.  The  capital  invested  in  the  industry  amounts  to  $15,000,  and  em- 
ployment is  given  to  about  10  men,  who  are  paid  an  average  of  $2.50  per 
day. 

Mathematical  Instruments. — Mathematical  and  nautical  instruments 
have  been  manufactured  on  the  coast  since  1849,  although  the  business  at 
first  was  small,  and  limited  almost  entirely  to  the  repair  of  chronometers 
and  other  nautical  instruments.  A  few  years  later  a  demand  sprang  up  for 
surveyors'  outfits,  assay  balances,  bullion  scales,  and  other  appliances, 
until  at  present,  the  annual  sales  of  the  class  of  articles  under  considera- 
tion amount  to  about  $30,000,  and  the  repairing  to  $7,000  more.  The  prod- 
uct includes  surveyors'  instrument.s,  as  transits,  levels,  odometer* — the 
latter  for  measuring  distances  traveled  by  a  wheel  ;  nautical  instruments, 
including  sextants,  compasses,  and  mercurial  barometers  (no  aneroids  are 
made  here) ;  a  few  telescopes,  the  lenses  for  which  are  ground  in  the  Kast- 
crn  States,  hydrometers  and  other  gauges,  thermometers  of  the  various  kinds 
in  common  use,  drawing  instruments,  assaycrs'  balances,  and  bullion  scales. 
The  brass  worked  up  yearly  is  valued  at  $2,000;  silver,  to  the  value  of 
$250,  is  rolled  into  thin  strips  for  graduations;  and  selected  wood,  to  the 
value  of  $250,  is  made  into  boxes,  tripods,  etc. 

As  compared  with  the  Eastern  States,  the  works  here  are  very  small,  not 
more  than  6  men  being  employed  in  the  largest,  and  not  more  than  $50,000 
capital  invested  in  the  aggregate;  while  a  single  maker  in  Troy,  New  York, 
employs  200  hands.  Prices  here  are  about  1 5  per  cent,  higher  than  in  the 
Atlantic  States,  but  the  risk  and  expense  of  transportation  of  the  more 
delicate  instruments  are  so  great  that  consumers  prefer  to  buy  here. 
Indeed,  more  instruments  were  called  for  last  year  than  were  turned  out. 
As  to  the  quality  of  their  work,  makers  claim  it  to  be  as  reliable  as  any 
made  elsewhere.  Len.scs  for  tclescojies  and  microscopes  are  imported  in  a 
finished  state.  The  manufacture  of  spectacle  len.scs  has  been  begun  at  San 
i*"rancisco,  and  although  the  business  is  still  in  its  infancy,  enough  has  been 
done  to  promi.se  success  in  the  undertaking.  The  glass  comes  from  Eng- 
land in  squares  a  little  larger  than  a  finished  eye-glass,  about  one  fourth  of 
an  inch  in  thickness,  and  is  ground  on  revolving  stones  to  the  required 


"w^fwupwn" 


OTHER   METALS. 


693 


shape,  and  polished.  The  principal  house  is  that  of  Berteling  &  Watry. 
The  first-named  member  of  the  firm  is  the  inventor  of  an  optometer — an 
instrument  by  means  of  which  lenses  are  suited  to  the  eye.  In  addition  to 
the  proprietors  themselves,  2  workmen  arc  employed.  The  pioneer  instni- 
ment-maker  on  the  coast  is  TlIO.MAS  Tennent.  Other  makers  are 
William  Sciimolz,  John  Roach,  and  Carl  Rahsskopfi',  all  of  San 
Francisco. 

Telegraphic  and  Eleotrioal  Instruments.— The  California  Elec- 
trical Works  were  incorporated  in  San  Francisco  in  June,  1877,  with  a 
capital  of  $600,000.  MONROE  GREENWOOD  is  president  and  PAUL  Seiler 
superintendent.  The  company  acquired  by  purchase  the  business  of  THl 
Electrical  Construction  and  Maintenance  Company  (of  which 
George  S.  Ladd  was  the  president)  and  also  that  of  The  California 
Electrical  Power  Company,  and  is  now  the  only  establishment  of  the 
kind  west  of  the  Missouri  River.  The  works  and  offices  are  located  at  No. 
35  Market  Street,  San  Francisco,  and  the  factory  now  produces  instru- 
ments and  apparatus  to  the  value  of  $50,000  or  $75,000  a  year,  furnishing 
employment  at  full  rates  of  wages  to  at  least  25  or  30  persons,  and,  in  busy 
seasons,  to  double  that  number. 

Among  the  articles  manufactured  are  telegraphic  instruments,  batteries, 
and  supplies,  electric  light  generators  and  lamps,  telephones  and  magnetic 
bells,  electric  fire-alarms  for  cities  and  villages,  district  telegraph-boxes, 
burglar-alarms,  electric  annunciators  for  hotels  and  residences,  electric 
clocks,  submarine  cables,  and  fine  brass  and  model  work.  The  company 
also  deals  largely  in  wire  and  telegraph-poles  and  insulators,  and  under- 
takes contracts  for  the  construction  of  telegraph  and  telephone  lines,  fire- 
alarm  and  electric  light  .systems,  district  telegraphs,  etc.  Connected  with 
this  establishment  are  the  largest  electro-depositing  works  on  the  Pacific 
Coast,  where  gold,  silver,  copper,  ^nd  nickel  plating  are  executed.  An  im- 
portant feature  of  this  department  is  the  plating,  with  silver,  of  copper 
battery  plates,  for  use  in  gold  quartz-mills.  One  ounce  of  silver  is  laid  on 
each  square  foot  of  surface,  and  the  copper  plate  is  thus  protected  from  the 
rapid  destruction  which  unplated  copper  surfaces  undergo  when  exposed  to 
the  action  of  quicksilver  in  the  process  of  amalgamation. 

Clocks,  etc.— The  only  clock  factory  on  our  coast  is  that  of  HERMANN 
Wenzel,  who  makes  pneumatic  clocks  under  his  patent  for  keeping  a 
number  of  clock-faces  in  exact  time  with  one  regulating  .set  of  clockwork. 
The  possession  of  the  patent  and  residence  of  the  inventor  here,  counter- 
balance the  disadvantages  of  high  labor  and  lack  of  extensive  machinery. 


694 


MANUFACTURES. 


A  watch  and  clock  manufactory  was  established  at  San  Francisco  in 
1874,  the  machinery  and  about  70  workmen  being  brought  from  Chicago. 
After  a  few  months  the  works  were  moved  to  West  Berkeley,  and  after  run- 
ning there  a  short  time  the  machinery  was  taken  down,  and  the  enterprise 
abandoned. 

Watch-cases  are  made  in  San  Francisco  by  CROCE  &  Marchand, 
Alexander  Falco,  P.  A.  Giannini,  F.  Smith,  and  Wolff  &  Loze. 

Gliding. — The  art  of  the  gilder  and  plater  is  a  branch  of  industry 
scarcely  more  than  in  its  infancy  on  the  coast ;  not  that  artisans  are  want- 
ing, but  rather  that  the  demand  for  such  wares  is  fully  supplied  by  outside 
manufacture.  Gilding  is  the  covering  of  articles  with  a  thin  sheet  of  gold. 
Plating  is  a  similar  operation  with  silver  or  nickel.  Gilding  and  plating 
are  both  done  with  the  aid  of  electricity.  The  value  of  the  annual  pro- 
duction is  about  $70,000,  from  one  third  to  one  half  of  which  is  in  the 
material  used.  The  manufactured  articles  comprise  amalgamating  plates, 
plumbers'  goods,  and  electric  apparatus,  the  remaining  work  being  mostly 
replating  old  articles. 

The  business  gives  employment  to  20  men,  2  ho-.'s,  and  2  girls — the  latter 
as  polishers.  The  adults  are  paid  an  average  of  $3  per  day;  the  minors 
from  $5  to  8  per  week.  A  day's  work  is  10  hours,  and  the  season  lasts 
throughout  the  year.  The  industry  is  not  sufficiently  extended  to  admit  of 
comparison  with  the  large  Eastern  establishments.  Besides  gilding  and 
plating,  the  metal  nickel  is  used  to  some  extent  as  a  preventive  of  oxida- 
tion and  for  ornamentation.  Nickel-coating  is  carried  on  in  the  same 
shops  with  gilding  and  plating,  and  is  a  branch  of  the  business.  The  value 
of  the  work  done  on  the  coast  annually  is  about  $10,000.  The  nickel  used 
is  from  New  Jersey,  and  weighs  about  400  pounds  in  the  aggregate,  one 
fourth  of  which  is  in  the  metallic  form,  the  remainder  being  salts.  The 
nickel  on  the  various  articles  brought  from  the  Eastern  States  will  prob- 
ably increase  the  consumption  to  $15,000. 

The  principal  gilding  and  plating  establishments  on  the  coast  (all  in  San 
Francisco)  are  those  of  THE  California  Electrical  Works,  E.  G. 
Denniston,  whose  chief  product  is  battery  plate,  and  John  Martell, 
who  plated  small  articles  oy  hand  as  early  as  1857.  There  may  besides  be 
a  dozen  small  shops,  most  of  them  having  no  workman  save  the  proprietor. 
One  man  has  almost  constant  employment  gilding  watch-cases  for  pawn- 
brokers and  auction  stores.  The  value  of  the  importations  of  plated  ware 
is  about  $500,000  per  annum.  This  ware  is  from  the  Eastern  States,  which 
have  not  only  stopped  foreign  importations,  but  are  now  exporting  to  every 
state  in  Europe. 


OTHER  METALS. 


69s 


Oold-beatlng.— The  gold-beater  draws  out  gold  into  thin  sheets  by  ham- 
mering. For  this  purpose  it  is  necessary,  in  the  first  place,  that  the  gold  be 
freed  from  any  alloy  that  would  render  it  hard  and  brittle.  It  is  then 
melted  with  a  little  borax,  and  cast  into  ingots  weighing  about  2  ounces. 
When  cold  the  ingot  is  hammered  out  on  a  steel  anvil  until  its  thickness  is 
not  more  than  one  sixth  of  an  inch,  being  annealed  at  intervals  to  prevent 
cracking.  It  is  then  passed  between  powerful  polished  rollers  until  a  ribbon 
is  formed,  so  thin  that  a  square  inch  will  weigh  only  6^  grains,  being  fre- 
quently annealed  as  before.  The  ribbon  thus  formed  is  cut  into  pieces  one 
inch  square,  and  the  squares  piled  one  on  another  in  packages  of  100  or  more, 
with  a  piece  of  thin  calfskin  between  each  square.  The  pieces  of  skin  are 
4  times  the  size  of  those  of  metal,  the  latter  are  placed  in  the  center  of  the 
former,  and  several  layers  of  skin  arc  put  under  the  bottom  of  the  pile,  and 
also  over  its  top.  The  package  is  then  placed  on  a  block  of  marble  held 
in  a  strong  wooden  frame,  and  struck  with  a  heavy  hammer  until  the  gold 
is  spread  over  the  skins,  when  the  sheets  of  metal  are  removed,  each  cut 
into  4  equal  parts  and  packed  again  between  thinner  skins.  The  second 
package  is  beaten  with  a  lighter  hammer  until  the  gold  is  spread  out  as 
before,  when  the  leaves  are  again  taken  out,  cut,  repacked,  and  hammered 
a  third  time.  Each  leaf  is  now  trimmed  to  a  size  of  from  3  to  3^  inches 
square,  and  placed  in  a  book  made  of  soft  paper,  chalked  to  prevent  stick- 
ing. During  the  operation,  the  area  of  an  original  square  has  been  in- 
creased nearly  200  times,  and  the  hammered  ingot — 6  of  which  were 
required  to  make  an  inch  in  thickness — has  been  so  thinned  that  it  will 
take  more  than  280,000  leaves  to  fill  the  same  space.  A  book  contains  25 
leaves  of  gold,  and  20  books  are  called  a  pack,  which  latter  is  sold  at  from 
$6.50  to  $8.  The  entire  annual  consumption  of  gold-leaf  on  the  coast  is 
valued  at  $100,000,  not  more  than  one  tenth  of  which  is  manufactured  here, 
the  remainder  coming  from  the  Eastern  States,  principally  from  New 
York  and  Philadelphia.  The  industry  furnishes  employment  to  8  work- 
men, who  are  paid  an  average  of  $2.50  for  10  hours'  work.  The  output  is 
all  consumed  at  home,  none  being  exported.  The  first  gold-leaf  manufac- 
tory on  the  coast  was  established  at  San  Francisco  in  1853,  and  although 
other  gold-beaters  have  opened  workshops  from  time  to  time,  this  factory 
has  alone  survived,  and  after  passing  through  several  hands  is  now  owned 
by  James  Newman. 

Se-weiry. — The  manufacture  of  jewelry  on  this  coast  is  principally  car- 
ried on  in  San  Francisco,  where  there  are  about  14  establishments,  great 
and  small,  employing  245  hands  and  producing  to  the  annual  value  of 
$425,000.     The  workmen — classified  as  lapidaries,  jewelers,  engravers,  dia- 


696 


MANUFACTURES. 


mond-setters,  machinists,  and  tool-makers — receive  from  $2  to  $6  a  day. 
The  annual  importations  arc  worth  about  $i, 600,000,  and  of  the  total  sales 
($2,000,000)  in  San  Francisco,  one  half  is  at  wholesale.  The  exports 
amount  to  about  $50,000,  being  chiefly  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  Mexico, 
and  Central  and  South  America.  Gold  and  silver,  obtained  from  our  re- 
fineries, or  by  melting  coin  or  other  articles,  are  consumed  to  the  value  of 
$400,000.  The  gold-bearing  rock  of  the  coast  is  much  used  in  the  industry, 
and  the  articles  made  are  ornamental  as  well  as  peculiar  to  the  slope.  The 
interior  coating  of  the  shell  of  the  abalonc,  a  moUusk  found  along  our 
coast,  which,  when  cleaned,  becomes  highly  iridescent,  is  employed  in  con- 
siderable quantity;  and  tortoise-shell  is  also  worked.  American  jewelry, 
generally,  is  noted  for  tastefulness  and  lightness  of  design;  and  that  turned 
out  on  the  Pacific  Coast  compares  favorably  with  the  products  of  the  At- 
lantic States.  The  jewelry  worn  by  the  miners  of  1849  consisted  chiefly 
of  scarf-pins  having  nugget  head.s,  and  rings  hammered  and  filed  from  .1 
solid  piece  of  metal.  Among  the  first  to  engage  in  the  business  here  was 
the  firm  of  HarrETT  &  SlIERWOOD,  who  exhibited  gold-quartz  work  at 
the  World's  Fair  in  New  York  in  1853. 

All  the  large  establi.shments  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  jewelry  on 
our  coast  are  in  San  Francisco,  and  among  them  are  GEORGE  C.  SlIREVK 
&  Co.,  The  California  Jewelry  Company,  A.  Andrews,  Koehler 
&  RiTTER,  and  D.  VV.  Lairu. 

Silverware  is  made  by  1 1  houses  in  San  Francisco,  although  most  of 
them  are  working  on  a  small  scale.  The  annual  .sales  amount  in  value  to 
$150,000,  of  which  at  least  one  half  is  imported.  About  40,000  ounces  of 
silver  are  worked  up  here  annually,  being  mostly  bars  from  the  Nevada 
mines,  together  with  old  coin  bought  of  brokers,  and  old  silverware.  The 
industry  furnishes  employment  to  75  hand.s,  who  are  paid  wages  averaging 
$3  per  day  of  10  hours.  The  largest  piece  of  plate  ever  made  on  the  coast  is 
a  punch-bowl  and  salver,  weighing  460  ounces.  The  demand  for  silver- 
ware does  not  increase  with  the  growth  of  the  slope,  and  dealers  give  as  a 
reason  for  the  comparative  smallness  of  their  sales,  the  yearly  improve- 
ment in  plated  ware,  both  as  regards  richness  of  design  and  artistic  finish. 

The  heaviest  manufacturing  house  is  that  of  ScHULZ  &  Fischer,  which 
has  been  in  existence  since  1868.  W.  K.  Vanderslice  also  has  an  estab- 
lishment, and  most  of  the  large  jewelry  manufacturers  turn  out  silverware. 

San  Francisco  has  10  establishments  (and  there  are  none  elsewhere  on 
the  coast)  engaged  in  lapidary  work,  cutting,  engraving,  polishing,  and 
mounting  precious  stones.  The  aggregate  value  of  their  work,  leaving  out 
the  cost  of  the  gems,  is  $100,000  annually.  The  workmen  earn  from  $2.50 
to  $10  per  day  for  a  day  of  10  hours.     The  principal  lapidaries  are  GEORGE 


OTHER    MUTALS. 


697 


C.  Shreve  &  Co.,  D.  W.  Laird,  R.  Bosq  &  Co.,  J.  N.  Bretonnel,  Jules 
Lane,  and  Koehler  &  Ritter,  allof  San  Francisco.  Joselyn  &  Park, 
of  Salt  Lake  City,  have  for  several  years  mounted  moss  agate  and  other 
native  stones,  which  find  ready  sale  among  tourists. 

George  C.  Shxeve  &  Co. — In  the  manufacture  of  a  large  variety  of  fine 
jewelry,  GEORGE  C.  SHREVE  &  Co.,  San  Franci.sco,  have  no  equal  in  the 
United  States,  except  one  firm  in  New  York  City.  Many  Eastern  houses 
manufacture  more  extensively,  but  limit  themselves  to  cheaper  work,  or 
to  .1  single  article.  Thus  one  house  may  make  nothing  but  bracelets, 
another  nothing  but  rings,  a  third  nothing  but  brooches,  and  .so  on.  Besides 
making  all  these  thing.s,  Shreve  &  Co.  enamel,  engrave,  set  diamonds  and 
other  gem.s,  do  lapidary  work,  inlay  metals,  .set  clois.sonn^  work  and  bronze 
from  Japan  in  pieces  adapted  to  American  taste,  and  manufacture  all 
classes  of  fine  jewelry.  Gold-quartz  jewelry,  in  the  production  of  which 
San  Francisco  has  a  monopolj',  is  one  of  the  specialties  of  the  house,  and 
is  u.sed  in  sleeve-buttons,  pins,  ear-rings,  lockets,  bracelets,  match-boxes, 
cigarette-cases,  and  other  ornaments.  The  black-quartz  comes  from  Cala- 
veras County,  the  white-quartz  is  mostly  from  Grass  Valley.  Their  cl.lcf 
specialty,  however,  is  the  inlaying  of  metals,  in  which  they  have  surpassed 
all  competition.  They  import  largely,  and  it  is  their  rule  to  import  everj'- 
thing  that  they  can  purchase  in  the  East  of  quality  good  enough  for  their 
customers,  and  to  limit  their  manufacture  to  articles  finer  than  anything 
tliey  can  buy  elsewhere.  This  policy  compels  them  to  employ  the  highest 
artistic  talent  and  mechanical  skill ;  and  their  success  is  indicated  by  the 
originality  and  taste  of  the  design,  and  the  excellence  in  the  workmanship 
of  the  fine  jewelry  to  be  seen  in  their  show-cases  at  1 10  Montgomery 
Street.  It  may  be  assumed  that  whatever  there  is  most  attractive  is  the 
product  of  their  own  factory.  The  knowndge  of  a  connoisseur  in  jewelry 
is  needed  to  appreciate  the  merit  of  much  of  tl.eir  work.  They  employ  73 
men  in  their  factory.  The  firm  was  established  in  1852,  and  consists  of 
George  C.  Shreve,  George  Bonny,  and  A.  J.  Lewis. 

Nast,  Oreenzweig  &  Co.— The  firm  of  Nast,  Greenzweig  &  Co. 
originated  in  New  York  City,  but,  induced  by  the  promise  of  future 
prosperity  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  the  business  was  transferred  to  San 
Francisco  about  10  years  ago.  Since  this  change  it  has  kept  pace  with  the 
rapid  growth  and  development  of  the  city;  and  although  of  modest  dimen- 
sions at  first,  now  ranks  as  one  of  the  prominent  business  establishments  of 
our  slope.  By  capacity  and  knowledge  of  business,  it  has  achieved  a  success 
unsurpassed  by  any  competitor  in  this  line.  Appreciating  the  geographical 
advantages  of  San  Francisco,  the  management  soon  comprehended  that  it 
88 


698 


MANUFACTURES. 


was  destined  to  become  the  natural  base  of  supply  for  the  western  coast, 
and  lost  no  time  in  placing  experienced  agents  throughout  the  Pacific 
States  and  Territories,  Mexico,  Central  and  South  America,  the  Hawaiian 
Islands,  and  Australia.  Jewelry  of  American  manufacture  is,  it  is  claimed, 
superior  to  European  production ;  and  this  firm  has  not  neglected  efforts 
to  convince  our  Mexican  neighbors  that  the  time-honored  prestige  of  the 
Old  World  in  their  markets,  is  destined  soon  to  become  a  thing  of  the  past. 
The  firm  is  located  in  a  modern  building,  533  Market  Street,  where  it  oc- 
cupies 7  floors,  eacn  40  by  160  feet,  as  salesroom,  factory  (including  lapi- 
darj'  works),  and  shipping  department.  The  house  has  issued  an  elabo- 
rately illustrated  cataloj^ue  printed  in  both  English  and  Spanish  (for  th( 
trade  only),  being  the  first  issued  by  any  jewelry  establishment  on  the  coast. 
Nast,  Greenzweig  &  (^o.  have  a  capacity  to  supply  all  articles  in  the  line 
of  jewelry,  watches,  and  artistic  diamond-work.  The  firm  has  a  branch 
establishment  in  New  York  at  176  Broadway. 

SCHULZ  &  Fischer  began  the  manufacture  of  silverware  in  San  Fran- 
cisco in  1868,  and  have  occupied  a  prominent  position  as. workers  in  the 
precious  metals  since  that  time.  Their  line  includes  spoons,  forks,  and 
table  silverware  in  general,  as  well  as  presentation  pieces  requiring  elabo- 
rate and  skillful  workmanship.  Among  th'^  productions  of  this  house,  a 
handsomely  ornamented  epergne,  27  inches  high,  and  costing  $i,2CX3,  is 
worthy  of  mention  as  being  the  largest  piece  of  its  kind  made  on  the 
Pacific  Coast.  The  firm  also  import  plated  silverware  and  fine  table  cut- 
lery. Their  salesroom,  in  which  their  work  is  displayed,  together  with  the 
oflftce,  occupies  the  second  story  of  5 1 3  Market  Street ;  their  shop,  fitted 
with  machinery  driven  by  steam,  being  in  the  rear  and  extending  through 
the  block  to  Stevenson  Street    Employment  is  given  to  22  hands. 


MISCELLANEOUS  MANUFACTURES. 


699 


CHAPTER  XXXVI.— MISCELLANEOUS  MANUFACTURES. 


Tobaooo. — Ever  since  California  was  numbered  among  the  States,  exper- 
iments have  been  made  in  the  raising  of  tobacco,  but  there  was  no  extensive 
cultiv.iion  until  1871,  when  J.  D.  CULP  discovered  a  method  by  which  he 
claimed  that  the  rank  properties  of  home-raised  tobacco  could  be  removed. 
This  gentleman  succeeded  in  iiueresting  several  capitalists,  and  a  company 
was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  raising  and  curing  tobacco  and  manufacturing 
cigars.  Business  was  conducted  on  a  very  large  scale.  A  factory  and  ware- 
houses were  erected  at  Gilroy.  Every  effort  was  made  to  bring  the  goods 
into  favor,  but  without  success,  and  the  company  disincorporated  after  buf- 
fering severe  loss. 

In  1 88 1  there  were  not  more  than  100  acres  of  tobacco  under  cultivation 
in  the  entire  State  of  California.  The  question  as  to  the  real  value  of  this 
tobacco,  or  whether  it  has  any  value  when  not  cured  by  some  special 
process,  is  a  matter  yet  undecided  among  cigar  manufacturers.  A  con- 
siderable portion  of  the  crop  is  shipped  to  New  York,  where  it  sells  at 
wholesale  for  about  25  cents  a  pound.  The  advantage  that  would  accrue 
to  this  State  from  the  cultivation  and  manufacture  of  tobacco  may  be  esti- 
mated from  the  fact,  that  the  imports  of  manufactured  tobacco  for  1881 
exceeded  3,000  tons,  and  amounted  in  value  to  nearly  $2,750,000. 

The  tobacco  factory  of  JONES  &  BrandensteIN,  started  in  San  Fran- 
cisco in  January,  1882,  is  the  only  establishment  of  the  kind  on  our  coast. 
The  firm  manufacture  navy  plug,  twist,  coils,  and  light  pressed  tobacco, 
in  all  styles  and  sizes,  from  Kentucky,  Virginia,  and  North  Carolina  leaf. 
No  seed  tobacco  is  used.  Within  2  months  after  commencing  work,  the 
production  was  at  the  rate  of  nearly  70,000  pounds  a  month,  worth,  at  an 
average  of  55  cents  a  pound,  the  sum  of  $38,500.  When  in  full  working 
order  it  is  expected  that  the  establishment  will  produce  about  150,000 
pounds  a  month,  and  that  the  amount  of  sales  will  be  little  short  of  $1,000,- 
000  a  year.  The  factory  contains  4  floors,  and  is  equipped  with  all  the 
mixlern  appliances  and  machinery.  When  brought  from  the  warehouse, 
the  tobacco  is  taken  to  the  second  floor,  where  the  stem  is  stripped  from  the 
leaf.  It  is  then  sorted  into  different  grades,  and  taken  to  the  top  floor, 
where  it  is  dipped  in  a  solution  of  sugar  and  liquorice,  and  afterwards 
steamed  at  a  temperature  of  160°     It  is  next  put  up  in  bulk,  and  again 


'mm 


700 


MANUFACTURES. 


sweated  in  a  temperature  of  80°.  These  operations  are  executed  on  t'lc 
third  story.  The  final  proces.scs  arc  performed  on  the  first  floor,  and  con- 
sist of  putting  the  tobacco  through  a  machine  to  give  it  the  proper  size, 
binding  it  in  wrappers,  and  pressing  it.  The  manufacture  is  now  co:n- 
pleted.  The  goods  are  packed  in  boxes,  and  arc  ready  for  .shipment. 
Employment  is  given,  in  all  the  departments,  to  250  operatives,  and  before 
long,  this  number  will  be  considerably  increased.  There  arc  46  skilled 
operatives — colored  men  brought  spcciall}'  from  the  Eastern  States — who 
make  from  $10  to  $20  a  week;  and  about  125  white  women  and  girls,  and 
So  boys,  who,  with  very  little  experience,  earn  from  $3.50  to  $7.  All  work 
by  the  piece.  Among  the  employees  are  several  little  girls  between  10  and 
12  jears  of  age,  whose  earnings  are  about  $4  a  week.  There  is  not  a 
Chinamen  to  be  .seen  on  the  premises 


Cigars. — In  the  making  of  cigars,  as  in  many  other  branches  of  industry, 
California  has  undertaken  to  work  on  a  large  scale.  The  United  States, 
with  a  population  of  50,000,000,  manufacture  about  2,000,000,000  of  cigars 
a  year,  or  40  per  capita.  California,  with  a  population  of  865,000  paid 
duty,  in  188 1,  on  more  than  150,000,000,  or  about  174  cigars  for  each 
member  of  her  population.  In  this  instance,  at  Iceist,  it  can  not  be  said  that 
the  people  of  the  Pacific  Coast  are  slow  to  patronize  home  manufactures, 
for  they  consumed  about  98  per  cent,  of  all  that  were  made;  and  imports 
for  1 88 1  amounted  only  to  2,500  cases.  Allowing  an  average  of  8,000 
cigars  to  the  case,  it  will  be  seen  that  less  than  1 2  per  cent,  of  the  gross 
consumption  came  from  abroad. 

It  is  probable  that  the  entire  number  of  cigars  manufactured  on  the 
Pacific  Coast,  during  188 1,  was  not  less  than  165,000,000,  an  increase  of 
about  35,000,000  over  the  quantity  made  in  any  previous  year.  Estimat- 
ing the  wholesale  price  of  these  goods  at  an  average  of  $35  per  1,000,  their 
aggregate  value  would  be  $5,600,000,  of  which  amount  $2,128,000,  or  38 
per  cent.,  may  be  set  down  as  the  cost  of  material ;  $1,848,000,  or  33  per 
cent.,  as  the  cost  of  labor,  and  the  remaining  .19  per  cent,  for  duty,  rent, 
profit,  and  miscellaneous  expenses.  The  number  of  cigars  made  at  the 
larger  factories  owned  by  white  persons  in  San  Francisco  (according  to  the 
statistics  of  the  Internal  Revenue  office)  i.s,  in  .some  instances,  40,000  a 
year  to  each  operative,  and  does  not  average  less  than  ;<o,OOo;  at  the  latter 
rate,  5,500  operatives  would  make  all  the  cigars  that  are  now  manufactured 
on  this  coast. 

The  larger  factories  in  California  are  all  located  in  San  Francisco,  and 
may  be  classed  under  3  different  heads;  First,  those  belonging  to  firms  tha; 
employ  Chinese  cigar-makers,  at  regular  wages,  under  a  white  foreman; 


MISCELLANEOUS  MANUFACTURES. 


70  r 


second,  those  that  furnish  tobacco  to  a  Chinese  contractor,  to  be  manufac- 
tured into  cigars,  and  returned  at  a  fixed  price  per  1,000 ;  and  third,  tliosc 
which  arc  controlled  entirely  by  Chinamen,  and  worked  on  the  Chinese 
system.  There  are  numberless  small  factories  where  none  but  Chinamen 
arc  employed.  Many  of  them  are  conducted  on  the  cooperative  system, 
and  one  or  more  of  the  number  are  employed  to  attend  to  the  outside  busi- 
ncs.s,  and  to  effect  purchases  and  sales.  There  are  also  30  or  40  retail 
dealers  who  employ  2  or  3  white  cigar-makers  on  their  premises,  using  the 
front-room  as  a  store,  and  the  back-room  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

Cost  of  Manufacture. — In  the  fall  of  1881,  the  price  paid  in  San  Fran- 
cisco for  manufacturing  seed  and  Havana  mold-made  cigars,  5  inches  in 
length,  was  $6  per  i,ooo,  against  $8  in  New  York.  For  hand-made  cigars, 
the  price  in  San  Francisco  was  $8  to  $10  per  100,  while  the  usual  rate  in 
New  York  ranges  from  $10  to  $13,  and  for  choice  Havanas  as  much  as  $20 
per  i.oco  is  paid  for  making.  The  prices  paid  for  packing  are  the  same  in 
New  York  as  in  San  Francisco.  In  the  former  city,  large  quantities  of 
cigars  are  made  in  tenement-houses,  and  the  operative  is  usually  assisted  by 
members  of  his  family.  The  rates  paid  in  such  cases  are  the  same  as  those 
already  quoted. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  above  table  that  the  cost  of  labor  in  New  York  is, 
in  the  case  of  mold-made  cigars,  about  33  per  cent,  higher,  and  in  that  of 
hand-made  goods  (not  taking  into  account  the  price  of  $20  per  1,000  paid 
for  manufacturing  the  choicest  grades  of  Havanas),  about  28  per  cent, 
higher  than  in  San  Francisco.  Shipments  of  Californian  cigars  to  the 
Eastern  States  arc  already  being  made  to  the  extent  of  nearly  1,000  cases 
a  year,  and  consi.st  mainly  of  cheap  grades,  worth  about  $1 50  or  $160  a  case. 
If  overland  freights  should  ever  be  reduced  to  a  low  point,  or  if  tobacco  of 
suitable  quality  can  be  raised  on  Californian  soil,  it  is  probable  that  in  time 
we  shnll  be  able  to  compete  largely  with  Eastern  cigar-makers  on  their  own 
ground.  Should  our  manufacturers  be  able  to  establish  their  goods  in  favor 
with  Eastern  consumers,  the  field  for  their  enterprise  is  unlimited.  Esti- 
mating the  retail  price  at  an  average  of  5  cents  apiece,  the  people  of  the 
United  States  expend  at  least  $100,000,000  a  year  for  this  '.ingle  item. 

Inorease  in  Consumption. — The  great  increase  in  the  volume  of  Cali- 
fornian production,  for  1881,  is  no  doubt  due,  in  part,  to  the  opening  up  of 
fresh  territory  through  the  completion  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad, 
and  to  the  persistent  energy  displayed  by  San  Francisco  merchants  in 
securing  this  new  field  for  their  enterprise.  Between  1877  and  1880,  the 
number  of  cigars  made  in  S»n  Francisco  increased  from   108.000,000  to 


■■■HI 


702 


MANUFACTURES. 


112,000,000,  a  difference  of  less  than  4  per  cent,  while  the  pjain  in  1881 
(from  1 12,000,000  to  146,000,000),  exceeded  30  per  cent. 

The  increase  in  the  importation  of  leaf  tobacco  was  still  more  remark- 
able, amounting,  for  1881,  to  nearly  2,600  tons,  against  1,700  tons  for  1880, 
a  gain  of  53  per  cent,  in  a  single  year.  Eastern-made  cigars  were  im- 
ported in  San  Francisco,  during  1881,  to  the  amount  of  2,523  cases,  and  to 
the  value  of  about  $900,000.  Imports  for  1880  were  2,570  cases;  for  1879, 
2,494 cases;  for  1878,  2,354  cases;  ^"d  for  ^^77<  '.789  cases.  A  case  usually 
contains  10,000  cigars.  The  consumption  of  cigars  of  Cuban  tobacco, 
made  principally  in  New  York,  is  decreasing  year  by  year,  as  improvement 
is  constantly  being  made  in  articles  of  domestic  manufacture.  Eastern 
shipments  include  a  much  larger  percentage  of  inferior  grades  than  was  the 
case  in  former  years.  It  is  not  likely  that  imported  articles  will  ever  be 
driven  quite  out  of  the  market,  for  there  arc  many  smokers  in  San  Fran- 
cisco who  would  not,  knowingly,  place  a  domestic  cigar  between  their  lips. 
The  indications  arc,  however,  that  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  the  volume 
of  exports  will  largely  exceed  the  quantity  of  imported  goods.  The  duty 
on  foreign  cigars  is  virtually  prohibitive,  while  that  on  leaf  tobacco  is 
almost  nominal.  A  few  cases  of  foreign  cigars,  consisting  mainly  of 
Manila  cheroots,  are  occasionally  shipped  to  this  coast,  but  the  quantity  is 
inconsiderable. 


Cigar  Factories. — At  the  close  of  188 1  the  Internal  Revenue  office  re- 
ported 251  cigar  factories  in  operation  in  California,  of  which  216  were 
located  in  San  Frtincisco,  8  each  in  Oakland  and  Los  Angeles,  5  at  San 
Jo.sd,  2  each  at  Al.-.meda,  Stockton,  and  Redwood  City,  and  one  each  at 
Berkeley,  Santa  Cruz,  San  Mateo,  Santa  Barbara,  Haywards,  Sonora,  Sa- 
linas, and  San  Felipe.  The  amount  received  from  the  sale  of  cigar  and  ciga- 
rette stamps  for  the  12  months  ending  February  28,  1882,  was  reported 
at  $919,461.90.  The  revenue  law  requires  that  each  manufacturer  should 
file  a  bond  of  $500  for  his  factory  and  $100  for  ejich  person  employed 
therein. 

Among  the  largest  factories  in  San  Francisco  are  tho.se  of  LlEBK.S  BROS. 
&  Co.,  W.  Lewis  &  Co.,  and  the  New  York  Cigar  Company,  each  mak- 
ing over  6,000,000;  I.  S.  ROSENBAUM  &  Co.,  G.  CoilN  &  Co.,  JoilN  .S. 
Bowman  &  Co.,  !•:.  Go.si.in.sky  &  Co.,  Engelbrecht,  Fox  &  Co.,  the 
American  Manufacturing  Company,  the  Espanola  Company,  and  the 
Bucna  Company,  that  make  from  2,000,000  to  4,000,000 ;  ROSCOE  &  Co., 
J.  VV.  SCIIAEKIER  &  Co.,  J.  D.  CULP  &  Co.,  M.  Wertheimer  & 
Brother,  Mayrihch  Bro.s.  &  Co.,  and  the  Arlina,  Chicago,  Colmo, 
Colombo,  Comstock,  and  Cubana  companies,  each  of  whom  manufactures 


MISCELLANEOUS   MANUFACTURES. 


703 


from  1,000,000  to  2,000,000.  At  the  above  establishments  the  number  of 
operatives  varies  from  50  to  350;  and  the  number  of  cigars  made  by  each 
workman  ranges  from  20,000  to  35,000  a  year,  averaging  about  30,c  X). 

The  larger  factories  in  San  Francisco  are  usually  3-story  buildings,  and 
some  of  them  have  also  a  cellar,  which  is  used  for  storage  and  cleansing 
tobacco.  Some  of  them  employ  250  to  350  operatives,  and  produce  from 
5,000,000  to  7,000,000  cigars  a  year.  In  the  process  of  manufacturing 
cigars  of  cheap  quality,  the  leaves  are  first  separated  into  3  grades,  termed 
fillers,  binders,  and  wrappers.  The  smallest  leaves  arc  used  for  fillers,  me- 
dium-sized ones  for  binders,  and  the  largest  for  wrappers.  The  tobacco  is 
then  handed  over  to  the  strippers,  who  wet  the  leaves,  open  them  out,  and 
strip  off  the  stem-s.  After  bding  dried,  they  are  delivered  to  the  cigar- 
makers,  who  work  at  tables  resembling  double  desks.  Each  operative  is 
supplied  with  a  molding-board,  a  measuring-board,  a  knife,  and  a  pot  of 
paste.  The  workman  first  makes  up  a  bundle  of  fillers;  then  envelop; 
each  one  in  a  binder,  and  cuts,  from  the  leaves  used  for  wrappers,  portions 
to  correspond  with  the  exact  .shape  of  the  article  he  is  making.  After  it 
has  been  neatly  enfolded  in  its  covering,  the  ends  are  trimmed,  the  cover- 
ing fastened  with  paste,  and  the  cigar  is  made. 

Most  operatives  work  by  the  piece,  receiving  so  much  per  1,000,  and 
each  one  has  a  certain  number  assigned  to  him.  This  number  is  stamped 
on  muslin  bands  which  arc  tied  around  each  bundle  of  50;  so  that,  at  the 
end  of  the  week,  it  can  be  ascertained  in  a  moment  how  many  cigars  the 
workmen  has  made  The  bundles  are  then  ready  for  the  seasoning-room, 
where  they  lie  until  ready  for  packing.  Much  depends  on  the  careful 
assortment  of  the  grades  and  colors;  and  the  packing-room  is  usually  the 
largest  and  best-lighted  apartment  in  the  factory.  In  December,  1881, 
the  cheapest  grades  of  goods  made  up  in  the  Chinese  factories  were  worth, 
at  wholesale,  $14  to  $17.50  per  1,000;  Connecticut  leaf  cigars  were  quoted 
at  $25  to  $30;  seed  and  Havana,  4  to  5  inches,  $40  to  $60;  fine  grades  of 
clear  Havana,  4  to  5  inches,  sold  for  $75  to  $125;  and  the  very  choicest 
Havanas  could  not  be  purchased  for  less  than  $200  per  1,000. 

Cigar  Operatives.— Of  the  5,500  operatives  engaged  in  cigar-making  on 
the  Pacific  Coast,  at  lca.st  4,500  are  Chinamen.  The  number  employed  during 
a  portion  of  the  year,  is  no  doubt,  considerably  larger;  and  5,500  is  stated  as 
the  average,  not  as  the  gross  number.  Chinamen  first  began  to  make  cigars 
In  San  Francisco  in  1857.  They  .soon  learned  the  business,  and,  by  work- 
ing at  considerably  lower  rates  than  white  men,  while  making  an  equally 
good  article,  they  quickly  obtained  the  bulk  of  the  trade,  and  have  now 
almost  superseded  all  other  labor.     In  1876,  the  white  operatives  organi/xd 


704 


MANUFACTURES. 


the  "Cicjar-makers'  Association  of  the  Pacific  Coast."  Their  object  was  to 
improve  the  condition  of  their  craftsmen,  and,  if  possible,  to  drive  Mongo- 
h'an  laborout  of  the  field.  Sc\'eral  manufacturers  were  induced  by  political, 
or  other  motives,  to  discharge  their  Chinamen ;  but  when  they  applied  to 
the  Association  to  supply  them  with  white  help,  their  application  was  in 
vain.  White  cigar-makers  were  not  to  be  had  in  sufficient  number,  at  rates 
that  manufacturers  could  afford  to  pay.  They  attempted,  therefore,  again 
to  have  recourse  to  the  aid  of  Chinamen ;  but  found  that  many  of  them 
had  started  in  business  for  themselves,  and  were  already  entering  into 
active  competition  with  their  former  employers.  Eastern  cigar-makers 
were  induced  by  the  Association  to  settle  in  San  Francisco,  and,  for  a  time, 
found  ready  occupation ;  but  manufacturer.^  could  not  long  afford  to  pay 
them  their  price  of  $12  per  1,000,  while  Chinamen  were  doing  similar  work 
at  ';S  per  1,000.  The  members  of  the  Association  adopted  a  label,  which 
was  placed  on  every  bo.x  of  cigars  made  by  white  labor,  but  did  not  find 
that  the  label  had  much  influence  on  the  sale  of  their  goods.  Just  when 
the  anti-Chinese  agitation  was  at  its  height.  New  York  manufacturers 
seized  the  opportunity,  and  flooded  the  market  with  cheap  Eastern  goods, 
made,  of  course,  by  white  labor.  Prices  fell  to  a  ruinous  point,  and  the 
members  of  the  Association  found  themselves  in  an  evil  case.  At  present, 
about  400  of  them  are  settled  in  Oregon,  Washington,  and  other  portions 
of  the  coast,  where  they  work  in  clubs  of  from  2  to  6  persons;  and,  by  sell- 
ing their  goods  at  retail,  or  directly  to  store-keepers,  usually  for  cash,  and 
thus  avoiding  risk  and  the  e.\pcnse  of  commission,  manage  to  compete 
with  San  Francisco  houses.  The  white  cigar-makers  still  remaining  in  San 
Franci.sco  are  informed  whenever  there  is  a  good  opening  for  them  on  other 
portions  of  the  coast.  In  1880,  for  instance,  under  the  advice  of  the  Asso- 
ciation, a  party  of  6  settled  in  Briti.sh  Columbia,  where  there  is  no  tax  on 
tobacco,  but  where  imported  cigars  are  subject  to  duty.  With  this  adv  .1. 
tage  in  their  favor,  they  soon  established  a  thriving  trade,  and  already  fur- 
nish employment  to  a  considerable  number  of  extra  hands  at  very  good 
rates  of  wages. 

There  arc  now  not  more  than  1 50  white  men  engaged  in  cigar-making  in 
San  Franci.sco,  against  ncfT'ly  4,500  Chinamen.  A  few  girls  arc  employed 
at  some  of  the  factories,  but  their  earnings  arc  so  small  that  they  seldom 
remain  long  at  such  occupation.  TJiey  must  be  very  expert  to  make  $7  a 
week,  and  their  average  earnings  are  probably  less  than  $5.  The  entire 
number  of  female  operatives  cngiiged  in  making  cigars  and  cigarettes  is 
not  more  than  iGo.  Cigarette-makers  earn  a  little  more  than  cigar-makers, 
but  the  services  of  women  are  in  such  demand  for  better-paid  descriptions 
of  labor  that,  as  a  rule,  they  avoid  cither  of  those  occupations. 


MISCELLANEOU S   MAN U FACTU RES. 


70s 


Pipes. — There  i.s  ore  .store  in  San  Francisco  at  which  pipes  are  made, 
both  wooden  and  meerschaum,  but  the  quantity  is  so  small  that  it  furnishes 
employment  only  to  a  single  person.  The  proprietor  of  another  store  im- 
ports $1,500  to  $2,000  worth  a  year  of  meerschaum,  amber,  and  cherry- 
wood,  from  which  he  makes  a  few  pipes ;  but  his  sales  arc,  as  yet,  so  small, 
that  he  can  make  up  all  the  goods  himself,  or  at  least  does  not  feel  justi- 
fied in  employing  any  a.ssistance. 

Acids. — The  discovery  of  the  precious  metals  on  the  coast  created  a 
demand  for  the  acids  commonly  used  in  refining,  and  led  to  the  establish- 
ment of  works  for  their  manufacture.  The  principal  products  of  these 
works  are  nitric,  muriatic,  and  .sulphuric  acids;  but  sulphates  of  copper 
and  of  iron  are  made,  sulphur  is  refined,  and  the  pigment  known  as  prus- 
sian  blue  is  also  produced  to  .some  extent.  We  have  5  factories,  turning 
out  either  some  or  all  the  articles  mentioned,  2  of  which  are  located  in  San 
Francisco;  one  each  in  West  Berkeley  and  on  Point  Pinole,  California;  and 
one  at  Dayton,  Nevada.  The  annual  production  is  about  12,000  tons  of 
nitric  and  sulphuric  acids,  1 50  tons  of  muriatic  acid,  300  tons  of  sulphate 
t;f  copper,  200  tons  of  sulphate  of  iron,  and  a  less  quantity  of  prussian 
blue  ;  the  total  value  being  $1,200,000.  Capital  amounting  to  $450,000  is 
invested  in  the  industry,  and  more  than  100  hands  are  employed,  who 
receive  $2.50  a  day  on  the  average,  a  day's  work  being  10  hours,  and  the 
busy  .season  extending  from  April  to  December,  inclusive.  The  wages 
paid  here  are  20  per  cent,  higher  than  the  rates  paid  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

Nitric  acid  of  6},°  to  66°  purity  sells  at  present  for  about  1 1  y^  cents  per 
pound.  The  commercial  article  of  38"  was  furnished,  in  1 881,  by  contract 
to  the  United  States  branch  mint  at  San  Francisco,  in  quantities  sufficient 
to  supply  its  consumption  of  from  4,000  to  5,000  pounds  a  day,  at  from 
5^4  cents  to  6  cents  a  pound.  This  is  less  by  about  2^-^  cents  a  pound 
than  the  acid  was  furnished  for  in  the  years  1879  and  1880,  and  is  the  lowest 
price  at  which  it  has  yet  been  sold.  The  reduction  is  due  to  competition 
between  manufacturers,  and  the  rates  leave  but  a  small  margin  to  the  pro- 
ducer. Sulphuric  acid  is  sold  for  3^2  cents  a  pound,  and  muriatic  for  ^% 
cents.  All  the  acids  mentioned  are  heavy;  the  specific  gravity  of  sulphuric 
being  nearly  double  that  of  water.  Sulphate  of  copper,  known  as  blue- 
stone,  sells  for  8^2  cents  per  pound.  Sulphate  of  iron,  called  green  vitriol 
or  copperas,  for  2  cents  a  pound.  Prussian  blue,  in  a  solid  form,  brings 
from  25  to  35  cents  a  pound;  as  a  .solution,  20  cents.  These  are  wholesale 
prices,  and  are  from  3^  of  a  cent  to  i  '^  cents  a  pound  less,  for  the  acids, 
than  small  quantities  are  sold  for,  and  proportionately  lower  for  the  other 
articles.  With  the  exception  of  prussian  blue,  which  is  imported  occasion- 
89 


s^^r'sfeSJK' 


7o6 


MANUFACTURES. 


ally  in  comparatively  small  quantities  for  speculative  purposes,  the  local 
market  is  supplied  by  local  productions. 

Nitric  and  sulphuric  acids  are  largely  consumed  in  the  manufacture  of 
the  explosive  compound,  nitro-glycerine ;  in  fact,  2  of  the  factories  dispose 
of  the  greater  part  of  their  product  in  that  manner.  Sulphuric  is  used  in 
the  works  where  it  is  made  in  producing  sulphates;  in  chemical  works 
generally,  and  by  soda-w.ater  makers  throughout  the  slope.  Muriatic,  with 
sulphuric,  is  employed  in  candle-making;  and  alone,  in  soldering  and  assay- 
ing. Nitric  acid  is  made  from  the  nitrate  of  .soda  and  .sulphuric  acid. 
Sulphuric,  from  sulphur  and  nitrate  of  soda;  and  muriatic,  from  common 
salt  and  sulphuric  acid.  The  nitrate  of  soda  used  on  the  coast  is  from 
Peru,  and  costs,  duty  paid,  2%  cents  a  pound  in  San  Francisco.  Sulphur 
is  obtained  from  Nevada,  and  i.s,  besides,  imported  from  Sicily  and  Japan. 
Manufacturers  consider  the  home  product  equal  to  the  foreign  for  their 
u.ses,  but  the  supply  is  uncertain,  and  at  times  the  market  is  bare.  They 
are  obliged,  therefore,  as  a  matter  of  self-protection,  to  procure  a  portion  of 
their  stock  from  abroad.  Sulphur  costs,  usually,  2  cents  a  pound.  Of  the 
sulphate  of  copper  produced,  fully  three  fourths  is  consumed  in  the  amal- 
gamating pans  of  silver-reduction  works,  and  mo.st  of  the  remainder  by 
farmers  in  soaking  seed-wheat.  It  is  made  by  roasting  and  grinding 
copper  ore,  and  adding  sulphuric  acid,  after  which  the  mixture  is  placed  in 
pans  and  left  to  crystallize.  Most  of  the  solid  material  now  used  for  this 
purpo>-e  is  that  known  as  cement  copper,  and  comes  from  Spcnceville, 
Nevada  County,  California,  costing,  when  pure,  \6  cents  a  pound. 

The  oldest  factory  now  ir,  existence  on  the  coast  is  that  of  JUDSON  & 
SlIliP.\RD,  established  at  San  Francisco  in  1854,  and  now  located  near 
West  Berkeley.  The  works  were  at  first  established  to  supply  the  United 
States  branch  mint  at  San  Francisco  with  parting  acids,  but  since  their 
removal,  the  muriatic  acid  produced  has  been  used  in  a  candle  factory 
under  the  same  ownership.  Until  the  present  year,  the  firm  have  also  con- 
sumed their  product  of  nitric  and  sulphuric  acids  in  the  manufacture  of 
high  explosives ;  but  recent  improvements  have  enabled  them  to  increase 
their  output,  and  again  contract  to  supply  the  Government  establishment 
mentioned.  Twenty-five  men  are  employed,  and  the  annual  product  is 
worth  about  $250,000. 

The  acid-factory  connected  with  the  Vulcan  Powder-works,  at  Pinole 
Point,  began  operations  in  1881,  and  is  now  turning  out  1,200  gallons  of 
sulphuric,  and  1 5,000  pounds  of  nitric  acids  per  day,  all  of  which  are  con- 
sumf  1  in  the  manufacture  of  high  explosives.  The  San  Franci.sco  factories 
are  the  California  Chemical-works,  owned  by  JOHN  REYNOLDS,  who  makes 
acids,  sulphates  of  copper  and  of  iroti,  and  prussian  blue  in  solution,  cm- 


MISCELLANEOUS   MANUFACTURES. 


707 


ploying  20  men ;  and  the  Golden  City  Chemical-works,  S.  M.  Van  WvcK, 
superintendent,  producing  the  same  class  of  articles,  and  employing  30 
hands.  • 

An  acid  factory  erected  in  Carson  City,  Nevada,  to  supply  the  mint  in 
that  place  with  acids  after  running  17  years  was  burned  down  in  1880,  and 
has  not  been  rebuilt.  The  Carson  mint  is  now  supplied  with  acids  by  the 
Dayton  Mill  and  Mining  Company,  who  have  an  acid  factory  in  Dayton. 

Explosives. — Explosives,  as  made  on  our  coast,  are  of  2  main  classes: 
one  of  ordinary  black  powder,  and  the  other  of  the  various  high-grade  ex- 
plosives. The  classes  differ  widely  both  as  to  their  composition  and  effi- 
ciency, the  first  named  being  a  mechanical  mi.xture,  and  its  combustion 
gradual;  whilst  the  last  mentioned  are  chemical  combinations,  and  their 
action  instantaneous  and  very  violent.  High-grade  explosives,  variously 
called  Giant,  Vulcan,  Hercules,  and  by  similar  terms  indicative  of  strength, 
arc  made  on  the  same  general  principle.  Glycerine  is  combined  with 
nitric  acid,  and  an  absorbent,  as  magnesia  or  silicious  earth,  added.  The 
mi.xture  is  molded  in  cylindrical  forms  a  little  larger  than  an  ordinary  can- 
dle, which  are  cut  into  suitable  lengths  when  used.  The  charge  is  exploded 
by  means  of  a  cap  containing  fulminating  powder.  The  annual  consump- 
tion on  the  coast,  of  the  high  explosives,  is  about  1,500  tons,  and  of  black 
powder  more  than  2,000  tons.  Of  the  last,  2,500  tons  are  made  in  Caii- 
fiJrnia';  150  tons,  chiefly  sporting  powder,  arc  imported  from  the  Atlantic 
States;  and  500  tons  are  exported  to  Mexico,  British  Columbia,  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  and  Central  America — three  fourths  of  the  shipments 
being  to  Mexico.  Perhaps  500  tons  of  nitro-glycerine  powder  are  ex- 
ported. The  value  of  the  high  explosives  consumed  annually  on  our  coast 
is  about  $1,500,000,  taking  the  average  price  at  50  cents  per  pound,  a  low 
estimate.  Of  the  black  powder,  the  value  of  the  home  production  is 
$850,000,  and  that  of  the  imported  $150,000.  In  addition  to  the  Eastern 
powder  received  here  in  packages,  we  import  about  20  tons  fi.xed,  loaded 
in  the  metallic  cartridges  Used  in  breech-loading  arms.  Capital  amounting 
to  $3,000,000  is  invested  in  the  industry,  and  employment  furnished  to  300 
hands,  whose  wages  range  from  $1.25  to  $3  per  day  of  10  hours.  The  de- 
mand follows  to  some  extent  the  mining  season.  Of  the  raw  materials, 
glycerine  is  partly  a  home  production  and  partly  imported  from  the  E.ist- 
crn  btates  and  from  Europe.  The  great  demand  for  this  article  has  caused 
it  to  advance  in  price  50  per  cent,  since  1879,  the  present  rates  being  32 
cents  per  pound.  The  acids  and  charcoal  are  made  here,  several  of  the 
nitro-glyccrinc  works  makint^  their  own  acids ;  and  of  the  nitrates,  that  of 
potash  comes  from  Calcutta,  and  costs,  duty  paid,  I2j4  cents  per  pound;  and 


"■IWWtfWP 


ipp" 


708 


MANUFACTURES. 


that  of  soda,  from  Peru,  costs  2j^  cents  per  pound.  Sulphur  is  found  in 
Nevada,  but  the  market  being  irregularly  supplied  from  that  source,  it  is  at 
times  imported  fronf  Sicily  and  Japan,  costing  about  2  cents  per  pound. 
The  first  of  the  nitro-glycerine  explosives  to  come  into  extensive  use  in 
mining,  dynamite  (called  also  giant  powder),  was  made  in  California  soon 
after  its  invention  by  NoBEL,  but  did  not  begin  to  attract  general  attention 
until  iiS7i.  The  miners  in  those  towns  where  they  were  organized  in 
unions  for  the  maintenance  of  their  wages,  as  at  Grass  Valley  and  Virginia 
City,  determined  to  resist  its  introduction.  Their  pretext  was  that  the 
fumes  from  its  explosion  were  unwholesome;  the  real  reasons  were  that  the 
dynamite  needed  a  smaller  drill  hole,  and  its  use  implied  that  one  man 
could  do  the  drilling,  whereas  2  were  necessary  for  black  powder.  Not  only 
would  the  single  hand-drill,  with  dynamite,  do  as  much  work  as  a  double 
hand-drill,  with  black  powder,  but  the  drifts  for  one  man  would  not  be  so 
large  as  for  2.  The  miners  feared,  therefore,  that  the  introduction  of  the 
dynamite  would  throw  half  of  them  out  of  employment,  and  then  reduce 
the  wages  of  the  remainder.  The  mine-owners,  on  the  other  hand,  deter- 
mined that  they  must  have  the  dynamite.  There  was  no  difficulty  in  find- 
ing men  willing  to  work  with  it,  but  they  were  threatened  with  all  those 
outrages  to  which  men  are  exposed  whenever  they  violate  trade-union  rules. 
The  most  serious  troubles  occurred  at  Grass  Valley,  where  several  independ- 
ent miners,  who  used  the  dynamite,  were  cruelly  beaten,  and  one  was  shot, 
though  not  mortally  wounded.  Threats  were  made  that  the  buildings  of 
the  mines  where  the  dynamite  was  used,  should  be  burned,  and  the  local 
company  of  the  National  Guard  Militia  was  ordered  under  arms  so  as  to  be 
prepared  for  emergencies.  In  smaller  towns,  where  there  were  not  enough 
miners  to  maintain  a  combination,  the  dynamite  was  received  with  .so  much 
favor,  and  the  newspaper  press  was  so  emphatic  in  recommending  it  for 
general  use,  that  the  miners  at  Grass  Valley  and  Virginia  City  became 
ashamed  of  their  opposition,  and  gradually  accepted  the  single  hand-drill 
and  its  explosive.  Now  there  is  no  open  objection  to  them  anywhere. 
The  greater  efficiency  of  the  drill,  with  the  help  of  dynamite,  has  increased 
the  demand  for  miners'  labor,  and  there  has  been  no  reduction  in  wages. 
The  success  of  the  giant  powder  here  led  to  its  introduction  in  other  coun- 
tries. At  present,  exclusive  of  Mexico,  little  black  powder  is  used  on  the 
coast  for  mining  [lurposes.  The  imports  from  the  Eastern  States  are  pot  a 
third  of  the  exports  from  San  Francisco,  and  are  confined  to  the  finer 
grades,  the  use  of  which  is  chiefly  a  matter  of  individual  fancy.  Dr.  J.  B. 
WnrniER,  of  Utah  Territory,  is  credited  with  making  blasting  powder 
there  in  1857,  which,  it  is  believed,  was  the  first  explosive  made  on  the 
coast.     In   1870  there  were  3  factories  on  the  slope,  employing  75  hands, 


mmmr^iflfifimimmmmmt 


MISCELLANEOUS   MANUFACTURES. 


709 


and  having  about  $75,000  capital.  The  powder  manufacturers  of  the  coast 
not  mentioned  in  other  paragraphs  are:  THE  VULCAN  Powder  Com- 
pany, whose  works  are  at  San  Pablo,  and  THE  TONITE  Powder  COM- 
PANY, whose  factory  is  at  Stege,  Rali'H  L.  Shainwald  being  the  secretary 
of  both;  The  Giant  Powder  Compa>  .,  having  works  at  West  Berke- 
ley, and  an  agency  managed  by  Bandmann,  Nielson  &  Co.;  THE  Cali- 
I'ORNIA  VIGORIT  PoWDER  COMPANY,  located  at  Califor.iia  City,  the 
secretary  being  W.  H.  Lent;  The  Safety  Nitro  Powder  Company, 
whose  works  are  located  at  Point  Pinole,  and  whose  agents  arc  FLINT, 
Peabody  &  Co.;  The  Granite  (formerly  Hardy)  Powder  Company, 
established  at  Vallejo,  whose  agents  are  R.  D.  HUME  &  Co.;  THE  SAFETY 
Powder  Company,  C.  F.  Rosecrans,  secretary;  and  The  Thunder 
Powder  Company,  Charles  De  Lacy,  manager.  These  factories  all 
produce  high-grade  explosives. 

The  California  Poivder-works.— The  California  Powder-works, 
the  only  manufacturers  on  the  Pacific  Coast  of  military,  sporting,  and  blast- 
ing powders,  were  incorporated  in  the  year  1861,  with  a  capital  of  $100,- 
000.  They  soon  discovered  the  inadequacy  of  that  capital,  and  by  voluntary 
assessments,  and  investment  of  profits,  have  since  increased  it  to  the  present 
figure  of  $1,500,000,  which  is  not  more  than  enough  to  carry  on  the  im- 
mense business  they  have  created.  Before  the  establishment  of  these 
works,  the  development  of  our  mines  was  retarded,  and  public  improve- 
ments were  discouraged,  by  the  cost  of  powder,  which  was  imported  from 
the  East,  and  doled  out  at  high  prices;  and  at  that  time,  the  civil  war  hav- 
ing begun  with  demand  from  the  Government  for  all  the  powder  the 
Eastern  mills  could  manufacture,  but  for  these  works,  the  completion 
of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  would  have  been  long  deferred.  The 
buildings  of  the  company,  pronounced  by  officers  of  the  U.  S.  ordnance 
to  be  the  most  complete  in  America,  are  situated  near  the  city  of  Santa 
Cruz.  They  occupy  both  banks  of  the  San  Lorenzo  River  for  a  mile, 
and  comprise  21  powder-mills,  10  shops,  and  6  magazines  and  stores, 
besides  other  necessary  buildings,  and  dwellings  for  all  the  employees. 
These  form  a  village  which,  nestled  in  the  valley,  constitutes  the  most  beau- 
tiful view  from  the  South  Pacific  Coast  Railroad,  famous  for  its  picturesque 
route.  This  site  was  determined  by  the  abundant  power  of  the  river,  the 
proximity  of  suitable  timber,  the  easy  access  to  the  sea,  with  which  they 
arc  connected  by  rail,  and  the  advantages  of  an  adjacent  town.  Ships 
discharge  cargoes  of  niter  at  the  company's  wharf,  and  load  there  with 
powder  for  export. 

The  ordinary  force  employed  (all  whites)  is  45  men,  at  $1.75  to  $3.50  per 


SigE£!&. 


7IO 


MANUFACTURES. 


day,  and  15  boys  (from  16  to  21  years  of  age),  at  $1  to  511.50  per  day,  the 
whole  cost  of  persona!  services  being  $140  to  $150  per  day.  This  force  is 
sufficient  to  turn  out  15,000  pounds  of  blasting  powder  daily,  besides  the 
military  powder  required  for  the  Pacific  department,  and  most  of  the 
sporting  powder  consumed  on  this  coast,  from  Alaska  to  Mexico.  This 
statement,  however,  does  not  indicate  the  ultimate  capacity  of  the  work.s, 
which  are  built  in  duplicate  to  avoid  detention  by  explosions.  They  can 
produce,  if  pushed,  30,000  pounds  of  blasting  powder  daily,  and  the  huge 
railway  works  in  course  of  construction  will  probably  demand  this  latter 
quantity  in  1882. 

Some  years  after  the  establishment  of  the  works  at  Santa  Cruz,  dyna- 
mite was  invented,  and  quickly  became  the  favorite  explosive  for  deep  min- 
ing and  tunneling  in  hard  rock.  To  meet  this  new  departure  in  art,  THE 
California  Powder-works  instituted  the  manufacture  of  Hercules 
Powder,  which  consists  of  nitro-glycerine  absorbed  in  carbonate  of  mag- 
nesia, and  constructed  at  Point  Pinole,  upon  the  Bay  of  San  Pablo,  immense 
works  for  its  fabrication.  These  compri.se,  besides  the  Hercules  works 
proper,  works  for  the  manufacture  of  sulphuric  and  nitric  acids,  built  upon 
an  unprecedented  scale,  with  all  the  improvements  known  to  science  up  to 
the  year  1881.  From  Pinole,  Hercules  Powder  goes  to  every  State  west  of 
the  Mississippi,  to  British  Columbia,  and  to  Mexico,  commending  itself 
everywhere  for  strength,  and  esf»ecially  for  safety.  The  great  success  of 
The  California  Powder-works  is  due,  after  the  excellence  of  their 
powders,  to  the  integrity  and  liberality  of  the  management,  which  has 
met  with  cordial  favor.  Their  large  capital  enables  them  to  aid  enter- 
prise with  judicious  credit,  and  so,  with  profit  to  themselves,  help  to 
develop  the  country.  They  have  maintained  dividends  without  interrup- 
■  tion  since  May,  1 869.  Their  Board  of  Directors,  in  1 882,  is  composed  of 
N.  G.  Kittle,  president;  G.  T.  Lawton,  vice-president;  J.  B.  Haggin, 
N.  Luning,  J.  O.  Earl;  and  Bernard  Peyton,  superintendent,  ex  officio 
director.  Their  .secretary  is  JOHN  F.  LoHSE,  who  has  filled  that  office  ever 
since  the  organization  of  the  company. 


Blasting  Fuse,  as  made  on  the  coast,  is  small,  flexible  tubing  filled  with 
powder.  The  cylinder  consists  of  from  2  to  4  layers,  the  innermost  being 
of  jute  yarn,  the  others  of  cotton,  hemp,  or  other  fiber.  Each  layer  is 
covered  with  a  varnish,  and  the  whole  thus  rendered  waterproof.  When 
the  innermost  layer  has  but  one  covering,  it  is  known  as  single  taped ;  2 
layers  are  termed  double  taped,  and  so  on.  The  powder  used  is  manufac- 
tured for  the  purpose  by  THE  California  Powder- works;  the  ingredients 
are  the  same  as  those  composing  ordinary  gunpowder,  but  so  proportioned 


mmtmm 


mum 


mmm 


MISCELLANEOUS   NLWUFACTURES. 


711 


a.i  to  burn  rapidly  witliout  cx[)lodiny.  The  fuse  known  as  doubled  taped 
is  most  used.  The  industry  gives  employment  to  about  40  hands,  and  its 
products  amply  supply  the  demands  of  the  coast.  The  jute  yarn  used 
comes  from  Dundee;  the  cloth  is  from  New  York.  There  are  3  factories 
on  the  coast,  all  located  in  California:  The  CALIFORNIA  FusE-WORKS,  at 
San  Francisco,  established  1866;  TOY,  BiCKFORD  &  Co.,  at  East  Oakland, 
established  1867;  and  The  Eagle  FusE-WOnKS,  at  Felton,  established 
1868.  The  products  of  these  factories  arc  sold  by  their  agents,  TllE  CAL- 
IFORNIA Fuse  Association,  in  San  Francisco.  The  large  consumption  of 
the  products  of  these  factories  throughout  the  Pacific  States  and  Territories, 
and  Montana,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Mexico,  is  evidence  of  their 
good  quality. 

Fireworks. — The  manufacture  of  fireworks  for  display  has  a  place 
among  the  industries  of  the  coast.  Two  classes  of  these  combustibles  are 
made:  hand  pieces,  comprising  crackers,  candles,  rockets,  etc.;  and  fixed 
pieces,  which  are  combinations,  including  some  or  all  of  the  first  class,  in 
many  cases  of  considerable  size,  and  having  very  ingenious  mechanical 
arrangements.  The  annual  consumption  of  fireworks  on  that  portion  of  the 
coast  north  of  Mexico  amounts  in  value  to  about  $75,000;  the  3  factories 
here  producing  to  the  aggregate  value  of  $45,000,  and  the  Chinese  in  San 
Francisco  making  some  of  the  cheaper  kinds.  The  importation  of  fire-crack- 
ers reached  ir.  _«  jt  years  the  value  of  $15,000;  but  the  restriction  placed 
upon  their  use  in  some  of  the  larger  cities  has  materially  curtailed  the  de- 
mand, and  the  receipts  during  1881  were  less  than  the  exports  by  150 
packages.  The  duty  of  $1  per  box  of  40  small  packs,  that  retail  at  10 
cents  each,  is  more  than  the  original  cost  of  the  crackers  in  China.  Capital 
to  the  amount  of  $40,000  is  invested  in  the  industry,  and  employment  is 
furnished  to  about  20  hands,  who  are  paid  wages  averaging  $2.50  per  day 
of  10  hours.  Fireworks  were  made  in  San  Francisco  in  1852,  and  firms 
not  now  in  existence  were  established  there  in  1861  and  in  1868.  The  first 
public  display  of  fireworks  in  Oregon  was  at  Portland  on  the  evening  of 
July  4,  i860,  and  the  pieces  were  made  in  that  city.  The  oldest  and 
largest  pyrotechnic-works  on  the  coast  are  those  of  STEELE,  ELDER  & 
Co.,  established  at  San  Francisco  in  1853.  The  remaining  factory,  in  Cali- 
fornia, is  that  of  Alfred  B.  Eckstein,  also  in  San  Francisco.  In  Port- 
land, Oregon,  GEORGE  Hughes  has  an  establishment,  and  supplies  that 
portion  of  the  coast. 

Matohes. — The  annual  consumption  of  matches  on  the  coast,  excluding 
Mexico  and  Central  America,  amounts  to  about  460,000  gross.  Importa- 
tion.s,  chiefly  of  the  different  varieties  generally  known  as  parlor  matches, 


712 


MANUFACTURES. 


amount  to  lo.cxx)  gross,  and  exports  to  nearly  6o,000  gross.  Of  the  latter, 
one  third  arc  shipped  to  China,  the  remainder  being  distributed  from 
Siberia  to  the  islands  of  the  South  Pacific.  Of  the  entire  production, 
amounting  to  500,000  gross,  it  is  believed  one  fifth  are  made  and  used  or 
sold  by  the  Chinese  secretly,  and  the  revenue  tax  avoided.  The  greater 
portion  of  the  matches  made  here  are  those  known  as  "block,"  that  is,  split 
from  a  block  of  wood.  A  gross  being  144  blocks  of  100  matches  each,  and 
estimating  the  population  north  of  Mexico  to  be  1,500,000,  it  follows  that 
more  than  12  matches  per  day  arc  used  to  the  individual.  Capital  amount- 
ing to  $50,000  is  invested  in  the  industry,  and  employment  is  furnished  to 
100  hands  by  regular  makers,  and  probably  to  25  more  by  irresponsible 
dealers.  Of  the  workmen,  fully  one  half  are  Chinese,  and  the  wages  paid 
range  from  50  cents  to  $2  per  day.  Taking  the  price  at  $1.85  per  gross,  a 
low  average,  the  value  of  the  annual  production  is  $925,000. 

The  wood  used  is  the  Port  Orford  cedar.  It  is  soft,  straight,  and  fine- 
grained, and  when  properly  seasoned,  burns  well.  The  sulphur  is  either 
that  refined  in  New  York,  or  English  roll-brimstone.  Coast  sulphur  was 
used  until  the  market  ceased  to  supply  a  quality  fine  enough  for  the 
requirements  of  the  industry,  the  production  being  absorbed  in  other  man- 
ufactures in  a  more  crude  form.  Phosphorus  has  always  been  imported 
principally  from  England.  In  manufacturing,  the  blocks  are  cut  to  the 
])roper  size,  and  either  coated  at  one  end  with  glue  or  compressed  b> 
machinery;  the  object  being  to  cause  the  matches  to  adhere  at  their  un- 
dipped ends.  Dipping  in  sulphur  and  pointing  with  phosphorus  complete 
the  operation.  About  four  fifths  of  the  output  are  from  the  San  Francisco 
factories,  the  remaining  establishments  being  small  and  their  markets  local. 
The  industry  dates  from  at  least  1857,  when  there  were  factories  in  San 
Francisco. 

Factories  have  been  established  at  different  times  in  several  of  the  larger 
Californian  towns,  but  with  the  exception  of  Sacramento,  where  there  are 
2  supplying  a  local  demand,  most  of  them  were  short-lived,  and  unable  to 
compete  with  the  metropolitan  establishments.  Salt  Lake  City  has  a  fac- 
tory, and  there  is  one  at  Mazatlan.  The  largest  works  on  the  coast  are 
those  of  Newbauer  &  Co.,  established  in  San  Francisco  in  1862,  and 
known  as  the  Metropolitan  Match  Factory.  There  are  7  establishments  in 
the  city  in  addition  to  the  one  already  mentioned,  the  principal  of  which 
are  the  Empire  Factory,  owned  by  B.  BendelL  &  Co. ;  the  Eureka  Factory, 
owned  by  HoFEN  &  Co.;  and  the  Golden  Gate  Factory,  LEVI  DAVIS, 
proprietor.  TiLTON  &  WORTMAN  have  a  factory  at  Chico,  and  WILLIAM 
Bond  has  works  at  Portland. 


MISCELLANEOUS  MANUFACTURES. 


713 


Linaeed  Oil. — Our  coast  consumes  annually  about  1,500,000  gallons  of 
linseed  oil,  all  of  Pacific  production.  The  rasv  material  is  obtained  chiefly 
from  fields  of  flax  cultivated  exclusively  for  the  seed  in  California  and 
Oregon,  but  the  supply  of  the  material  from  these  sources  being  insufficient, 
the  mills  obtain  cargoes  occasionally  from  Hindostan.  The  seed  yields 
from  20  to  25  per  cent,  of  oil,  and  the  cake  left  in  the  press  is  used  for 
feeding  catf  Ic,  being  rich  in  fattening  qualities.  Most  of  the  oil  is  taken  by 
the  painters,  some  of  it  by  varnish  manufacturers,  and  it  is  applied  to  a 
great  variety  of  purposes.  The  wholesale  price  is  from  5  S  to  60  cents  a 
gallon. 

The  Pacific  Oil  and  Lead  Works  were  opened  in  1866  at  San 
Francisco,  and  are  the  oldest  establishment  of  the  kind  on  the  coast. 
Besides  linseed-oil  manufaccurc,  quantities  of  oil  arc  expressed  from  the 
castor  bean,  mustard,  and  ccbrc  at  these  works.  The  machinery  used  is 
perfect  in  every  particular,  and  large  numbers  of  employees  are  engaged  in 
the  different  processes  of  oil  manufacture. 

A  linseed-oil  mill  was  built  near  Oregon  City  in  1868,  bu't  was  closed  in 
1878;  and  now  the  only  mill  of  the  kind  on  the  coast  north  of  San  Fran- 
cisco is  that  of  G.  W.  Gray  &  Sons,  at  Salem.  Upholstering  tow  is  made 
from  flax  fiber  at  the  same  establishment.  A  linsccd-oil  mill  was  started  in 
Utah  in  18C1,  under  the  management  of  a  prominent  Mormon  priest,  but 
the  local  demand  was  insufficient  to  make  a  profitable  market,  and  the  en- 
terprise was  abandoned. 

Paints. — As  the  people  of  our  coast  erect  a  great  number  of  wooden 
buildings  every  yea"-,  and  generally  paint  them  externally  as  well  as  inter- 
nally, we  consum  J  paints,  paint-oils,  and  varnishes  to  the  value  of  $1,400,000 
annually.  This  includes  3,500  tons  of  white  lead,  worth  about  $600,000  at 
wholesale,  and  nearly  as  much  of  other  pigmcnt.s.  The  white  lead,  lin- 
seed oil,  and  mosi  of  the  varnish,  are  made  here ;  and  here  the  colors  are 
ground  in  oil;  but  we  produce  no  pigment  save  whito  lead.  Various  de- 
posit; of  umber,  sienna,  ocher,  and  other  earthy  paints  have  been  found, 
but  the  factories  erected  to  prepare  them  for  the  market  have  proved  un- 
profitable, and  have  been  abandoned.  The  processes  used  here  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  lead,  oil,  and  varnish  have  no  novel  feature.  The  method  of 
grinding  with  oil  is  the  same  with  white  lead  as  with  other  pigments,  among 
which  those  most  extensively  used  in  house-painting  arc  ocher,  umber, 
Venetian  red,  and  lampblack.  The  painters  add  4  gallons  of  cil  to  100 
pounds  of  ground  white  lead,  and  8  gallons  to  the  same  weight  of  other 
p  gmcnts,  to  fit  them  for  use.  Putty  is  made  by  mixing  whiting  with  lin- 
sv^d  oil,  the  combination  being  one  that  becomes  hard  by  lone  exposure  to 
90 


714 


:man'ufactures. 


the  atmosphere.  Tlic  consumption  of  putty  on  our  coast  amounts  to  150 
tons,  worth  $9,000.  One  of  the  forms  of  paints  most  extensively  used  on 
our  const  is  the  rubber-paint,  of  which  80,000  gallons  arc  consumed  annually. 
It  contains  some  India  rubber,  and  is  considered  an  excellent  protection  for 
wood  e.xpo.sed  to  much  moisture.  Another  kind  of  paint,  mixed  with  .solu- 
ble glass,  is  known  as  the  Averill  paint,  and  is  also  used  extensively,  the 
<:  )nsumption  sometimes  running  up  to  500  tons  a  month. 

The  Pioneer  White  Lead  and  Color  Works  of  WlllTTlEK,  FULLER  &  Co.,  in 
San  Francisco,  the  only  establishment  that  makes  white  lead  on  the  Pacific 
Coast,  consist  of  2  massive  brick  buildings  connected  by  a  bridge,  and  were 
erected  in  1875.  They  cover  an  area  of  ground  275  by  137  feet,  and  extend 
from  Fremont  to  Beale,  oetween  Howard  and  Folsom  streets.  That  por- 
tion of  the  factory  facing  Beaic  Street  is  used  for  the  manufacture  of  white 
and  red  lead.  Piles  of  pig-lead  are  on  hand  awaiting  the  melting  process. 
The  metal  must  be  pure,  and  especially  free  from  iron  and  silver,  the  pres- 
ence of  which  would  tend  to  give  the  pigment  a  dingy  and  tawny  hue. 
The  melted  lead  runs  from  a  furnace  upon  an  endless  band  of  iron  molds. 
In  these  the  lead  assumes  the  form  of  thin  disk.s,  6  inches  in  diameter 
and  pierced  with  holes  about  one  fourth  of  an  inch  in  size.  When  cool, 
these  disks  are  put  into  earthenware  pots  with  strong  acetic  acid,  but 
in  such  a  position  that  the  acid  does  not  come  in  direct  contact  with 
ihc  metal.  These  pots  are  imbedded  in  tanbark,  in  tiers,  and  each  suc- 
ceeding tier  is  covered  with  boards  until  a  staci  is  built  up  25  feet  in 
height.  The  fermentation  of  the  t  ^n  creates  1  douolc  reaction,  cau.sed  by 
the  heat  generated,  and  the  acid  becoming  volatilized,  changes  the  lead  into 
an  acetate.  The  acetate  again  undergoes  a  change  by  a  combination  with 
the  carbonic  acid  gas  evolved  by  the  tan,  and  thus  becomes  a  carbonate  of 
lead.  Three  months  elapse  before  the  material  is  ready  for  further  work- 
ing, but,  owing  to  the  number  of  stacks,  scarcely  a  day  pas.scs  that  one  is 
not  emptied.  The  carbonate,  when  read)-,  is  passed  over  elevators  to  a 
crushing  and  grinding-mill,  where  it  is  mixed  with  water ;  a  steam-pump 
conveys  the  fluid  mass  to  the  topmost  floor  of  the  factory,  where  it  pas.scs 
into  tanks  for  the  purpo.se  of  being  [irecipitated;  the  residue  from  the  last 
tank  is  convc)'ed  to  copper  drying-pans  heated  by  steam. 

The  pigment  is  pulverized  in  its  dry  condition,  then  ground  3  times  over 
in  different  mills,  to  secure  a  complete  and  uniform  mixture  with  the  linseed 
oil  into  the  best  kind  of  ground  white  lead  ready  for  the  use  of  the  painter. 
The  works  have  a  capacity  to  i)roducc  20  tons  of  ground  lead  in  24  hours, 
and  .sometimes  run  day  and  night.  Resides  these  extensive  departments  for 
the  manufacture  of  the  white  lead  and  for  grinding  it  in  oil,  there  arc  others 
for  making  red  lead  and  litharge  in  furnaces;  for  grinding  colors  gcncr- 


MISCELLANEOUS  MANUFACTURES. 


715 


ally  in  oil;  for  making  rubber  paint  and  putty,  and  for  the  manufacture  of 
the  acetic  acid  required  in  their  business.  They  give  employment  to  150 
men.  Their  establishment  deserves  credit  for  several  improvements  in  the 
methods  of  manufacturing  white  lead,  of  a  character  designed  to  protect 
the  health  of  the  operatives. 

A  white  lead  factory,  to  make  the  pigment  by  a  new  process,  was  opened 
in  Visitation  Valley,  5  miles  south  of  the  business  part  of  San  Francisco, 
in  1872,  but  the  process  was  a  failure,  and  the  enterprise  was  abandoned. 

The  Pacific  Rubber- Paint-works,  also  the  property  of  WlllTTiER,  FULLER 
&  Co.,  arc  managed  separately.  The  rubber,  imported  from  Urazil,  is  mixed 
with  the  other  materials  under  a  patent  process.  The  establishment  pro- 
duces a  sufficient  quantity  of  rubber-paint  to  supply  the  entire  demand  of 
the  co.ist. 

The  California  Paint  Company  makes  all  the  Averill  mixed  paint 
consumed  on  the  coast.  The  pigments  are  ground  under  a  secret  process, 
with  oil  and  soluble  glass,  the  latter  giving  a  hard,  glossy  surface,  con- 
sidered excellent  for  resisting  the  effects  of  heat  and  rain.  Besides  making 
the  Averill  paint,  this  company  grind  about  250  tons  of  pigments  in  oil,  and 
make  1 50  tons  of  putty.  San  Francisco  has  all  the  paint  factories  of  our 
coast. 

Varnish. — Of  varnish  which  is  made  by  melting  or  dis.solving  copal  gum 
in  hot  linseed  oil,  our  coast  consumes  about  80,000  gallons,  worth  $150,000, 
annually ;  and  makes  60,000,  the  remaining  20,000  gallons  being  mostly  the 
finest  qualities  of  coach  and  carriage  varnish  imported  from  England,  and 
worth  from  $4  to  $5  a  gallon.  More  than  half  of  the  total  amount  con- 
sumed consists  of  furniture  varnish.  The  only  varnish  factories  on  our 
coast  are  in  San  Franci-sco,  and  the  principal  establishments  are  those  of 
HUETER  Brothers  &  Co.,  the  oldest  in  date,  founded  in  1857,  producing 
50,000  gallons  of  various  qualities  annually;  N.  C.  Walton,  Sr.,  who 
makes  4,000  gallons  of  black  varnish;  W.  H.  WORDEN,  who  makes  furni- 
ture varnish;  and  the  recently  opened  California  Varnish-works. 

Turpentine,  etc. — When  the  civil  war  broke  out  in  i86r,  the  supplies  of 
turpentine  and  resin,  previously  received  on  our  coast,  were  suddenly  cut 
off;  and  it  was  found  that  none  were  to  be  had  from  other  sources  so 
cheaply  as  from  the  yellow  pine  trees  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  The  most 
accessible  forest  of  yellow  pine  was  in  Butte  County,  which  became  the 
.seat  of  an  active  production.  The  pitch,  which  gathered  in  cuts  near  the 
roots  of  the  trees,  was  distilled,  to  separate  its  main  constituents,  the  vola- 
tile turpentine,  and  the  heavier  resin.  Both  were  made  in  large  c|uantity, 
and  of  excellent  quality. 


^m. 


716 


MANUFACTURES. 


In  1862  the  Legislature  of  California  offered  premiums  of  $500  for  the 
first  1,000  gallons  of  turpentine  made  in  the  State;  $300  for  the  first  100 
barrels  of  resin;  and  $150  for  the  first  100  barrels  of  pitch.  The  first  and 
second  of  these  premiums  were  awarded,  the  next  year,  to  J.  W.  JACOB- 
SOX,  who  with  a  partner  had  a  still  with  a  capacity  to  make  100  gallons  of 
turpentine  daily,  in  Marysvillc.  The  average  season's  yield  is  3  gallons  to 
each  tree  (crude),  or  25  barrels  of  turpentine  to  1,000  trees. 

In  1864  350,000  pounds  of  crude  pitch  were  collected  in  Butte  .ind  Sierra 
counties,  from  which  3  distilleries  made  7,250  gallons  of  spirits  of  turpen- 
tine and  1,150  barrels  of  resin,  averaging  250  pounds.  One  company  in 
that  j'ear  tapped  more  than  20,000  trees.  In  liuttc  County,  for  the  2 
years  ending  in  1SC6,  1,200  barrels  of  turpentine,  1,800  barrels  of  pitch,  and 
7,200  cases  of  resin  were  made.  The  Industry  remained  attive  for  4  or  5 
years,  but  suddenly  declined  in  consequence  of  North  Carolina's  coming 
into  the  market  again  after  the  clo.se  of  the  war,  and  since  then  the  produc- 
tion of  our  coast  has  been  insignificant.  In  1872  a  turpentine  and  resin 
factory  was  put  in  operation  in  San  Diego,  Cal.,  the  pitch  for  which  was 
obtained  from  trees  in  the  vicinity;  its  product,  however,  supplied  a  local 
demand  only,  and  was  not  known  in  the  San  Francisco  market. 

The  Californian  pitch  gatherers  cut  into  all  the  coniferous  trees  in  their 
dislricts,  including  the  nut-pine.  One  of  the  distillers,  who  concealed  his 
biisincss  and  whose  name  is  not  on  record,  found  that  the  pitch  from  this 
tree  would  not  make  turpentine;  and  he  had  much  trouble  in  getting  any- 
thing from  it  by  the  still,  but  finally  he  obtained  a  liquid  entirely  different 
from  turpentine  in  specific  gravity,  odor,  and  in  some  of  its  qualities.  He 
called  it  erasinc,  and  sold  it  as  a  detergent,  for  taking  grease  out  of  clothes. 
Druggists,  who  sold  it,  advertised  it  under  new  titles,  as  if  they  had  person- 
ally discovered  it  and  had  the  only  stock  to  be  found  anywhere. 

Hcfore  kerosene  came  into  common  use,  camphcne  supplied  a  brilliant 
light  for  those  people  who  were  willing  to  take  the  risks  attached  to  its  high 
inflammability.  It  is  redistilled  or  refined  turpetitine,  the  second  distilla- 
tion clearing  the  fluid  of  the  pitchy  material  carried  over  in  the  first  treat- 
ment. Considerable  quantities  of  camphene  were  made  in  San  Friuicisco, 
from  Xorth  Carolina  turpentine,  before  1866,  but  very  little  within  the  last 
1 5  >cars,  so  little  that  but  for  its  former  prominence  it  would  not  deserve 
mention. 

Perftimery.— The  perfumes  and  toilet  articles  consumed  annually  on  our 
coast  arc  valued  at  over  $350,000;  of  which,  not  exceeding  one  fifth  (in- 
cluding the  various  colognes  and  other  waters  manufactured  by  druggists 
in  all  the  larger  towns),  is  produced  here.     The  importations  arc  the  pnul- 


m 


MISCELLANEOUS   MAXLFACTURES. 


;«7 


ucts  of  both  Eastern  and  foreign  makers,  many  of  the  finer  articles  being 
French  or  German.  The  capital  invested  in  this  brai.jh  of  industry  amounts 
to  $15,000,  and  employment  is  given  to  15  persons,  chiefly  boys  and  girls, 
who  earn  from  $3  to  $6  per  week,  working  10  hours  per  day.  The  articles 
turned  out  comprise  the  various  odors  known  as  handkerchief  extracts  and 
bouquets,  hair-oil,  pomatum.s,  cosmetics,  powders,  and  similar  toilet  prepa- 
rations. The  prices  of  the  different  sorts  of  perfumes  vary  according  to 
the  cheapness  of  the  raw  materials  and  quantity  of  odoriferous  matter  con- 
tained in  them.  Of  the  raw  material  consumed,  the  spirit.s,  tallows,  lard, 
oils,  wax,  and  .some  other  articles  of  minor  importance,  arc  produced  at 
home;  but  the  extracts  used  in  making  the  various  perfumes  are  from 
flowers  grown  in  many  lands.  The  manufacture  of  these  articles  is  con- 
fined to  San  Francisco,  and  their  consumption  to  the  slope  north  of 
Mexico.  The  principal  establishment  is  that  of  PECK  &  Calmann,  doing 
business  under  the  title  of  the  Franco-American  Perfumery  Company. 
Other  makers  are  CoWAN  &  Co.  and  A.  Luder.s. 


Coooanut  Oil. — The  annual  consumption  of  cocoa  oil  on  our  coast 
amounts  to  90,000  gallon.s,  nearly  all  made,  in  or  near  San  Francisco,  from 
cobre,  the  dried  pulp  of  the  cocoanut.  This  material  is  collected  by  the 
natives  of  the  islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  and  sold  at  prices  ranging  from 
1/4  to  3  cents  a  pound.  Under  pressure  it  yields  about  60  per  cent,  of  oil, 
valuable  for  soap  and  cosmetics.  The  recent  prices  have  been  50  and  5  5 
cents  a  gallon,  though  a  few  years  since  it  sold  readily  for  70  or  75  ccnt.s. 
The  cake  left  after  the  oil  has  been  pressed  out  is  used,  like  the  cake  of 
flaxseed,  for  feeding  cattle.  The  only  mill  of  which  cocoa  oil  is  the  exclu- 
sive production  is  that  of  A.  CrawI'ORU  &  Co.,  at  Alameda.  They  em- 
ploy 3  schooners  in  bringing  the  raw  material  from  the  tropical  islands  in 
the  Pacific.     The  Pacific  Oil  and  Lead  Works  also  press  cobre. 

Whale  Oil  Refining. — About  400,000  gallons  of  whale  and  fish  oiJ  arc 
consumed  annually  on  our  coast,  mostly  for  lubricating  purpo.ses,  and  some 
of  it  is  prepared  for  use  by  refining,  a  process  in  which  one  small  estab- 
lishment in  San  Franci.sco  is  occupied  part  of  the  year,  lying  idle  the 
remainder  of  the  time.  Hefore  the  days  of  kerosene,  while  the  oils  of  the 
common  and  sperm  whales  were  used  in  nearly  all  the  lamps,  3  or  4  large 
refineries  were  busy  constantly. 

Soap. — The  annual  consumption  of  .soap  on  the  Pacific  Coast  north  of 
Mexico  has  been  steadily  increasing,  until  it  now  amounts  to  about  20,000 
tons  of  2,000  pound.s,  or  more  than  25  pounds  to  each  individual.  Imports 
amount  to  about  1,000  ton.s,  and  exports  to  300,  leaving  the  production  at 


7i8 


MANUFACTURES. 


least  19,000  tons,  worth,  at  $200  per  ton,  $3,800,000.  Most  of  the  soap  im- 
ported consists  of  castilc  soap  from  France,  and  toilet  soap  from  the 
Atlantic  States.  Exports  are  principally  to  Japan,  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
Britisii  Columbia,  and  China,  in  the  order  named,  and  shipments  are  also 
regularly  made  to  Siberia,  Mexico,  and  Tahiti.  But  little  of  our  soap 
reaches  the  Australian  market,  owing  to  high  import  duties.  Manufacturers 
look  for  a  steady  increase  in  the  number  and  value  of  foreign  orders,  partic- 
ularly from  China  and  Japan.  Capital  amounting  to  nearly  $1,000,000  is 
invested  in  the  enterprise,  and  employment  furnished  to  600  hands,  who 
arc  paid  from  50  cents  per  day— for  minors,  engaged  in  packing  and  similar 
work — to  $3,  for  expert  workmen,  a  day's  work  being  10  hours.  Of  the 
entire  business  of  the  coast,  the  21  factories  in  San  Francisco,  or  having 
their  business  headquarters  there,  represent  75  per  cent,  of  the  capital,  em- 
ploy three  fourths  of  the  hands,  and  turn  out  the  same  proportion  of  the 
products.  The'  raw  materials  used  in  the  industry  include  animal  and 
vegetable  oils,  alkalies,  resin,  meal  of  maize,  coloring  matter,  and  perfumes. 
The  animal  fat  most  largely  consumed  is  tallow,  although  fish  oils  arc  em- 
ployed in  making  certain  coarse  varieties.  The  supply  of  tallow  on  our 
coa.st  is  ample  for  a  largely  increased  business;,  a  considerable  quantity 
being  exported  annually;  it  sells  in  average  years  for  5^  cents  per  pound 
for  crude,  and  7  cents  for  refined.  Of  the  vegetable  oils,  olive,  cocoanut, 
and  palm  arc  chiefly  employed ;  the  first  named  being  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  Castile  soap.  Only  the  inferior  qualities  of  olive  oil  are  taken  for 
the  purpose,  the  best  being  reserved  for  table  use.  The  imported  French 
castile  soap  is  of  .several  qualities,  the  poorest  of  which  contains  soapstone, 
or  other  like  substances;  and  this  variation  in  quality,  no  doubt,  led  to  the 
establishment  of  the  duty — 35  per  cent,  ad  valorem,  and  one  cent  per 
pound.  The  dried  meat  of  the  cocoanut,  known  as  cobre,  is  shipped  to 
San  I'rancisco  from  Tahiti,  and  other  Pacific  island.s,  and  from  it  is  pressed 
the  ordinary  cocoanut  oil,  which  sells  for  about  60  cents  per  gallon.  Palm 
oil,  from  Africa,  is  used  in  making  toilet  .soaps,  and  costs  here  8  cents  per 
pound.  Caustic  .soda  mainly  supplies  the  alkali  required,  being  obtained 
for  the  greater  part  by  rccrystallizing  the  deposits  found  in  Nevada, 
although  some  is  brought  here  from  England ;  it  is  sold  for  4  cents  per 
pound.  Russian  potash  is  ;dso  made  use  of  in  the  manufacture  of  special 
brands.  Maize  meal  is  introduced  into  a  variety  of  .soap,  said  to  be  spe- 
cially adapted  to  washing  fine  flannels.  In  the  manufacture  of  .soap,  as  in 
other  industries,  machinery  lias  been  largely  introduced;  lathes,  pre.s.ses, 
saws,  planes,  cutlers,  and  other  appliances  are  to  be  found  in  all  our  large 
factories,  and  some  manufacturers  print  their  own  labels  and  wrappers.  A 
deposit  of  mineral  so.ip  was  discovered  in  Nevada  in  1875,  near  the  junction 


MISCELLANEOUS   MANUFACTURES. 


;i9 


of  Smith  Creek  and  the  south  fork  of  the  Little  Humboldt,  in  Elko  County 
It  is  said  to  be  good  for  toilet  purposes,  though  too  weak  for  other  uses 
In  1856,  a  company  was  formed,  in  San  Francisco,  by  some  Parisians,  for 
the  manufacture  of  toilet  soaps  and  perfumery,  being  the  first  attempt  of 
the  kind  on  the  coast.  The  articles  produced  were  of  a  good  qualit)',  but 
the  demand  was  small,  and  the  enterprise  failed.  The  first  soap  T,  ;tory  in 
California  to  manufacture  for  the  trade  was  established  at  San  Franci.ico  in 
1850,  on  the  corner  of  Green  and  Powell  streets,  by  J.  J.  Bergin.  A  small 
factory,  supplying  a  local  demand,  is  mentioned  as  being  operated  by  a  Mr. 
Carpenter,  in  Los  Angeles  in  1834.  The  largest  soap  factory  on  the 
coast  is  that  of  THE  STANDARD  SoAi'  Company,  whose  works  are  located 
at  West  Berkeley,  California,  and  have  a  capacity  sufficient  for  the  produc- 
tion of  7,000  tons  annually.  The  oldest  factory  now  in  existence  is  that 
known  as  the  Pioneer  Soap  Factory,  owned  by  James  H.  Heilmann, 
established  in  Sacramento  in  1850,  and  removed  to  San  Francisco  in  1855. 
The  Columbia  Soap-works,  J.  BOL,\N  &  Co.,  proprietors;  the  Alta  Soap 
Company,  Engwer  &  Weintraub,  proprietors;  the  Union  Soap  Factory, 
Charles  A.  Petersen  &  Co.,  proprietors;  and  the  Champion  Soap 
Factory,  owned  by  Thomas  Dolan,  are  also  located  in  San  Francisco. 
Other  important  factories  are  those  of  the  THE  ROYAL  SOAP  COMPANY, 
and  The  Commercial  Soap  Company,  both  established  in  Alameda; 
W.  J.  Houston  &  Co.  being  the  San  Francisco  agents  of  the  first,  and 
Dakin  &  LiBBEY,  of  the  last  mentioned.  The  Navy  Soap  Company  was 
established  at  Oakland  in  1880,  to  manufacture  the  Nevada  mineral  deposit 
previously  mentioned;  its  San  Francisco  agent  is  FRANK  H.  De  Pue. 
In  Sacramento,  the  Capital  Soap  Factory,  established  in  1866,  is  owned  by 
VVithington  &  Bagley,  who  make  washing- powders  as  well  as  soaps  of 
various  kinds;  and  HOVVELL  &  Tu.SON  are  proprietors  of  the  Chief  Soap  Fac- 
tory. There  are  other  soap  factories  of  minor  importance  in  California,  and 
also  in  mo.st  of  the  divisions  north  of  Mexico,  including  British  Columbia. 

Oregon  Standard  Soap.— The  Standard  Soap  Company  (R.  Irving 
&  Co.),  of  Portland,  Oregon,  established  in  that  city  by  R.  Irving  in  1868, 
is  the  second  house  of  importance  on  the  coast  in  its  line  of  business.  The 
manufacture  is  carried  on  almost  entirely  by  steam-power,  but  $  hands  be- 
ing employed.  About  15  varieties  of  soap  are  turned  out,  besides  consid- 
erable quantities  of  glue  and  curled  hair;  the  market  being  Oregon  and  the 
neighboring  territories  of  Washington  and  Idaho.  The  office  and  factory 
are  located  at  the  corner  of  Eleventh  and  F  streets. 

Pendray  &  Co.— Till'  British  Columbia  Soap-works  were  estab- 
lished at  Victoria,  B.  C,  their  present  location,  by  W.  J.  Jeffree  and  J.  W. 


•20 


MANUFACTURES. 


Pkndray  in  1878;  the  business  being  carried  on  under  the  firm  name  of 
I'KNi:)RAY  &  Co.  The  works,  situated  on  James  Bay  and  Humboldt  Street, 
consist  of  the  factory  proper,  a  2-story  building  covering  an  area  of  40  by 
60  feet,  and  a  warehouse  of  one  story,  28  by  60  feet  in  extent;  the  2  build- 
ings being  connected  by  a  tramw.iy.  The  plant  includs  4  kettles,  the 
largest  having  a  capacity  of  1,400  gallons,  together  with  a  steam  digestor 
;ind  the  usual  modern  appliances  found  in  a  first-class  establishment.  The 
furnaces  are  so  arranged  as  to  consume  the  gases  generated  in  the  different 
processes,  thus  avoiding  the  dissemination  of  disagreeable  odors.  The 
products  of  the  works  comprise  lo  varieties  of  soap,  ranging  from  the 
coarsest  grade  for  Indian  use,  to  a  highly  perfumed  toilet  article,  and  also 
sal  soda  in  quantities  sufficient  to  supply  the  trade.  A  market  is  found 
throughout  British  Columbia. 


Candles. — For  certain  purposes,  chief  among  which  is  underground  min- 
ing, no  satisfactory  substitute  has  yet  been  found  for  the  candle,  and  by 
far  the  greater  part  of  the  manufacture  on  our  coast  is  now  sold  for  use  be- 
neath  the  earth's  surface.  Both  dipped  and  molded  candles  are  produced 
on  the  coast,  although  the  output  of  the  former  is  limited  to  a  small  quan- 
tity made  of  wax,  which  substance  can  not  be  cast,  because  it  adheres  to 
the  molds,  and  also  shrinks  in  cooling.  The  materials  commonly  em- 
ployed are  tallow  of  beef  and  mutton,  cocoanut  oil,  and  sometimes  palm 
oil,  ihoiigh  in  much  less  quantity.  The  annual  consumption  of  candles  on 
the  coast,  so  far  as  ascertainable,  is  about  210,000  boxes  of  20  pounds  each, 
or  2,100  tons,  being  nearly  7  candles  to  each  inhabitant,  including  Alaska, 
Pacific  Canada,  and  Pacific  Mexico.  This  quantity  is  below  that  actually 
consumed,  as  several  mines  in  Nevada  and  Utah  receive  their  candles 
directly  from  the  ICastern  States,  and  consequently  no  record  of  the  weight 
reaches  San  Francisco. 

The  San  Francisco  manufacturers,  the  only  ones  on  the  coast,  produce 
135,000  boxes,  equal  to  1,350  tons,  annually;  imports  from  the  Atlantic 
States  amount  to  98,000  bo.xes,  or  980  tons;  and  exports,  which  arc  mostly 
to  Mexico,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  British  Columbia  (the  first  named 
rccci\ing  three  fourths  of  the  entire  shipments)  amount  to  20,000 
boxes,  or  200  tons.  Ordinary  candles  are  .sold  in  San  Francisco  at 
from  9  to  20  cents  per  pound,  the  price  usually  varying  according  to 
wcigiit,  which  is  from  9  to  14  ounces  for  Ccich  set  of  6  candles.  Tak- 
ing the  average  price  at  12  cents,  the  value  of  the  annual  consumption 
is  over  $500,000;  that  of  the  home  production'  $325,000;  that  of  the 
importation  $235,000;  and  that  of  the  exports  $50,000.  Capital  to  the 
amount  of  $150,000  is  invested  in  the  industry,  and  employment  furnished 


MISCELLANICOUS   MANUFACTURES. 


721 


to  150  hands,  whose  waf^es  rani^c  from  $1  to  $3  per  day  of  10  hours,  avcr- 
aginjr  $2.  Mold  candles,  as  implied  by  the  name,  are  cast  in  molds,  a 
number  of  which  are  grouped,  and  wicks  being  stretched  through  their 
centers,  melted  fat  is  allowed  to  run  in.  In  dipping  candles,  the  wicks 
having  been  warmed,  arc  suspended  over  a  basin  of  melted  wa.\,  the  wax  is 
poured  over  them  until  the  desired  size  is  produced,  and  the  candle  is  made 
round  by  rolling.  Of  the  raw  materials,  tallow  is  supplied  by  the  coast, 
and  costs  in  ordinary  years  about  5J/^  cents  per  pound  for  crude  and  7)4 
cents  for  refined.  Palm  oil  comes  from  Africa,  where  it  is  made  by  boiling 
the  nuts  of  several  species  of  palms  in  water,  and  costs  here  8  cents  per 
pound.  Cocoanut  oil  is  pressed,  in  San  Francisco,  from  the  dried  meat  of 
cocoanuts  shipped  from  several  of  the  South  Sea  islands,  and  costs  about 
60  cents  per  gallon.  Since  1878  the  shipments  of  candles  to  the  coa.st  from 
the  Eastern  States  have  decreased  50  per  cent.  During  the  time  of  the 
extensive  working  of  the  Comstock  lode  in  Nevada,  the  consumption  of 
candles  there  was  immense,  several  mines  using  from  6  to  8  tons  e.ich  per 
month.  The  annual  shipments  from  the  Eastern  States  from  1875  to  1878 
amounted  to  over  5,000  tons.  Candle-works  were  established  in  Sacra- 
mento and  in  San  Francisco  in  1854,  the  factory  in  the  latter  city  being  de- 
stroyed by  fire  2  years  later.  Eastern-made  candles  cost  at  that  time  46 
cents  per  pound.  In  1871  the  San  Francisco  candle-makers  obtained  most 
of  their  tallow  from  Australia.  Besides  the  factory  already  mentioned,  one 
was  burned  in  San  Francisco  in  1873.  The  import  duties  on  foreign  can- 
dles are  from  2^  to  8  cents  per  pound,  according  to  quality.  Candles 
are  much  improved  by  age,  and  should  be  stored  for  some  time  before 
being  used.  As  the  candles  consumed  by  the  general  Government  on  the 
Pacific  Slope  are  from  our  factories,  it  is  fair  to  presume  that  in  quality 
they  arc  equal  to  the  products  of  Eastern  works.  The  principal  factories 
are  those  of  TlIE  SAN  FRANCISCO  CANOLE  COMPANY,  EGBERT  JUDSON, 
president,  established  in  1867,  burned  in  1876,  and  rebuilt  immediately 
afterwards,  now  employing  about  50  hands;  and  the  Mission  Soap  and 
Candle  VVork.s,  Max  Morgknthau,  proprietor,  established  in  1872;  which 
works  were  destroyed  by  the  explosion  of  a  steam-boiler  in  1881,  and  have 
been  since  rebuilt.     Forty  hands  are  employed. 

Starob. — The  annual  consumption  of  starch  on  the  coast  amounts  to 
about  1,300  tons  of  2,000  pounds,  of  which  quantity,  not  to  exceed  100  tons 
valued  at  $16,000,  are  produced  here,  the  supply  coming  from  the  States 
east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Exports  amount  to  75  tons,  being  chiefly 
to  Mexico,  British  Columbia,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  China.  The  man- 
ufacture in  California  employs  only  6  men.  In  1855  a  factory  in  Contra 
9« 


'..oJiiffi 


■.^ff^j^miems 


^m<>pnppRiP«nppm«iH<inpi 


mmmmmmmf. 


722  MANUFACTURES. 

Costa  County,  California,  turned  out  about  20  tons  per  month  for  a  short 
time.  In  1857  an  establishment  at  San  Francisco  made  a  few  tons.  In 
1870  a  company  was  incorporated  at  San  Francisco,  having  a  capital  stock 
of  $150,000,  which,  for  a  time,  supplied  various  hotels  and  laundries;  but 
dividends  were  few,  and  the  business  was  abandoned.  In  the  same  year  a 
factory  was  established  in  Santa  Clara  County,  which  produced  80  tons  of 
wheat  starch  in  4  months,  employing  20  men ;  but  the  works  proving  un- 
profitable, were  closed.  The  cause  of  these  misadventures  was  inability  to 
compete  with  Eastern  manufacturers,  whose  products  can  be  sold  here  at 
from  one  and  one  half  to  2  cents  per  pound  less  than  similar  articles  can 
be  .sold  by  producers  on  our  coast.  Most  of  the  Eastern  starch  is  made 
from  white  corn,  which  can  be  bought  at  times  for  less  than  50  cents  per 
bushel  of  56  pounds.  Very  little  of  this  grain  is  grown  on  the  coast,  and 
the  yellow  variety  does  not  yield  good  starch.  Wheat  costs  here  about 
$1.50  per  cental,  which  is  $12  per  ton  more  than  Eastern  rates  for  white 
corn.  From  i  J^  to  2  tons  of  grain  are  required  to  produce  a  ton  of  starch. 
Some  wheat  starch  is  also  shipped  from  the  Eastern  States,  but  being  made 
from  common  flour,  it  is  inferior  in  quality.  The  only  factory  on  the  coast 
is  that  of  J.  p'VKkDiNG  &  Co.,  established  in  1854,  with  works  now  located 
in  Berkeley. 


Soda. — The  refining  and  otherwise  treating  the  crude  forms  of  this  salt  may 
be  clas.sed  among  tho.se  industries  that  have  obtained  a  permanent  foothold 
on  our  coast.  The  various  products  of  the  industry  are  known  as  sal  soda 
(impure  carbonate),  bicarbonate,  soda  crystals,  and  washing-powder.  The 
annual  consumption  of  soda,  in  its  various  forms,  is  about  4,500  tons, 
amounting  in  value  at  average  prices  to  $275,000.  Capital  .imounting  to 
$50,000  is  invested  in  the  industry,  and  about  20  hands  are  employed,  of 
whom  one  half  work  during  the  season  only,  which  lasts  through  the  dry 
months,  in  gathering  the  deposits  and  attending  upon  the  vat.s.  The  wages 
paid  average  $2.50  a  day  of  10  hour.s.  Of  the  entire  consumption,  70  per 
cent,  is  imported  from  England,  and  1,000  tons  are  produced  at  home. 
About  three  fourths  of  the  importations  are  soda  ash,  a  portion  only  of 
which  is  worked  over  here,  the  greater  part  being  used  in  glass,  soap,  and 
other  works ;  and  of  the  remaining  imports,  nine  tenths  arc  caustic — used 
for  bleaching,  etc.,  and  one  tenth  is  bicarbonate,  chiefly  consumed  in  the 
manufacture  of  baking-powders.  Extensive  natural  deposits  of  soda  occur 
in  Mexico,  California,  and  Nevada,  but  those  in  the  last  named  State 
are  the  only  ones  worked.  They  are  found  'in  Churchill  County,  25 
miles  south-east  from  Wadsworth,  and  consist  of  strata,  probably  the 
result  of  years  of  evaporation,  and   originally   covered  an  oval  basin  of 


mmmmmm'i'ii^ 


MISCELLANEOUS  MANUFACTURES. 


/-i 


about  1 6  acres,  75  feet  below  the  level  of  the  surrounding  ground,  which  is 
a  desert.  The  deposit  is  several  feet  thick,  with  some  sand  blown  in 
between  the  layers,  and  as  three  fourths  of  it  have  already  been  dug  out, 
its  entire  removal  is  but  a  matter  of  a  short  time.  It  is  freed  from  impuri- 
ties, and  mostly  shipped  to  San  Francisco  in  sacks,  a  small  quantity  being 
used  in  Nevada  in  milling  ores  of  silver.  The  freight  is  $ig  a  ton,  and  it 
sells  for  about  $60.  Near  this  "  soda  lake,"  as  it  is  called,  is  an  area  of 
perhaps  an  acre,  within  the  limits  of  which  numerous  springs  bubble  up, 
the  water  holding  in  solution  almost  pure  carbonate  of  soda,  the  other 
matter  amounting  to  not  more  than  5  per  cent.  This  water  is  pumped  into 
shallow  vats,  partially  evaporated  by  solar  heat,  and  when  its  temperature 
is  lowered  by  cool  nights,  soda  is  formed.  So  much  depends  on  the  cool- 
ing, that  a  season  during  which  little  ice  is  formed  proves  a  poor  soda 
season.  This  soda  is  shipped  to  San  Francisco  in  boxes,  where  it  is  con- 
verted into  other  varieties  of  the  salt,  one  of  which,  the  bicarbonate,  is 
rapidly  taking  the  place  of  the  English  production.  The  only  establish- 
ment now  on  the  coast  is  that  of  JOHN  HoRSTMAN. 

Cream  of  Tartar. — During  the  fermentation  of  grape-juice,  a  deposit  is 
formed,  dark  or  light  colored,  as  the  wine  is  red  or  white,  and  after  purifi- 
cation is  known  chemically  as  bitartrate  of  potassa.  It  received  the  name 
cream  of  tartar,  because  a  portion  of  the  crystalline  formation  floats  on 
the  surface  of  the  solution,  as  cream  iloats  on  milk.  The  crude  article  is 
chiefly  used  as  a  flux  in  assaying  ores;  the  refined  product  is  employed  in 
medicine,  but  the  most  of  it  is  consumed  in  the  manufacture  of  yeast- 
powders.  The  annual  consumption  of  cream  of  tartar  on  our  coast  is 
about  100,000  pounds,  amounting,  at  40  cents  per  pound,  to  $40,000,  of 
which  quantity  at  least  three  fourths  is  refined  from  imported  French  argol, 
the  wine-cellars  of  California  furnishing  the  raw  material  for  the  remainder. 
Capital  to  the  amount  of  $15,000  is  invested  in  the  industry,  and  employ- 
ment is  given  to  10  men.  In  i860,  Emile  Vacht  manufactured  about  1,000 
pounds  of  cream  of  tartar,  at  Los  Angeles,  from  crude  material  obtained 
from  vincyardists  in  that  vicinity,  and  this  was  the  first  production  of  the 
article  on  our  coast.  Many  wine-makers  do  not  .save  their  argol,  consider- 
ing the  quantity  too  small  to  repay  them,  while  others  allow  it  to  remain  in 
the  casks,  thinking  the  wine  improved  thereby;  but  as  agents  have  been  .sent 
through  the  wine  districts  to  buy  up  the  supply,  it  is  probable  more  will  be 
saved  hereafter.  The  principal  refinery  is  that  of  D.  Cardaire  &  Co., 
in  San  Francisco.  A.  BERTANDIAS  established  works  at  Napa  in  1880,  for 
collecting  argol,  and  ships  about  5  tons  annually  to  San  Francisco  for  re- 
fining. 


724 


MANUFACTURES. 


Borax. — The  production  of  this  salt  on  the  coast  is  at  present  limited  to 
the  States  of  Nevada  and  California,  the  first  named  furnishing  1,250  tons, 
and  the  last  mentioned,  650  tons  of  2,240  pounds,  in  all,  1,900  tons  per 
year.  Of  this  quantity,  1,250  tons  arc  shipped  from  San  Francisco  to 
New  York;  475  tons  to  England;  10  tons  to  various  Pacific  ports;  and 
about  75  tons  are  consun>ed  on  the  slope,  between  Mexico  and  British 
Columbia.  In  addition  to  the  production  given,  100  tons  of  borate  of 
lime  were  shipped,  in  1881,  from  Nevada,  and  50  tons  from  San  Francisco 
to  England.  Capital  amounting  to  $150,000  is  invested  in  the  industry, 
and  125  men  employed,  who  are  paid  wages  averaging  $2  per  day  of  10 
hours,  the  working  season  lasting  from  6  to  8  months,  depending  upon 
the  absence  of  rains.  The  value  of  the  production,  at  10  cents  per  pound, 
is  about  $450,000.  The  receipts  at  San  Francisco  for  1881  were  about  80 
tons  more  than  those  for  the  previous  year.  The  principal  sources  of  sup- 
ply in  Nevada  are  Teal's  Marsh  and  Virginia  or  Rhode's  Salt  Marsh, 
situated  about  14  miles  north-west  of  Columbus.  In  California  a  deposit 
is  found  in  San  Bernardino  County.  Borates  of  lime  and  soda  occur  in 
several  other  counties  in  Nevada.  The  soda  deposits  have  been  success- 
fully worked,  but  the  price  has  fallen  to  so  low  a  figure  (from  33  cents  to  10 
cents,  delivered  at  railroad),  owing  to  the  importation  of  boric  acid  from 
England  duty  free,  that  little  profit  remains  to  the  producer.  In  1856  Dr. 
J.  A.  Vkatcii,  whilst  analyzing  the  water  of  certain  springs  in  Tehama 
County,  California,  found  crystab  of  borax  remaining  from  the  evapora- 
tion of  .several  gallons  of  the  fluid.  This  is  believed  to  be  the  first  known 
on  the  coast,  or  in  the  United  States.  In  consequence  of  this  discovery  he 
examined  other  waters,  and  found  boric  acid  in  many  of  them.  Bora.x 
Lake  yielded  about  250  tons,  annually,  for  a  few  years.  Although  the 
present  yield  of  the  coast  is  far  in  excess  of  its  consumption,  it  is  by  no 
means  sufficient  to  supply  the  country  at  large,  a  large  quantity  being  im- 
ported into  the  Atlantic  States  from  England.  The  San  Francisco  agents 
are  William  T.  Coleman  &  Co. 

Cigarettes. — At  most  of  the  cigarette  factories,  tobacco  is  cut  up  for  the 
use  of  persons  addicted  to  chewing  or  pipe-smoking,  or  for  cigarette  smok- 
ers who  prefer  to  roll  their  own  cigarettes.  The  quantity  sold  in  San 
Francisco  alone  is  probably  not  short  of  80,000,000  a  year,  and,  until  1882, 
about  .seven  eighths  of  them  were  imported. 

A  small  number  of  Chinamen  are  engaged  at  this  industry,  but  there  are 
several  factories  in  which  only  white  labor  is  employed.  Young  boys 
and  girls  make  low,  fixed  wages  by  sorting  and  stripping  the  tobacco. 
The  cigarette-makers,  who  are  usually  adults,  receive  65  to  75  cents  per 


Hi 


MISCELLANEOUS   XIANUFACTURES. 


725 


l,00a  If  very  expert,  they  can  make  as  many  as  5  a  minute,  or  3,C)CX3  a 
day,  and  earn  $10  or  $1 1  a  week;  but  their  average  earnings  do  not  exceed 
$8  or  $9.  The  packing  and  stamping  are  done  by  girls,  who  make  about 
$6  a  week  by  packing  and  $3.50  to  $4  by  stamping.  Cigarettes  of  good 
quality  are  made  of  what  is  often  called  Turkish,  but  is  usually,  in  fact, 
Virginia  tobacco.  Real  Turkish  tobacco  is  worth  $5  to  $10  a  pound;  and 
is,  of  course,  beyond  the  means  of  most  smokers.  Havana  tobacco  is  also 
used  for  fillings.  The  wrappers  are  of  paper  of  various  colors,  or  of  corn- 
husks.  The  ends  of  the  paper  are  turned  up  with  a  small  instrument 
resembling  a  steel-pen,  which  is  attached  to  the  finger  of  the  operative. 

The  materials  used  in  the  process  of  manufacture  are  nearly  all  imported. 
Most  of  the  tobacco  comes  from  the  Southern  States,  and  most  of  the 
papers  from  France. 

Charcoal. — San  Francisco  consumes  annually  about  3,600  tons  of  char- 
coal (120,000  sacks  of  60  pounds  each),  worth  $65,000  at  the  present  price 
of  $17  a  ton.  The  bulk  of  the  supply  comes  from  Sonoma  County,  and 
the  producers  are  70  or  80  Italians,  who  work  in  little  partnerships,  num- 
bering from  3  to  5  men.  Each  firm  leases  a  piece  of  land  containing  some 
oak  timber,  under  a  contract  requiring  the  payment  of  a  fixed  rent,  a  fur- 
ther payment  of  a  few  cents,  not  more  than  5  on  each  sack  of  charcoal 
made,  and  sometimes  a  clearing  of  the  land,  so  as  to  be  fit  for  tillage.  The 
lessees  sell  some  of  the  wood  as  cordwood  for  fuel,  and  make  the  best  of  it 
into  charcoal.  If  they  earn  $450  each  in  the  year,  they  think  they  have 
done  well.  The  evergreen  oak  is  preferred  for  charcoal,  but  the  deciduous 
oak  is  also  taken ;  and  a  little  willow  is  burned  for  special  uses.  Some  of 
the  farmers  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  who  have  oak  timber  on  their  land, 
devote  their  time,  not  required  for  agricultural  labor,  to  charcoal-burning; 
and  hire  field  laborers  at  $25  or  $30  a  month,  with  board,  to  assist  them. 

For  the  purpose  of  making  charcoal,  the  wood,  cut  in  lengths  of  about  4 
feet,  is  piled  up  sometimes  to  a  height  of  30  feet,  then  covered  with  a  layer 
of  brush,  and  this  again  with  wet  soil,  which  last  prevents  the  outer  air 
from  penetrating  during  the  burning  process.  The  burners  must  be  con- 
stantly on  the  watch  to  prevent  the  fire  either  from  dying  or  from  burning 
too  fiercely.  In  the  first  case,  they  open  the  pile  for  a  few  minutes;  in  the 
latter,  they  throw  on  more  soil.  The  piles  or  kiln.s,  as  they  call  them,  are 
of  different  sizes,  sometimes  producing  as  much  as  1,000  sacks,  or  30  tons 
of  charcoal,  and  take  from  1 5  to  22  days  to  burn.  The  slower  the  process, 
the  better  the  charcoal.  The  San  Francisco  Mint  consumes  about  900  sacks 
monthly,  and  the  canneries  about  250  tons  yearly.  The  consumption  of 
late  years  has  decreased.     In   1878  as  much  as  150,000  sacks  were  con- 


726 


MANUFACTURES. 


sumed.  Tinsmiths,  who  in  former  years  used  charcoal  exclusively,  have 
recently  adopted  a  heater,  which  burns  oil.  The  charcoal  made  by  the 
Italian  companies  is  sent  by  them  to  thi.s  city,  and  sold  in  large  lots  by  the 
sack,  and  not  by  weight,  to  dealers,  who,  in  their  turn,  retail  it  to  their  cus- 
tomers. In  Nevada  enormous  quantities  of  charcoal  are  used  by  min- 
ing companies  in  smelting  their  low-grade  ores.  About  2,(X)0  men,  most 
of  them  Italians,  are  employed  in  the  production.  The  price  paid  by  mine- 
owners  to  the  charcoal-burners  is  from  28  to  30  cents  a  bushel. 

Bone  Cbaiooal,  etc. — Bone  charcoal,  bone  phosphate,  bone  ash,  bone 
meal,  meat  manure,  and  neat's-foot  oil,  although  put  to  widely  different  u.ses, 
are  usually  manufactured  at  the  same  establishments,  for  the  reason  that  the 
raw  material  is  obtained  from  a  common  source  of  supply — the  large 
slaughter-houses  of  important  commercial  towns. 

This  coast  produces  annually  about  1,200  tons  of  charcoal,  200  of  bone 
ash,  800  of  bone  meal,  and  1,000  of  meat  manure,  and  6,000  gallons  of 
neat's-foot  oil.  The  coal,  ash,  and  most  of  the  oil  are  consumed  at  home; 
the  meal  and  manure  exported  to  Australia  and  New  Zealand,  as  are  a 
few  barrels  of  the  oil,  though  the  latter  is  the  only  one  of  these  articles 
mentioned  in  the  usual  list  of  imports.  Thirty  hands  are  employed.  The 
capital  invested  in  the  industry  is  about  $100,000.  The  coal  sells  for  $60  a 
ton  ;  the  ash  for  $75  ;  the  meal  for  $25  ;  the  meat  manure  for  $40;  and  the 
oil  for  ho  cents  a  gallon.  Animal  charcoal  is  made  from  bones,  which  are 
cleaned  and  rharred  in  a  covered  cylindrical  iron  vessel  holding  about  200 
pounds,  and  kt  p':  at  a  red  heat  for  8  hours,  when  the  pot  is  withdrawn  and 
placed  aside  to  cool.  The  coal  is  chiefly  used  as  a  decolorizer  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  sij^ar  and  of  other  articles  requiring  purification  of  this  nature. 
From  the  dust  unavoidably  accumulated  in  grinding  bones,  phosphate  has 
been  made ;  it  is  largely  used  as  a  manure  in  the  Eastern  States,  but  as 
high  rates  of  freight  prevent  its  shipment,  and  there  is  no  home  demand,  it 
is  at  present  thrown  away.  Bone  ash  is  made  by  burning  bones  in  an 
open  furnace  until  they  become  friable  and  easily  reduced  to  a  coarse  pow- 
der; it  is  supplied  to  the  mints,  assay  offices,  and  metallurgical  works, 
where  it  is  used  for  making  cupels.  Bone  meal  is  made  by  first  steaming 
the  bones  to  remove  the  gelatine,  and  afterwards  crushing  them.  Meat 
manure  is  prepared  from  the  refuse  organic  matter  of  slaughter-houses,  be- 
ing first  dried  by  centrifugal  action,  afterwards  by  steam-heaters,  and  then 
ground  and  mixed  with  a  sufficient  quantity  of  sulphuric  acid  to  fix  the 
ammonia  contained  in  it,  which  is  its  most  important  constituent.  Neat's- 
foot  oil  is  prepared  from  the  feet  and  intestines  of  cattle,  and  is  principally 
used  for  dressing  leather;   the  quality  of  that  produced  on  the  coast  is  not 


^•"mmami' 


MISCELLANEOUS  MANUFACTURES. 


727 


excelled  by  the  best  Eastern  article,  but  the  quantity  made  is  limited  by 
the  supply  of  the  raw  material,  which,  in  fact,  is  the  case  with  all  the  pro- 
ductions mentioned.  There  are  at  present  2  factories  in  San  Francisco — 
the  only  ones  on  the  coast — those  of  N.  OllLANDT  &  Co.  and  A.  IIahs. 
The  manufacturers  complain  that  our  agriculturists  are  indifferent  to  the 
necessity  of  supplying  the  land  with  the  material  required  to  keep  the  soil 
in  good  condition. 

Inks,  Blacking,  and  Muoilage. — These  articles,  aside  from  printing-ink, 
which  is  mentioned  in  the  chapter  on  paper,  printing,  etc.,  are  mostly  manu- 
factured at  the  same  establishments.  Two  varieties  of  ink  are  produced — 
writing-fluid,  and  that  used  by  workers  in  leather.  The  first-named 
variety  includes  all  black,  colored,  copying,  and  stencil  inks;  the  last,  that 
used  by  shoe  and  harness  makers.  Mucilage  differs  only  in  strength;  and 
blacking  is  either  solid  or  liquid.  The  aggregate  value  of  the  annual  con- 
sumption of  these  articles  on  our  coast  is  about  $80,000,  of  which  one 
fourth  is  imported.  Capital  amounting  to  $30,000  is  invested  in  the  in- 
dustry, and  employment  furnished  to  15  hands,  one  half  of  whom  arc 
minors  engaged  in  putting  up  the  mixtures.  Exports  amount  to  500  cases, 
and  are  principally  to  British  Columbia,  the  Hawaiian  Island.s,  .jid  Mexico. 
Of  the  raw  materials,  such  articles  as  sulphate  of  iron  and  prussian  blue 
are  obtained  from  our  chemical  works,  while  galls,  gums,  etc.,  are  imported 
from  Europe.  The  prices  range  from  a  few  cents  per  package,  for  the  com- 
mon inks  or  blackings,  to  $8  per  gallon  for  stencil  ink,  the  high  price  of 
the  latter  being  due  to  the  costliness  of  its  principal  ingredient,  nitrate  of 
silver 

The  largest  establishment  on  the  coast  is  the  Pacific  Ink  Factoiy, 
James  J.  Knowlton,  manager,  the  works  of  which  occupy  premises  52 
feet  by  137  feet.  HENRY  Lake  and  A.  Patek,  each  manufacture  black- 
ing."; and  dressings,  all  being  located  in  San  Francisco. 

Carbon  Bisulphide. — Bisulphide  of  carbon,  a  heavy  liquid  vaporizing 
rapidly  upon  exposure  to  atmospheric  influence,  depends  for  its  commer- 
cial value  on  the  poisonous  effects  of  its  vapor,  particularly  as  affecting  the 
lower  forms  of  animal  life.  About  800  pounds  per  day  arc  manufactured 
here  during  a  portion  of  the  year,  most  of  which  is  sold  to  the  agricultur- 
ists of  the  coast,  and  employed  by  them  in  destroying  ground-squirrels, 
gophers,  and  the  phylloxera.  Sev  sral  shipments  have  also  been  made  to 
the  Eastern  States.  Capital  amounting  to  $8,000  is  invested  in  the  in- 
dustry', and  6  men  are  employed,  who  arc  paid  wages  averaging  $2.50  per 
day.  Until  1880,  the  price  of  this  agent  (from  50  cents  to  $1  a  pound)^ 
placed  it  beyond  the  farmer's  reach ;  but  the  invention  of  a  cheaper  pro 


ii^ 


mmmm 


728 


MANUFACTURES. 


cess  of  manufacture  about  that  time  so  reduced  its  cost  that  it  is  now  sold 
in  large  quantities  at  8  cents  a  pound.  To  destroy  the  rodents,  a  small 
portion  is  placed  in  each  hole,  and  the  opening  sealed ;  the  vapor,  heavier 
than  air,  sinks  to  the  bottom,  and  a  single  inhalation  kills  the  animal.  A 
pound  is  enough  for  from  25  to  30  holes.  The  fluid  is  too  strong  in  its 
natural  state  for  use  in  vineyards,  and  when  employed  to  destroy  the 
phylloxera,  potash  or  soda  is  added,  and  the  mixture  diluted  with  water  in 
the  proportion  of  97^2  gallons  of  the  latter  to  a  pound  of  the  mixture  for 
each  1 5  vines,  planted  8  feet  by  8  feet  apart.  Th.s  quantity  proved  suffi- 
cient to  penetrate  the  soil  to  a  depth  of  3  feet,  and  to  spread  over  the  sur- 
face between  the  vines.  The  ground  must  be  in  a  condition  to  allow  the 
solution  to  penetrate  quickly,  and  it  should  be  used  ?t  that  season  of  the 
year  when  vegetation  is  least  active.  The  officers  of  the  California  State 
Viticultural  Commission  place  its  cost  for  a  vineyard  at  $20  per  acre, 
equivalent  to  the  value  of  one  ton  of  grapes.  Of  the  raw  material  con- 
sumed in  this  industry,  the  carbon  is  obtained  from  specially  prepared 
willow  charcoal,  and  the  sulphur  comes  from  Sicily  and  Japan  in  the  form 
of  brimstone,  costing  2^2  cents  per  pound.  The  only  factory  in  the 
United  States  is  that  of  JOIIN  H.  WHEELER,  at  Berkeley. 

Axle  Grease. — This  lubricant,  as  made  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  is  a  mixture 
of  resinous  and  oily  substances,  and  its  annual  consumption  amounts  tc 
200  ton.s,  valued  at  $45,000.  The  San  Francisco  factories,  the  only  ones  on 
the  slope,  produce  about  1 50  tons  yearly,  and  50  tons  are  imported  from  the 
Atlantic  States.  Exports  amount  to  25  tons  per  annum,  being  chiefly  to 
Mexico,  British  Columbia,  the  Hawaiian  Islands?,  and  Australia.  Capital 
amounting  to  $45,000  is  invested  in  the  industry,  and  10  hands  arc  cm- 
ployed,  who  are  paid  $2.50  per  day  of  10  hours.  Of  the  raw  material;'., 
resin  is  received  from  North  Carolina  via  New  York,  at  a  cost  of  about 
$3.50  per  barrel  of  280  pounds;  and  the  oils  are  partly  imported  and 
partly  produced  hero.  The  only  factories  on  our  coast  are  in  San  Fran- 
cisco; the  oldest  and  largest  factory,  that  of  LAMBERT  &  GREENE,  was 
establiBlicfl  in  1852;  the  other,  owned  by  \V.  H.  VVoRDEN,  was  started  in 
1873- 

Brooms. — Brooms  are  manufactured  on  the  coast  by  about  50  establish- 
ments, who  have  capital  invested  amounting  to  $125,000;  employ  300  per- 
.sons,  one  half  of  whom  are  Chinese;  and  produce  annually  60,000  dozens 
of  brooms  of  all  kinds,  worth  nearly  $250,000.  The  whites  receive  from 
$10  to  $15  per  week,  and  the  Chinese  earn  about  $9 — all  working  10  hours 
per  day.  The  exports  amount  to  2,500  dozens  yearly,  and  arc  chiefly  to 
the  Hawaiian    Islands,  British  Columbia,  Mexico,  and  Central    America. 


MISCELLANEOUS  MANUFACTURES. 


729 


Wholesale  prices  range  from  $1.50  per  dozen  for  whisks,  to  $S-SO  for.  the 
best  house-brooms.  The  raw  material,  broom-corn,  is  grown  in  IJuttc, 
Colusa,  Sutter,  and  Yuba  counties,  California;  in  Washington,  and  also  in 
Utah,  principally  in  Weber  County.  The  average  yield  is  about  4  tons  to 
the  acre,  and  the  price  ranges  from  $40  to  $175  per  ton.  The  exports  of 
broom-corn  average  about  250  tons  per  annum,  and  are  chiefly  to  Australia 
and  New  Zealand,  the  first  named  receiving  by  far  the  greater  portion  of 
the  shipments.  The  total  product  of  the  coast  will  not  exceed  800  tons. 
The  lands  on  which  broom-corn  has  been  grown  in  California  lie  along  the 
Sacramento  River  and  IlS  tributaries,  ond  are  liable  to  annual  flooding,  to 
the  detriment  of  the  crops,  which  arc  commonly  raised  by  Chinese,  who 
hire  the  land.  Usually  the  stalk  of  this  corn  is  thicker  and  the  brush 
shorter  than  that  grown  in  the  States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The 
first  peculiarity  is  an  advantage,  in  that  it  admits  of  a  firmer  attachment  to 
the  handle ;  the  second  is  a  fault  that  is  overcome  by  laying  the  Eastern 
product  over  the  home  growth  in  making  the  broom.  The  importations,  at 
no  time  large,  vary  with  the  quantity  and  quality  of  the  native  yield. 

A  ton  of  broom-corn  will  make  from  100  to  125  dozens  of  brooms. 
Broom-handles  are  made  of  Port  Orford  cedar  apd  of  Californian  pi'.ie.  In 
addition  to  the  home  consumption  of  handles,  12,000  are  annually  exported, 
chiefly  to  Australia.  They  are  made  in  San  Francisco,  from  which  base 
most  country  dealers  obtain  their  supplies.  The  culture  of  broom-corn  be- 
gan near  Sacramento  in  185 1,  and  brooms  were  made  in  that  city  the  year 
following;  the  manufacturer  sta.  "ing  with  a  capital  of  $50.  In  1858  his  sales 
were  3,500  dozens,  and  he  employed  9  workmen.  About  this  time  125  tons 
of  corn  were  shipped  to  New  York  and  Boston.  Several  interior  towns  in 
California  not  only  manufactured  for  their  own  consumption,  but  shipped 
their  surplus  to  San  Francisco;  which  city  did  not  lead  in  the  industry 
until  after  1866.  Eastern  brooms  have  been  worked  over  in  San  I'Vancisco 
and  sold  as  home-made,  the  latter  being  in  greater  demand. 

Chinese  were  employed  in  1 870,  and,  soon  mastering  the  business,  opened 
establishments  which  in  some  degree  competed  with  white  producers,  not 
only  by  rea.son  of  lower  prices,  but  because,  as  already  mentioned,  a  por- 
tion of  the  corn  crop  is  grown  by  Chinese,  and  they  sell  to  their  coun- 
trymen in  preference  to  others.  Of  the  40  factories  in  California,  fully  one 
half  are  in  San  Francisco,  and  the  remainder  distributed  throughout  the 
Stale.  Among  the  leading  broom  manufacturers  of  California  are  COLK 
&  Kennv,  L.  Van  Laak,  Thomas  Ward,  Thomas  Golden,  Hakrison 
&  Dickson,  and  Ah  Chow,  in  San  Francisco;  BiLLiNGSLEV  &  Co., 
Br^ce  Powell,  and  W.  F.  Le  Favor,  in  Sacramento;  and  Armes  St 
9a 


730 


MANUFACTURES. 


Dallam,  in  San  Quentin;  the  salesrooms  of  the  lust  mentioned  being  in 
San  Francisco. 

Oregon  has  2  broom  factories — that  of  the  Zan  BROTHER;!  in  Portland,  and 
the  works  of  J.  W.  Grayson  &  Co.  in  Salem.  These  establl.^hmcnts  supply 
most  of  Oregon  and  a  portion  of  Washington,  the  corn  being  obtained  from 
California  and  Washington,  and  usually  costing  .$ino  pc-  tor.  AVashington 
has  2  establishments — that  of  WOODRUFF  &  V.\^■  ^.'i'  ,  '  Mympia,  and 
the  factory  of  Hanxock  &  WRIGHT  in  Walla  \\\i  I       :  has  4  estab- 

lishments: 2  of  which  arc  in  Ogden,  and  one  each  t  Bouiidful  and  Spring 
City.  A  market  is  found  in  Idaho,  Montana,  and  Wyoming  aside  from 
the  home  consumption. 

Brushes. — Brushes  of  the  coarser  grades  only  have  been  manufactured 
as  yet  to  any  extent  on  this  coast,  although  efforts  to  introduce  a  better 
class  of  goods  have  been  made,  and  are  meeting  with  gradual  succe.ss. 
The  obstacle  to  the  increase  of  production  is  that  the  large  Eastern  fac- 
tories can  sell  more  cheaply,  and  with  a  single  day's  work  can  supply  our 
demands  for  a  year.  Usually  the  brushes  made  here  are  turned  out  to  fill 
special  orders.  The  annual  consumption  amounts  in  \aluc  to  $240,000; 
only  one  sixth  of  which  is  home  production,  the  remainder  being  the  prod- 
uct of  the  States  cast  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Of  the  importation.s,  th.i',. 
of  feather-dusters,  amounts  to  $50,000;  the  remainder  including  all  ■  ■ -ic- 
tics,  from  shoe  to  toilet.  The  capital  invested  in  the  industry  here  a'.\'  «::i.s 
to  $30,000,  and  the  business  gives  emi)loymcnt  to  about  40  hands,  ■,-.  io  ■•»:■'; 
from  $1  to  $5  a  day,  according  to  skill.  From  75  to  100  ca:^  ;  a?'.;  c\ 
ported,  principally  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  British  Columbia,  CoiiVAil 
America,  and  Mexico.  The  raw  material  annually  consumed  '«  •.^1,^^:'  1. 
$12,000,  and  consists  of  bristles,  soaproot  fiber,  tampiv,u,  twine,  tacks,  anu 
wood  for  backs.  Domestic  bristles  are  generally  short,  and  cost  from  10 
to  50  cents  a  pound,  the  annual  supply  .seldom  exceeding  $3,000  in  value. 
The  finest  imported  bristles  come  from  Siberia,  other  portions  of  Rus- 
sia and  North  Germany,  and  sell  for  $8  per  pound;  and  together  with 
twine  and  tacks  from  the  Fastern  States,  cost  about  $2,000  a  year.  The 
suaproot  fiber  is  claimed  to  be  the  best  substitute  for  bristles  yet  dis- 
covered, being  highly  elastic,  unaffected  by  water,  and  makir  fine  and 
serviceable  brushes  for  general  household  uses.  It  has  alrea  '•  u.en  men- 
tioned under  the  head  (jf  llpholstery.  Tampico  grows  in  tin  ".>jcan 
.State  of  that  name,  and  yields  a  stiff  and  lasting  fiber,  used  in  i.i  aanu- 
facturc  of  .scrubbing  .ind  other  coarse  brushes. 

The  first  brushes  made  on  our  :;lopc  were  lurned  out  at  Salt  Lake  City 
from   d>.mestic   material   b  '  Gn  I'KKI'  Cle.^iKXTS  in    1853.      Three  years 


MISCELLANEOUS  MANUFACTURES. 


731 


later,  an  establishment  was  opened  in  San  Francisco  by  Newman  Broth- 
ers, and  one  in  Sacramento  by  JOIIN  VVoLK.  In  iS66a  San  Francisco 
manufacturer  exhibited  several  varieties  at  the  fair  of  the  Mechanics'  Insti- 
tute in  that  city.  The  industry  is  as  yet  in  the  hands  of  white  workmen, 
the  Chinese  not  having  obtained  a  foothold.  Amor  ^  the  brush  manufac- 
turers of  our  coast  are  FiGER  BROTHERS,  R.  W.  SiMi'SON,  and  J.  Una,  of 
San  Francisco;  D.  Metzger,  of  Portland;  T.  C.  JONES,  and  C.  L.  WHITE, 
of  Salt  Lake  City. 

Artificial  lilmbs,  Trusses,  eto.— The  consumption  of  artificial  limbs, 
trusses,  and  similar  surgical  appliances,  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  amounts 
in  value  to  about  $25,000  per  annum,  one  half  of  which  is  paid  for  im- 
ported articles.  The  artificial  limbs  used  are  of  2  general  varieties, 
known  respectively  as  wooden  and  cork.  In  the  manufacture  of  the  first 
named,  the  material  used  is  the  wood  of  the  willow,  or  that  of  the  buckeye. 
Three  varieties  of  cork  are  employed :  Spanish,  Peruvian,  and  Chinese. 
Spanish  cork  is  too  well  known  to  require  description  here ;  that  from  Peru 
would  be  taken  for  the  ordiniiry  article  at  a  hasty  glance,  but  closer  inspec- 
tion shows  it  to  be  much  finer  and  .softer,  and  far  more  elastic.  Chinese 
cork,  the  most  delicate  growth  of  all,  is  smooth,  has  a  light-gray  color,  and 
in  general  appearance  resembles  dried  pith.  The  number  of  artificial  limbs 
sold  on  the  coast  annually  will  not  exceed  50,  with  prices  ranging  from  $50 
to  $1 50  each. 

Trus.scs  are  made  partly  of  steel  and  partly  of  the  different  kinds  of  cork 
mentioned,  the  metal  being  imported  from  Europe.  Under  the  term  "sur- 
gical appliances,"  are  included  all  mechanical  devices  worn  on  the  person 
for  the  purpose  of  treating  physical  deformity,  or  for  supporting,  or 
.strengthening  weak  parts  of  the  human  frame.  But  few  of  these  are 
made,  except  as  specially  ordered,  for  the  reason  that  2  cases  are  rarely 
found  requiring  precisely  the  same  treatment.  Capital  amounting  to  $25,- 
000  is  inve.sted  in  the  industry,  and  about  1 5  workmen  are  employed,  who 
are  paid  from  $2.50  to  $5  per  day  of  10  hours,  according  to  proficiency. 
The  principal  manufacturers  on  our  coast  are  WILLIAM  Beeman,  Menzo 
Si'RiNG,  August  Koeiileu,  and  J.  H.  A.  Folkkrs  &  Brother,  in  San 
Francisco;  G.  A.  Stei'IIENSON,  in  Sacramento;  and  Robert  Reed,  in 
Oakland. 

Oakum. — For  a  number  of  years  after  the  gold  discovery,  it  was  the  cus- 
tom, among  Fastern  and  British  ship-owners,  to  dispatch  to  this  coast  ves- 
sels which  were  unseaworlhy,  for  such  a  voyage  as  that  around  the  Horn. 
Some  of  them  were  condemned  and  broken  up,  on  arriving  in  San  Fran- 
cisco harbor.     Indeed,  many  of  them  were  .sent  here  with  no  expectation 


732 


MANUFACTURES. 


that  they  would  ever  make  another  voyage.  The  high  rates  of  wages  and 
the  difficulty  in  obtaining  a  crew  and  a  return  cargo,  also  caused  numbers  of 
ships  to  be  dismantled  and  beached ;  and  their  subsequent  use  as  storehouses, 
saved  vast  quantities  of  valuable  merchandise  from  the  great  conflagrations 
to  which  San  Francisco  was  subject,  in  the  early  days  of  her  history. 

The  old  rope  obtained  from  the  dismantling  of  vessels  and  the  renewal 
of  worn-out  cordage,  was  either  dumped  into  the  bay  or  shipped  among 
other  odds  and  ends  to  the  New  York  and  Boston  markets.  Until  1870, 
or  thereabouts,  one  could  buy  up  all  the  material  needed  at  a  cent  a  pound, 
while  the  price  of  oakum  averaged  28  cents  a  pound  by  the  bale.  It  was 
not  until  1870  that  an  oakum  factory  in  San  Francisco,  the  first  and  only 
jone  on  our  coast,  was  established  by  SAMUEL  WEEKS. 

Oakum  is  made  at  the  rate  of  6,000  to  7,000  bales  (50  pounds  each)  a 
year,  and  to  the  value  of  $30,000  or  $35,000.  The  cost  of  the  cordage  ab- 
sorbs more  than  35  per  cent,  of  the  sum  received  from  the  sale.  Not  more 
than  25  operatives  are  employed.  The  wages  of  white  men  are  $2  to 
$2.50,  of  white  boys  .$1,  and  of  Chinamen  75  cents  to  $1  a  day.  The  price 
of  material  averages  3j^  to  4  cents  a  pound,  and  of  oakum  about  $5  a  bale, 
or  10  cents  a  pound.  The  supply  of  old  rope  is  insufficient  to  meet  the  de- 
mands of  the  factory,  and  a  considerable  quantity  is  imported  from  Liver- 
pool. With  prices  at  present  rates,  it  would  be  impossible  to  employ  other 
than  cheap  labor.  The  experiment  has  been  tried  of  substituting  the 
services  of  white  boys  for  those  of  Chinamen ;  but  it  was  found  that  they 
could  not  be  relied  on  for  steady  and  continuous  labor.  A  few  boys,  how- 
ever, are  still  employed. 

The  entire  consumption  of  oakum  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  at  the  rate  of 
7,000  to  8,000  bales,  and  more  than  75  per  cent  of  it  is  made  at  the  factory 
in  San  Francisco.  Imports  consist  almost  entirely  of  goods  manufactured 
at  the  Government  factory  in  Brooklyn,  New  York  State,  and  shipped 
thence  to  the  Mare  Island  Navy  Yard.  Weeks  &  Co.  also  furnish  300 
bales  a  year  for  use  at  this  naval  station. 

Fishing-tackle. — This  .section  treats  of  the  smaller  implements  used 
in  hand  fishing,  the  larger  appliances,  as  nets,  etc.,  being  mentioned  else- 
where. The  value  of  the  annual  consumption  on  the  coast  of  articles 
of  the  class  under  consideration  is  estimated  to  be  about  $40,000,  of  which 
not  a  tenth  part  is  manufactured  here,  and  the  little  produced  is  mostly 
made  up  of  small  lots  of  wh.it  is  termed  ticd-work,  such  as  flies,  leaders, 
and  hooks  having  gut  attached,  all  made  to  fill  special  orders. 

Felting. — The  principal  u.ses  to  which  felting  is  applied  on  this  coast  are 
for  boiler  coverings,  roofing,  and  sheathing.     All  these  descriptions  are  im- 


Hi 


MISCELLANEOUS  MANUFACTURES. 


733 


ported  from  England.  When  used  for  roofing,  it  is  covered,  after  being 
laid  down,  with  a  heavy  coating  of  asphaltum.  Imports  of  this  description 
have  fallen  off  considerably  of  late  years ;  but  there  is  yet  a  heavy  stock 
on  hand,  and  shipments  of  several  hundred  frames  were  made  during  1881 
to  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  Mexico,  British  Columbia,  and  other  foreign  des- 
tinations. F.  N.  Neuval  and  W.  T.  SOMERVELL  are  the  owners  of  an  as- 
phaltum mine  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  and  from  it  obtain  material  to 
cover  roof  felting,  in  which  they  do  a  considerable  business. 

Oas- works. — The  annual  consumption  of  gas  on  our  slope  is  about  550,- 
000,000  feet,  four  fifths  of  which  are  produced  and  used  by  California,  the 
city  of  San  Francisco  alone  burning  300,000,000  feet.  Capital  amounting 
to  $17,000,000  is  invested  in  works,  mains,  and  material,  and  employment 
is  given  to  650  men,  who  are  paid  on  an  average  $2.50  per  day  of  10  hours. 
A  ton  of  2,240  pounds  of  coal  equal  in  quality  to  good  English  cannel,  will 
yield  10,000  feet  of  gas,  4  to  6  hours  being  required  for  its  production. 
English  coal  costs  here  about  $10  per  ton.  Gas  made  from  petroleum  is 
now  used  in  many  country  residences  in  California ;  several  of  the  smaller 
towns  arc  thus  lighted,  and  works  are  being  constructed  in  some  of  the 
larger  cities,  including  San  Francisco,  where  2  of  the  principal  hotels  have 
manufactured  their  own  gas  from  petroleum  for  about  a  year. 

Gas  was  first  made  in  San  Francisco  by  a  company  in  1853,  when  the 
price  for  a  short  time  was  6  cents  per  foot  to  private  consumers  and  32 
cents  per  lamp  per  night  to  the  city.  The  few  lamps  erected  at  that  time 
were  on  Montgomery  Street.  In  1856  13^^  miles  of  pipe  had  been  laid, 
and  the  price  had  fallen  to  $12.50  per  1,000  feet.  In  1857  it  was  $8;  in 
1862,  $6;  in  1869,  $5.75;  and  in  1880,  $3.  In  the  smaller  towns  $5  or 
more  are  still  charged.  The  price  in  New  York  and  Brooklyn  is  $1.25  per 
1,000  feet.  The  largest  establishment  on  the  coast  is  that  of  THE  San 
Francisco  Gas  Light  Company  incorporated  in  1852  with  a  capital  of 
$2,000,000,  which  has  since  been  increased  to  $10,000,000.  The  first  works 
of  the  company,  having  a  capacity  of  70,000  feet  per  diem,  were  completed 
and  the  streets  of  the  city  lighted  with  gas  on  February  11,  1854.  In  i83i 
about  300,000,000  feet  were  produced,  and  400  men  employed.  THE  CEN- 
TRAL Gas  LiciMT  Company,  incorporated  in  San  Francisco  in  188 1,  with 
a  capital  of  $1,000,000,  has  built  works  with  a  capacity  of  500,000  feet  a 
day,  laid  12  miles  of  pipe,  and  is  now  constructing  additional  works,  includ- 
ing a  wharf  for  the  reception  of  its  raw  material.  This  company  manufac- 
tures its  gas  from  petroleum.  The  Oakland  Gas  Light  Cojh'any 
first  lighted  its  street-lamps  in  January,  1867.  Gas-works  have  recently 
been  built  at  Berkeley. 


734 


MANUFACTURES. 


The  Capital  Gas  Company,  of  Sacramento,  established  in  1875, 
produces  about  30,C)00,CXX)  feet  of  gas  annually.  The  city  was  first 
lighted  with  gas  in  1855.  The  San  Jos^  Gas-works  were  established  in 
i860,  and  at  present  include  a  factory  for  the  manufacture  of  gas  from  pe- 
troleum. The  yearly  production  of  gas  amounts  to  12,000,000  feet.  The 
Santa  Rosa  Gas-works  were  established  in  1876,  the  present  owners  being 
John  A.  Paxton  and  others.  Stockton  has  13  miles  of  mains  laid,  em- 
ploys 8  men,  and  produces  about  10,000,000  feet  of  gas  yearly.  Los 
Angeles  County  manufactures  about  4,000,000  feet  annually.  Vallejo  has 
gas-works  and  6  miles  of  mains.  Nevada  City  and  Grass  Valley  each  have 
gas-works;  those  in  the  last  named  having  been  constructed  m  1862. 
Napa  City  and  Marysville  have  gas-works,  and  there  are  small  establish- 
ments elsewhere  in  the  State.  In  addition  to  the  amount  given  as  the 
product  of  the  State,  probably  1 5,000,000  feet  are  made  yearly  by  private 
parties  for  their  own  consumption. 

In  1861,  before  the  town  of  Virginia,  Nevada,  was  2  years  old,  works 
were  erected  and  gas  made  from  the  pitch-pine  that  abounded  in  the  vicin- 
ity. In  1863  coal-gas  works  were  built  and  lo.oco  feet  of  pipe  laid.  The 
Eureka  Gas  Company  was  incorporated  at  Eureka  in  1873.  Petroleum 
gas-works  were  built  at  Reno  in  1876  and  one  mile  of  pipe  laid.  The 
Portland  Gas-works,  at  Portland,  Oregon,  have  5  miles  of  mains  laid.  At 
Salcm,  first  lighted  by  gas  in  1870,  there  are  works  with  3  miles  of  pipe. 
Seattle,  in  Washington  Territory,  has  a  gas  company,  incorporated  in  1873. 
The  Salt  Lake  City  Gas-works  were  established  in  1872,  and  are  partly 
owned  by  the  city.  Victoria  is  also  lighted  with  gas.  In  1869  HoWELL 
&  Larriaga  obtained  a  privilege  for  20  years,  and  built  gas-works  at 
Mazatlan,  Sinaloa. 


APPENDIX. 


Aokno'wledgnientB. — Although  the  name  of  only  one  person  as  author 
appears  on  the  title-page,  a  dozen  others  have  been  employed  in  collecting 
information  and  preparing  it  for  the  press;  and  among  these,  ALFRED 
Bates  and  E.  P.  Newkirk  have  rendered  the  most  ser\    r 

The  scope  of  the  book  is  so  comprehensive  and  the  mass  of  material 
collected  for  it  so  great  that  doubtless  mistakes  have  been  made  in  deciding 
what  should  be  accepted  or  excluded,  leaving  room  for  improvement  in  the 
subsequent  editions  through  which  it  is  expected  the  book  will  go  in  suc- 
cessive years. 

The  chapter  on  the  improvements  of  the  rivers  and  harbors  of  our  coast 
is  from  the  pen  of  a  gentleman  thoroughly  familar  with  the  subject. 

H.  P.  Page. — The  bill  for  the  first  appropriation  for  the  construction  of 
an  artificial  harbor  in  San  Antonio  Creek  was  introduced  into  Congress  and 
pushed  to  final  passage  by  H.  F.  PAGE;  and  the  people  of  Oakland  showed 
their  appreciation  of  his  services  by  securing  his  nomination  and  election 
for  4  succeeding  terms,  in  the  course  of  which  he  has  obtained  the  appro- 
priations for  continuing  the  work. 

Sources  of  InformatioQ. — The  readers  may  desire  to  know  where  to 
look  for  fuller  or  later  information  than  is  here  given.  Of  these  sources  the 
most  important  is  the  daily  press,  which  is  an  invaluable  record  of  the  his- 
torical progress,  and  of  the  commercial  and  industrial  condition  of  the  slope. 
The  daily  newspapers  of  San  Francisco,  besides  their  full  reports  of  passing 
events  in  their  ordinary  issues,  generally  publish  in  January,  comprehensive 
statistical  summaries  of  the  commercial  and  industrial  business  of  the  city 
for  the  preceding  year,  and  these  figures  include  much  of  all  that  is  done  in 
the  State.  Similar  summaries  for  their  respective  localities  have  been  pub- 
lished by  the  Sacramento  Record-Union,  the  Oakland  Times,  the  Los 
.(\ngcles  Express  and  Herald,  the  Stockton  Independent,  and  the  Sonoma 
Democrat,  in  California;  the  Oregonian  and  Journal  of  Commerce,  of  Port- 
land, and  the  Astorian  in  Oregon,  Post-Inteiligencer  in  Seattle,  and  the 
Tribune,  in  Salt  Lake  City.    Those  are  all  dailies  which  devote  themselves 


;3C 


APPENDIX. 


to  general  news;  and  some  periodicals  devoted  to  special  departments  are 
excellent.  The  annual  reviews  of  the  Commercial  Herald  and  Journal  of 
Commerce,  .of  San  Francisco,  should  not  be  overlooked. 

The  San  Jose  Mercury,  the  Virginia  City  Enterprise,  the  Olympia  Tran- 
script and  Standard,  the  Tacoma  Ledger,  the  Victoria  Colonist  and  Standard, 
arc  other  journals  which  publish  much  interesting  information  about  the 
resources  and  business  of  their  surrounding  districts.  The  San  Francisco 
Rural  Press  and  Riverside  Press  arc  noted  as  agricultural  publications, 
and  the  San  Francisco  Mining  Press  contains  much  information  about  the 
mining  of  our  slope. 

Of  general  information  in  reference  to  California  something  may  be  found 
in  The  Resources  of  California  (a  volume  of  440  pages,  7th  edition,  i  S79)  by 
John  S.  Hit'YTIL'L,  Bancroft's  Pacific  Coast  Guide  Book  1882,  300  pages,  and 
T/ie  Resources  of  California,  a  monthly  paper  devoted  to  the  dissemination 
of  information  about  California,  and  published  by  J.  P.  H.  VVentwortii. 
A.  W.  Preston,  Secretary  of  the  Immigration  Association  of  California,  10 
California  Street,  San  Francisco,  will  give  information  to  persons  desirous 
of  settling  in  the  State.  Mrs.  A.  II.  H.  Stuart,  of  Olympia,  president  of 
the  Washington  Immigration  Soc'cty,  will  answer  for  that  territory;  and  J. 
E.  ShepiiaRD,  at  504  Battery  Street,  is  commissioner  of  the  Oregon  State 
Board  of  Immigration  in  San  Francisco.  He  gives  pamphlets  and  maps 
relating  to  Oregon  to  applicants,  and  furnishes  certificates  to  men  with 
families  entitling  them  to  passage  from  Portland  up  the  river  at  reduced 
rates.  One  of  the  most  comprehensive  books  on  Oregon  is  All  Over  Oregon 
and  Washington,  by  Mrs.  F.  I*".  VICTOR.  Among  those  who  have  written  well 
about  the  business  of  Oregon  arc  Wm.  Reid  and  A.  J.  DUFOUR.  Elwood 
Evans,  of  Olympia,  is  a  recognized  authority  in  reference  to  the  resources 
and  progress  of  Washington.  The  Attractions  of  Utah,  by  O.  J.  HOLLLSTER, 
published  by  the  Utah  Board  of  Trade,  is  an  e.xcellent  pamphlet,  and 
several  briefer  essays  by  others  have  been  issued  by  the  same  body.  The 
Resources  of  Arisona,  by  PATRICK  HAMILTON,  published  by  order  of  the 
legislature  in  1 881,  is  the  best  treatise  on  that  territory.  The  Guide  to 
British  Columbia,  published  in  1877,  a  volume  of  400  pages,  is  the  latest 
book  on  that  province.  The  books  which  contain  information  about  parts 
of  our  slope  number  hundreds,  if  not  thousands.  A  list  of  the  histories  of 
the  counties  of  California,  and  of  the  pamphlets  about  the  business  resources 
<ind  attractions  of  different  cities  and  towns,  including  Oakland,  Los  Angeles, 
Vallcjo,  Stockton,  San  Diego,  Monterey,  Santa  Cruz,  and  San  Jos<5,  would 
fill  pages. 

All  the  leading  towns  of  our  slope  have  their  directories,  many  of  which, 
besides  their  list  of  residents,  contain  comprehensive  articles  on  the  rc- 


mm 


APPENDIX. 


72,7 


sources,  industry,  traffic,  and  history  of  their  respective  neighborhoods. 
Tlie  series  of  San  Francisco  directories,  compiled  annually  for  more  than  20 
years  by  H.  G.  Langley,  is  a  valuable  record  of  general  information.  Other 
directories  deserving  of  special  mention  and  commendation  are  the  Pacific 
Coast  Directory,  ior  1880-81,  published  by  L.  M.  McKenney  &  Co.;  the 
Directory  of  Sacramento,  Amador,  El  Dorado,  Placer,  and  Yolo  Counties,  for 
1879-80,  published  by  L.  M.  McKenneY;  the  Oregon  State  Directory,  pub- 
lished by  J.  K.  Gill  &  Co.;  the  Directory  of  the  City  of  San  JosJ,  for  1878, 
published  by  COTTLE  &  VVrigiit;  and  the  Aricona  Business  Directory,  com- 
piled and  published  by  W.  C.  DiSTURNELL. 

Relative  Space. — San  Francisco  occupies  a  large  part  of  the  space  in 
this  book  for  the  reasons  that  she  has  a  preponderant  share  in  the  manu- 
facturing industry  and  wholesale  commercial  business  of  the  slope,  and 
that  our  facilities  for  collecting  information  and  verifying  it  up  to  the  date 
of  publication  have  been  far  better  in  the  metropolis  than  in  other  cities, 
even  those  only  a  few  hours  distant.  It  was  part  of  the  plan  of  the  work 
to  give  an  equal  space  to  every  division  of  the  coast  in  proportion  to  the 
amount  of  its  business,  and  if  we  have  fallen  short  of  that  purpose  it  was 
because  of  circumstances,  which  if  not  appreciated  in  detail  will  be  under- 
stood, as  to  their  general  character,  by  experienced  business  men.  We  are 
fully  convinced  that  extensive  districts  on  our  slope  are  to  make  more  rela- 
tive progress  in  the  next  20  years  than  San  Francisco,  and  that  her  pros- 
perity and  growth  are  and  will  be  in  a  considerable  degree  dependent  on 
those  of  the  slope  from  Mexico  to  Alaska. 

Supplementary  Material. — Some  of  the  material  prepared  for  this 
work  could  not,  for  various  reasons,  be  inserted  in  the  chapters  for  which  it 
was  intended,  and  is  therefore  put  into  the  appendix. 

.Comstook  Mines. — The  accompanying  engraving  gives  a  vertical  section 
of  the  Comstock  lode  as  seen  in  the  imagination  from  the  east,  looking 
westward.  The  scale  is  a  quarter  of  au  inch  to  1,000  feet.  The  lightest 
spots  represent  the  large  bodied  of  rich  ore;  the  darkest  portions  indicate 
what  are  supposed  to  be  barren  strips  of  the  vein.  The  white  lines  running 
down  from  the  surface  are  the  shafts  and  inclines;  the  whits  marks  at  the 
bottom  are  the  limits  of  the  different  mines,  which  are  numbered  consecu- 
tively from  the  Utah  at  the  north  to  the  Belcher  at  the  south,  and  then 
there  is  a  skip  (a  portion  of  the  vein  being  doubtful)  to  the  Alta.  These 
mines,  the  length  of  which  is  given  in  Chapter  XVII.,  are  the  following: 
I,  Utah;  2,  Sierra  Nevada;  3,  Union;  4,  Mexican;  5,  Ophir;  6,  California; 
7,  Consolidated  Virginia;  8,  IJest &  Belcher ;  9,  Gould  &  Curry;  10,  Savage; 
93 


mi 


738 


Arpr.NDiN. 


I  r,  Hale  &  Noicross;  12,  Chollar;  13,  Bullion;  14,  Exchequer;  15,  Alpha; 
16,  Imperial;  17,  Yellow  Jacket;  18,  Kentuck;  19,  Crown  Point;  20,  Bel- 
cher; 21,  Alta. 


3t  20    19  iS  17    16  15  14  13        la       II    10    9    U     7     6    5    4    3  s  I 

VERTICAL  SECTION  OF  THE  CO.MSTOCK  LODE. 

Mining  Tables. — The  following  tables  give  the  number  of  tons  of  ore 
reduced,  the  average  yield  of  the  ton,  the  gross  yield,  and  the  dividends 
for  each  fiscal  year  of  some  of  the  most  notable  gold  and  silver  mines  on 
our  coast.  The  number  of  the  year  indicates  the  end  of  the  company's 
fiscal  year,  which  usually  closes  on  the  anniversary  of  the  company's  organi- 
zation. Thus  the  yield  of  the  Imperial  Mine  credited  to  1869,  is  for  the 
company's  fiscal  year  ending  May  31,  18C9. 

The  figures  for  the  Consolidated  Virginia,  California,  Sierra  Nevada, 
Belcher,  Empire,  Raymond  &  Ely,  Eureka  Consolidated,  and  Black  Bear, 
are  for  calendar  years ;  those  for  the  others  for  fiscal  years,  which  are  in  Jan- 
uary for  the  Bodie  Consolidated ;  in  February  for  the  Standard  Consolidated 
and  Hale  &  Norcross;  in  March  for  the  Chollar- Potosi ;  in  May  for  the 
Crown  Point  and  Imperial;  in  June  for  Justice;  in  July  for  the  Savage  and 
the  Yellow  Jacket;  in  November  for  the  Gould  &  Curry  and  the  Kentuck; 
and  in  December  for  the  Ophir. 


Consolidated  Virginia. 


Year. 

1873 
1874 

1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 

1879 
1880 
1881 


Tons. 

11,297 

89.784 
161,160 

143-500 

143,200 

123,625 

60,227 


Average  Yield. 

$57  00 

56  00 

93  00 
It  }  00 
96  00 
65  00 
41  20 


6,816 


Totals 741,609 


California 


1876 
1877 
1878 

1879 
1880 
1881 


127,540 

213,683 

138,785 

64,044 

38,359 

(>>i7S 


21  13 


$105  07 
88  49 
7889 
40  24 
23  21 
•9  77 


Gross  Yield. 
$645,582 
4,981,484 

16,717,394 

16,657,649 

13,738,060 

7,996,753 

2,481,358 

1,756,536 

144,143 


Dividends. 

$2,592,000 

11,448,000 

12,960,000 

8,640,000 

5,400,000 

1,350,000 
540,000 


$65,118,959  $42,930,000 


$13,400,841 

18,924,850 

10,949,078 

2,576,972 

890,5  >  5 
122,107 


$8,640,000 

14,040,000 

7,020,000 

1,620,000 


Totals 588,586 


$46,864,363    $31,320,000 


APPENDIX. 


739 


Ophir.. 


Year. 

1860-1870 
1871-1875 

187s 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 


Tons.        Average  Yield.    Gross  Yield. 


109,166 

39.334 

51.428 

67.738 

8,946 

441 

19.17s 
6,540 


Totals 302,768 


Gould  &  Curry. 


i860 
1861 
1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 


140 

300 

8,442 

48,745 
66,477 
66,022 
60,417 
23,583 
13.835 
15.563 
23.767 
3.496 

2.956 


Totals 318,747 

Savage 1863-July  1,  1865  81,183 

1866  30.653 

1867  70,721 

1868  87,342 

1869  69,257 

1870  13,747 

1871  38.949 

1872  48,393 

1873  33.709 


$48  00 
30  00 
35  33 
34  35 
2044 


66-87 
32  23 


$15660 

147  40 
99  80 
80  07 
72  18 
44  02 
28  00 
24  73 
4  73 
1837 
2803 
26  21 


II  91 


$44  35 
44  14 
41  97 
40  84 

3487 

20  06 

21  43 
18  70 

1329 


$5,210,000 

1,100,000 

1,817,187 

2,340,848 

182,834 

40,000 

1,283,246 

214,605 


34.217 


Dividends. 
$1,394,000 


100,000 


$12,189,780   $1,494,000 


$22,005 
44,220 

842,539 
3.902,913 
4.798,125 
2,026,173 
1,690,952 

707.594 
65.538 

285,945 

666,252 

91.645 


4761   $15,178,118 


$3,600,709 

1.303.852 

2,914,164 

3,506,082 

1.950,550 

283,841 

827,234 

905,800 

447.952 


Hale  &  Norcross  . 


1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
■1871 
1872 

1873 
1874 


28,636 

25.333 
16,536 

45.441 
64,974 

49.625 
40,417 

31.733 
12,575 


$47  32 
34  14 
2389 
27  '3 
25  13 
1738 
16  28 
18  70 
18  00 


$1,355,220 
864,998 
395.146 
1,232,929 
1,632,844 
862,701 
657.950 
593.599 
226,846 


$1,468,800 

1,440,000 

618,000 

252,000 


48,000 

$3,826,800 

$800,000 

1,120,000 

1,560,000 

728,000 


Totals 459.036    $3429  $15,703,279   $4,460,000 


$350,000 
440,000 

192,000 

536,000 

80,000 


Totals. 


.313,270    $2497   $7,822,233   $1,598,000 


jij^-df»iAiitt 


740 


APPENDIX. 


Chollar-Potosi  . 


Year. 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 


Tons. 

57.799 

70.331 
46,867 
56,636 
83.775 

35.93° 


Average  Yield.    Gross  Yield.  Dividends. 


Totals , 

Sierra  Nevada. 


1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 

1873 
1874 
1879 
1880 
1881 


Totals 

Crown  Point. 


1864 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 

1873 
1874 

1875 
1876 


2,890 

18,000 

19.165 

18,698 

18,380 

20,731 

13.636 

3.143 

3.238 

6,077 

,  123,702 

1,064 

3.766 

18,259 

34.750 
25.964 
25.833 
21,087 
80,567 
137,180 

J30.937 

175,960 

130,182 

3.I2S 


Totals. 
Kentuck.  . , 


.1865,  1666 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 


20,058 

'15.835 

31.390 

27,876 

18,103 

9.183 

9.438 


$25  73 
24  14 

23  70 
2486 

41  30 
26  17 


$1,348,323 
1,905,421 
1,185,141 
1,522,277 

3.459.423 
940,119 


$70,000 

350,000 

42,000 

1,946,637 
252,000 


•351.338    $2500  $10,360,704  $2,650,637 


$789 

8  66 

II  44 


92 
39 
37 
OS 
50 
4' 
32 


$3601 
35  60 
37  73 
35  91 
33  35 
32  73 
22  39 

4348 
4705 
5096 

31  46 
1868 

15  70 


708,636   $36  00 


$44  00 
4386 
4003 
2888 
20  50 

IS  25 
13  21 


Totals 131.883        $32  42 

BoDiE Consolidated.  1879, 1880      5,778      $137  38 
1880, 1881      5,647  76  59 


Totals 11,425 


$22,832    

155,880  $4S.ooo 

220,287  37.S°o 

'8,064  20,000 

.728    

')56    

.61    

190.054    

132.391    

182,310    

$1,318,483  $102,500 

$36,572    

134,080    

700,565  $78,000 

1.265,15s  372.000 

873.998  48,000 

851.559  360,000 

472,121    

3,503.633  1,260,000 

6,441,975  2,180,000 

7,417,115  5,300,000 

5,511,975  2,300,000 

2,432,441    

48,696    

$29,729,785  $11,898,000 

$852,803  $257,000 

721,844  335.000 

1,259,718  450.000 

804,732  170,000 

371,198  40,000 

.140,069    

126,711    

$4,272,075  $1,252,000 

$793,716  400,000 
432,486 

$1,226,   202  $400,000 


■miia 


APPENDIX. 


741 


Imperial. 


Year. 

1860-1864 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 


Tons.         Average  Yield. 


28,237 
35.182 
40,878 
41.234 
45.172 


Totals 189,724 


Yellow  Jacket 1864 

1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1868, 1869 


49.013 
55.006 
84,340 
34.718 


Totals 223,677 


Empire 1860-1864 

1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 


16,000 
17.995 
".779 
10,724 


Totals 56,498 

Justice 1875         7,297 

1876  30,729 

1877  110,292 

Totals 148,318 


Raymond  &  Ely 1871 

1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 


Totals 

Eureka  Consolidated.. 


1871 
1872 

1873 
1874 

1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 


10,574 
28,626 
37.500 

12,592 

.  89,292 

18,847 
32.170 
25,692 
22,831 
49,894 
16,800 
43.141 
83.473 
68,334 
34,262 
30,929 


$30  26 
2997 
25  93 
21  75 
1335 


$3306 
32  51 
31  73 
19  50 


$3028 
21  86 
21  92 
20  00 


$23  00 
30  00 
15  00 

$23  00 

$131  00 

125  00 

56  00 


5  76 


$30  00 
36  00 
63  00 
56  00 
29  00 
36  00 
40  00 
40  00 


5500 


Gross  Yield 

$640,369 

854.630 

1.019,275 

1,060,054 

897,108 

603,146 

$5,074,584 

$1,500,000 
1,528,790 
1,695,228 

2.677.447 

682,003 

2,500,000 


$10,583,468 

$1,043,720 
508,192 
414.139 
294.583 
218,703 
150,000 


$2,936,377 

$906,219 
3,693.936 
2,372,430 

78,793 

$7,051,378 

$556,276 

1,159,509 
1,624,282 
1,287,406 
1,425,206 
602,829 
1,724,066 

4.367.705 
3,112,670 
1,650,925 
1,720,318 


Dividpnds, 
$67,500 
220,000 
240,000 
396,000 
120,000 
24,000 

$1,067,500 
$330,000 

600,000 

90,000 

720,000 

$1,740,000 

$288,000 

120,000 

32,400 

49,200 


$2,629,337  $489,600 

$16,865     

856,591     

2,062,921     


$615,000 
2,070,000 


$2,685,000 
$275,000 

200,000 
175,000 
350,000 


600,000 
1,800,000 
1,100,000 

380,000 


Totals 426,363 


$19,230,692       $5,180,000 


pipp' 


742 

Standard  Consolidated  Year. 
1879 
18S0 


APPENDIX. 

Tons.        Average  Yield.  Gross  Yield.  Dividends. 

26,608         $54  94  $1,461,825  .$550,000 

59,406             33  35  1,981,247  950,000 

63.5^2            3281  2,084,550  97S.o°o 


Totals 149,526 


Belchsr. 


1871 
1872 

1873 
1874 

187s 
1S76 


18,468 

S3. 19s 
156,000 
166,739 
124,140 
131.32^ 


$64  93 

57  63 
69  69 
5488 
27  26 
22  23 


$5,527,622  $2,475,000 

$1,199,134   

4.794.639  $2,184,000 

10,779,171  6,760,000 

9.150.533  S.3°4.ooo 

3.3*^3.874  312.000 

2,920,461  416,000 


Totals 678,534    $47  57   $32,227,868  $14,976,000 


BuLWER  Consolidated. 

1879,  1880 

1880,  1S81 


Totals . 


Black  Bear. 


.1872 

1873 
1874 

1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 


2.850 
7.432 


1.578 

11.933 
1 1,126 
16,000 
12,792 
18,698 
20,278 
16,054 
13.762 
9.5" 


$97  37 
10  86 


$2349 
16  29 

1843 

14  73 

21  73 

12  II 

6  97 

9  21 

9  40 

9  36 


$277,517 
80,711 

$358,228 

$37,080 
"93.942 
205,312 
235,106 
273.526 
223,830 
141,430 

147.937 

129,467 

89,051 


Totals 131.732        $1265        $1,676,684      $832,147 

Notes. — Several  mines  represented  in  the  tables  show  no  returns  for 
a  number  of  years  past.  The  Gould  &  Curry,  and  also  the  Savage,  have 
yielded  nothing  of  note  since  1873,  nor  the  Hale  &  Norcros.s  since  1874; 
the  ChoUar-I'otosi  has  produced  but  little  since  1872,  and  the  Kentuck  re- 
ports nothing  for  the  same  period.  The  Empire  appears  to  have  produced 
notliing  since  1869.  The  Belcher  has  done  but  little  since  1876,  and  Crown 
Point  ceased  producing  in  1S76.  The  Raymond  &  Ely  is  reported  as  pro- 
ducing nothing  since  1875. 

The  table  of  the  Yellow  Jacket  Mine  is  made  up  from  the  official  report 
'■f  Clarence  King,  but  differs  materially  from  that  of  the  secretary  of  the 
company,  who  says  that  the  gross  yield  is  but  $7,143,721,  instead  of  $10,- 
583,448,  and  that  the  dividends  are  $2,184,000,  instead  of  $1,740,000,  as 
reported  by  King.  He  also  says  that  a  dividend  of  $2.50  per  share  was 
declared  in  1871. 


■"RHIMP 


API'KXDIX. 


743 


The  profits  of  the  Justice  j\Iine  in  1875,  1876,  and  1877,  are  reported  to 
have  been  $161,062  75. 

The  period  marked  1868,  1869,  under  the  head  of  Yellow  Jacket,  means 
the  term  of  18  months  from  July  I,  1S68,  to  December  31,  1869. 

The  Meadow  Valley  Mine,  from  1869  to  1871  inclusive,  yielded  $[,671,- 
965,  gross,  and  declared  dividends  to  the  amount  of  $330,000;  in  1872,  the 
gr(5ss  yield  was  $1,628,408,  out  of  which  weit;  paid  $690,000  in  dividends; 
total  yield  from  1S69  to  1872,  $3,299,873 — dividends,  $1,020,000. 

The  Northern  Belle  Mine  has  been  a  dividend-paying  mine  for  more  than 
5  years.  The  report  for  1881  shows  28,706  tons  of  ore  crushed,  with  a  gross 
yield  of  $1,293,700,  averaging  $45  07  per  ton.  This  mine  paid  a  dividend 
for  1881  of  $362,500. 

The  Ontario  Mine,  Parlej-'s  Park,  Ut;ih,  yielded  in  1877,  gross,  $1,726,480; 
in  1S78,  $1,455,051;  in  1879,  $1,359,18]  ;  in  1880,  $1,813,636;  in  1881,  $791,- 
605;  total  yield,  $7,145.95?- 

The  Black  Bear  Mine  produced  in  the  10  years  reported,  $60,000  worth 
of  tailings,  which  sum  is  to  be  added  to  the  total  yield,  $1,676,681,  in  the 
table,  making  a  grand  total  of  $1,736,684.  No  figures  are  given  of  the 
yearly  dividends,  but  the  total,  $832,147,  shows  a  yearly  average  of  $83,214. 

The  Milton  Gravel  Mining  and  Water  Company,  Nevada  County,  Cali- 
fornia, has  received  a  total  of  $2,748,083  from  tJieir  mines  and  the  sale  of 
water,  with  a  profit  of  $1,014,886;  have  declared  dividends  amounting  to 
$561,284,  and  redeemed  $150,000  of  the  bonds  out  of  the  $300,000  issued. 

The  North  Bloomfield  Gravel  Mining  and  Water  Company,  Nevada 
County,  California,  from  1866  to  1874,  received,  as  gro.ss  yield  from  their 
mines  and  the  sales  of  water,  $218,073,  profit  $2,232;  for  1875,  $83,070, 
profit  $22,072;  for  1876,  $200,366,  profit  $98,476;  for  1877,  $291,125,  profit 
$148,172;  for  1878,  $31 1,276,  profit  $140,635;  for  1879  and  1880,  .$287,.).24, 
profit  $122,928;  for  1881,  $241,446,  profit  $121,792.  Total  gro.ss  yield, 
$1,965,050;  total  profits,  $840,665.  The  dividends  during  this  period"  aggre- 
gated $506,250,  and  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $150,000  were  redeemed  out 
of  the  $500,000  issued.  From  stock  owned  by  this  company  in  the  Milton 
Mining  ami  Water  Company  there  was  an  income  during  this  period  of 
$272,629,  which  is  to  be  added  to  $840,665,  the  amount  of  profits  above 
named,  making  a  true  total  of  $1,1 13,294  as  the  profits  of  the  North  Bloom- 
field  Company  from  1866  to  1881. 


Commercial  Policy, — The  American  portion  of  our  slope  has  much  to 
gain  and  little  to  lo.se  by  a  liberal  commercial  policy.  A  high  protective 
tariff  takes  $10  from  the  consumers  in  California  and  adjacent  States  for  $1 
given  In  the  producers;  and  there  is  no  probability  that  the  benefits  of  such 


744 


APPENDIX. 


legislation  would  equal  the  burdens  within  50  years.  Lacking  coal,  cotton, 
hard-wood,  and  cheap  labor,  we  shall  have  to  devote  most  of  our  ener- 
gies to  the  production  of  raw  materials,  which  require  and  receive  little 
protection,  while  we  must  purchase  manufactured  products  at  prices  doubled 
by  a  heavy  tariff. 

If  protection  is  demanded  by  the  more  populous  portions  of  the  Repub- 
lic, they  should  at  least  permit  the  Pacific  States  to  obtain  such  reciprocity 
treaties  as  will  develop  the  resources  of  the  countries  bordering  on  the 
North  Pacific,  and  cultivate  those  amicable  feelings  which  may  lead  in  time 
to  more  intimate  political  relations.  The  interests  of  the  United  States 
demand  that  British  Columbia,  if  not  the  entire  Canadian  Dominion, 
should  be  induced  by  justice,  kindness,  and  industrial,  commercial,  and  polit- 
ical harmonies,  to  enter  the  American  Union.  There  is  great  need  of  reci- 
procity on  our  coast  with  British  Columbia,  Mexico,  and  Central  America. 
We  have  no  desire  to  defend  all  the  features  or  influences  of  the  present 
I-Iart-aiian  reciprocity  treaty ;  but  the  main  objects  of  the  documents  are 
commendable,  and  some  of  its  effects  have  been  highly  satisfactory. 

The  annual  imports  of  the  seaports  on  the  North  Atlantic  amount  to 
about  $4,000,000,000,  and  are  sources  of  vast  profits  and  savings  to  all  the 
countries  which  participate  in  that  vast  and  unparalleled  traffic.  The 
American  portion  of  our  coast,  having  the  largest  and  most  active  foreign 
commerce  on  the  North  Pacific,  has  a  duty  as  well  as  an  interest  in  striving 
to  build  up  a  commerce  relatively  as  active  on  our  ocean.  Generous  in- 
ternational policy  is  one  of  the  chief  aids  to  commercial  and  industrial 
success. 


Ha'waiian  Traffic. — The  total  exports  of  the  Hawaiian  Kingdom  for 
18S1  were  $^,715,000;  the  total  imports  $4,548,000.  Of  the  exports,  $6,- 
407,000  worth,  consisting  entirely  of  raw  produce,  were  shipped  to  San 
Franci-sco.  Of  the  imports,  $3,396,000,  or  75  per  cent,  of  the  gross  amount, 
were  American  goods,  and  $2,640,000,  or  58  per  cent.,  were  goods  shipped 
from  San  I-'rancisco. 

The  Hawaiian  Islands  consume  largely  of  our  produce,  and  purchase 
more  of  our  manufactured  goods  than  any  foreign  country  in  the  world; 
nor  are  these  goods  restricted  to  machinery  and  implements  for  use  on  the 
sugar  plantations.  Beside;!  2,200  packages  of  machinery,  5,000  packages 
of  iron  pipe  (for  irrigation  purposes),  380  cases  of  agricultural  implements, 
and  2,200  packages  of  castings,  nearly  all  of  which  were,  no  doubt,  in- 
tended for  the  itlantalions,  exports  from  San  Francisco,  in  1881,  included 
2,400  packages  of  furniture,  630  rolls  of  leather,  1,600  ca.ses  of  boots  and 
shoes,  360  cases  of  saddlery,  1,500,000  brinks,  1,800,000  feet  of  lumber,  12,- 


•RMH 


APPENDIX. 


745 


250,000  shingle;;,  17,000  sacks  of  potatoes,  1,000  tons  of  oats,  1,400  tons  of 
barley,  2,200  tons  of  flour,  190  tons  of  refined  sugar,  and  large  quantities  of 
canned  fish,  fruit,  meats,  and  other  provisions.  Of  the  gross  value  of 
exports  from  California  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands  for  1881,  amounting  to 
$2,640,000,  more  than  $1,500,000  consisted  of  Pacific  Coast  manufactures. 

It  has  been  said  that  the  discrimination  in  favor  of  the  Hawaiian  King- 
dom is  an  unfair  one;  that  if  it  is  desirable  to  admit  sugar  from  that  cpiarter 
free  of  duty,  it  is  also  desirable  to  import  free  sugar  from  the  Philippine 
Islands,  Central  America,  Mexico,  and  other  sources  of  supply.  There  is 
little  doubt  that  such  a  course  would  be  of  benefit  to  our  coast,  if  treaties 
could  be  negotiated  with  those  countries,  similar  to  the  one  now  existing 
with  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  allowing  the  free  admission  of  American  pro- 
duce and  manufactures.  Mexico  and  Central  America  took  from  us,  in 
1881,  $3,200,000  worth  of  merchandise,  including  a  large  proportion  <>( 
manufactured  goods,  and  if  either  of  those  countries  could  find  here  a 
better  outlet  for  their  own  raw  materials,  they  would  certainly  purchase 
more  freely  of  Pu  ific  Coast  produce  and  manufactures. 

Nine  tenths  of  the  Hawaiian  plantations  are  worked  by  American  cap- 
ital; nearly  all  the  best  sugar-lands  are  owned  or  leased  by  Americans; 
nc.irly  all  tlu  ships  ;ind  machiiit  '  ,  quired  to  handle  the  croi),  wen  '  uilt 
with  Ani'-rican  money.  The  .iiincrcial  relations  of  the  United  Si.itcs 
with  t!.,  Hawaiian  Kingdom  are  not  unlike  those  nf  England  with  Aus- 
tralia and  C  lada,  both  01  which  countries,  though  developed  with  the  .lid 
of  English  cupilil,  and  nominally  a  part  of  the  British  dominion.s,  arc 
virtually  free  from  British  rule.  It  would  be  almost  as  reasonable  for  Eng- 
land to  impo.se  a  tariff  on  Australian  wool  or  Canadian  lumber,  as  it  would 
be  for  the  United  St.iti  -i  to  restore  the  duty  on  Hawaiian  sugar. 

San  Francisco  d<»  s  not  expect  to  compete  with  ICastcrn  refineries  on 
their  own  ground,  but  to  sujiply  those  points  for  which  she  is  the  natural 
distributing  center.  She  already  meets  almost  the  entire  demand  of  the 
Pacific  States  and  Tn-if  ;,  and  during  1881  sjiipped  abroad  $326,000 
worth  of  refined  sug.  uding  $150,000  worth  to  British  Columbia,  $68,- 

000  to  Australia  and  .New  Zealand,  $20,000  to  Japan,  $1  5,000  to  Tahiti, 
$14,000  to  iMexlco,  $8,000  to  South  America,  and  $51,00010  other  countries 
with  which  our  metropolis  has  commercial  relations.  In  doing  so,  we  of 
course  competed  to  a  small  extent  with  Eastern  refineries;  but  if  they  .:! 
send  their  sugar  to  California  at  the  rate  of  nearly  $7,000,000  worth  a  >>..':■ 
and  make  a  profit  by  doing  so,  after  paying  more  than  $1,000,000  in  freight 
to  the  railroad  companies,  they  have  surely  no  great  reason  to  complain  that 
our  .San  Francisco  refineries  ship  to  foreign  countries  at  the  rate  of  ^i26,- 
000  a  year. 
94 


746 


APPENDIX. 


An  Australian  Complaint. — The  Australasians  complain  that  the 
American  postal  department  has  insulted  and  wronged  them  by  levying 
high  charges  on  the  British  closed  mail-bags  crossing  the  American  terri- 
tory, between  England  and  Australia,  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  profit  on 
the  transaction.  ROUEKT  J.  CUEIGIITON,  resident  agent  of  New  Zealand 
in  San  Francisco,  said  in  an  official  communication  dated  August  18,  1879: 
"  If  this  unreasonable  impost  be  continuously  levied,  the  Pacific  mail 
service  will  be  discontinued,  and  the  American  flag  will  disappear,  except 
casually,  from  the  South  Pacific."  In  the  same  document  he  asserted  that 
he  had  the  authority  of  A.  N.  ToWNK,  .superintendent  of  the  Central 
Pacific  Railroad,  for  stating  that  the  railroads  did  not  get  one  per  cent,  of 
the  amount  charge  by  the  government  for  transporting  the  British  closed 
mails  across  the  continent,  and  therefore  they  were  not  to  be  held  respon- 
sible for  the  extortion.  lie  says  further:  "It  is  unreasonable  to  expect 
foreign  communities  to  tax  themselves  continuously  [by  steamship  subsi- 
dies] to  preserve  trading,  intercourse  with  a  country  which  *  *  sends 
its  mails  tens  of  thousands  of  miles  at  their  cost,  and  makes  a  large  profit 
upon  their  mail  freight  across  its  territory." 

Flour  by  Rail. — Exports  of  flour  by  the  overland  route  are  likely  to  be 
larger  in  proportion  to  the  volume  of  i)roduction  than  those  of  wheat;  as 
floiH'  is  more  liable  to  injury  from  a  sea  voj-agc,  and,  being  a  more  valuable 
commodity,  can  l)ctter  bear  the  expense  of  freight.  Moderate  shipments 
have  already  been  made  to  New  Orleans;  and,  though  cxi)orters  do  not 
look  to  Englanil  for  any  great  increase  in  business,  they  will,  no  doubt, 
avail  themselves  of  the  overland  route  to  ship  flour  to  England  whenever 
quotations  re.icli  a  high  tlgure. 

The  cost  of  shipping  wheat  from  San  Francisco  to  Queenstown  or  Liver- 
pool averages  about  $15  a  ton,  against  $3.75  from  New  York  and  $7 
from  Chicago.  In  1880  the  wheat  crop  of  California  exceeded  1,600,000 
tons,  and  was  larger  than  that  of  any  State  in  the  Union.  If  the  future 
ratio  of  incrca.se  should  keep  pace  with  the  past,  California  will  pnuluce  in 
1890  about  3,250,000  tons,  and  the  quantity  rctjuircil  for  home  consump- 
tion will  probably  not  exceed  750,000  tons,  leaving  2,500,000  tons  for 
export.  Nor  is  there  any  rca.son  to  ai)prehend  that  such  an  increase  of 
production  wouUl  be  atten.'  d  with  aii)'  serious  decrease  in  value.  When 
the  total  crop  of  California  amounted  t)nly  to  250,000  tons,  it  brought  only 
$1  a  ton  more  than  in  iS'%o — the  year  of  the  greatest  yield — when  the 
production  was  nearly  7  times  as  great. 

Increase  of  Maiiufaelurea. — One  of  the  principal  reasons  for  the  falling 
olT  in  our  treasure  exports  is  the  increase  in  the  volume  of  our  manufac- 


APPENDIX. 


747 


tures.  The  gross  value  of  Pacific  Coast  manufactures  for  1881  can  not  be 
estimated  at  less  than  $130,000,000,  and  probably  reached  a  much  higher 
figure.  Of  this  amount,  at  least  $28,000,000  represents  the  second  value 
that  labor  adds  to  about  $67,000,000  worth  of  raw  produce,  and  $35,000,- 
000  the  miscellaneous  expenses  and  interest  on  capital.  If  all  the  wool, 
hides,  and  other  raw  materials  produced  on  this  coast  were  manufactured 
here  into  finished  goods,  instead  of  being  sent  abroad  and  coming  back  to 
us  in  forms  adapted  for  ultimate  consumption,  after  receiving  double,  and 
even  quadruple  value,  the  volume  of  our  home  manufactures  would  reach 
at  least  double  its  present  amount.  There  is  on  this  coast  abundance  of 
labor  and  capital ;  and  within  the  last  year  especially,  our  manufactures 
have  made  remarkable  progress.  What  is  now  most  needed  is  to  find  for 
them  a  better  outlet.  In  the  sparsely  populated  regions  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  there  is  not  demand  enough  for  them  even  at  the  present  rate  of 
production ;  and  it  is  probable  that  they  will  increase  in  amount  more  than 
in  proportion  to  the  increase  of  population.  The  natural  outlet  for  them  is 
not  only  in  the  Pacific  States  and  Territories, but  in  British  Columbia,  Mexico, 
Central  and  South  America,  the  Sandwich  Islands,  China,  Japan,  Australia, 
New  Zealand,  and  other  countries  bordering  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  liritish 
Columbia  and  the  western  slope  of  Mexico,  separated  from  the  Eastern 
States  by  a  long  stretch  of  almost  uninhabited  country,  both  consume 
largely  of  our  manufactures.  British  Columbia  taxes  our  commodities  but 
lightly,  while  her  own  produce  is  subject  to  a  heavy  duty  when  shipped  to 
American  ports.  Several  of  the  Australian  colonies  admit  our  produce 
duty-free,  while  paying  us  heavy  toll  on  their  wool,  coal,  and  other  articles 
exported  to  this  country. 

Oregon's  Traffic. — Oregon  imports  from  England  iron  and  steel  rails, 
glass,  liquors,  tin,  and  some  other  articles;  from  British  Columbia,  hides, 
oil,  and  wool;  from  Australia, coal ;  from  China,  general  merchandise;  and 
from  the  Hawiiian  Islands,  sugar,  molasses,  and  rice.  The  total  imports 
of  Portland  for  1881  directly  from  foreign  sources,  were  $639,000,  again.st 
$486,000  in  liSo,  the  difference  being  largely  due  to  the  importation  from 
England  of  steel  rails,  required  for  railroads  in  course  of  construction. 
Hong-Kong  il.so  .shipped  $134,000  worth  of  goods  to  Portland  in  1881, 
against  $84,000  in  1880,  the  increase  being  caused  by  the  large  number  of 
Chinamen  employed  on  the  railroads.  The  voyage  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Columbia  to  tho  principal  ports  of  China  is  shorter  than  from  the  Golden 
Gate;  and  when  direct  railroad  communication  is  opened  between  Oregon 
and  the  Eastern  States,  it  -is  possible  that  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
trade  between  Chin;  and  the  United  States  will  be  diverted  to  Portland. 


748 


APPENDIX. 


Besides  supplying  large  quantities  of  raw  produce  and  manufactures  to 
Washington  Territory  and  Idaho,  Portland  shipped  by  steamer  to  San 
Francisco  in  1881,  nearly  135,000  tons  of  wheat,  flour,  cattle,  fish,  wool,  and 
other  commodities;  and  considerable  quantities  of  coal  and  lumber  were 
shipped  from  other  ports  in  Orgon  to  various  points  on  the  coast  of  Cali- 
fornia. 

Dry  Wines. — Tastes  do  not  agree  in  regard  to  the  merits  of  the  wines 
made  from  the  various  grapes  and  in  the  different  districts.  As  the  best 
for  a  light  white  wine,  Riesling  would  probably  obtain  more  votes  than  any 
other.  The  delicacy  of  its  perfume,  the  richness  of  its  flavor,  the  beauty  and 
peculiar  brightness  of  its  color  when  it  has  reached  maturity  after  several 
years  of  tender  care,  arc  its  preeminent  merits.  The  Golden  Chasselas  has 
similar,  yet  different  excellences;  and  the  best  samples  of  it  made  in  Cali- 
fornia compare  favorably  with  the  fine  Gutedel  brands  of  the  Rhine.  The 
Bergcr  is  a  very  valuable  grape,  rich  in  precious  qualities,  especially  service- 
able, in  the  judgment  of  some  experienced  wine-makers,  when  mixed  in 
the  press  with  other  varieties.  The  Blaue  Elben,  German  Muscatel,  Gren- 
ache,  Sauvignon  Verte,  Chalosse,  and  Carignane  each  have  peculiar  and 
valuable  qualities. 

Of  the  dry  wines  of  California,  not  more  than  one  third  has  been  red, 
but  the  latter  color  is  gaining  in  favor,  though  as  the  grapes  must  be  fer- 
mented with  the  skins,  there  is  more  expense  in  making  it.  Pinot,  Char- 
bonneau,  Grcnachc,  Mataro,  and  Black  Malvoisie  are  prized  next  to 
Zinfandel,  which  is  in  some  important  points  unsurpassed,  and  is  now  the 
leading  favorite.  Malvoisie  is  rich  in  flavor  and  body,  but  capricious  as  to 
soil,  difficult  to  handle,  and,  in  some  respects,  still  subject  to  experiment, 
and  by  many  more  prized  for  mixing  than  for  separate  use. 

The  Californian  wines  are  sometimes  named  from  the  grape  which  gives, 
or  is  supposed  to  give,  their  flavor.  There  is  no  difficulty  in  finding  pure 
Zinfandel,  Golden  Chasselas,  Gutedel,  or  Riesling  in  the  San  Francisco 
market;  the  other  varieties  are  usually  mi.xcd.  Most  of  the  brands  are 
tho.se  of  the  wine  merchant ;  in  a  few  cases,  the  wines  are  prepared  for  the 
market  at  the  vineyards,  and  can  be  obtained  in  the  bottle  under  the  label 
of  the  grape-grower. 

Sweet  Wines. — The  dry  wines  are  those  in  which  the  sugar  has  all  been 
changed  into  spirit  by  fermentation;  sweet  wines  are  those  which  retain 
part  of  their  sugar.  The  dry  wines  have  usually  from  10  to  14  per  cent,  of 
alcohol;  the  sweet  wines  from  14  to  20  percent.  When  grape  juice  has 
sugar  enough  to  make  more  than  1 5  per  cent,  of  alcohol,  complete  fcrmcn- 


"mifm^ 


jwmmm 


APPENDIX. 


749 


tation  becomes  slow  and  difficult;  and  with  i8  percent,  of  alcohol,  which 
can  be  obtained  by  adding  brandy,  further  change  under  ordinary  circum- 
stances is  arrested.  As  the  fully  ripe  grapes  will,  of  the  sweet  varieties, 
yield  at  least  12  per  cent,  of  spirit,  and  often  14,  an  addition  of  4  or  6  per 
cent,  of  spirit  before  fermentation  has  been  completed,  will  convert  them 
into  sweet  wines.  To  this  class  belong  the  Californian  ports  and  sherries, 
which  arc  good  imitations  of  the  genuine  European  beverages  of  the  same 
name,  and  in  some  cases,  superior  in  quality.  They  are  usually  made  by 
adding  from  6  to  12  per  cent,  of  brandy  about  4  weeks  after  the  commence- 
ment of  fermentation ;  or  a  smaller  proportion  of  spirit  is  added  if  the 
grapes  were  allowed  to  become  partially  dry  on  the  vines  before  they  were 
sent  to  the  press.  The  Mission  grape,  in  the  southern  part  of  California,  is 
well  suited  in  sweetness,  flavor,  and  color  for  the  production  of  wine  of  the 
port  class. 

The  climate  of  California  allows  all  varieties  of  wine  grapes  to  ripen 
thoroughly  before  frost,  and  usually  before  heavy  rains,  which  is  as  injuri- 
ous as  frost  to  the  mature  berries,  causing  them  to  burst.  Complete  ma- 
turity under  a  clear  summer  sky  secures  to  the  grape  a  large  proportion  of 
sugar;  and  the  wine  made  from  it,  like  that  made  in  Spain,  is  richer  than 
the  wines  of  Germany  and  Northern  France,  in  spirit.  The  proportion  of 
alcohol  in  the  lighter  wines  of  California  ranges  from  10  to  14  percent; 
and,  in  many  districts,  it  is  difficult  after  the  crop  has  ripened,  to  obtain  less 
than  12  per  cent.  This  exceptional  strength  in  spirit  has  made  it  difficult 
to  ferment  the  wine  properly,  and  has  also  tended  to  divert  attention  from 
the  development  of  the  more  delicate  flavors,  which  are  the  results  of  thor- 
ough fermentation,  and  are  more  readily  observed  in  the  lighter  wines. 

Angelica,  generally  classed  among  the  wines  though  it  has  some  of  the 
qualities  of  a  cordial,  is  made  by  adding  18  per  cent,  of  brandy  to  unfer- 
mcnted  grape  juice,  or  from  10  to  15  per  cent,  to  grape  juice  partially  fer- 
mented. 

Of  the  wines  shipped  to  the  Eastern  States,  45  per  cent,  is  light  red,  35 
light  white,  and  the  remaining  20  consists  of  port,  sherry,  and  angelica. 

The  comparison  of  the  yield  of  the  grapes  with  that  of  the  wine 
indicates  a  great  waste,  which  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  poor  quality  of 
much  of  the  Californian  wine.  Of  course  bad  repute  and  low  prices 
followed  poor  quality,  and  the  industry  suffered.  The  wine  interests  of 
California  have  encountered  many  serious  obstacles.  The  early  vineyards 
were  planted  in  rich,  moist  soils,  where  cultivation  was  easy,  and  the  grape 
crop  large,  but  the  wine  was  strong  and  coarse.  The  vineyardists  were 
poor,  or  relatively  poor,  and  would  not  spend  the  money  required  to  make 
a  clean  and  delicate  wine. 


750 


APPENDIX. 


Photography. — California  has  long  been  noted  for  the  beauty  of  many 
of  her  photographs.  Of  course,  here  as  elsewhere,  much  poor  work  is 
turned  out,  but  an  exceptionally  large  proportion  of  the  portraits  have  been 
sharp  and  well  m.odeled,  after  the  subjects  had  been  po.scd  so  as  to  show 
the  features  and  expression  in  the  best  light.  The  skill  of  the  San  Fran- 
cisco photographers  became  a  matter  of  national  reputation,  and  it  fre- 
quently happened  that  one  of  the  first  things  that  the  stranger  did  after 
arriving  in  the  Pacific  metropolis  from  New  York  or  Europe,  was  to  have 
his  picture  taken.  In  landscape  the  work  was  equally  good,  and  received 
additional  interest  from  the  grandeur  and  beauty  of  the  scenery.  In  photo- 
graphing animals  in  rapid  motion,  MUYBRIDGE  made  inventions  of  world- 
wide interest.  Something  of  the  excellence  of  the  Californian  photographs 
is  to  be  attributed  to  the  climate,  but  more  to  the  taste  and  ambition  of  the 
men  who  have  taken  leading  places  in  the  business. 

I.  W.  Taber. — Among  the  San  Francisco  photographers,  I.  W.  Taber  is 
noted  for  the  merit  of  his  work.  His  parlors,  at  No.  8  Montgomery  Street, 
contain  numerous  excellent  productions  of  his  artistic  skill,  including  the 
likenesses  of  prominent  residents  of  our  coast  and  distinguished  visitors,  as 
well  as  a  very  comprehensive  collection  of  landscape  views  in  the  Sand- 
wich Island.s,  Japan,  Utah,  the  Yoseniite  Valley,  San  Francisco,  at  the  Big 
Trees,  and  the  Geysers,  and  along  the  lines  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad 
and  the  Columbia  River.  Mr.  Taber  came  to  California  in  1849,  and  hav- 
ing spent  10  years  on  our  coast  as  sailor,  miner,  and  farmer,  went  back  to 
his  native  State,  Massachusetts.  After  devoting  some  years  to  photog- 
raphy, he  returned  to  San  Francisco  in  i854,  and  entered  the  house  of 
Bradley  &  Rulof,sox,  with  whom  he  spent  7  years;  afterwards  he  was 
a  short  time  with  MoRSE;  and  then  opened  his  own  gallery,  which  now 
ranks  among  the  first  in  the  United  States. 

J.  R.  Hodson. — One  of  the  most  extensive  and  complete  photographic 
establishments  on  this  coast  is  that  of  J.  R.  HODSON,  at  521  J  Street,  Sac- 
ramento City.  The  situation  in  the  capital  of  California  has  given  the 
proprietor  opportunities  to  take  pictures  of  the  political  celebrities  of  the 
State,  and  he  has  a  large  collection  of  them  as  well  as  of  other  notabilities. 
In  one  sense  he  may  be  called  the  Court  Photographer  of  California,  and 
the  merit  of  his  work  makes  him  worthy  of  his  position.  The  legislature 
of  188 1  ordered  some  of  his  pictures  to  be  hung  up  in  the  State  Capitol. 
Mr.  HODSUN  is  the  inventor  of  a  method  of  engraving  in  the  film  of  the 
negative  so  as  to  represent  lace  or  embroidery. 

A.  H.  Lighthall. — One  of  the  notable  inventors  of  San  Francisco  is  A. 
H.    LiUinilALL,    though    his    most  valuable   invention — the   atmospheric 


^^mfmmmmmm 


APPEXmX. 


751 


pressure  and  vacuum  air-brake  used  on  all  well-managed  railroads — was 
made  while  his  home  was  in  his  native  State  of  New  York.  Since  becom- 
ing a  resident  of  California,  he  has  invented  a  combined  header  and 
thresher,  which  has  been  used  for  several  years,  and  has  given  such  satis- 
faction that  a  company  has  been  organized,  with  a  capital  of  $300,000,  to 
manufacture  the  LIGIITHALL  Harvesters,  at  the  corner  of  Fourth  and 
Silver  streets,  San  Francisco.  Arrangements  are  also  being  made  to  man- 
ufacture them  in  Chicago  and  in  Canada  and  Australia,  the  inventor  having 
obtained  patents  in  the  leading  British  Colonies.  Mr.  LlGHTHALL  is  also 
the  inventor  of  a  mining  pump,  and  his  father  invented  the  LlGHTHALL 
Marine  Condenser. 

Thomas  Hildreth.— Mention  has  been  made  in  Chapter  XIV.  of  DUN- 
PHY  &  HiLDRETH,  who  were  prominent  among  the  cattle  dealers  of  our 
coast  from  1855  till  1881.  In  the  latter  year  the  firm  dissolved.  THOMAS 
HlLDRKTH,  having  sold  out  to  his  partner  his  interest  in  the  cattle  and 
cattle  farms,  devoted  such  attention  as  he  was  disposed  to  give  to  business 
to  the  management  of  his  rancho  of  17,000  acres  in  Fresno  County.  This 
large  estate  is  entirely  inclo.sed  with  fence,  and  much  01"  it  is  under  culti- 
vation. He  resides  at  San  Jose,  where  his  children  arc  receiving  their 
education.  Mr.  Hu.DRiyril,  a  native  of  Kentucky,  spent  most  of  his  life 
in  Missouri,  until  he  arrived  in  California  in  1849.  For  a  few  months  he 
was  a  miner,  and  then  went  to  Los  Angeles.  There  he  bought,  for  $25  a 
head,  a  drove  of  cattle,  whicli  he  sold  in  the  mines  for  $100  each.  In  1851 
he  went  to  Chihuahua  for  sheep,  of  which  he  lost  1 1,000  on  the  road  to  Cal- 
ifornia; and  in  1853  he  went  to  Mi.ssouri  for  cattle,  of  which  he  lost  one 
third,  and  for  sheep,  of  which  he  lost  one  third,  on  the  road  to  California. 
Such  experiences  were  costly  but  instructive,  and  prepared  him  for  great 
and  continuous  success  in  later  years. 

Russ  House. — The  Russ  House,  one  of  the  large  and  well-managed 
hotels  of  San  Francisco,  has  300  rooms,  and  accommodations  for  400 
guests.  It  is  under  the  management  of  S.  II.  SEYMOUR,  who  has  been 
its  landlord  for  17  years.  In  connection  with  his  hotel,  he  owns  a  boarding- 
stable,  which  occupies  the  lower  part  of  a  brick  building  4  stories  high, 
and  137  feet  in  front  by  52  deep.  Pecuniarily,  at  least,  Mr.  SEYMOUR  has 
been  the  most  successful  hotel-keeper  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  having  accumu- 
lated, it  is  said,  half  a  million  in  his  business,  in  which  he  has  been  en- 
gaged since  he  was  a  boy.  A  native  of  Germany,  he  came  to  America  at 
the  age  of  9,  and  began  to  support  himself  as  bell-boy  in  the  Planters' 
Hotel,  St.  Louis.  In  1853  he  came  to  California,  and  almost  immediately 
found  employment  in  the  American   Exchange,  then  the  leading  hotel  of 


mmmm 


752 


APPENDIX. 


San  Francisco.     After  a  lapse  of  7  years  he  became  its  landlord ;  and  in  4 
years  cleared  .'(>  100,000.     In  1865  he  became  proprietor  of  the  Riiss  House. 

Hotels  in  the  North. — Amonpf  the  prominent  hotels  on  the  northern 
part  of  our  coast,  each  the  leading  house  in  its  locality,  arc  the  Driard 
House,  in  Victoria;  the  Arlington  House,  in  SeJittle;  the  Halstead  House, 
in  NewTacoma;  the  North-western  Hotel,  Dayton,  W.  T.;  and  the  Central 
Hotel,  at  Port  Townscnd. 

Leading  Business  Houses. — The  following  list  is  designed  to  include 
the  names  of  all  the  leading  mercantile  and  manufacturing  establishments 
of  our  slope,  and  if  any,  that  should  be  here,  are  omitted,  the  cause  is  inad- 
vertence or  lack  of  complete  information.  The  general  rule  governing  the 
compilation  has  been  to  include  no  mercantile  houses  save  those  engaged 
in  wholesale  or  importing  business,  and  no  manufacturing  establishment 
unless  it  produces  for  "the  trade;"  but  some  deviations  from  the  main  prin- 
ciple necessarily  resulted  from  the  differences  in  the  nature  of  business. 
The  proprietors  of  Langlky's  Sati  Francisco  Directory  have  kindly  per- 
mitted us  to  use  their  work  in  preparing  ours,  and  our  examination  of  it 
has  given  us  a  high  estimate  of  the  intelligent  labor  and  care  spent  in  its 
preparation.  We  have  also  had  occasion  to  refer  to  L.  AI.  McKenney'S 
Pacific  Coast  Director)',  and  have  found  it  comprehensive  and  valuable. 

As  it  is  our  expectation  to  issue  subsequent  editions  of  T/ie  Commerce 
and  Industries,  we  shall  be  glad  to  receive  information  of  mistakes,  omis- 
sions, changes  in  old  business  houses,  and  the  foundal ^n  of  new  ones. 

We  have  made  separate  headings  for  manufacturing  and  merchandising 
establishments,  marking  the  former  as  manufacturers,  leaving  it  to  be  under- 
stood that  if  the  heading  indicates  a  class  of  merchandise,  without  further 
remark,  then  all  the  houses  mentioned  under  it  are  dealers,  not  producers. 
Thus  the  heading  "Agricultural  Implements,  Manufacturers"  means  that 
all  the  houses  in  its  list  have  factories;  while  those  engaged  in  the  importa- 
tion and  sale  of  such  implements,  arc  mentioned  under  the  simple  head  of 
"Agricultural  Implements."  In  other  words,  if  the  designation  "manufac- 
turers" is  not  expressed,  then  importing  or  wholesale  "dealers"  is  implied. 

The  abbreviation  A.  is  for  Arizona;  av.  for  Avenue;  B.  C.  for  British 
Columbia;  C.  for  California;  I.  for  Idaho;  Me.\,  for  Mexico;  Mfg.  for  Manu- 
facturing; Pkg.  for  Packing;  Mon.  for  Montana;  N.  for  Nevada;  N.  M.  for 
New  Mexico;  O.  for  Oregon;  S.  F.  for  .San  Francisco;  st.  for  street;  W.  for 
Washington;  and  U.  for  Utah.  The  different  classes  of  production  and 
occupation  are  arranged  alphabetically,  except  that  Dry  Goods  appear  on 
page  787,  Salmon  Canneries  on  788,  and  Hotels  on  789. 


^ 


mrmm 


APPENDIX. 


OJ 


AOr.ICTrLTtJBAL  IMPL1!ME^•TS. 

Eakertllanili'^n Pino  and  Davis  sti.,fl.  P..  O 

IJak3r  t  Ilani'iton Sacranionto,  C 

ratchcljer.  Voa  Odder  it  Co Sacramento,  U 

Bull,  Ouo San  Jos.-,  C 

Eavia,  Geo.  A. 027  Matk.t  ot.,  fJ.  F.,  C 

Djcr,  V/.  J W:iUj  WaUa,  W 

rnuskDra 310  MarkiUt,  S.  F.,  C 

Frank  Croj Portland,  O 

rniDkDroa Loa  Ansclcs,  O 

Gibson  L  Kcclo3 Ogdcn,  U 

Giciic,  Henry Los  Anseles,  0 

Gian^cm'  Uusincu  Aaa'u 100  Daria  St.,  B.  F.,  C 

Ilauna,  F.  G Loa  Auseioa,  C 

Hiwley,  Marciu  O.tiCo 301-0  Market  at. ,  8.  F„  C 

Havvlcy,  Morcua  C.  &  Co Sacramento,  C 

Holraan,  Staaton£:Co Sacramento,  C 

Jonca,  W Walla  Walla,  W 

Knapn,  EurroUtCo Portland.  O 

LiaCortli,  nic3 1  Co S3D  Market  at. ,  H.  V.,0 

Lcne,  G.o.  A Salt  LakoCity,  U 

Koo.-a,  C.  £  M.  C Walla  \V'aIIa,  W 

Kowbury,  Ilawthomo  t  Co Wulla  Walla,  W 

Nowbury,  Ilawlhonio  ii  Co Albany,  O 

Ifowbniy,  Ilawthomo  t  Co Portlan  1,  '^ 

Osbomo,  D.  M.  tCo 33  Market  ■•■>  ,  S.  F.,  J 

Oa;»mo,  D.  M.  tCo .'ortland,  O 

Osbomo,  D.  M.  tCo.' San  Joso,  C 

Scynioor,  SaWn  iiCo Portland,  O 

Stockton  Azr.  Worchouao Stockton,  O 

^Tluto,  Pjimard Ojden,  U 

AGFJCULTXmAL  IMPLEMENTS— MANUP.VCTUnEBS. 

C 
C 
0 
C 

C 

c 
c 
o 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 

0 

c 
c 
o 
c 
o 
o 
c 
c 


Aycva  M.  t  Co 558  Market  ct.,  0.  P., 

Eenlcia  Act.  V/orka Deuicia, 

Eakcr  t  Ilamllton.  Pino  &  Davis  ots,.  a.  F., 

Eakcr  t  II.-.ailto;i Sacramento, 

Eowen,  a.  D Stockton, 

Cainc,  Jobn Stockton, 

Condlt,  J.  n,  t  Co Stockton, 

CqrvallLi  Plow  and  Act.  Mfg  Co Corvaliia, 

rioaWo  A:j.  Works Poj  t  Coata, 

Jackson  t  Tniman.  ..Cor.  Slitli  and  Eluiomo  sta.,  0.  P., 

llljcs,  John  £;  Co Sacramento, 

Lijhllmll  IIarveBtorCo.,Cor.  Fourth  and  Silver  sta  ,0.  P., 

Lisscndcn,  G.  ;;  Co Stockton, 

McLdlau,  Frank SCO  Washington  at.,  S.  F., 

Masters,  E.  J Stockton, 

Mattcson  &  Williamaon Stockton, 

Jfo^iii,  IL  N.  £:  Co Sacramento, 

Pa^ilio  Acr.  \Vorkfl Stockton, 

racl!'.c  Afr.  Works S:aom, 

Pntina  1  £;  Co ^Ubany, 

Pile.',  llarrcy  W 66 Bluiomo  st. ,  8.  P., 

Bun  Joso  Asr.  Works San  Jose. 

Bhavv,  II.  C BtDckUm, 

Boule,  E Cor.  Fourth  and  Bryant  Bts. ,  S.  F.,  c 

Btowell,  John Stockton.  C 

Tbo  Chico  Plow  Works Chico,  0 

AIS  C0MPKES80RS— MANUFACTUnEBS. 

lUchmond  DriUand  Comprca'r  Co.,  27  Stevenson  at,  S.  P..  C 
EoynolJa  t  Kix 40  Fremont  st,  8.  P.,  C 

AQUARIUM— MAKUFACTUnERS. 

Dixon  &  Bomitolv SW  Market  at,  a  F,  c 

95 


AKCinTECTL1tAL0n>fAMENTS-MANt;FAcTunElls. 

I'aclflo  Zinc  Ornamcatal  Facto.-y. .  .853  Mission  St.,  a.  P.,  0 
Kilstou,  II.  t  J 2I.(Frcn:o.it6t.,  H.  F.,  O 

AUTESIAX  WELL  PIPE-MAMTACTCnCRS. 

Gladdlnj  McDcaniCo 1130  Market  st,  S.  F.,0 

Praj,  Martin 12j  Clay  St.,  0.  P..  C 

Smith,  Francis  £;  Co .130  Eeale  St.,  S.  F.,  U 

ARTIFICIAL  STOXE-M-U(UFACTUIlEIia 
California  Artificial  Stone  Pav'BCo.403  Monta'y  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Froar  Stono  Co. , , ._. 414  California  St.,  S.  P..  O 

Porinc,  W.  D 1 23  Now  Montgomery  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Eansomo,  E.  L 402  Montsomery  «t.,  S.  P.,  O 

ARTISTS'  SIATERIAL8. 

Bancroft,  A.  L.  i  Co 721  Mar1:et  St.,  S.  P..  0 

R-.S3,  T.  J.  £Co 27  Dupont  St.,  8.  P.,  0 

Cohen,  Herrmann 13  Dupont  at.,  8.  P.,  0 

Currier,  Amoa lOJ  Dupont  at,  S.  F.,  O 

Denny,  Edward  £:  Co 418  Montjomorv  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

Iluotcr  Broa.  iCo...3.  W.  Cor.  Second  t  Markc'  S.  F.,C 

LcCount  Broa 417  Montgomery  at.,  S.  F.,  0 

Morria  £j  Kennedy 21  Post  a*,  3.  f.,  O 

Sanborn,  Vail  t  Co 857  ilarkot  St.,  8.  F.,  O 

SiiowtCo 12  Post  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

WUittler,  FuUor  t  Co. . .  .8.  W.  Cor.  Ptoe  !c  Front,  S.  P.,  O 

ARTIFICIAL  LIMBS. 

Beeman,  W 32  OParrell  at., S.  P.,  O 

Cook,  11  N 403  Market  St.,  8.  P.,  0 

Jewett,  Jarvis 20  Merchants'  Eichangi!,  8.  P.,  O 

Sprios,  Mcnzo 3  Geary  St.,  S.  P.,  0 

AV/NING3— MAXUFACIUnEES. 

Andcraon,  Charles  L. 850  Howard  at.,  8.  P.,  0 

Burton,  ViT.  II 153  NowMontjomeryst.,  S.  F.,  C 

Detrick,  E.  £  Co '.....108-113  Market  at,,  S.  F.,  O 

Uanaa,  J.  £  P.  V/ 303-310  Davis  at,  fl.  I'.,  O 

McDonald,  Jo»u;ih 705  Market  at.  3.  1'.,  O 

Mohen,  Thomaa 4C8  Tebama,  0.  P.,  O 

Novillo  £  Co 31-33  California  ct.,  3.  P.,  C 

Eomlter,  James IW  California  ct ,  3.  F.,  O 

Slmonton.  T.  B. 771  MUaioa  at,  S.  F.,  O 

AXLE  GREASE- M.U»UFACTUREIUi. 

FoyuBros 507  California  ct,  3.  P.,  O 

Holt,  Warren 717  Montjomory  at ,  8.  P..  C 

Lamberts  Grocn 143NatomaBt,  3.  P.,  O 

Wordon,  W.  II 223  Sncramonto  at,  3.  F.,  C 

Yatea&Co 113  Front  at,  3.  P.,  C 

BABBITT  METAL-MANUFACIX'nERa. 

Oarratt,  Wm.  T 118  Fremont  at,  8.  F.,c 

Mon\)W  i  Strons 117  First  at,  B.  P.,  O 

Painter  &  Co 610  Clay  at,  S.  P.,  O 

Selby  Smelting  and  Lead  Co.. 416  Montgomery  st,  8.  P.,  O 
Wecd&KingwoU 123  First  at,  S.  P.,  O 

BAGS. 

Barbour  Broa 611  Market  at.,  S.  P.,  C 

Coleman,  W.  T.  &  Co.  Cor.  Market  end  Main ;  ta.,  3.  P.,  O 

Dakin  tt  LIbby 223  Sacramento  at,  0.  P.,  O 

Delrick,  E.  &  Co 103-12  Markjt  ct,  0.  P.,  C 

Dickson.  DeWoU  &  Co 412  Eatte.-y  ot .  U.  P.,  0 

Forbes  Eros 303  Calfomia  at..  0.  V. .  O 

Hanna,  J.  &P.  N 303  Davia  st,  a.  F.,0 

Hughes,  II.  4Co 302  California  st,  8.  F„  O 

Kittle  t  Co 803  California  »t,  a  P.,  O 


7S4 


APPENDIX. 


Koahlimd,  S.  &  Co 228  CaUfornia  it,  S.  F,  C 

MtN'car,  O.  W M  Calif onila  Bt,  3.  1"..  0 

Neville*  Co 31-33CaUfomlaBt.,  8.  F,  C 

Oakland  Bob  JI/B  Co U5  Battery  »t.,  8.  F,  0 

White  &  Liawk 313  CalUornla  st,  8,  F.,  O 

BAG8— SLUfCPACTCRERS. 

Coclt,U.W «5  Market  «t.,  8.  F.,  O 

Cook,  A.  C 415  Market  at,  8.  F.  C 

Detrick,  E.  4  Co 108-13  Market  St.,  8.  F.  0 

Ilauna,  J.  t  P.  N 308-lODariBit.,  8.  F.,  C 

NeTiUe&Co 31-33  CalUomUBt.,  8.  F.,  O 

Oaklana  JuteMfgCo. Office,  115  BatteiTst,  8.  F.,  O 

BANKS. 

Agency  Pima  County  Ban> Tombstone,  A 

Agency  Bank  of  CaUfomU Virginia  City,  N 

Alilcrson.Ttaomas Plaoenrllle,  0 

AudrcwB  &,  Hollenbcck Auburn,  C 

Anglo-Califumian  Bank 8.  P.,  O 

Baker  fiBoyer Walla  Walla,  W 

Baker,  J.  U.  &Co Deer  Lodge  City,  Mon 

Bonk  of  Aniihcim Anaheim,  O 

Bank  of  Arizona  Agency Fhoenl^  A 

Bank  of  British  Columbia  Victoria,  U.  C 

Bank  of  British  Columbia 8.  F.,  O 

Bank  of  British  >'orth  America 8.  F.,  C 

Bank  of  British  Columbia New  Westminster,  O 

Bank  of  British  North  America Portland,  O 

Bank  of  British  North  America Victoria,  B.  O 

Bauk  of  D.  A.  Bcnddr  &  Co Reno,  N 

Bank  of  Oregon  City Oregon  City,  O 

Bank  of  Virginia  City Virginia  City.  N 

Barnes,  G.  A Olympia,  W 

Beckman,  C.  C JacksonTlllc,  O 

BeUooiCo 8.  P.,  0 

Bonder,  Chas.  T Reno,  N 

Bi^rton  &  Galliard 8.  P.,  0 

Blake  A  Co Prescott,  A 

Blauvelt,  W.  H Gold  Hill,  N 

BodioBank Bodle,  0 

Boise  County  Bank IdahoCity,  I 

Borcl,  AlfrediCo 8.  P.,  O 

Bradway,  11.  8 BoonTllle,  C 

Brcarly  John Lcwiston,  1 

Broini,  J.  P.  4  Co CamptonrlUe,  O 

BuTckhalter,  F.  &Co Truckeo,  0 

Bumham,  J.  H Folsom,  O 

Butte  County,  Bank  of Chlco,  C 

California,  Bank  of 8.  P.,  C 

California  Savings  and  Loan  Society 8.  P.,  G 

Califumia  Savings  Bank Sacramento,  O 

Carson  City  Savings  Bank Carson  City,  N 

Case,  L  W Astoria,  O 

Chico,  Bank  of Chlco,  O 

Citizens'  Bank. . .: Nevada  City,  O 

Clark,  W.  A Butte  City,  Mon 

Colusa  County  Bank Colusa,  C 

Conner,  John Albany,  O 

Commercial  and  Savings  Bank San  Jose,  C 

Consolidatetl  Bank  of  San  Diego San  Diego,  C 

Commercial  Bank  of  Los  Angeles Loa  Angeles,  O 

Cowden,  M  H Forest  Hill,  O 

Curlock,  A.  B Port  Jones,  C 

Davis,  P.  &Bro Anaheim,  C 

Decker  &  Jewett HarysvUle,  0 

DeaeretBank Salt  Lake  City,  U 

Dexter,  Horton Seattle,  W 


Dlion,  Bank  of Dixon.  0 

Dominion  Government  Savings  Bonk Victoria,  B.  O 

Douohoo,  KellyiCo 8,  P.,  O 

Dounell,  Clark  &  Larabio Butte  City,  Mon 

Dooloy,  J.  E.  Sl  Co Ogden,  U 

Elsander.  H.  W i;-gle  Creek,  O 

Palrchlld,  J.  A  San  Diego,  O 

Farmers'  National  Gold  Dank San  Jose,  O 

Farmer*  and  Merchants'  Bank Loa  Angeles,  O 

Farmers  and  Mechanics'  Bank Healdsburg,  O 

Farmers'  Savings'  Bank Lakoport,  O 

Farmers'  Bank  of  Wheatland Wheatland.  O 

Fhst  National  Gold  Bank Santa  Barbara,  O 

First  National  Bank  of  Alameda Alaucdu,  O 

First  National  Bank Portland,  O 

First  National  Bank Deer  Lodge  City,  Mon 

First  National  Bank Bono  City,  I 

First  National  Gold  Bank Oakland,  O 

First  National  Gold  Bank Petaluma.  O 

First  National  Bauk  of  Stockton Stockton,  0 

First  National  Bank W      ■Walla,  W 

First  National  Gold  Bank 8.  P.,  O 

Franco-American  Savings  Bank 3.  F.,  0 

l-rancis,  W.W o.  land,  O 

I'Yench  4  Co Ine  Ua'Ies,  O 

French  Savings  and  Loan  Sodely 8.  P.,  O 

Freeman,  M.  P.  &  Co Elko,  N 

Frisco  Banking  Co Frisco,  U 

Carosche,  Grecn&Co Victoria,  B.  O 

Germai  Savings  and  Loan  Society 8.  F.,  O 

Cllroy,  Bank  of Gilroy,  O 

Gooihnan,  James  n.  fcCo Napa,  O 

Gordon,  IT,  M.  tCo San  Eatael,  O 

Griffin,  W.E PlochftN 

Grangers' Bank  of  California 8.  F.,  O 

Guthrie,  J.  W Connno,  U 

Hamilton,  W.  B.  4  Co CorvaUia,  O 

Harris  4  Rhino Indcpendeuco  O 

Iforkness  &  Co Ogden,  U 

Hauser,  8.  F.  4  Co Butte  City,  Mon 

Bcaldsburg,  Bank  of Healdsburg,  O 

Iluintzen.  Charles. Forest  City,  0 

Hibemia  Savings  and  Loan  Society B.  P.,  O 

Hol'latcr,  Bank  of Hollister,  O 

Hopktos,  Wm  T 8.  P.,  O 

Hovcy  4  Humphrey Eugene  City,  O 

Humboldt  County  Bank Eureka,  O 

Irwin,  O San  Rafael,  O 

Jones,  T.R Salt  Lake  City,  U 

Kem  Valley,  Bank  of Bakcrslleld,  O 

Ladd  4Tilton Portland,  O 

Ladd  4  Bush Salem,  O 

La  Porte,  Bauk  of La  Porte,  O 

Lake,  Bank  of Lakeport,  O 

Lazai-d  p'rercs 8.  P.,  O 

London  and  San  Francisco  Bank 8.  F,  O 

London  Bank  of  Utali Salt  Liko  City,  U 

Los  Angelea  County  Bank Los  Angeles,  O 

Lyon,S.  M PorUand,  O 

Mack,  8.  L Lemooro,  O 

Martinez,  Bank  of Martinez,  O 

MorysviUe  SaWngs  Bank MarysviUo,  O 

Slarye,  Geo.  T.  4  Jon Virginia  City,  N 

McCormick4Co Salt  Lake  City,  U 

McCluro,E.  L Dutch  Flat.  O 

McLalne,  Lonchlln Volcano,  O 

Mendocino,  Bank  of Mendocino  City,  O 

Meroed  Secuiltjp  8avlii(l  Bwk Merced.  O 


HLmmi 


APPENDIX. 


755 


Merfc<l,  Itank  of. MeroiHl,  C 

Hcytr.  Danlfl B.  I',,  C 

Miissmila  National  Hank MIbsouK  Slon 

Mo4lL-Bto  Honk Moiltiitto,  U 

Mono  Comity  Dank Botliu,  G 

Morgan,  F..  D S.  F,  C 

Munlock,  W.  C.  ft  Co WUlowB,  O 

Kapa,  Dank  of NajMt,  O 

Nathan,  M Bajonvlllo.  C 

^'atlonol  Gold  Dank Sacramento,  0 

Naracovich,  C Auroia,  N 

Kcrada  Dank,  of  San  Frandaco S.  P.,  O 

Nevada  Bank,  of  Sau  FnuidfCo( Agency). Virginia  City.  N 

Nlcbola.  W.  .'t  P Dutch  Flat.  C 

PaclHo  Bank 8.  P.,  C 

Palmer,  HA Oakland,  C 

Aorrott,  John 8.  F.,  C 

Paiton  ft  CLrtli Austin,  S 

TaxtonftCo.  Kurcka,  N 

Faiton  &  Curtis. Dclmo'  !,  N 

Pctaluma  SavljgH  lUnk Petal    >ia,  C 

Plraa  Coiuity  Bjr.k T.jion.  A 

Peoples'  Saving  l',ank Sa  >'  .nento,  C 

rortlmil  .Savlnga  Bonk I'ortland,  O 

Oakland  Dank  of  Savings OalUand,  C 

Oregon  and  Washlnston  Mortjpise  and  Stbs  Bk .  Portland,  O 

Jlcid,W PortkinJ,0 

Hideout  &  Smith MaryaTiUe,  O 

Eldcoiil,  Smith  4  Co OrovUle,  C 

Sacramento  Bank Sacramento,  C 

Sacromento  Savings  Bank Sacramento,  C 

BafTord,  Hudson  ft  Co Tombstone,  A 

Bofford.  Hudson  ft  Co Tucson,  A 

Balinaa  City  Bank Sjilinas  City,  C 

Santa  Barbara  County  Bank'. Santa  Barbara,  C 

Santa  Clara  County  Bank Santa  Clara,  O 

Santa  Cnu  Bank  of  Savings  and  Loans Santa  Cruz,  C 

Santa  Cruz  County,  Bank  of. Santa  Cruz,  C 

Bon  Francisco  Savings  Union S.  F.,  C 

Ban  .Toaquiu  'Valley  Bonk Stockton,  C 

Ban  Joao  Savings  Bonk San  Jose.  C 

Han  Jo3j,  Bank  of San  Jose,  C 

Son  Luis  Obispo,  Bank  of San  Luis  Obispo,  C 

Buuta  Uosa  Bonk Santa  Rosa,  C 

Bather  ft  Co 8.  F..  C 

Bavlngs  and  Loan  Society S.  F..  O 

Savings  Bank  of  Sautu  Rosa Santa  Rosa,  O 

Scammon,  H Downieville,  0 

Security  Savings  Bank S.  F.,  C 

Beclcy  ft  Bickforcc Napa,  C 

Slmondi,  A.  L SUvcrClly,  I 

Bneath,  R  0 8.  F,  0 

fiononm  County,  Bank  of Petoluma,  C 

Sonoma  "Valley  Bank Sonoma,  C 

Stockton,  Bank  of Stockton,  C 

Btocktou  Savings  and  Loan  Society Stockton,  C 

Buisuu,  Bank  of Buisun,  C 

Butroft  Co 8.  P.,  0 

TalUintftCo S.  F.,  C 

Tebaiius  County,  Bank  of Red  Bluff,  0 

The  Bank  of  Arizona Piescott,  A 

Tbo,Stat<!  Bank,  of  Pioche Piocho,  N 

The  Reno  Havings  Bank Reno,  N 

Toumlcs,  Balik  of Tomales,  O 

Tliuuiinou  S  Co S.  P.,  O 

Towmwud,  FrwL  K S.  P.,  0 

Ukiali.  Bank  of Ukiah,  C 

UiUou  National  Oold  Bank Oakland,  0 


Union  Savings  Bank OakUml,  ( 

Vallcjn,  Hank  of V.illc;,i,  ( 

Vallcjo  Havin:^  and  Commercial  Bank VulteJ.*,  ( 

Ventura,  Bunk  of San  Buen.iveMtuni,  C 

'Virtue.  J  W Baker  City.  I 

Vlsalia,  Bank  of Vlsnlla.  ( 

Vollmer,  John  P.  &  Co Lewlston.  I 

Vosburg,  J.  S Tucson,  A 

Ziou's  Savings  Bunk  and  Trust  Co Salt  Lako  City.  IT 

Wadsworth,  E.  U Yrcka,  V 

Walker  Bros  Salt  Lake  City,  U 

Watt,  RulKirt a.  P.,  O 

WataonviUe,  Paukof Wataonville,  O 

Watson,  LaGrango  ft  Gibson 8.  P.,  O 

Wells,  Pargo&Cos  Bank 8  P.,  O 

Wells,  Faigo  ft  Co Salt  Lake  City,  U 

Weils,  Paigo  ft  Co Silver  Picef,  U 

Wlenion,  Jewell  ft  Co PlocerviUo,  O 

Whlto  I'lno  County  Bank Eureka,  N 

Woodbind,  Bank  of Woodbind,  O 

BARRELS  AND  KEGS-MANUracTUttEM. 

Mattullatb  Mfg  Co Eighth  St.,  near  Bryant,  8.  P.,  O 

Nesbltt,  J.  ft  Bro 21  Bluxomo  bt,  8.  P.,  O 

BASKET  MAKERS. 

ArmesiDallam 230-233  Front st ,  8.  P.,  O 

Decker,  William 023  Market  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

Filhner,  J C38  Market  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

GUlett,  P.  J 2120  Jones  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Hennes.  Chris,  ft  Co 1103  Market  St.,  S.  P..  0 

Lange,  J.  C.  R 13  Montgomery  av.,  8.  P.,  O 

Wakeaad  Rattan  Co CM  Itlarket  st,  8.  P.,  0 

BEER— MASurAcnuREBa. 

Adolph,  L Salem,  O 

Albany  (F.  UagomanftCo.) "1  Everett  st,  8  F.,  O 

Alliion,  J.  H.  Buraell  ft  Bro.). . .  .Nhith  av.  and  U,  8.  F.,  C 

Ballanger,  Edward Albany,  O 

Baur.  G.  A Austin,  N 

Bavaria  (P.  Prankenholz) Montgomery  av.,  8.  P.,  0 

Bcckft  Koehn Santa  Cruz,  O 

Boca  Brewhig  Co Boca,  O 

Bocmer  ft  Wirth Stockton,  0 

Bollnger,  W.  F Red  Bluff,  O 

Durchera,  W.  F Sacramento,  O 

Broadway  (Jacob  Adams) C37  Broadway.  8.  F.,  U 

BuchmlUer  ft  Wells Ogdon.  U 

Buchler,  August Tho  Dalles,  U 

Buuater,  Hon.  A Victoria,  B.  O 

California  (Shulto  ft  Geitner) 

Serpentine  avenue  and  2Cth  St.,  8.  F.,  C 

Carion  v.  Ernst Bodio,  O 

Chicago  (Henry  Ahems  ft  Co.) 1430  Fine  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

City  Brewery Portbmd,  O 

Cbirish,  U Tho  Dalles,  O 

Columbus  Brewery Sacramento,  0 

Croissant,  Charles Chlco,  C 

Deinlngor,  F Vallojo,  0 

Eagle  Brewery  (Wm.  D.  Smith) 

Folsom  and  16th  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

Eagle  Brewery  (Goo.  Sebcrrer) San  Jose,  C 

Empire  Brewery  (John  Harrold} 170  Jessie  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

Euterpriso  Brewery  (HlUebrandt  &  Co.) 

2018  Fobwm  St.,  S.  P.,  0 

Eureka  Brewery  (Schweitzer  ft  Bro.) 

235  First  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Europa  Brewery  (John  Christ) Nebraska  st,  B.  P.,  O 


756 


APPENDIX. 


Frank'inburscr  &  Davison Bodie.  C 

Fniiiz.  John Cirasj  VaUL-y,  C 

Frudcriikoburfj  llrewcry Sau  Joso,  O 

Fi\  Ucrickslmrs"  Brewery I'ortlaud,  O 

Gambrinua  Brcnvery rortlaml,  O 

Cerdcj.  llich rortland,  O 

Goklcn  City  Brewery  (O.  Brcklo) . . .  1431  Pacific  nt..  S.  F..  O 
Goklcn  Gato  Brewery  iC.  J.  B.  Motzler) 

717  Greenwich  St..  S.  F.,  C 

Gold  HiU  BrcwctT Gold  nill,  N 

Gowon,  V Victoria,  B.  G 

Gut;:wiUL'r,  Ileury Daklaud,  O 

Uahn,  John Astoria,  O 

Harper,  James Liirelia,  C 

llarrmau:i  Bros btoukton,  O 

Uayca  ViUley  Brewery  (A.  WahmutU  i;  Co 

512  Grove  st.  3.  F.,  C 

Huuldiibur^'  Brewery Ilualdsburff,  O 

Ililioniia  Brewery  lilatthew  Nunan). .  .Howard  «t,  8.  F.,  C 

Uumboldt  Bruwci-j- 1S33  Mission  sL..  H.  l\,  C 

lIuml>oldl  Brewery Eut  Portland,  O 

Ucok  L  Co i:ureka,  (? 

Jackacn  Brewery,  (W.  A.  Frederick)  1428 Uiiauou&t.,S.  F.,  C 

ICciCer,  Cliaa Albany.  ( ) 

Kertli  '•  Kicolaa siaaauDento,  t ' 

Knauor,  ^..areuz JJAsMcnonto,  0 

Krumb,  III  uis Itei  Jose,  C 

LafayettoB.i3wery,<Grogan&Au8tcll)735GteBenBt.,  S.  F.,0 

Langcn  £:  Co Vtifcinia  City,  N 

Lautb.  Phil Loa  Aoffelt'H,  C 

Malilstc:lt,  V Lob  Anaclea,  C 

Ma.;oQ'iJ  Brewery  (Judin  Mason). .  010  CbL&tmit  st.,  S.  F.,  C 

Mtlburii.  A tJealtlc.  \V.  T 

Milwaukee  iLu1uiiibu&  Co.) C12  Beronth street,  .S.  F.,  C 

Molduii  ^  Uond Portland,  O 

Nattou.ll  (('luck  &  Uausen).  .I'nltoii  and  WulttiUir.  H.  K,  C 

Neiblin-  k  Fox Silver  Retsf,  U 

Nortb  Bead]  Brcweiy,  Powell  and  ChesLnut  street,  tj.  F  ,  C 

Oakiimd  Brewery Ouklaud,  C 

Ore;:on  City  Brewery Uresnn  City,  O 

Pacitic  Brnwery  (Faztmou  &.  Co.)..  271  Tehama st..  S.  F.,  C 

Palmtas,  L       Wationviiic,  C 

Ptciffer,  1  ■ Xapa,  C 

Pliiladulpbiu  {Jolm  Wleloud). . .  .334  Sccoud  utruL-t,  S.  F.,  V 

Philadelphia  Bi-cwrrj* Lua  Antelea,  O 

Phoenix  Brewery  I  i'  J.  larby).  Noc,  b.  18th  &  lith,  H.  F.,  O 
Pioneer  Brewery  ( liunalcr  k  Freilericiis) 

20y  Treat  avunue,  8.  F.,  C 

PruBidio  HchnoidLT  i-i  Wacliter). .  .152ii  I'acillo  avu,  H.  F.,  C 
Uailroiul  Brewery  U".  Schuster). .  A2't  ViUoncla  ht.,  .4.  F.,  C 

Host.  .Itjhu liOKburg,  O 

Rotheubui^  1) HtockUm,  C 

Hutnpf  ^l>uukel Utiyton,  W 

Bim  Franctst-o  htock.... Powell  and  FrouciiicoHUi.,  H.  F.,  C 

Bftnta  Claiu  iiruwvT)' - Hanta  Clara,  (' 

Baiita  Itusa  Brewery Hanta  Cusa,  C 

Scliiiuih  L  McmUiii Eureka,  N 

BtiuItz&ViuL Jooiuonvillo,  o 

Hmith.  P.  ^w  .1 VaUeio.  C 

Hurensen  a.  I'ctertton Moilesto,  C 


tioiith  Han  t'l-aiiBlaco 11th  Bt.  and  Railroad  av.  H.  F., 

Htar  Brewonr  UtdsoocrBroB.),  lltlt  and  FoUooi  nta.  H.  F., 


Stahl,  Jotm.U Walla  Walia.  W 

bwaii  BratTfiry 15tb  and  DoIdhm  ittit..  H.  F.,  0 

SwiM  Bruwnry 41<il>u|iuiit  st.,  H.  I'..  C 

Union  Unmuiy  (C.  Uoh) 03*}  Chimeutuiaat.,  h.  1'.,  o 

United  Utewa  Urtwtny 

MoAUiiter  and  PrankUn  tU.,  H.  F.,  0 


United  States  Brewery Portland,  O 

Wagjn.;r.  Ilctiry Suit LaI:ot-  i'y,  U 

Waaliing'on  Brewcrj'. . .  .Loml-ard  and  Tp.jlor  r,iE,,  S.  F.,  O 
WiUowa  Brcwoi-y IJtli  and  Mia-siou  utii.,  U.  F.,  O 

BRICICa— Manupactuiikhs. 

Bonnet,  E.&Co 235 Montgoraery. S.  F..  O 

Davia  k.  Lowell Mountain  Vit  w,  O 

Fountam  Bros Sacramento,  O 

Hunter  k  Hhacklcford 310  Pino  Bt..  3.  1'.,  (J 

Lyncli,  i'l^ter PaciJlo  fitrwt  wharf,  ».  V.,C 

Mallon.  Patrick — N.  E.  cor.  Kearny  and  Maikct,  H.  V.,  O 

Patent  Brick  Co Califoniia  ut.,  3.  F..  U 

PeUmon,  T.  W Son  Jose,  O 

Piper,  Jerome  B 7  Clay  nt,  H.  F,,  O 

UuniiUord  Brick  Co Pacific  street  wharf,  ii.  V.,  0 

Ityan,  .fohn  c Sacranicuto,  J 

Tutln,  Thos.  D Office.  335  Montgomery  st.,  ii.  F.,  O 

Tuttlo  Brothers 234  Montsonicry  st.,  8.  P..  0 

BROOMS— MANUFAt  "runEus. 

Annei^DaUsm 230  and  232  Front  st,  S.  F.,  O 

BIUlnfiB.  •    &  Co .Sa^'ramouto,  O 

Brice,  PowcjI Sacrajiento,  O 

(■ulu  k  Kenny 114  Sacramento  Bt,  H.  F.,  O 

CdiJfion,  Benjamin 322  Daviaut.,  S.  F.,  O 

Flger  Bro.i G15  Sacramento  f>t,  S.  F.,  O 

Glunz,  Christian G41  West  Mission  st,  U.  F.,  O 

Golden.  Thouuu 100  Clay  st,  H.  F..  0 

ilrayson.  J.  W,  &  Co Salem,  O 

Hancock  &  Wright WaUa  Walla,  W 

liorriHon  k  Dickson 120  Bocmmonto  st.,  B.  F..  O 

Itemlnxway,  J ohn Beniul  Hights,  H.  I' ,  U 

Hublwrt.  W.  Ii. 1642  Mission  st,  3.  F.,  O 

Kunze,  tHto  K 040  MisBiou  dt,  H.  F.,  O 

Lake  &  Warren 411  Hacmmcnto  st.,  3.  F.,  O 

LL-Fuvnr.  W.  F riacramtnto,  O 

Liiaiier,  (JeorKu.. 411  Sacramento  yt,  3.  F.,  O 

Li*i  An«-  lea  Bumm  Factory Los  Aii^'clca,  O 

Han  Francisco  Brusli  Factory.  .323  Sacramento  et,  3.  F  .  (J 

Taylor.  John 325  Sat-ramento  it,  3.  I'.,  O 

Toliin.  Morris 1503  PaciHo  st,  S.  V..  (J 

I  nna,  Jacob 157  Now  Moti(«omory  st,  S.  F..  C 

\"an  I-aalc  Limbort — . . . .17th  St.,  mar  Ilowanl.  S.  F.,  O 

Waril,  Thomas 27  Dmmni  ht,  H.  F.  O 

Wuitcner,  Ileiuv 1010  Lumbanl  st^  H.  F.  O 

\VcK>drutf  &  Van  Epps Glympia,  W 

Zan  Brothers Portlami.  t  > 

BRUSH— MANurACTiuKiia. 

<'tile  k  Kenny 114  Sacramento  »t.,  B.  F  ,  O 

ronkini.  ThomoiC 418  4th  ut,  S.  F.,  O 

Oyer  Bros r>  Taylor  at,  8.  F..0 

Fi^'cr  Bro3 615  Hacramontn  st,  3.  F..  O 

Ford.  Juht^: Moultrie,  near  Olil  Hickory  st,  3.  F  .  0 

Jonea,  T.  C Holt  Lake  City.  U 

Kmm<.  GttoE 040  Mission  st.  3.  F.  O 

Motzler,  D Portlai.tl.  O 

<).  K.  Brush  Factory G46  Mlsaion  straet.  3.  F  .  O 

rtimpsini.  It.  W 323  Ha- mmunUiRt  .  3.  F.,  C 

Unna,  Jacob 1R7  New  Motitgoniery  at ,  U.  F ,  0 

White.  C.  L Salt  Lake  Cily.  U 

BUNGS— MANUrACTVIlEllH. 

Gracicr,  Francis 211  MtMlonst,  S.  F,  O 

Ikixcr,  Geor;;o  11.  (inetaUlo) 51  Uoalu  st,  S.  F  ,  O 

Hwift  James 221  Mission  st,  B.  F..  O 

Wood,  Henry 7aOMirfh»at,  8.  F,.  O 


APPENDIX. 


757 


BED  SPEINGS-MANUFAcrnttEiis. 

Blancbanl,  Julos 710  Minna  ot.,  S.  F.,  0 

California HprinjMfg Co.... 147  Now  Montgy St.,  H.  P.,  C 

Clark,  Truman  S.  &  Co 21  Now  Montg'y  Bt„  S.  K,  0 

Hinckley,  E.. 153  Now  Monts'y  St.,  H.  F.,  C 

Nacbraa:i,  Adoll* 77  Now  llonts'y  ot.,  S.  R,  C 

Paciflc  Spring  £;  Mattreaa  Co.  .25  New  Monts'y  Bt.,  S.  F.,  C 

BEH  FOUNDEllS. 

Garratt,  W.  T 140  Fremont  at.,  S.  P.,  0 

Grf^ulwrj  &Co 205  Fremont  Bt,  S.  F.i  0 

Weed  fcKingivcU 125PiratBt.,  8.  F.,  O 

BELLOWS— MANUFACTUUERa. 

Callfomta  Bellows  Mtj  Co S2  Fremont  sL,  S.  F..  C 

UcKimio,  Ilcmy 066  Mission  Bt.,  9.  P.,  C 

BELTING. 

liakor  iUamilton 13-10  Front  at,  S.  F.,  C 

Carolau,  Coryt  Co 117  California  st,  H.  P.,C 

Cook,  A.  0 415  Market  6t.,  iJ.  F.,  O 

Cook.  II.  N 405  Market «.,  U.  P.,  C 

Ucjcn,  L.  r UPremontat.,  a.  P.,  0 

Oooilyetr  Uilbber  Co 577  Market  at.,  S.  P.,  C 

Grcgor;-,  II.  1'.  ii  Co 2-4  California  ot,  S.  I'.,  O 

Gutta  Porcbi  Mts  Co 511  Market  Bt,  3.  P.,  C 

Royor,  Ilennan 855-8'jl  Bryant  at ,  B.  P..  0 

Bolby,  TliomajII.  tCo 110  California  at,  S.  F.,  0 

Wbaitea,  Wm.  N 423  Wasbinston  at,  8.  P.,  C 

BILLIAUD  TABLES— MAMUFACTunuiia. 

Brunswick,  J.  M.  i  Balko 055  Market  st, ,  8.  F. ,  C 

Jungblut,  August  it  Co 10-16  Golden  Gate  av.,  8.  P.,  •' 

Lloseufold,  Pbillp 535  Market  at.,  U.  P.,  0 

Meyer,  J.  0.  II 320  Kcaniy  at.,  B.  P.,  C 

Btrahle,  Jacob  &  Co 533  Market  at,  8.  P.,  C 

BIIID  CAGES— Manufactuiilbs. 
Edwards,  Geo.  F . .  Br5■an^  bet.  FUtb  and  Siitli  eta. ,  8.  F. ,  C 

Fuhnuann,  A.  M 751  Miaaion  at.,  S.  P.,  C 

GruonUajcn,  C.H 063  Mlsaioa  st ,  B.  P. ,  C 

HalUdle,  A.B C  CalKorula  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

BRIDGE  BUlLDEIia. 

Uttllidlc,  A.S 0  CaUfomla  at.,  8.  P.,  C 

Pacid.-  Bridge  Co 4  California  at.,  8.  F.,  (J 

S.  P.  llrldgo  Co 10  Califomiu  at,  8.  P.,  O 

BLACKING— MANUFAOTt'llEIU. 

Gonsh,  Jobn Potroro  av.,  8.  F.,  C 

Lake,  Henry 013  Third  at,  8  P.,  C 

Patek,  A 413  SL«h  at.,  H.  P.,  C 

BcUwabadier,  Louis 017-^21  BrannuuBt.,  8.  F.  <; 

BLANK  BOOKS-MaNupactuuEIW. 

Althot  ^  Balds 32JHacr.imento  at,  8.  P.,  (,' 

tjineroft,  A.  L.  i  Co 721  .Market  at,  B.  P.,  C 

IMnlinj  U  Kimball 503  Clay  at,  B.  P.,  O 

Bo»'lul,  Edward  Si  Co 033  Clay  at.,  3.  P.,  C 

Duowcll,  Alex.  &Co 025  Clay  at,  8.  P.,C 

Crocker.  H.  8.  4i  Co 915  Busb  at.,  8.  F.,  0 

Oraliam,  J,  C.  &  Co Salt  Lake  City,  U 

Foster,  F .Hacmmento,  C 

1K)ILEU8— MANUFACTUUEIla. 

Oolduu  state  n  Miners'  Iron  Works.  ..237  Fiiiit  St.,  8.  P.,  ■! 

Hall,  Jamoa  V S14  B.ale  st.,  8.  P.,  C 

Hi  ickluy,  Biioara  St  Ilayoa 307  Fruuiout  at ,  8.  F. ,  C 

McAfee  &  Co 812  Bpoar  at. ,  8.  P.,  V 

MoCoou,  Itobert 4a31toalost,  B.  F,  C 


Moynilian  &  Aitken 311  Mission  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Prescott,  Scott  i  Co. .  .N.  E.  Cor.  Piret  k  Mis.iion,  8.  P.,  O 

Protorious,  Trowbridge  &  Co 141  First  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Portland  Boiler  Works Portland,  O 

llankin,  Brnyton  i  Co 120  Frcmo:it  at ,  8.  F. ,  O 

ULidon  Iron  &  Locomotivo  Works 

S.  E,  Cor  Eealo  and  Iloivard  ata.,  8.  P.,  O 

Iloebuck.  Thomaa  O 137  Bealo  at.,  H.  F.,  O 

Scliobcr  &  Sefrin 203  Fremont  st,  H.  P.,  O 

Spratt,  Joseph Victoria,  15.  O 

BOLTS— MANUFACTUUERa. 

Pacino  BoUing  Mills 202  Market  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Phelps  JIt3  Co 13  Drumm  St.,  3  P.,  0 

Payne  Bros 133  Bcalo  at,  S.  P.,  O 

BOOKS. 

Bancroft,  A.  L.  &  Co 721  Market  at,  8.  F„  O 

BlUinca,  Ilarboumo  &  Co .3-5  Montg'y  fit.,  3.  1*.,  O 

Bcacb,  C 107  Montg'y  st,  3.  P.,  O 

Barkbaua,  P.  W.  i  D 213  Kearny  st.,  B.  P.,  O 

California  Bilile  Society 7')7  Market  Dt,  S,  P.,  O 

Cunningham,  Curtlss  £:  Weleb 

Sacramento  and  .Sanaomo  at.'). ,  3.  P.,  O 

Dewing,  J.  &Co 423  Eusbat.,  8.  P.O. 

Flood,  Michael 831  .Market  ?'  ,  3.  P.,  O 

Gill,  J.  IC  &  Co l'o,-i!ana,  O 

Golly,  J.  B.&Co 26  Geary  at.,  S.  P.,  0 

Grcgoiro,  Sauls  &  Co 6  Post  Bt,S.  F.,C 

I  lodge,  John  G.  &  Co 3M  California  Bt. ,  3.  P. ,  O 

nougbtoii,  W.  A.  &C.  8 Sacramento,  O 

McKorcherfc  Thompson Portlaml,  O 

Methodist  Book  Depository lOU  Market  at,  l\  P.,  0 

Pajot,  Upbam  &  Co 201  Sanaom.  et.,  3.  P.,  O 

Slicaror,  Frederick  E 757  Market  at,  3.  P.,  O 

Waldteutcl,  A SunJoio,  O 

LAW  BOOKS. 

Bauetoft,  A.  L.  &  Co 721  Market  st,  8.  P.,  O 

■VVldtney,  Sumner  &  Co 013  Clay  Bt,  8.  P.,  0 

BOOK  BINDERS. 

Daneroft,  A.  L.  &  Co 721  Market  at,,  3.  P.,  O 

Ilicka,  D  &  Co 003  Montgomery  at ,  8.  F.,  0 

Lcary,  A.J 401  Bansorao  at,  9.  P.,  0 

Mclntyre,  Jolm  B 423  Clay  st,  S.  P.,  O 

Meaton,  Jobn  J Portland,  O 

Phillips,  J.  a  tCo 500  Clay  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Raidcln,  Chaa.  E 540  Clay  at,  8.  F„  0 

Bonnlchaen,  Charles Ban  Jose,  0 

Whelan  &  Tracy 410  Sanaomo  at,  B.  P.,  O 

BOOT.S  AND  SHOES 

Armstrong,  Thomaa  11 67  StoTcnaon  at,,  8.  F,,  0 

Calm,  NIokelsburg  &  Co 31  Battery  st,  8.  P.,  0 

CaiMm,  Geo.  B.  &  Co Portland,  O 

(.'asey.  M.  Francis 123  Sansome  Bt, ,  8.  F.,  O 

Cliaso,  n.  P.  &Oo 860  Market  Bt,  H.  P.,  0 

Dolan.JamesW 414  Market  st,  H,  P,  0 

Ilawley,  Cliarlos  D 414  Market  at,  3,  P..  0 

Ilihbanl,  Gee,  L.  4  Co Portland,  O 

Heeht  Bros.  &Co 85-37  Sanaomo  st,  8.  F  ,  O 

Ilocht,  Martin&Co Portland,  O 

Ilobart,  Wood  &  Co 15  Banaomc  at,,  3.  P.,  O 

Jones,  Orin  &  Co 760  Atarket  St.,  O 

.Tory  Bros Cor.  Van  Ness  av.  and  Fell  St.,  8.  P.,  0 

Kaufman,'  Ileelit  &  Akeu Portland,  O 

Kulbnnn,  SaU  «:  Co 106  DattarT  at,  8.  P.,  0 

Levhisky  Bros 016  Market  st,  R.  F.,  O 


7S8 


APPENDIX. 


Levy.  Clamant  &  Co 107  Rlttcry  Bt..  S.  P.,  C 

Linik'nbiumi,  I C2Steuart  at.,  H.  l'\,  C 

Nolan,  i;.  D.  &  Co 71  Stevenson  St.,  S.  F.,  C 

Nolan,  n.  F.  £  Co U4  Market  st.,  fl.  P.,  C 

Porter,  SIcBslnjcr  &  Co 117  UoitiTy  St..  8.  P.,  O 

Prin-lc.  GUbcrt 1015  Market  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

liohile  Bros KB  Jackson  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

Uosenstock.  S.  W.  &  Co.. Cor.  Sansomo  and  Busli,  3.  F.,  C 

l!os(!nthal,  Fodor  i  Co 35  Battery  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

HmlnTllcli's.  A.  Sons 32  Second  St.,  8.  F.,  C 

Tirrell.  C.  S  P.  II.  &  Co H3  Clay  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

I  'nited  Workinsmen'a  Boot  and  Shoo  Co 

410  Market  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

Weuftiorth,  I.  tl  &  Co 40O  Itattery  St..  8.  P.,  O 

Withiow  &  Pendleton 148  Ninth -t.,  8.  P.,  C 


BOOTS  AND  SHOES— MANUFACTUBEns. 

ArmfltpontT,  Thomas  n. 67-C0_8teTonBf;n  8t.,^S.  F., 

Bchnont  Boot  and  Shoo  Co Victoria,  11. 

BuckJn^'ham  &  llecht 25-27  Sonsomn  st,  S.  1'., 

Calm,  NickeUburs  &  Co 31  Battery  »t.,  S.  P., 

Capen.  O.co.  B.  &  Co Portland, 

Casey,  M.  Fruncls 125  Sansomo  st.,  S.  P., 

Chase,  It.  P.  4  Co 603  Market  St..  8.  P., 

Dolan,  James  W 414  Market  St.,  8.  P., 

Oirard,  Lesser  &  Co 731  JIarki't  St.,  8.  P., 

llaivley,  Charles  D 414  Market  st,  8.  P., 

llcatlioni,  \V Victoria,  D. 

Hlbliard,  Geo.  L.  &  Co Porthind, 

lloliart.  Wood  &  Co 15  Sansomo  st.,  H.  P., 

Jones,  Oriu  ii  Co 70'J  Market  Kt.,  8.  F. 

Jory  Bms H.  W.  cor.  Van  Ness  av.  and  Fell  st.,  8.  F., 

KuUnian,  Salz  &  Co 106  Battery  at. ,  H,  F., 

Lan.qonl)erg  Bros Roaeburs, 

Lesser  Bros 731  Market  St.,  8.  F. 

Levinsky  Bros 515  Market  St.,  8.  F. 

Levy,  Diamante Oo 107  BatUiry st,  8.  P. 

I.indenbaum,  1 52  Steuart  St.,  8.  F. 

Nolan,  E.  D.  &  Co 71  Stevenson  st. ,  8.  P., 

N.)lan,  1'.  P.  &  Co 414  Market  «t.,  S.  F., 

Porter,  Slemlnfor  &  Co 117  Battery  st,  S.  P., 

Priuslo,  Cillbert 1015  Morket  at,  8.  P., 

Rohile  Bros COS  Jaekson  st,  H.  F. , 

Itoscnstock,  8.  W.  &  Co 

Cor.  Sansomo  and  Bush  sts.,  8.  P., 

Beiberllch's  Sons 32  Second  st,  8.  P., 

Terrlll,  C.  4  P.  11.  S  Co 419  Clay  st,  8.  P., 

United  Worklusmcn'B  Boot  and  Shoe  Co 

410  Market  St.,  8.  P. 

Wontworth,  I.  M 400  Battery  «t,  S.  F., 

Withrow  &  Pendleton 148  Ninth  st,  S.  P., 


BOXES— MANtJFACTlIIlKIUi. 


ABtorla  Box  and  Lumbor  Co Astoria,  O 

Brown,  O.  11 Astoria,  O 

Harlow,  John  Portland,  O 

Uobbs,  I'onioroy  ft  Co 11  nod  13  B«ale  st,  8.  F,  C 

Uurae,  O.  W Astoria,  O 

Mersnlre,  John  L.  .S.  W.  eor.  Bryant  and  fitli  stu.,  H.  P..  O 

Meyers,  Gllmon  &  Co  Uthst,,  near  Harrison,  8.  P.,  <.1 

Nichols  &  Co Sacramento,  O 

Ban  Francisco  Box  Factory 

Bony  St.,  hot.  3il  and  4lh.  H.  P.,  0 

Hcheurcr  &  Coyno Portlantl,  ( t 

Truckeo  Lumber  Co 331  King  at,  S  F.,  O 

Union  Bo«  Factory lUlo  134  Siiear  at,  8.  F.  C 

Union  Box  Faotoir, Sacramento.  O 


Weston.  Charles  W 203  Mission  st,  S.  P.,  O 

Woodbury,  Geo.Tja  E. .  .Bjrry  st.,  bet  4lli  and  5th,  H.  P.,  O 

BOXES,  CIQAJl-MA.vUFACluur.ns. 

California  Cigar  Box  Co Berry  nt.,  near  4th,  S.  P.,  O 

Hooper,  C.  A.  S  a.  W 4tb  and  Channel  sts.,  S.  P.,  O 

Korbel,  P.  &  Bro cor.  Bth  ond  Bryant  sts.,  8.  P.,  O 

Phelia  &  MUler 120  Sutter  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Radius,  Ludwiu 420  Kearny  6t,H.  F.,a 

Waldatcln,  Abraham Berry  st ,  near  0th,  8.  P. ,  O 

BOXES,  JEWELUY-MA.VCPACTunEnn. 

Lochbamn,  A.  II 134  Sutter  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Muhs,  Antonio 303  Suttar  st ,  S.  F,  O 

BOXES,  PAPEK-MAJJUrACTDBBES. 

Rocnicko,  Otto Portland,  O 

Thiebaut,  Charles 744  Mission  st,  8.  P.,  O 

WempoBros 0 573  Market  st,  8.  F.,0 

Waizman,  Max 639  Market  st,  8.  P.,  O 

BOXES,  TIJf— MANUFACTCUEKS. 

Austin,  B.  C 400  Front  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Ilolljrook,Menill&Stet»on,225ond230Markct8t,  3.  P.,  O 

MonUsiie,  W.  W.  &  Co 110  to  118  Battery  st,  H.  P.,  O 

Seller  Bros 422  Sacramento  ct,  0.  P.,  0 

Tay,  Geo.  H.  &  Co 014  to  CIS  Eattory  st,  8.  P  ,  O 

BRiVSS  FOUNDERS. 

Band,  Prank 522  Fulton  st,  3.  F.,  O 

Bell,  John  P.  &  Co IS  Fremont  ct,  S.  F.,  O 

Enijlcs,  AVilliam Utah  at.,  near  Twenty-fourth,  8.  F.,  O 

Oarratt,  W.  T ir.8  Fremout  ot,  B.  P.,  O 

Olovanini  &  Co 417  Mission  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

(lo'cnlvrg  &  Co 205  Prefjont  at,  3.  P.,  O 

OlssonS  llennelBcheidt HI  First  at,  B.  F.  O 

Prctorions,  Trowbridgo  &  Lommcr — 141  First  st,  S.  P.,  O 

Roylanco,  Josottb 43  Fremont  st,  3.  P.,  0 

Spmtt  Joaopb Victoria,  B.  O 

Tay,  Geo.  H.  S  Co C14  Batury  st ,  3.  P.,  O 

WagstatT,  T.H Bond,  nr  Seventeenth  at .  8.  F. ,  O 

Weeil  k  Ulngwell 123  First  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

BUTCHERS. 

Andrews.  Oliver Fifth  »v.,  nr  M  st,  S.  8.  P.,  0 

Arnold  &  Co Cor.  SJd  and  Valencia  sti.,  S.  P.,  O 

Artigues.  E.  &Co 322  MOClayst,  S  P.,  O 

Avy,  i;uj{cno 330  Sansome  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Brown,  It.  W Fifth  av,  8.  P.  O 

Bmudimsteln  M.  &  Co 2W  Cloy  ot,  8.  P.,  O 

Bordenove,  Joseph Fifth  av.,.S.  S.  F.,  O 

Connolly,  Michael Fourth  »».,  8.  8.  F„  O 

CVummory  4  IIoll Firat  iw.,  3.  8.  P.,  O 

nonneily,  DunnoiCo 601  California  at,  8.  F.  O 

Duiipliy,  William 504  Koomy  at,  8.  F,  O 

Furcarlfl  4  Galea Fifth  at,,  8.  S.  P.,  U 

Gerbcr  Bros Tenth  and  J  sts.,  Sawnraento,  O 

Ooldenft  Mealoy Fourteenth  av.,  8.  3.  P.,  O 

(IradwohliEmpcj 741-747  Mlaalon  st.  ,s.  P,0 

IlellbrtmBros flOD  J  at,  Sauramimto,  O 

lluseon  Jl  Boln<lo 533  Clay  sl,rt.  P.,  O 

Hertz.  L  and  J 0  0«ntro  Market,  8.  P.,  O 

Johnson,  J,  (1 : Fourth  av,  H.  S,  P.,0 

James,  J.  (1 331  Kearny  st,  8.  F.,0 

Lovorone,  Wm.  M First  av,  S.  8.  F,  O 

lx»kSMoulton Fifth  av,  B  B  F.,0 

Murphy  ft  Ham 933  KaamyslL,  H.  F.,0 


APPENDIX. 


759 


MoUriKrojhor Fifth  av.,  S.  S.  F„  C 

Modal,  E.  &H 238  Kcaniyst,  S.  F..  0 

MiUui-  k  Lux 533  Kcaray  Bt.,  S.  F..  C 

SlichLlssen,  .Drown  &  Co 808  Front  Bt..  S.  F.,  O 

Kc'Winan  &Co SC'uutro  Market,  S.  F.,  O 

OUell,  .MM Riicraraontu,  U 

Oresoa  Stock  and  Butchering  Co.  .331  Montgy  at.,  8.  F.,  U 

I'ciiuiUan  &  Sallcl Fifth  »v.,  S.  S.  !•'.,  C 

Poly,  UcilbroniCo 333KonmyBt.,  8.  F..  0 

BUvurburg,  Simon 330  Sansumu  St.,  8.  F.,  O 

tiuhumakur  Bros Fourth  uv.,  8.  8.  l-*.,  C 

fcchonkel.  P Fifth  av.,  8.  8.  F,  O 

Sylvtstcr,  John rirstav„8.  8.  F.,0 

BhraJ.T,  iV.  J Fh»tav.,  8.  S.  F,  O 

Solig,  M 331  Kearoy  at..  8.  8.  F  ,  O 

Bcliwoitzor,  J.  tCo 10  Clay-st.  Market,  8.  F.,  0 

Scliuclt  E.  iCo 211  Folaoinst.,  S.  F  ,  O 

Sclioenfeld,  Jacob 331  Kearny  Bt.,  8.  F.,  O 

Schcciine,  Nathan 331Keaniy  Bt.,  8r  F.,  C 

UrI,  FeUi 20  8.  F.  .Market,  S.  F.,  O 

Vuti  VoIkenboTBh  4  Co Victoria.  U  O 

Wttijner,  F.  O.  &  Bro 1-5  8  F.  .Market,  8.  F.,  O 

Wajner,  Charles  F 530  Kcaniy  Bt,  8.  F.,  O 

Zimuienuaim.  8trauae&  Co 1133  Market  st,  B.  F.,  O 

CANNED  GOODS. 

Artignes  Canning  Co U  San  Franciico  Market 

Banner  M.  &  Co Cor.  Spear  and  Folfiom  Bts.,  8.  F.,  O 

Cwle,  Elicit  &  Co 314  Wasliingtou  Bt„  8.  F.,  C 

Cuttinj  Packing  Co 17-41  Main  Bt.,  8.  F.,  O 

Dempa'.cr  &  Keyt 202  Market  Bt.,  3.  F.,  O 

Golden  Gate  Packing  Co San  Jose,  O 

Goodacro  &  Doolcy Victoria,  U.  C 

JameB,  Pariier  &  Co 008  Seventh  at.,  S.  P.,  C 

King,  Momn  &  Co Cor.  Broadway  and  Hansome,  S.  F.,  C 

Luak  S  Co 630  Clay  at.,  8.  F.,  O 

Meiry,  FauU  &  Co 125-127  California  Bt.,  8.  F.,  U 

lied  Crou  Packing  Co 803  SanBomo  at ,  S.  i\,  C 

Saoronieuto  Kiver  Pkg  Co 318  Front  st,  S.  F.,  C 

San  Joao  Fruit  Pkg  Co 300  Sacramento  St.,  8.  F.,  O 

Uchammol,  Reyuoldi  &  Co 120  Front  it.,  S.  F.,  C 

Southora  California  Fruit  Pkg  Co Los  Angeles,  O 

Wangcnholtn,  SuL  &  Co 118  Davis  at,  8.  F.,  C 

Wihiun,  J.  Y.  &Co 508  Market  St.,  8.  F.,  U 

CANNERIES  OP  FRUIT. 

Banner  Pkg  Co 8.  F.,  C 

Blood,  Jas.  A Carpcnteria,  0 

BraOIonl,  W.  B Front  at,  S.  F,  C 

Carter,  L.  F Boiao  City,  I 

Capitol  Canning  Co.,  (J.  Carroll) SacrainenU),  O 

Corvaiils  Fruit  Pkg  Co Oorvailia,  O 

Code,  Elfelt  &  Co Waahlngton  at ,  8.  F.,  C 

Cutting  Pkg  Co.... 17  Main  at,  S.  F,  C 

ConrUle,  Emerson Sanaomo  at,  8.  F.,  C 

Dawaon,  J.  M.  Pkg  Co San  Joae,  (' 

Dommick  b  Shoillold Santa  Barliara,  C 

I'VeiDo  Fruit  Pkg  Co Fresno.  O 

Gait,  J.  » Placorrille,  O 

Uoetjcn,  N 1033  McAllister  St..  H.  F..  0 

Golden  Oat.'  Pkg  Co San  Jose,  C 

Ilauthom,  J.  O  &  Ca Portland,  O 

Uamlltou,  O.  M Loe  Augolea,  C 

llarpLT,  \V.  8 Ijoa  .Vngelea,  0 

llurlhurd  Canning  Co ." Placurvlllo,  IJ 

Hume,  G«a.  W 309  Brcmmento  Kt,  B.  F.  C 

liumo.  It  D Ellonburg,  O 

Johnson  &  Hugden Florin.  0 

Johnson,  D.  C  kOo Spring  Lake,  U 


King,  Morao  &  Co — Broadway  and  Sanaomo  ata.,  8.  F.,  0 

LoB  Gates  Fruit  Packing  Co Loa  Gates,  0 

Lovejey.  Mra.  A.  L Portland,  O 

Lusk,  .1.  &Co 531  Clay  St..  S.  F.,0 

Lusk,  J.,  Canning  Co Oakland,  0 

Marks,  L.  D Pl.acerviUc,  C 

Moore,  E Fctaluma,  0 

Morse  Fruit  Canning  Co Chico,  0 

Newcastle  lYuit  Association Newcastle,  O 

ItedCrossP.  K.  O Sanaomo  st.S.  F.,  O 

San  Jeae  Fniit  Pkg.  Co Los  Gato.i.  O 

Sbainion,  K E.  Portland.  0 

Schamrael.  Hcynolds  S  Co. 120  Front  Bt.,  a.  F.,  0 

Southern  California  Pkg.  Co Los  .iVngelcs,  O 

SpoffordPkg.  Co Ciayst,  B.  F.,  0 

Srcsovich&Co Sansome  at.,  S.  F.,  O 

Thompaou,  G 1218  Broadway,  Oakland,  O 

Union  Mfg.  Ct Los  Angeles,  O 

Wangenheim.  8oV  &Co.,Davisand8acramcntoats.,  H.  F.,  0 

Wallace,  Joseph Pasadena.  O 

Wear,  Geo.  W Bakerffleld.O 

Woodworth.  S.  F Newcastle.  0 

Wrigut,  W.  11 Coltou,  0 

CARPETS. 

Fredericks.  Joseph  !-<'o 049  Market  at.,  S.  F.,  0 

Ileyncmann  II.  &Co 6  Sansome  at.,  8.  F.,  O 

Locke  &  Laveraon Sacramento,  O 

Richer,  P.  E 200  Sansome  St.,  S.  F.,  0 

Sloanc,  W.  ii  J S2o  Market  Bt.,  S.  F.,  0 

Walter,  D.  N.  &  E.  S  Co 1  Battery  at.,  S.  F.,  O 

Walter  Bros Portland,  O 

CAREIAGE  MATERIALS. 

Holt  Bros 27-2i)  Bealo  at.  B.  P.,  0 

Northrui>,  E.  J.  &  Co Portland,  O 

Watcrhouao  k  Lester 117-119  Market  at,  S.  P.,0 

AVhlte  Broa 13-15  Main  at,  3.  P.,0 

CARRLAOii.S. 

Brandonateln  II.  &  Co 

Cor.  Mission  k  New  Montgomery  sts,  S.  F., 

Eastman,  Thomas  S. .  .40-40  New  Montgomery  at,  S.  F., 

Gallagher,  Bernard 222  Mlsaion  st.  S.  F., 

SanlKJm.  A.  W 24Bealeat.  S.  F., 

WiUey,  O.  P.  &  Co 437  Montgomery  st,  8.  F., 


0 
0 
O 
O 

o 

CARRIAGES  AND  WAGONS-MANUFACTUnEns. 

Bernard,  II.  M Hacminento,  0 

Black,  II.  M.  4  Co 70  Now  Montgomery  at.  8.  F.,  0 

UarvlllMfgCo 7-0  Powell  at,  S.  F.,  0 

City  Carriage  Factory Han  Jose,  0 

Critt4Uideu«iMoCue 1317  Market  at.,  8  F.,  0 

Dyer,  L.  M Portland,  O 

Ealiey,  W.  W Portland,  O 

Farron.  J.  W SlBoaloat,  H,  F,,0 

Folsom,  Albert 217  Ellla  at,  .8.  F.,0 

Freeman,  Thomas Portland.  O 

Gallagher,  Bernard 822  Mlaalon  at,  H.  F.,0 

Grave,  B.  ft  Co 421  Pacllloat.  8.  F.,0 

Hatraan  ft  Normandlu San  Jose,  O 

liondersim,  M.  P Stockton,  O 

mil,  J.  F Baorainento.  0 

Hunt  Geo  P Maryaville.  0 

Johnson  ft  Blue Sacramento,  O 

Kerr,  David l7IlealoBt,  8  F,  0 

Kestler,  Martin Sacramento,  0 

Larkina  ft  Co 631  Howard  «t,  9.  F.,  O 

Miller.  Wm.  P Stockton,  0 

O'Brien,  P.  J.  ft  Sons 338  Golden  Gate  ar.,  8.  F.,  0 


.  Ji,wji,ipy»wniiii| 


760 


APPENDIX. 


rilvc&  Young Sacramento,  O 

rrindlo  L  McaUcr San  J030,  C 

Ilaisi'h,  Chr  rljs Maryjvillc,  C 

Sabers  li  Catt3 MaryAvillu,  C 

Btltl,  Iloliort. 115  Jcsalo  Bt,  f!.  P.,  O 

Souk",  Hujuno Cor.  Fourth  ami  Bryant,  S.  !■'. ,  0 

Waterkousc  &  Lester Sacramento,  C 

CALCIUM  LIGnTS-M.VNUF*CTUnEllK. 

IJldloy,  A.  i;.  &Co 323  Front  Bt,  8.  F.,  O 

Truworthy,  Alonzo.T Leavenworth  Bt. .  S.  F.,  C 

CANDLES— aiANUFACTUIlEIlS. 

Hay  Soap  and  Candle  Works UG  Front  St.,  S.  F..  0 

Mi!iaion  Sonp  anil  Candle  Works lOSBoih  Bt.,  S.  F.,  C 

SauPranclBcoCandloCo 402  Front  «t.,  a.  P.,C 

CEMENT  PIPE— MANDFACTUnERS. 

Wcllcr  &  Sons Socraoien^'O,  C 

CIIAI NS— MANUFACrUHEUS. 

DUon  Bros Cor.  Iowa  and  Yuba  Bts.,  S.  F.,  C 

PaciUc  Chain  Works 12  Front  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

Fayne  Bros 133  Bcalo  at,  S.  F.,  O 

rholpsMt,'  Co 13-17  D.umm  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

CILMRS— MANUFACTUnKna, 

Camioucho,  Paul 124  Main  at.,  8.  F.,  O 

Crcfle,  Charles 5M  Brannan  at.,  8.  F.,  C 

lluywood  Bros.  &  Co 033-595  M'Bsioa  St.,  8.  F.,  C 

IndJanaiwlis  Chair  MIg  Co. .  .100  New  Moulj'y  ut.,  8.  P.,  C 
Noui'ara,  Charles 133  Ucalmt.  8.  F.,  C 

CIIAMPAGNE-ManufactI'IIEUS. 

Haraszthy,  j\riiad  S  Co 530  Washlnxton  St.,  8.  F.,  C 

Lachmaii,  8  A  Co 40J  Market  tit.,  S.  P.,  C 

CII\MPAONE 

Auscr,  B.  E.  tCo 403  Battery  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

Colenian,  Wm.  T.  i  Co 121  Market  St..  H.  F.,  C 

Cujiain,  P.  J.  &  Co 433  Battery  ot.,  M.  F.,  C 

Dickson,  De  Woll  &  Co 412  Battery  St.,  8.  1'.,  C 

IleUmaun  Bros.  5tCo 525  Front  St.,  8.  F.,  C 

Moutajuo,  W.  W.  tCo 110-118  Balto.-y  Bt.,  a  P.,  C 

Mnetkj,  Vieto.-  &  Co lOJ  California  at.,  S.  P.,  O 

Me:netke,  Charles  &  Co 314  Silcranicnto  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

Richards  t'v  llarriacn 401-403  Sansoiue  at.,  8.  P.,  C 

Itulil  Bros 523  .Montsomery  at ,  8.  P ,  C 

Ba:  atie,  A  E.  &  Co tJIO  S^lllsoULU  sU,  8.  F.,  C 

Schroder,  U  U  Co 017-619  8auBoiuo  at,  8.  P.,  C 

8telnlia-cn,  V 403  Davis  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Viunler,  Ami 423-431  Battery  at.,  8.  P.,  C 

WolH  it  Ithehihold 600  Battery  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

cio.uts. 

Bowman..!.  8  Jt  Co 21J  Battery  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

Brand,  IKnnau 304  Battery  at,  8.  P.,  C 

Brunc,  Au.:ust 327  CUy  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

Cohn,  E.  &  Co 225  Montgomery  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Cohu  a.  Si  Co  232  l>ont  at,  a.  P.,  C 

Culp,  J.  D.  SCo 10  Front  St.  8.  P.,  C 

Curtis,  DllonSCo SOOChiyat,  8.  P..  C 

Diez&  Itainon 410  Buttery  at ,  a  P.,  (,' 

Drinkhouae,  J.  A — Battery  and  Hacromenlo  sis.,  8.  P.,  C 

Dwyer  &  CarUm 513  Sacnunentoat.,  8.  P.,  C 

En.'luhrecht.  Pol  &  Co 313  Front  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

r.r/arulicr,  C.  &  Co MOMaiketal.,  8.  P.,  C 

FiSherg,  Bachmaii  &  Co.  .California  and  Battery  sta,  8  P.,  C 
FaikcnaU.'iuA  Co.. Cor.  Sacramento  and  Battery  Ms., 8.  P.,C 

Goldberg  &  Foppe 410  Bacramentuat.,  S.  F.,  C 

OoaUniky,  E.  *Oo aWBatterrit.,  8.  F.,U 


Gunst,  M.  A.  &  Co 203  Kearny  St..  H.  P.,  0 

Hoynemann,  II 20-1  California  ot..  a.  P.,  0 

Ir»ine,  Wra.  0 118  Fourth  at.,  ti.  P.,  O 

Kerbs  &  Spiess 203  Sacramento  St.,  H.  i"'.,  O 

Kohlbo.-3,  M.  P.  &Co 225  Battery  at.,  S.  P.,  0 

Kosminsky  &  Bros 203  Sansomo  St.,  8.  F.,  O 

Lewis,  .Sam!:  Co 34Cali;orniast.,  8.  P.,  O 

LielwsBros.  Si  Co 14  Fremont  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Lewis,  W.  Si  Co 30  California  St.,  8.  P.,  0 

.MajTlsch  Bros,  Si  Co 403Battery  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Me.U:i,  ,T.  SiP 301Mo.itg.i:ueryaT.,S.  P.,  O 

Mey,  Bros.  &  Co 413  I'ront  at.,  8.  P.,  0 

Micliahtsohke  Bros.  Si  Co 237  Kearny  St..  8.  P.,  O 

Opponhoimer  &  Bro 200  Front  St,  8.  P.,  O 

Pollak,  Arnold  Si  Co 203  Sacramento  St.,  3.  P.,  O 

lto.!enliauni,  I.  8.  Si  Co 333  Battery  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Itoaensiiine,  M.  Si  Bro 004  Front  at,  8.  1'.,  O 

Itosenthal  &  Frohmau 027  Mont^-omcry  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

8ande-"Son  &  Horn .'.27  Front  at.,  0.  P.,  C 

Schoenfeld,  Jonas 423  Jarkaon  at,  8.  P.,  O 

SijauBer,  J.  W.  Si  Co 321  Sacramento  at,  S.  P.,  C 

Siebenhauer,  L.  &  Co 223Bltt.-ty  at,  8  P.,  O 

•Skaife,  Allre.1 201  California  at.,  3.  P.,  O 

Welhnan,  Peck  Si  Co 133  Market  St.,  !(.  P.,  O 

Werthoimcr,  L.  and  E 3O0  Front  st. ,  8.  F. ,  C 

Wertholmer,  M.  i  Bro 618  Front  at,  8.  P.,  O 

WlUto,  L  K 221  Sacramento  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

Ygual  Si  Co 523  Market  St.,  8.  F„  O 

CIOAKS— Manufactukkbs. 

Armer,  M.  (tCo 300  Sacramento  at,  S.  P..  O 

Barry,  David Cor.  Polsom  and  Ninth  eta.,  8.  P.,  0 

Becker,  P.  W 705DavLiet,  8.  F.,  O 

Bogor  Bi-os 510  Hayes  st,  Q.  P.  O 

Boukofsky  &  Sterulierg 310  Washington  sU,  8.  P,  O 

Bo^^iuan,  John  8.  Si  Co 313  B.ittery  st.,  8.  P.,  C 

Brand,  Herman 304  Battery  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Bremer,  Jusjph  St  Co 310  BacramiJnto  st,  8.  F.,  0 

Bnmo,  AuguBt 227  Clay  st,  8.  F,,  O 

Burn,  Adolph 104  l)npo..t  at,  8.  !■'.,  O 

Claussell,  John 1203  L:iurel  av.,  8.  F.,  G 

Cohen,  I.  LSI  Co 17i  Garden  Bt,  8.  F,  O 

Cohn.  O.  &  Co 233  Front  st.,  8  P.,  O 

Colaco,  Mai 777  Market  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Ciulis,  Diion  <:  Co 30aCUlj-Bt,  8.  P.,  O 

Dioi  Si  Kiimon 410  Battery  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Dueuwalil,  C.  P 13201  Howard  Bt ,  8.  P.,  O 

Ehlitz,  Henry  F 6iJ0J  Sixth  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Eiaeiibcrg,  E.  U  Bro.  .Cor.  Market  and  Frem't  ata.,  8.  P.,  O 

Euijelhart,  Peter  H 4  P'ourth  lit.  8,  F„  O 

Engelbrecbt,  Fol  Si  Co 312  Front  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Engomann,  Ueniuum 251  Thint  at,  8.  P.,  0 

lirzgtnber,  C.St  Co 040  Market  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Esberg,  Bachmau  St  Co.  .Cor.  Batt^'ty  and  Col  ata.,  8.  F.  O 

Falik,  Bernard 421  Moutiomcry  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Palltenatt'ln  £1  Co Cor.  Sac'to  and  Battery  sis.,  8.  P.,  O 

Pankliauscr,  Christian 010  Ootaviast,  8.  P.,  U 

Prankeniicrg  Bros  114  Dulxint  a^,  8  P.,  O 

Frcund  Si  Morgan 703t  Bryant  at,  8.  P.,  U 

PiletUaudor,  L.  &  Co Cor.  lat  ave.  anil  lOtli  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Galleano,  Antonio 802  Montgomery  st  8.  P.,  O 

iiareia,  Joae  A 413  Sacramento  fit,  8.  P.,  O 

Uehl,  Louis 730  Geary  at,  8  P  ,  O 

Geli  n,  UudolphO 315  Davis  at,  8.  P.,  U 

Goldenaon,  Edward 442  NluUi  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Goldman,  Bimun 740  Harrison  st,  8,  P.,  O 

Goallnsky,  E.  ft  Co 319  Battaryat,  8.  P.,  U 

UahnkOotaen SWOlarii.H.  F..O 


^r 


•wmf"'^ 


mmmfmm 


APPENDIX. 


761 


Hirrla  Bros 513  Waahlnjton  St,  3.  P.,  C 

Ilastcrlicli,  0 22J  Forjrth  St..  fj.  F.,  C 

Ilalciutli,  V/ia CO  J  Ja:k.-Mja  Gt.,  il.  P.,  C 

John,  William Cor.  Poat  and  Dupont  ct3.,  n.  P.,  C 

Kalmnk,  Morlt3 ',0  Pourtb  St.,  3. 1'.,  C 

lUopslock,  C.  a  Co 212  Front  St.,  f).  F.,  0 

Kutnor  i  r:ol(lstoln.  427  Front  St.,  fl.  P.,  C 

Lcmkc,  John 1013  Market  St.,  a.  P.,  C 

Lou  illanna 1247  Mission  at ,  3.  F.,  0 

LoKia,  Sam  &  Co 24  Calitomia  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

Lowls,  W.  4  Co 30  California  8t,  3.  F.,C 

Licbcs  Bros.  &  Co 203  Saoramfnto  st,  B.  F  ,  C 

Liuk.r,  ProJerick lH4Pa'.inoEt,  3.  P.,  C 

Mann,  .'Joxanilcr 324  Clay  nt,  3.  V.,  C 

Mayrisch  Uros.  £:  Co 405  Dattory  St.,  3.  F.,  C 

aioyar,  Aaron 0^3^  Folsomst,  3.  F.,  C 

Meyer,  Gcorjo 30  Calitomia  st,  .3.  F.,  C 

Meyer  t  Dabclstoin 281  First  st,  3.  P.,  C 

Odenstein  t  Co 306  Uattory  .it,  S.  P.,  C 

Ostcrloh.  Conrad 21  Anthony  st,  3.  P.,  C 

Porazzo,  O 1121  Dnjiont  st,  3.  P.,  O 

Pctric,  C.  O 1407Dui)ontnt,  .'i.  P.,  O 

Pjttinatl,  Potor 1023KcamyBt,  3.  P.,  C 

ria-cmaun.  It  &  Co 305  Sacramento  Rt. ,  fl.  P.,  C 

Popo.  C.  C.  V 410  8aeraniento8t,  3.  P.,  C 

Popiio,  Charloa  L 303  Cattery  st,  3.  P.,  C 

niesjBros 023  Clay  st.  3.  P.,  C 

lUnaldo,  T RanJosc,  0 

Kosonbaum.  I.  8.  &  Co 323  California  st.,  3.  P. .  C 

Iloscntbal  &  Probman C27  Montgomery  st,  3.  P..  C 

Kuwo,  William 903.i  Howard  st,  3.  P.,  C 

8»Mn,  Ponlinand 1027  Duiwnt  st,  3.  P.,  C 

Balamon,  J.  &  Co COO  Battery  st,  3.  F„  O 

Baud:rsou  &  nom .''27  Front  st,  S.  P.,  O 

BcbiUer,  R 220  Turk  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Soblabcrj,  V.&O C2j  Waahin-ton st,  3.  P.,  0 

Rchmotior,  Uenry 1033  Poljora  at,  8.  P.,  C 

Bchmidt  Frank 420  Stovonson  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Bchoo-.ifcUl,  Jonas. 433  Jackfton  st,  S.  P.,  O 

Bchwartz,  William 51  Bacramonto  i:t,  Q.  P.,  C 

Beliweitzor,  W.  &  Co 2J  Fourth  st.  S.  P.,  0 

■  Scliirerin,  E 330i21thBt,  S.  P.,  C 

Scliaoffor,  J.  W.  &Co..321and323Saeramento  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Bbula&Son ...  2701  Mission  ot,  8.  P.,  C 

SIdcman,  Abo 633  Washlnjton  st,  S.  P  .  O 

Bidoman,  LacUman&Co 201Battery »t,  8.  P.O 

Bicbenbaner,  L.  &  Co 232  Battery  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Sikos,  1;.  4  Co 115  Front  at,  S.  F.,0 

Braith,  Win.  N.  4  Co 143  Fifth  at,  H.  P.,  0 

Btopii,  C.  &  W 703  Mission  at,  8.  P.,  0 

Timkc,  J.  H.  &  Bro Oil  Bansomo  st..  8.  P.,  C 

Urban.  IIu:;o 1023  Market  at,  3.  P.,  C 

Watson,  \Va.Ton  M 303  Davis  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Wolmer,  CLnon 13U7  PaclBo  -t,  8.  P.,  C 

Werthciroor,  L,  &  13 300-300  Pnintst,  3.  P.,  O 

Wnrthelmer,  M.  4  Uro 518  Front  at,  8  P..  O 

Wliito,  laaaoK 231  Sacramento  st,  8.  F,  O 

Wolf,  M 350Thir.lBt,  8.  P.C 

Wrodo,  Win 300  WaiOlington  at,  8.  F.  C 

Youns,  Albert  r. 007  Davis  at,  8.  P.,  O 

CHEMICAL  WORKS. 

Ban  Pmnciaeo  'homlcal  Works 403  Front  it.,  8  P.,  O 

Iloynoidfl,  Job  .1 

Ban  I  runo  Koul.  near  Twonty-eiabMi  at.,  8.  P.,  0 

Golden  City  Chemical  Worki.  .303  Montgomery  at,  8.  P.,  C 

Wright  W.  II 8S0  Market  at,  8.  P.,  0 

96 


Wheeler's  Carbon  Bisulphide. 
Ilorstman,  John. 


.ill  LcidesdorfTst.  3.  P.,  O 
,707-773  Bryant  st,  3.  P.,  C 


CHOCOLATE— MANtll'ACTUunns. 

Gblrardelll  &  Sons 421  B»tteiy  at,  8.  F.O 

Guitta:d,ESCo 403Sansomo  st,  8.  P.,  C 


CL0CK8. 

Ackei-man  Bros 203  Butter  at, 

Altschul,  Seller  &  Co 113  Battery  at, 

Davis  Bros 713  Market  at., 

Day,  Tliomas 122  Sutter  at, 

Eis2n\>erB.  A 20l)  Kenmy  at.. 

Ilall,  A.  I.  &Bon 5'.'3  Market  at. 

Lawton,  O.  fc  Co 611  Market  at, 

Lumly,  T 7-9  Third  at, 

Nathan,  B.  t  Co 12aSutt.rBt, 

PaciQe  Jewelry  Co 0  Battery  St., 

Beth  Tliomas  Clock  Co 133  Sutter  St., 

Sp;ncc,  A.  8.  &  Co 537  Market  st, 

Straus,  Kohnstamm  &  Co 

Cor.  Battery  and  Pino  sto., 

Swain  11.  A  t  Co 113-114  Calitomia  r.t, 

Titcomb,  A.  C.  i  Co 24  Poet  st, 

Wcnzcl.  nermann 323  Keaniy  st. 


8.  P.,  0 
S.  P.,  C 
8.  P..  0 

a.  p.,  o 

8.  I'.,  O 

a.  !■'.,  o 

3.  p.,  O 
8.  p.,  O 
3.  P.,  O 
3.  P.,  O 
3.  P.,  O 
8.  P.,  O 


S.  P.,  O 
S.  P.,  0 
8.  P..  O 
S.  P.,  O 


CLOTHING. 


Alexander,  B.  O.  iCo 2  Battery  st.  S.  P.,  O 

Brown.  N.  aCo 103B.atteryst.  S.  P..  0 

Brown  Bros.  &Co 33  Bansomost.,  3.  P.,  O 

Baum,  J.  &Co i)-H  Bausomo  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Banner  Brothers Cor.  Butter  and  Bansomoats.,  S.  P.,  O 

Badser.  W.  O 13  Bansomost,  8.  P..  0 

Colman  Bros Cor.  Bansomo  and  Butter  ata..  8.  P..  O 

F.lfelt  A.  B.  &  Co IlOBanaomoat.  3.  P..  O 

Pechiioimer.  Ooodklud&Co 10  bansomo  s'....  H.  F..0 

I'Vankcnhcimcr,  B Stockt^jn.  C 

Goodyear  Rubber  Co 577  Marltet  st,  3,  P.,  C 

Ilyams  Brotbcra 133  Sansoms  at,  B.  P.,  0 

Ilynian,  M.  &Co ..  .513  Market  st.  S.  P..  O 

Neustodter  Brothers Co.  Battery  and  Pino  st.  8.  P.,  0 

Sleinlmrt,  W.  AL&Co 3  Battery  st.  8.  P..  0 

Strauss.  Levi  &  Co 14  Battery  at,  S.  P.,  0 

CLOTHING— Man  orAOTUREBs. 

Astoria  Clothing  Mfy Aatorio,  O 

Badger,  W.  0 13  Banaoraost,  3.  F.,0 

Banner  Brothers. . .  .Cor.  Butter  and  Sunaume  ats.,  B.  P..  O 

Baum.  J.  4  Co 9-11  Bansomost.  S.  F..  0 

BrovnB:othcra4Go 36  Bausomo  st.  3.  P.,  0 

Brown,  N.  4  Co 103  Battery  at.,  S.  P.,  O 

Cohnan  Brothers — Cor.  Bansome  and  Butter  sts.,  B.  P.,  O 

Elkufl.  L.  &  Co Bacmmouto.  O 

Orceuebauiu.  B.  4  0 1047  Market  st.  B.  P.,  O 

Uaatlnga.  0.  O.  4  Co 

Cor.  Montgomery  and  Butter  sts..  8,  F. 

Ilyams  Bros 123 Bansomost.,  B.  P. 

Hymaii.  M.  4Co 618  Market  st,  8.  P. 

Jacobs.  M.  4  Sou 20Bunaomo  st,  B.  P., 

Laventtial,  Roaalia... 125dani.ome  st,  8.  P., 

Matliera  &  Co.  (suspenders) 35  Second  st. ,  B.  P. 

Nathan,  I'ulverman  4  Go 39  Battery  at.  8.  F. 

Ncin>tadtor  Bros .Cor.  Battery  and  Pine  ats. ,  8.  P., 

Schafer  &  Co 11  Montjomiry  at,  8.  P. 

8i3i'el,  Simon 414  Baeramcnto  st.,  B. 


P., 

Steinhort,  W.  4  I.  4  Co .1  Battery  at.,  S,  P., 

Straus  4  Levy S3  Sansome  at.,  8.  P., 


762 


APPENDIX. 


COAL  OIL. 

AllynoSWhite 113  Front  at,  S,  F,  C 

Coleman, Wni.  T.&Co mMoikutst,  8.  F.,  C 

Contincutal  Oil  and  Transportation  Co 

123  California  St.,  S.r.,0 

Dictz.  A.  C.  &  Co 0  Front  St.,  8.  F.,  O 

Loir,  C.  A(loll)ho&Co 203  California  St.,  S.  F,  C 

Vntes&Co lUFront  St.,  8.  F.,  O 

CODFISH. 

r.irhanl.  N 8.  F.,  0 

I.ymlo&noush 41(5  Dl>"la»l.,  S.  P.,  C 

McCoUam,  T.  W.  &  Co 203  Clay  st. ,  8.  P.,  C 

COFFEE. 

Auscr,  B.  E.  &  Co 403  Battery  st, 

Bothin,  Dallcmand  &  Co 305  Front  st., 

BrombergLT,  Max 35  Battery  st., 

Cabrera,  Iloma  &  Co 123  California  st, 

Carlt,  J.  A 313  California  at, 

Colcraan,  Wm.  T.  &  Co 121  llarltct  St., 

Dempster  fi  Keys 202  Marl'et  St., 

Dorcrs,  ICoehucko  &  Co 30  Fremont  st. , 

Funlienstein,  C.  &  Co 320  Sanacmo  st., 

Huddlejton,  Hugh 522  Kearny  St., 

Lmv,  U.  Adoliiho  &  Co 203  California  st., 

Merrill  &  Co 201  California  st., 

Mont^aljgro  J.  G 218  Sacramento  st, 

Slontaalesro  &  Co 230Califomla  St., 

Moore,  I.  C 317  Battery  st, 

Parrolt  t  Co 300  California  St., 

Bcriat.  Sim  4  Co 413  Commercial  St., 

Trej03  J.  ftCo 123  Callfomlast, 

Urruela  &  XJriosto 202  Market  at., 

Za.lik,  A.  &Co 33  Battery  at, 

OOPPEE  AND  SPICES-MANUFACTUKERa. 

AdcWorfcr,  E.  i  Co 406  Sansomo  Bt. 

Bernard,  C.  i  Co 707Ban3omoet 

Burr,  C.  O.  *  Co 15  Pino  at. 

Bothin,  Dallcmand  &  Co 303  I'ront  st. 

Clai)i>  ii  Jesaup Cor.  Misaiou  and  Fi«mont  sts. 

CloM. tt  riroa Portland,  O 

Casenave,  P.  &  Co Los  Angeles,  C 

Dji:;ley,  N Bacraraento,  0 

Earlo,  Thomu.1 Vlcttiria,  B  0 

FolgcriCo 104-106  CaUfomla  at,  8.  P.,  O 

CulttanI,  E.  &  Co 405  Bansome  at,  .S.  F.,  O 

GhirardoUl  i  Sons 415  ,rackaon  at,  8.  P.,  C 

Cioldinan,  L Bocrainento,  U 

Ilofen  &  Co 413  Cloy  st ,  8.  P.,  C 

Uunt&  Ilunkina San  Jose,  C 

Helncli,  Geurgo Saoramonto,  O 

Jonea,  J.  T.  4.  Co Portland,  O 

Kreuzbcryer  Bacramouto,  O 

Los  Ansclcs  Steam  Coffoo  and  Spice  Mills,  Loa  Angclea,  C 

Montealcjre,  J.Q 818  Sacramento  at. ,  8.  F. ,  O 

McCartliy  Bros 121  Front  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Bchilllug  A.  4  Co 123  Davis  at,  8.  F.,  0 

Venard,  G 625  Front  St.,  S.  K,  0 


S.  F. 

0 

8.  F. 

C 

8.  F. 

0 

8.  P. 

C 

8F 

c 

8.  P. 

0 

a  P. 

0 

8.  P. 

c 

S.F. 

0 

S.  F. 

0 

S.  F 

c 

S.  F. 

c 

S.  P 

0 

8.  P. 

c 

8.  F. 

0 

8.  P. 

c 

S.  P. 

c 

8.  P. 

c 

8.  F. 

0 

8.  F 

c 

8.  P 

c 

8.  P 

,0 

8.  P 

,0 

H.  P 

,c 

8.  P 

,c 

copfin;-!- 


'  MUFACrUREIlS. 


<  ;rey.  N.  (k  Co 641  Sacramento  at.  8.  P.,  O 

Lockhart  i  Porter 33  Illuxomo  at,  8.  P.,  C 

Masaey,  Atklna 651  Socramonto  at.,  8.  P.,  C 

MoAullSo  &  Qard 616  Eighth  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Poolflo  Mfg  Co 629  Mlaalon  at,  8.  P.,  C 


COLLARS— MANCFACTUnEHa. 

Atkinson,  L.  t  Co 20  Sutter  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Lawton,  Frank 603  Market  st,  8.  F.,  0 

New  York  and  San  Fronclitco  Colhir  Co 

0  Battery  st,  S.  F.,0 

Seymour,  W.  n 126  Kearny  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Wempo  Bros 673  Market  st,  S.  F.,  O 

COMFORTERS— MANUFACronEUs. 

DuRoae,  F.  P 33  Second  Bt,  8.  F.,  O 

C0NFECTI0NEnY-MAllUF.VCTDIlEn8. 

Aliaky  &  Hegele Portland,  O 

Andenon,  Wm Oakland,  O 

BeUn,  Toula 115 .Sixth at,  8.  F.,  O 

BIckel,  Fred Portland.  O 

Boynton,  8.8 OroiiUo,  0 

Broadbont  0.  W 1063  Market  at,  8.  F.,0 

Demora,  Hector  L 1214  Market  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Dema.tlnl,  L  i  Co 211  Post  at,  8.  F,  O 

Dexter,  Frank 520  Woshlngtou  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Fink,  Henry 401  Montgomery  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Fisher,  Henry Sacramento,  O 

Foster  &  Co 1035  Market  st.,  S.  P.,  O 

Gilbert  August 410  Hayes  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Grlesaen,  Charles Porthuid.  o 

Haas,  Goo.  &  Co 824  Market  st,  S.  P.,  O 

Hacker,  B 123  Third  at.,  S.  P.,  O 

Uirachfcld,  D 23  Btcrcnson  at.,  8,  P.,  0 

Lar.it  Arsene 603  McAllister  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Masson  Preres 413  Commercial  st ,  8.  P.,  O 

Maylleld.  W.  J Portland,© 

Mercer,  M.  A 618  Kearny  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Mi.lon,  P 117  Sutter  at,  8.  P.,  O 

O'Brien,  Maurice San  Jose,  O 

Paul,  John  A.  &  Bon Oakhuid,  O 

Peterson,  W.  F Sacramento,  0 

Perry-Townsend,  Mrs.  H 1153  Market  st.,  8.  P.,  O 

Pitt,  Wm.  O.  C.  &  Co 465  Stevenson  st.  8.  P..  O 

Roberts,  Goo.  P 1301  Polk  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Rotgor  i  Blachoir 307  Eaatat,  S.  P.,  O 

Rothschild  4  Ehronpfort 113  Front  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Saroul,  Louis  &  Co 430  Sacramento 

Schlesaingor  b  Bergman 

Cor.  Market  and  Drumm  sta.,  S.  F.,  O 

Schmltz,  William 333  Broadway  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Sohrode-,  AlbroohtiCo 321  Battery  at,  S.  P.,  O 

Sneba,  CharlcaF 1271  Fourth  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Seldl,  J.  &  Co 405  Davia  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Smith*  Lilly Victoria,  U.  O 

ThalnBroa 781  Market  st,  S.  I'.,  O 

Townsond,  W.  S 637  Market  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Wiedmonu  &  Uromoda Bacramonto,  O 

COOPERS-MASUrACTUIlKBS. 

Armstrong,  Rudolph 131  Jackron  at,  S.  F.,  O 

Handy,  L.  N.  4  Co 32  Clay  st,  8.  F.,0 

HogonA  Co 106  Drumm  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Ilolden,  JohnH 108  Clay  at ,  8.  P..  O 

Felvey,  Lawrence 114  Sacramento  at.,  8.  F.,  O 

Fulda  Broa.  4  Co SOSiieorat,  8  F.,0 

Norton  4  Miwlsen 113  Sacramento  at,  8.  F.,  O 

The  Mattullath  Mfg  Co Eighth,  near  Dryant,  8.  P.,  O 

Woomer,  David Cor.  Main  and  Harria(m,  8.  F.,  O 

COPPKRWARE-MANurACTHllElui. 

Heoley,  Wm Portland,  O 

Iradole,  A.  B.  4  Co 883  Miation  at,  8.  F.,0 


APP£;NDI5C 


763 


Ha,  John  0 314  Kcani7  St.,  3.  F.,  O 

LlUb&LaWMa CJlBattiryEt.,  3.  P.,  O 

Mbtro,  Simoon 811  Mont2onn.Ty  st,  8.  F.,  C 

Perry,  P 233  First  ot. 

Saudcra  &  Co 421  Minion  st. 

Smith.  Charles  W 523  Davis  at. 

Tripp,  Geo.  A 23j  Fremont  at 


.S.  F.,  C 
3.  F.,  C 
S.  P.,  O 
S.  F.,  O 


Wagucr&Todd 533  Miaaionat,  3.  F.,  O 

COaOAOE— MAXUFACTUBEttS. 

nallidic,  A.  S.,  (Wire) 8  CaUfomia  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Molson  &  8on3 Portland,  O 

Pacific  Coida^o  Co 318  California  at,  3.  P.,  0 

Ban  Francisco  Cordajc  Mfy 013  Front  st. ,  3.  P. ,  O 

U.S.  Cord  Co 110  Market  at,  8.  P.,  O 

COKDIALS— MANUFACTonEna. 

BtoMUlan,  Donald 714Frontst,  8.  P.,  O 

C0SMICE9  (MErAD-MASUFACTunEns. 

Coalin,  Kobcrts 723M:B]lonat.,  8.  P.,  O 

F.irdjror,  ,Io3oph  F SjDjaloat.,  S.  P.  O 

Uayaa.  Ojo.  4  Co 033  Fifth  at ,  8.  P.,  O 

Pa3lil3  Zji3  Omama:it  Fa3tor7. . .  .533  Mission  at.,  3.  P.,  0 

c:U3/UI  OP  T^UlTAn-SUsuFACTunnns. 

Oirdiaro,  D.ftCo 313 Townacnd st.,  3.  P.,  0 

Visiiler,  A 903-003  Bryant  at,  8.  P.,  O 

CKACKESa— llAMnFACinn  Ens. 
California  Craolcur  Co 

Cor.  Broadway  and  Battery  Bts.,  8.  P.,  C 

Cunninjham  &  McBcath Victoria,  BO 

Easlo  Craclcsr  Balcery 

Cor.  Mission  ana  Eloventhsta.S  P.,  0 

Easiest 'am  CmclEor  Baltcry Sacramtuto.  O 

Edlpao  Cracitor  Co 214  Sacrara.-nto  at,  8  P.,  O 

Haat--r&Ool)hardt 8alt  Lako  City,  U 

Noal)ltt4Co Victoria,  DO 

Oro.lon  Steam  Bakery .Portland,  O 

Sacramento  Cracku.'  Bakciy Sacramento,  0 

Walla  WaUa  Sluam  Bakery Walla  Walla,  W 

CKOCKEBY  AND  GLA33WABE. 

Ackcmion'a  Dollar  Store Portland,  O 

Arnold,  N.  S.  &  Co 310  CalUomiaEt.,  8.  P.,  O 

Altscbui,  Seller  &  Co 110  Battonr  at.,  3.  P.  0 

AckormanCroa 133Kcamyat,  3.  P.,  O 

Ackermaii  Bros Sacramento,  C 

Corf.  J.  iCo 517  Market  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Danorl,  Antonio 420  Datt«ry  tt,  8.  P.,  O 

JackBon,  W.  t  Co Portland,  O 

Lawtoii.  O.  S  Co 003  Market  at,  8.  P.,  0 

Maylield.  A ISa  Battery  at,  8.  F.,  C 

Mark.i.  Atannheim 103  Stovunsou  at..  8.  P..  0 

Nathan,  B.  iCo 136  Sutter  at,  8.  F..  C 

Seller.  M.  SCo Portland,  O 

Bwahi,  II.  A.  4  Co 113  Calilnmia  at.,  3.  P.,  O 

Straus,  Kohnataram  ft  Co.  .Cor.  Battery  and  Pine.  S.  F..  C 

Straaburjor  Bros 320  Battery  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

3:nahjimcr,  Simon 9  Dupont  at,  S.  P.,  0 

Sanduraou  &  Brother 310  Battery  at,  S.  P.  C 

Taylor,  Joh.i&Co 130  Market  at,  3.  P.,  C 

Waugoulioim,  Stomhehn  &  Co S23  Market  at,  S.  P.  C 

OUliLED  lIAIit— MAMUi-AoronEtts. 

Arnold.  N.  S.  &Co 310  California  at,  B.  P.,  0 

Bailey,  Henry .Missouri  at.,  8.  P.,  0 

Eureka IIairFact'y..Oor.  Fift'nthandDoloresata.^.  *".,  0 


Glover  &  Willcomb 07  New  Mont[;omery  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Keosh,  John 73  New  Montsomcry  at.,  S.  F.,  G 

Lovvo,  David  W. ,  Cor.  Santa  Clara  and  Carolina  ats. ,  3.  P. ,  0 

Norton  and  Mulcaby 

Cor.  .Santa  Clara  and  Carolina  sts.,  S.  p.,  0 

O'Drlcn,  John Cliannclst,  nrXoutli,  3.  P.,  C 

Shaflcid,  Charles  L Tcnncasoo  at,  nr  Butte,  8.  P.,  C 

Wucheror,  O.  k  Co.,  Cor.  Lombard  and  Oough  sta.,  8.  P.,  O 

CUTLERY— MANDFACTOnERS. 

Price,  Sticboel 415KcamyBt,  8.  P.,  O 

WUl&Finlt 703  Market  at,  8.  P.,  O 


DAraV  PRODUCE. 

Ahem  4  Co 233  Washington  at, 

Brisham,  Whitney  4  Co 320  Front  at, 

Balancai,  Joseph 107  Clark  at, 

Collins  4  Tllden 420  Sansomo  st , 

Dodgo,  Sweeney  &  Co 110  .M.irket  at . 

Porsailh  &  Dodge 325  I'ront  st. 

Getz  Bros.  4  Co 201  Front  st, 

llildburg  Bros 100  California  ct, 

Heywood  &  Ilcndley 224  Clay  at, 

Ilaisht  Robert  4  Co 220  Front  at, 

Joost,  Herman.. 410  Clay  at, 

Loudon.  R.  B 117  Drumm  at. 

McUenry.  8.  &  Co 423  Front  at, 

Moulton.  E.  8.  4Co 305  Clay  st. 

Meade,  Geo.  W.  4  Co 410  Front  at, 

Somm^r.  II 102  Druum  st, 

Steele.  Elder  4  Co 2M  I'ront  at 

Von  Ron  4  Ilencko  Bros 400  Front  at 

Wooater.  Ilubbcll  4  Co 317  Front  st 

Woltcn.  }[ax  4  Co 210  Washington  at 

Wielond  Broa 330 1'Yont  st, 


DESKS— UANurACTUREna. 

Eaaton,  John 201  Firat  at.  3.  Z.  O 

FiUler.  Ooo.  II 19  Now  Jtontgomery  at.  8.  P..  0 

Gilbert  4  Mooro 13-20  Sutter  at.  8.  P..  O 

DISTILLERIES. 
Day  View  DistiUciy.  .Cor.  Eighteenth  nv.  and  II  st,  8.  P.,  O 

California  Distillery 121  Bottery  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Pacifio  OiatilUng  and  Beilninj  Co.  .410  Battery  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Potrcro  Distillery  and  Refinery 

Cor.  Minnesota  and  Nevada  sts.,  3.  F.,  O 

West  End  DUtillety Near  San  Jo.so  Road,  8.  P.,  O 


DOOR  SASHES  AND  BLINDS- MANurAOIUHERS. 

Bradbury,  W.  B 030,  672  Bmnnanst.  8,  P.,  O 

Davis,  W.E 134  Battery  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Dempster  4  Keys 202  Market  at,  8.  P.,  U 

Doe,  B.  4  J.  8 40  Market  at,  S.  P.,  O 

EieoLilor  PhmingMUli.  .Cor.  Bryant  and  Fif  tli  sta.,  8.  P.,  O 

Hanson,  M4  A 139, 130  Main  st,  8.  P..  O 

Hoskel,  Phlneas Cor.  Uryantand  Fl.thsta..  8.  P..  U 


s. 

P., 

0 

a 

P., 

0 

8. 

r 

0 

8. 

p.. 

0 

8. 

p. 

0 

a 

F; 

0 

8. 

F 

0 

8. 

F. 

0 

,8. 

P. 

0 

a. 

F. 

0 

3. 

P. 

0 

8. 

F 

0 

,s 

F. 

0 

.8. 

R 

0 

.8 

F. 

0 

8 

F. 

0 

.8 

P 

.0 

.  8 

F 

.0 

.8 

F 

,0 

.8 

P 

.0 

,8 

F 

,0 

KittriO^e,  K.  H.&Co 113  Market  st,  S.  F.,  O 

MftadonalJ.  D.  A.  &Go 217  Spear  at.,  H.  P.,  O 

Mdobaolcs'  Mills. .  .Cor.  MlBsion  and  Fremont  sts.,  B.  F.,  (J 

Morrison,  J.  J Cur.  Bpoar  and  Miaaiou  sts.,  B.  F.,  O 

MooroA  Wllkio....Cor.  SLsslon  und  Fremont  sts.,  S.  F.,  O 
Prcacott  k  Sanborn. .  .Cur.  Howard  and  Bpear  sts.,  S.  F.,  0 

Bejirs,  Uriah IGOMaiaut.,  B.  F.,  O 

Sprin^fur.  Ja3ou&Co..Cor.  Mission  and  Si)car sts.,  3.  P..  0 

Tumor,  Kannody  &  Shaw 

Fourth,  bet  Ohftnnel  and  Berry  sts.,  S.  F.,  0 


764 


APPENDIX. 


Wuahbum,  Albert 

Carry,  bot.  Fourth  anil  Fifth  sti,  8.  P.,  C 

Wilaoa  &  Brother lS-22  Drarnm  El.,  8. 1'.,  O 

DHESS  TniMMIXGS. 

Bamr  Bro3.  a  Co 547  Market  St.,  8.  P..  C 

Cobllncr  Eroa 013  Market  Bt,  8.  P.,  C 

Iloia  Dros.  Ji  Co 512  Market  Bt.,  8.  F.,  O 

Mayor,  Dawaoa  &  Co 123  Siitfcr  nt..  8.  P.,  C 

Mu33rDra:i 511  Market  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

DKUG3. 

Biran,  Wm.  J  

Cor.  Market  and  New  Montffomjry  sta.,  8.  F.,  C 

Eocricko  b  Tafol 2M  Sutter  St.,  8.  F.,  C 

Dowulns,  A.  r.  &  Son 11  Seeond  st,  S.  F.,  C 

Foshay  tJIa-wn Albany.  O 

O.lt  B,  J.  11.  L  Co. Cor.  Sanaome&Commoreial  sts,,  8.  F.,  O 

noin;x'man  £i  Ellis Lo.t  Anijjli^s,  O 

Ilodjc,  Davis  &  Co Portland,  O 

KdlytYouaj Seattle,  W 

Kirk,  II.  C.  tCo Sacramunto,  G 

Laajley  i  Michaels Cor.  Front  and  Pino  sts.,  8.  P.,  O 

Langley  t  Co Victoria,  B.  O 

Mack,  .1.  J.  i  Co 11  Front  St.,  S.  F.,  O 

Morton,  MolIltiCo 313  Clay  b1.,  8.  F.,  C 

Moore,  Allen  &  Co Salt  Lako  City,  U 

Paci."ic  Ilomeopathic  Pharmacy 4-1  Geary  o- ..  C.  F.,  ''■ 

Kedinjton  &  Co 520  Market  St.,  S.  F.,  C 

Elchords,  C.  F.  &  Co 427  Sa-isom ;  st,  8.  1'.,  O 

Siavcn,  n.  D Cor.  Market  and  Powell  Bt.,  S.  F.,  O 

Sto.'l  J,  James  O C35  Market  st.,  S.  P.,  O 

B:ii;)e3  (i  Klnnersly The  Dalles,  O 

Wak^lco  £;  Co Cor.  Mont3omciy  and  Buil>  sts..  S.  F.,  O 

Weatlijrtoril .':  Co Sabm,  O 

Wooilwanl,  C.  n  ,  i  Co PortLind,  O 

ELECTEOPLATES-MANUFACTUnEns. 

California  Electrical  Works 35  Market  st,  8.  f.,  O 

Deaniston,  Edward  Q 053 Mission  ot.,  8.  F.,  C 

Ekolund,  Erie 020  Merchant  st.,  8.  !■'.,  C 

ELECTRICAL  APPARATUa 

California  Electrical  Works 35  Market  Bt„  8.  P.,  O 

California  Brush  Electric  Light  Co 

llOOTarrcllot..  8.  P.,0 

Fuller,  Prank  W 419  Sacramento  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Hamilton,  Charles  W CO?  Mission  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Il-ittoroth  &  Ruas 321  Kearny  St.,  S.  F.,  C 

WUl&Fintk 7GD  Market  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

ELECTROTYPES— MASUI'ACTUlinus. 

American  Tj-po  Foundry 510  Clay  Bt.,  8.  F.,  C 

California  Electrical  Works 35  Mnrilet  »t,  S.  P.,  C 

California Tyiw Foundry 611  Sansonio »t.,  H.  F.,  O 

MIlUr  t  Ulctiard 520  Commercial  st. ,  8.  F.,  C 

racillo  Typo  Foundry 528  Sacramento  Bt ,  8.  P. .  C 

Painter  4;  Co 510  CUyst.  8.  P.,  C 

B.v.i  Francisco  Typo  Foundry 512  Clay  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Winterbnm,  Joseph  &  Co 417  Clay  st,  8.  P.,  C 

ELEVATORS— MASuy.icTunEun. 

U;rell,  Wm.  II 110  IJettloBt..  8.  F.,  C 

llnswoU,  W.  P 223  Mis.llon  at,  8.  F.,  C 

Oarnitt.  W.  T 133  Fremont  Bt,  8.  P.,  0 

UIuLlc,  Philip 113  Main  Bt,  8.  P.,  C 

EMBROIDERIF.a. 

Barker,  Isaac H  O'Parrelist.,  8.  F.,C 

Bauer  Bros.  4  Co 547  Market  «t,  S.  P.,  0 


Bln3,  S .'. 130Kcamyst,  8.  B.,  C 

Biiy.:r  t  P^elch 123  Kearny  st.,  8.  F..  O 

Colillncr  Bros 5!3  Market  st,  ».  F.,  O 

DavidiDn,  J.  W.  &  Co.,  Cor.  Keir.ny  and  Pos',  S:,3.,  8.  P.,  O 

Held  Bros.  fcCo 512  M.ark;t ,:!.,  S.  P.,  O 

Ilciler,  M.  &  Bros 113  Saasome,  8.  P.,  O 

Jonos,  E.  II.  tCo 5K  Market  Bt,  3.  F.,  O 

Levy.  Jules 523  Market  st,  8.  P.,0 

May.r,  D.iWaOa&Co 120  Suttorst.,  8.  P.,  O 

Mu-ser  Ilro3 511  Market  st.,  8.  P.,  O 

Norcro33&Co CPo3tGt.,  8.  P.,  O 

Ur)acn"iaum&  Co 24  Battery  Bt,  8.  F.,  O 

Verdler,  IMor.a.l  &  Co  

Cor.  Suttorand  "oatjjmory  st3.,  8.  F.,  O 

Weil  Bro3.  &  Co 21  Battery  st.,  8.  P.,  O 

ENGINES. 

Arnold,  N.  8.  fc  Co 310  California  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Baker  t:  Hamilton 13-10  Front  Bt,  8.  F.,  O 

DjI  Mar,  Aljiandcr 210  Saniomo  r,t.,  ,1.  P.,  O 

Full,  A.  L,  tC) 0  First  nV,  8.  P.,  O 

Grosory,  Ti.  P.  jiOo 2  California  st,  8.  P.,  O 

IIunt!n7.oa,  IIo:>klni  &  Co 

Cor.  Bu3h  and  Mirk.-t  oti.,  8. 

Stoan,  :i  T 107Bjabflt..  8 

Tatuai  ii  Bowjn 32)  Mirkat  ot.,  3. 

WUli.m!,  DimoadSCo 2  2Mirkjt at.,  8. 


P.,  O 
P.,  0 
F.,0 
P..  O 

ENGINES-MASUFACitTBEaS. 

Atiai  IroT  Work] ....133  Baalost,  8.  P.,  0 

Ooldoa  Stataand  .\l:n  Jr3  Iroa  Wkl,  2)3-237  First  st.,  8.  P..  O 

Illaokley.  8pi  jr3  &  Hayes 2U  Fremont  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

Ja2k3oaf;  Truman...  Cor.  Sixth  and  Bluxom3  st3.,  8.F..  0 

L3-.y  &  Caartroy 2iF,-jmoat  St..  8.  F.,  C 

MjCoaj,  Uob.Tt 4)3  Bealj  St.,  8  P.,  0 

Olimjn,  Wm.  11 51  Proaioat st,  8.  F.,0 

Pondor^aat,  Smith  &  Co 317-221  Fremont  st.,  3.  F.,  O 

Prescott,  S.x)tt  ft  Co., .  .Cor.  Firet  and  Mission  ot3.,  8.  P.,  0 

Raakln,  Braytoa&Co 127  Fremont ct.,  8.  F.  O 

Rice,  IL  W 50  Bluxomo  st,  8.  P.  O 

RIsOou  Iroa  oad  Locomotive  Work3 

a.  E.  Cor.  Baalo  aad  IlDward  sts..  8.  F.,  O 

Small,  Isaac  II 574Branaaaat.,  0.  P.,  O 

Tait  Si  llainquo 115-117  Bjalost.S.  P.,0 

Thompson  &  Evans IWBjoloot,  8.,  F.,  O 

ESSKXCHS  AND  EXTRACTS-MANUPAcrunEM. 

Cohoa,  Philip;) 021  Sansomj  st.,  3.  P.,  0 

M3.Mill.in,  Doaald 714-713  Front  St.,  3.  P.,  0 

Nieiiolaon,  Sanasl  II 2)21  Mlaiioa  st,  8.  P.,0 

Riegor,  P.  JtCo 511  Front  Bt.,  8.  P.,0 

ThompsOD,  IraD 414  Pro.at  St.,  8  P.,  O 

FANCY  OO0D3, 

Aoltorman  Bros 123  Kearny  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

BaU3rBro3.  it  Co 547  Market  st.,  8.  P.,  O 

Buyer  &Rjlch 13.1  aal  123  3li30;njBt.,  8.  F,  0 

CoblinorBros snJIarkjtat,  8  F..  i 

Davidson,  J.  W.  «iCo 10)  Kjamyst.,  8.  P.,  ^ 

Davis  Bros 713  Market  st,  S.  P.,  O 

Davis  Bros.,  LaVinij&Co 10  to  10  Suttjr  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

DavlBson,  ILlll  &  Co 0  Sutter  st.,  8.  P.,  O 

DcCourcy 500  Market  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Dinkelspiel,  L.  ft  Co 37  Battery  Bt,  8.  P.,  C 

Feljonbauin  ft  Co 120  Sansonio  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Fisher  &  Baum 103  Sansome  st,  3.  P.,  O 

Prank  ft  Co. . .  .Cor.  Sansorao  and  Sacramento  sts.,  8.  P.,  O 

Fraukcutbal,  Bachman  &  Co 

Cor.  BattoiT  and  Oalifomla  lU.,  8.  F.,  0 


md 


APPENDIX. 


7C5 


Franklin.  SI.  &  Dro 13 1!a'lory  at.,  S.  P.,  C 

llai2y  L  Lancaatcr .33  Kcaniy  Bfc.,  3.  r.,  C  ■ 

lIol.lBroj.  tCa 513  Jlariut  St.,  8.  r.,  C 

IljlddO'o CSeMiirla'tBt.,  a  P.,  (J 

Ilclk-r,  M.  /;  nro U2  Sausinmo  r.l.  S.  F.,  C 

IIcr;^lx!r3,  Martin 414  Sacrameuto  r.t.,  S.  r..  C 

noilnlan  &  Co 17  Ii.ittjiy  St.,  H.  F.,  C 

Jones,  K.  IL  tCo 535  Market  st,  .S.  F.,  O 

KahnI!ro.i  &Co 23  Battury  tt.,  S.  P.,  C 

Kcano  Bros 107  Kuaniy  St.,  fj.  P.,  0 

LtivhiBhonfi:  Muyoratcin UZHanaomost.,  B.  P.,  C 

Lj\ry,  M.  a  Co 103  Battary  St.,  S.  F.,  C 

Lobo  &  Hallnscr 414  Market  St.,  H.  F.,  C 

Mayor,  Dawsoa  &  Co 120  Sutter  ot.,  8.  F.,  O 

MichcU.  Fricdlaadcr  &  Co 9  B.ittory  st,,  ii.  P.,  0 

Alurphy,  Grant  &  Co.  .Cor.  SaoBomo  aud  Bu.th  sts.,  a.  P.,  O 

rnstor,  J.  J 120  Sutter  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

Koaenbaum  4  Co 23  Battery  st.,  S.  P.,  O 

Bosoudalo,  A.  C.  t  Co MO  Market  ct,  0.  P.,  O 

Bachs,  8tra33bcr:,'er  &  Co. 

Cor.  Sansomc  and  Pino  otj.,  !i.  P.,  C 

Sadler  t  Co C03  Market  St..  S.  P.,  O 

Schweitzer,  Sachs  ^Co.Cor.SanBomo  and  Bush  sts.,  S.  P.  C 

Slicyer,  M.  i  Bro 121  Sansomoct.,  3.  P..  C 

Sou  Bros 300  Callfomli  st,  S.  P.,  O 

Sponco,  jV  3.  t  Co D37  Market  st,  S.  P.,  O 

Vurdicr,  Morcau  £;  Co 

Cor.  Montsomciy  and  .Sutter  ots. ,  S.  P.,C 

WoU  4  Woodleaf 113  Battery  st,  fl.  P.,  0 

FILES- MANUFACTUttEES. 

Doblo,  Ahnor 13-13  Fremont  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

Kolley,  Martin 305  Howard  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

railllo  Saw  Mfs  Co 17  Promo  tct,  S.  P.,  O 

RidjowayBroj 0-U  IliU  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

Wildj,  PotorfiCo 210  Fromoat  St.,  S.  P.,  0 

Wolf,  A 1332  Columbia  6l„  S.  P.,  C 

FIREWOHKS— SlANOFACIunClU. 

Eckstein,  A.  B 10  Front  st,  S.  P.,  C 

Hughes,  Georjo Portkknd,  O 

Stoolo,  Eldor&Co 334  Front  at,  0.  P.,  C 

FLAX— MANUPACTUnEHS. 

Albany  Fhix  MIUs jVlbany,  O 

FLOUn— MASuPACTunEua. 

Caledonian  Oatmeal  Mills 713  Sansomo  st,  S.  F.,  C 

California  Flour  Milb 415  Battery  st,  B.  P.,  C 

Capl'al  Flour  Mills 203  Davis  st,  tl.  P.,  O 

Capital  Flourlnj  Mills Salem,  O 

Foster.  J.  II Albany,  O 

Gonosco  Mill  Co Goldst.,  near  Sansomo  st,  S.  P.,  O 

Golden  Ajo  Hour  Milbi 717  Cattery  st.,  8.  P.,  0 

OoUon  Gate  Flour  MUls 41-43  Firsl  St.,  8.  P..  C 

Jefferaon  City  Mills TelTerson,  O 

Knox,  0.0 Altlso,  0 

Lane,  IL  D Stockton,  O 

McCroary,  0.  &Co Sacramento,  O 

MUlor,  J.  D Orojon  City,  O 

National  Flour  Mills 

Oor.  rocUleand  B.ittery  sts.,  8.  P..  O 

OakLaad  City  Mills 0..l.laud,  C 

Pionoor  and  Alta  Floor  Mills. .  .8-10  Sterenson  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Balom  Flourinj  MiUa S.llera.  O 

Bamm  &  Parsons Oakland,  C 

Bcbroth,  Qoo.  &  Co Sacramento,  C 

Sporrjr.  A.  »  8.  W Stockton,  C 


Starr  &  Co yallcjo,  O 

Wasliinjtoa  Flour  Mills 

Co;-  Washington  and  Dnur.ia  rts.,  H.  P.,  O 

Yolo  Flour  Milli Cor.  Mission  and  Slain  ots.,  0.  F.,  0 

FKurra 

.UicratCo 2C3  Washington  t.t,  S.  P.,  O 

Bia-i.  D.  tCo 020  Sansomoct,  0.  P.,  O 

Brewer,  M.  F.  liCo Sacramento,  0 

CattarLna,  K.  J 420  Davis  ot,  0 

Conrad,  Uaviil — Cor.  Washington  and  Front  tt:t..  8.  P.,  O 

CumminsB,  Gimmel  &  Co 434  Battery  ct,  8.  P.,  O 

Dabovich  N 017  Waehinston  st,  3.  P.,  0 

Dalton  tGray 401  Davis  st,  S.  P.,  O 

Daly,  J.  P 303  Washin;,-ton  St..  8.  P.,  0 

Diako  L  F.mcrson 521  Sansomo  st,  8.  F.,  0 

F,arle,  B.  F 323  Market  ct  8.  F.,0 

Elliott  t  Co 503  ."iansomo  ct,  3.  P.,  0 

Freeman  t  Baker Ill  Davis  K„  !i.  P.,  0 

Gale,  J.  W.  t  Co 402  Davis  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Garcia  Bros Cor.  Washinjton  and  Sansomo  etc.,  .^.  P.,  O 

Ganatt  £:  CroBsan Cor.  Sansomo  and  Clay  c;.i.,  ;>.  P.,  C 

Ilisson,  Justi  t  Co 313  Wa3b:n:;ton  ct.,  8.  P.,  0 

Ilajaa,  John 410  V/aahinLloa  r.t,  B.  P.,  0 

IlowotUaU 403DaviscS.,  3.  P.,  O 

Ivancovich,  J.  f;  Co 

Cor.  Sansomo  and  Washington  cts.,  8.  P..  O 

laracisky  t  Morris 210  Vfaihin^toa  cts.,  8.  P.,  O 

Lasar,  L.  t  Co 203  Washinotoa  ct,  3.  P.,  O 

Levy,  A.  t  Go — Cor.  Wasliingtou  and  Front  st.?.,  8.  F.,  0 

Levy,  8.  &  Co 313  Waahin^toa  ct,  3.  P.,  0 

Lipman,  11 223  Washinstoa  r,t.,  !i.  P.,  0 

Littlc:\o!d,  Allison  £i  Co S03  Wa'ihiaatoa  st,  0.  P.,  O 

Locw jntiayn,  llenry 423  iiansomo  ct ,  8.  P. ,  O 

I.UGk.  ..V  tCo 034  Clay  ct,  8.  P.,  C 

Lyoa  £:  BaracJ 8acrameato,  0 

Mursicauo,  P 411  ATaahin^toa  ct,  3.  P.,  O 

MoDonoi-h.  James 213  Washin::toa  ct.  U.  P.,  O 

Meado,  O.  W.  tCo 413  Front  ct,  8.  P.,  0 

Meralck,  D 423  Front  r.t,  3.  P.,  0 

Meycrink ';  Meyer 523  Sa.soraoct,  3.  P.,  0 

Murl>hy  ';  Coancri 503  8anconio  ct.,  3.  P.,  0 

Oaestif:  Conner 5C3  fjanrontoct,  3.  P.,  O 

Pastene,  Antonio 203  V/asli!njtoa  ct,  8  P.,  0 

PiO.tll,  Iliiury  C 517  3aacomo  r.t,  8.  P.,  0 

Brcsorich,  L.  G.  t  Co 503  Sansomo  ct,  8.  P.,  O 

Btarr,  G.  11.  Ji  Co 303  Viashin^ton  ct,  3.  P.,  O 

Stewart  &  Buckley 513  Sansomo  ct.,  8.  P.,  O 

rURXISHINO  GOODS. 

Badjer,  Wm.  O 13 Sansomoct,  8.  P.,  0 

Banner  Bros Cor.  Sansomo  and  Sutter  cts.,  3.  P.,  0 

Baum,  J.  i  Co 7-0  Sansomo  ct.,  8.  F.,  0 

Bruwn  Bros.  &  Co 21  Sansomo  l>t.,  3.  P.,  O 

Brown,  N.ftCo 103  Battery  st.  8.  P.,  0 

Cohen,  W.  it  Co 13  Battery  nt,  3.  P.,  0 

Colm,  Herman 203  Sansomo  st,  S.  P.,  O 

Colman  Bros Cor.  Sansomo  and  Sutter  sts.,  S.  P.,  O 

Elfolt,  A.  D.  SiCo loa Sansomo  ct,  H.  P,  0 

Fochhelmcr,  Goodklnd  i  Co. . . .  10-13  S;mso'no  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Fedor,  M.  M.&Oo 33Batt.T'-Bt.  8.  P.,  0 

FranklhiM.  iBro 18-20  Battery  st,  S.  F.,  O 

Goldatono,  M 2  Buttery  ct,  8.  P.,  0 

arocneliaum,  B.  40 1017-1043  Market  st,  8.  F.,0 

Groenobauni,  fiachs  &  Freeman —  524  Market  ct,  S.  P.,  O 

Ilcynomann,  II.  &  Co 5  Sansomo  st,  S.  P.  O 

Houlg  k  Darucb HI  Sansomo  st,  H.  P.,  O 

Jacobs,  M.  (t  Son 30  Sansomo  it.,  S.  F.,  O 


766 


APPENDIX. 


Lovy,  M.  &Co lOJIiotteryst,  8.  F.,  C 

Marcus  l2a::i!i 12jaansomc  St.,  S.  F.,  C 

Meycratcin  &  Lowonbors 103  Sansomc  ct.,  S.  F.,  C 

Michtls,  Fricaiuiidcr  &  Co 7-0  Lattery  6t,  S.  F.,  C 

MoriiiO:!.  Ilutchinsoai  Co 113  Bjsli  Bt.,  3.  F..  O 

Murpliy,  Grant  &  Co.,  Cor.  Sausomo  and  Biuh  &ta.,  8.  F.,  C 

Nuustadtcr  Bros Cor.  Battery  and  Pino  Bts.,  S.  F.,  C 

8  jhwcltzcr,  Sachs  &  Co 

Cor.> Sanaomo  and  Bu:ih  sta.,  S.  F., 

fiheycr,  M.  &  Bro 121  Sanaomo  st,  8.  F, 

Sliiruk  &  Tonncr 124  8ansomo  at.,  8.  F.. 

Ktoinliiirt,  W.  t  1 3-5  Battciy  St.;  8.  F.. 

Strausi.LcviSi  Co 14  Battery  at.,  8.  F., 

Weil  Bros.  tC'o 23  Battery  at.,  S.  F., 

Wuil  &  Midicls 8  Battery  at.,  8.  F.. 

Woil&Woodleaf 113  Battery  st,  8.  F., 


FUKXISHINa  GOODS-Fon  Ladies. 

MichcU  Friodlauder  t  Co 0  Battery  at.,  S.  F.,  C 

Coldatono  Mitchell 2IJattciyEt,  S.  F.,  C 

FCr.NITUKE. 

Ca'.l.'omla  FumitTro  Mts  Co 220  Bush  at,  8.  F.,  C 

Chadlwumc,  F.  S.  !:  Co 733  Market  at.'  H.  F.,  0 

Comatock,  W.  D.  &  Co Sacraraento,  C 

Gilbert  £  Moore 13  Sutter  at.,  S.  1".,  U 

Ilcnuy,  W.  J.  &Co U  LllisBt,  S.  F.,  C 

Ileywood  IJroa.  &Co 583  Mission  at.,  3.  F.,  O 

Ilufschmidt,  Frederick 323  Pine  at.,  S.  F.,  O 

ludianaiwlia  Cliair  Mtg  Co ICO  Jlont^'y  at.,  S.  F.,  C 

li-icrenians,  l^rank 523  Wash{u;;ton  St.,  ,S.  F.,  C 

Plum,  Chaa.  M.  !i  Co 041  Market  at.,  S.  F.,  C 

Sliaber,  .Ichn  A 707  Marliet  at.,  8.  P.,  C 

Tuttle.  Micliaels  i  Co C4D  Marlict  St.,  B.  F.,  C 

V.'al.eaeld  lUittan  Co 041  Market  at.,  8.  F.,  0 

FUENITURE— M.\NUFACTUUElls. 

Andrews,  C.  N 574  Brannan  St.,  8. P.,  O 

Bennett,  JanieaS 560  Brannan  st.,  tl  F.,  C 

Bennett,  Patterson  &  Co Sun  .Tosc,  C 

Brenner.  John Sacramento,  C 

Cil.  Furniture  Mtg  Co 222  Buah  nt.,  S.  F.,  O 

Capitol  Fumituro  Co .Sacramento,  G 

Cliadlioume,  1'.  8.  &  Co 735  Market  at.,  S.  F.,C 

Clirit,  Traman  S.  i  Co 21  New  Monta'y  at.,  S.  F.,  C 

Chadbourue,  F.  H Portland,  O 

Coimolly i Borle 313  Pinjst,  B.  F.,  C 

Cult  d  Co N.  W.  Cor.  Bryant  and  Fourth  Bts. ,  S.  F. ,  G 

Daunala,  James ^Ubany,  O 

Dinwoody,  Henry Salt  Lake  City,  V 

llaston,  John 2C1  First  at,  8.  F.,  C 

Emauucl,L-  S;  E 313-321  Pino  at.,  S.  F.,  C 

Erdlii,  Ttleodore,  San  Bruno l;d,nr  Fifteenth  ave.,  8.  P.,  O 

Euler&Co NE  cor  Fourth  ond  Bryant  ats.,  B.  F,  0 

Fields,  Cliarles 553  Bryant  at.,  S.  F.,  G 

Fifth-Street  Furniture  Mfg  Co 645  Fifth  at.,  8.  P.,  C 

Frank  ll^'nry 212-2W  Commercial  at.,  8.  F.,  C 

Prickett,  B.  lI.&Co Stockton,  O 

Frel,  Andrew 231-239  King  at.,  8.  F.,  C 

Fuller,  Oca  II 19  New  Montj'yat..  S.  P.,  C 

Ociahaker,  Andrew 210-212  Miaalon  St.,  S.  F.,  G 

Gilbert  &  Moore 13-20  Sutter  at.,  H.  P.,  G 

Graiu,  Herman C17  Braunanat.,  S.  F.,  G 

G;-af  &  Pi-omm Albany,  O 

Hamburger,  8.  D.  ^  Co Sacramento,  G 

lleney,  W.  J.  &  Co 1 1  L'llis  at ,  B.  P.,  G 

lleniUi',  Richard 423  Fourth  at.,  8.  P.,  C 

llcywoud  Bros,  jc  Co 5S3  Missiou  at.,  S.  P.,  G 

Hufachmldt,  Frederick 323  Pine  at.  8.  P.,  0 


Indianapolis  Chair  MtjCo.. .103  New  Montj'yi'-  .  3.  P.,  O 

Johnson  Anthony 573  Brannan  at.,  ij.  P..  O 

Kbmm,  Charles 14S  BIu.\om3  at.,  S.  P.,  O 

Kuo.-p,  Albert  F 411  Mission  at.,  S.  P.,  O 

ICrajen  A:  Gcist 730  Brmnan  at..  H.  F..  G 

Lieremans,  Pranit 523  Washington  at.,  S.  F  ,  O 

Loshaingor,  John  II  s  tlon 710  Minna  at.,  II.  P.,  0 

Marsh,  L.  S.  P <\ahi»uil,  O 

Oregon  Fumituro  Mfa  Co PortLind,  O 

Plum,  Chas.  M.  &  Co 041  Market  at.,  S.  P.,  0 

S.  P.  Fumituro  Factory 

Berry  ct,  bet.  T';  nl  lu  i  Pourth  '.ts.,  S.  F  ,  0 

San  Jos !  Fumituro  Mfg  Co San  J:no,  O 

Shabcr,  Jolin  A iCr  Maiket  at.,  H.  F,,  0 

Shindlcr,  Q Portland,  \.' 

Snyder  &Iljlchlin3. 574  BranLau  at.,  .:>.  P.,  C 

Stember,;,  Bimon  &  Co Portland.  O 

Stockton  Fumituro  Mfy Stockton,  0 

Strahle,  Jacob  &  Go 533  Market  at.,  8.  1^'.,  U 

Sylveatjr  &  Moyo Stocktoa,  0 

Thomas  Bros.  ...Bluxomo  bet.  FiCthand Sixth  bta.,  U.  F.  0 

Union  Puruituro  Mio'.  Co 5J3  Brannan  at.,  S.  P.,  O 

Wier  &  Catea 221  Miaaion  at.,  U.  F.,  O 

FUUS. 

Alaaka  Commei-eiol  Co 310  Sanaome  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Bates,  Martiu Victoria,  B  O 

Biasiuser  4;  Co 310  Sanaome  St.,  S.  P.,  0 

Boscowitz,  J.  &  L Victoria,  BO 

Caheu  Bros.  Si  Co 41  CUiy  at.,  B.  P.,  0 

Cohu,  Adolph  A. .  .*. Poniand,  O 

Palkner,  Bell  &  Co 430  Gahforuia  at.,  li.  P.,  O 

Foley,  F.  t  Co 2i0  Drmnui  at.,  B.  P.,  0 

Proombjrs,  II 114  Pojtat.,  B.  P.,  0 

Hudson  Bay  Co Victorhi,  B  G 

Ilutchiuaon,  Kohl,  Phillippcna  UCo 

3iO  Sanaomo  at.,  S.  P.,  0 

Kalni  Bros Po.-tiand,  O 

Koshiand  Broa 301  Battjry  at.,  U.  P.,  0 

KodilandBroa Portland,  O 

Lachman  i  Sternfels 123  .Montgomery  pt.,  IJ.  P.,  G 

Liebca,  II.  (i  »o 113  Moutfomcry  at. ,  U.  F. ,  0 

Kewnmrk,  J.  V.  iiVo 214  Caliiomia  at.,  ii.  P.,  0 

Olipcldieimcr,  Ivan 45  Cay  at.,  B.  P.,  G 

Slosa,  Louia  ii  Co olO  Sauaomj  at.,  B.  P.,  G 

Tibbey,  A.  3 031  Sacramento  at.,  B.  1-'.,  G 

Toplitz,  P.  &  Co 671  Marliut  at.,  B.  P.,  0 

Warren,  Jamca  D Victoria.  B  0 

Western  Pur  and  Trading  Co. . .  .430  California  at.,  S.  P.,  0 

FUSE— Mamliaciukehs. 

California  Fuse  Ass'n 10  Front  at,  B.  P.,  0 

Eva,  James  &  Co..  Cor.  Fourt'nthaudChamiel  sta.,  S.  P.,  0 

The  lili'le  Fuse  works  Pelton,  0 

Toy,  Bickford  &  Co East  Uakland,  0 

GALVANIZED  IBON-MANUFACIUllEna. 

Conlin  &  Roberts 723  Miaaion  at,  S.  F.,  O 

Porderer,  J.  P 63  Bealo  at.,  S.  F.  O 

UciteriiMay Portland,  O 

Lee,  John  4;  Co 31  Main  at ,  S.  F.  G 

GAS  FIXTURES. 

Allen.  Wm.  11.  4  Co 701  Market,  S.  E.,  0 

Busli,  David 23  Post  St.,  8.  P.,  0 

Day,  Tliomas 123  Sutter  at.,  0.  P.,  0 

Frit/,  .■i  Kuan 130  Oeury  at.,  S.  P.,  O 

Lane,  Wm.  E OOSKoarny  at.,  8.  F.,  0 

McNally  k  Hawkins 607  Market  at,  8.  P.,  O 


m 


APPENDIX. 


767 


8.  F., 
S.  1'., 
d.  I'., 
S.  F., 


Nto,  a.  R  iCo 315rinOBt.,  S.  F  ,  O 

IMoi-,  James  K 1123  Stirkut  Bt,  a.  i'.,  C 

GLAS3— MASUFACTltnEllM 

Callfuruia  Ci>op 'ratito  Olaw  Wki,  foot  Ninth  st,  8.  P.,  C 

8(Ui  Francisco  and  FacUic  til^iBs  Works 

King  St.,  nr  Fourth,  8.  F.,  0 

GLOVES. 
Ascho,  Ilcnry  T.  &  Co.. Cor.  Kearnyand  Geary  sts., 

Blumcnthal,  Qutnlon  ^  Co 10  lliihh  St.. 

DavlLlson,  J.  W.  &  Co 101  Kearny  fit., 

Doanc  (^  IK'n^liLlwood 132  Keomyst, 

Fr.uikuuUial,  Uachmun  j^  Co 

Cor.  llattcnr  and  California  Rt&, 

IZeyucman,  U.  £(  Co 5  8aU3umo  Ht., 

Jones,  K.  11.  £iCo Cu5  Market  St, 

Koono  Bros 107  Keomyst, 

Konnody,  1*.  B 'Z^'i  Keoruy  St., 

Lippitt,  L : jk  .'i  Co 22  SutUr  at, 

Mayer,  bawdoii  ^Co 12.}  Sutter  Bt., 

Michels,  Frijuluiuier  &  Co 7 -J  Uattery  st., 

Murpliy,  Gnu.       «-'o. .  .Cn:.  Ihuh  and  Hansomo  ats., 

Muscr  Uroa .'41  Market  St., 

O'iirieu,  J.  J.  JiCo '.'J.  Market  st, 

(.1  Connor,  .MoSalt  ^  Co Ill  Post  St., 

l^oaunbauni  ^  Co 22  Battery  St., 

Samuels,  Darid 12J-12 J  I'ojt  st, 

Uniiiue  Kid  Glovo  Stoio 72J  y   .  kct  St., 

Vurdier,  Morcuu&Co 100  M^ntoO.aery  St., 

Weil  a,  Woodleaf lU  Battery  st, 

Wolflslion,  HL  W 103  Cattery  at. 


3.  F., 
8.  S., 
8.  F., 
8.  F., 

a.  F., 
a.  F., 

8.  F.. 

a.  F., 
,  a.  F., 
a,  F., 
a.  F., 
a.  F., 

8.  F., 
8.  F., 

a.  F., 

8.  F., 

a.  F., 

8.  F., 


GL0VK3— SLUltrACTUBEllB. 

Au.^ora  llobo  and  Glove  Co 8an  Joso,  C 

Blumeuthiil,  t2uinlan&Co 10  Bush  st.  8.  F.,  C 

Busby,  F.  II 413  Market  Et,  .S.  F.,  O 

California  Glove  Co 535  Market  st,  a.  F.,  0 

Chandler  t  bou Portland,  O 

Clarli,  UoUcrtC 114  Post  st,  S.  1'.,  C 

Eureka aeaiideSJ Gtovj  Factory...  125 .Sansomest.,  a.  1-'.,C 

Goodyear  Kubbcr  Co 577  Market  st,  8.  F.,  C 

Gulttanl,  Oiucr 5  Market  st,  8.  F.,  C 

Outta  Fercha  and  Uubljcr  Mfg  Co.  .GOl  Market  st,  8.  F.,  C 

luman,  Wni.  M IW  lostst,8.  F.,  O 

Lippitt  LcakiCo 22  Sutter  st.  8.  F.,  C 

Muser  Bros 64  Market  st,  8.  F.,  0 

O.-Oi'on  Glove  Factory Portland,  O 

PacUle  Glovo  Works IOC  Battery  st,  8.  F.,  C 

llaum,  E,  C Benicia,  C 

I'hilipp,  Ileathal  St  Co 100  Battery  st,  8.  F.,  C 

8hires.  Wm 506  Market  st,  8.  F.,  0 

WUcoi,  W.  W 8.  P.,  0 

Wluoholl,  (J 8.  F.,  C 

GLUE— MANUFACTUUElta. 

Crtddington  &  Wilcox Fifteenth  av  ,  8.  F.,  0 

Iloljer,  Martin. . .  .Cor.  SIxle'enth  and  Dellaru  sts.,  8.  P.,  C 

JlLTJcns,  C.  4  aou Sacnuneuto,  O 

Kunlnts,  M Santa  Cruz,  C 

Souther,  0.N Napa  City,  U 

GOLD  PLATES— Manufaiturebs. 

California  Electrical  Works 33  .llarket  st,  8.  F.,  0 

Demiistoji,  E.  G G55  Mission  st,  8.  F.,  0 

Ekelimd,  Eric C20  Merchant  st,  8.  F.,  C 

UawkuiB,  J.  M C20  Merchant  st,  8.  F..  C 

Ledercr,  Oca  M.  &Co 731  Minion  st,  S.  F.,  O 

Luady,  Thomas 7-9  Third  it,  B.  F.,  O 


I'artlcolll  &  lacchcrl 8  Golden  Oalo  av.,  8.  P.,  O 

ahepmau.  Win.  i: 41  Geary  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Spink,  M   P.iSona 7  Fourth  st,  8.  F.,  0 

GUiUN  SHIPPERS. 

Bent  E.  F.  &Co '. 18  California  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Balfour,  Guthrie!  t  Co 310  CaUfomla  at,  8.  P.,  0 

Coleman,  Wm.  T.  &  Co 121  Market  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Dresbaeh,  Wm.  Si  Co S18  California  st,  a.  P.,  O 

Uickion,  DoWolf  &  Co 412  Bntte :y  at,  8.  P..  C 

Epl  inger,  J.  i  Co 316  California  st.,  8.  P.,  C 

Falkner,  Bell  i  Co 430  California  st,  8.  F..  O 

Forbes  Bros 308  California  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Grace,  J.  W.  &  Co 4J  Ottllfonjia  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Gransors'  Cusinesa  Association lOIUavl-Hat,  8.  P.,  O 

narto,G.  P 123Califoniiaat,  8.  P.,  C 

Uolcom>>,  W.  A.  i  Co 3U2  l>  ivia  at.  8.  P.,  C 

LU"d,  IKriry 214  California  st.  8.  P.,  C 

McXeai-,  O.  W 20  California  »t,  8.  P.,  O 

Muecko,  Victor  t  Co 103  California  at,  S.  P.,  C 

ParrottitCo 303  California  at .  8.  F.,  O 

Kodgera,  Meyer  &  Co 213  Battery  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

Roaenfeld,  John 202  California  st..  li   P.,  O 

Sheehy.  Hobcrt 317  Cahfomia  st,  H  P.,  C 

Sinclair,  C.  II 318  California  St.,  8  P.,  O 

Tet  l)o3ch,  N.  &  Co 28  Merchants'  Eicliange,  a.  P.,  O 

Watcmiau,  M  i  Co 113  Clay  Et,H  1'.  0 

Wangonhoira  &  Co 110  and  118  Davis  st.,  K.  1'.,  O 

GR0CEEIE3. 

Adams,  McNeill  &  Co Sacramento,  O 

Ale3=ttl,  O Stockton,  C 

Allen  li  Lewis Portland,  O 

Ath^arn&Co 63StouartBt,  8.  P.,  0 

Bat:helder,  A.  J.  &  Co JIaryaville,  0 

Bernhardt,  Charles San  Jo3ii,  C 

Bigley  Bros Clay  and  Davis  sta.,  8.  F.,  C 

Bird  &  Uoas Portland,  O 

1:  ■.,)th  &  Co SacnuncTito,  0 

Dr.-ult  li.  Sons Sa:i  Diejo,  0 

Carr,  U Victoria,  B.  O 

Castle  Bros,  i  Loupa 213  Pro  it  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Cassamuyou,  A.  £cCo Victoria,  B.  O 

Chcsley,  G.o.  W Sacrimento,  O 

Chichi::ola. Antonio 723  8ansem:}r.t,  8.  F.,  O 

Corbitt  S:  Maclcay Portland.  O 

CritWnden  k  Kerr Walla  Walla,  W 

Culmcr,  O.  F Salt  Lalu  City,  U 

Daueri,  P.  &  Co 37  and  23  CaUforaia  st,  3.  P.,  O 

Dodge,  W.  W.  &  Co Clay  and  Front  Bta.,  8.  P.,  0 

Duboi.i  ft  King Portland,  O 

Dyer  Bros Austin,  N 

I^arly,  Thomas Victoiia,  B.  O 

i:lmnan,  MiiCo 104 to  110 Pro  tst,  8.  P.,  O 

Bgglcston,  Ben Bodie,  C 

Ersklu,  Oreer&  Co Socnuncato,  C 

Parror,  Squire  &  Co Salem,  O 

Feaing  &  Henry 421  lYont  st,  8.  P.,  O 

PoUom.  P.  W Ooldllill,  N 

Poas,  E.  P.  &Co Portland,  O 

Foster,  8.  &  Co 20  Calltomia  at,  8.  P.,  C 

Priant  &Co San  Joac,  C 

Gamble  &  Bryant Santa  Koaa,  O 

Gibson.  O.W 2038acramentoBt,  S.  P.,  O 

Goldman,  S Sacramento,  O 

Goodman,  A Tucson,  A 

Graves  A  HaU Placorrlllo,  O 

OriffiuftOo 405  Front  st,  8.  F.,  O 


f 


768 


APPENDIX. 


IIoM  Ilro3 103  CaUfornla  St.,  S.  F.,  C 

lI^lioMoy  £  licno ro.llanil,  O 

Uoil,  Liilir3  &  Co Sacramento,  0 

IIi;:l.T,jn,  J.  O.  a  Co Virjl.iia  City,  N 

Ilau  cyiiiiaow l3jCalilomIat;t.,  Q.  !■'.,  C 

Uvwijy.  o.  J.  ijCo .an  Buiti!.- Di.,  a.  p.,  c 

lIolLuaa,  liaaj  Zt  Co Lqj  iVajcIoa,  0 

IlUliarJ,  U.  M.  iCo VuUoJo,  0 

lly.uiiii  Uro3 2I1J  L'alifonila  Bt.,  ^.  !•'.,  C 

Jjimia:;j,  Thomas 41G  ^an^ioiuu  sb. ,  ii.  P.,  C 

J>;nuln3«,D.  A Bcattlo.  W.  T 

JoauJ  £i  Co 1:3  Prout  Bt,  S.  P.,  O 

ICim'iall  ^  hiwroiioa Halt  LakJ  City,  V 

Klrjjhbrauu,  Hon  ii  Co V'iri'lula  City,  N 

IClujtormaiui  i^03 PortlaaU,  O 

ICruBj  ii  Hulcr 2JJ  Pruat  at.,  ti.  1-'.,  C 

La-obj.t  ii  Urijoa i:^acramcnto,  C 

Ljijc:ibau:ii  iiUo!ilbQrj..52;)Kcaruy  ^  121  Podt  St.,  B.  l''.,C 

Luudruui,  Burua  ii  Co .Son  Jooc.  C 

L.'UUOli,  JoUu  A 313  Clay  Lt.,  U.  P.,  C 

L^uCiey  w  Co 4J3  P/oui  ol.,  II.  P.,  C 

Liuillcy  iiCo bacrajij:ito,  C 

Liimtaii,  3.  ^Co Vix-iuia City,  N 

L-vy,  IL  i;  Co HI  California  ut..  a.  P.,  C 

Ljwi.^  Uonry  L  2.5  tlacnuueato  Bt.,  B.  P,  .C 

Lolimaa  ii  Co;;hilI 3l3i'ront  bt.,  a.  P.,  C 

Mullou,  J.  i  J.  B VlrainlaCity,  N 

Munjub,  IL  i.  Co 313  Clay  Bt.,U.  P.,  C 

Mason  ;:('o Carsou  Cit.-,  N 

Mail.  Albert  ii  Co 212Marlict  ct,  S.  P..  C 

McCo  intll.  T.  W Walla  Walla.  W.'i 

MoCra.kjn,  J.  i^  Co Portland,  O 

M-Ivuy  ii  liro\f  u 427  Davij  ut.  ii.  P. ,  C 

M;i*nco,  \V Vktoria,  B.  C 

MjuiIo,  O.  W.  i;  Co Hi;  Front  ct.,  U.  1'.,  C 

^.iuijiuji:  Co Sacramento,  C 

Itlusto,  V iJLockton,  C 

Nowinarli,  II.  li  Co L03  Aujclea,  C 

Kewton  Bro3.  ii  Co 2Cfi  CaltXomiaut.,  U.  P.,  C 

XiclioUou,  P.  II.  ii  Co t!a:i  Jo;M!,  C 

oa.il  ii  WrljUt OsUtn,  U 

Iia'THill-'.  .V  a  Co Vnyinia  City,  N 

r.icaa.UB  ii  lUrrlaon 41^1  Saasomo  Bt.,  Jj.  P.,  C 

liitchio,  J.  B Boiiic,  C 

Kodjcrj  Broj.  ii  Co fianta  Barbara,  C 

IbOoti^riaiiilj.son 123  Market  Bt.,  a.  P.,  C 

KointrojiiMBClnro 404  Float  Bt,  H.  P.,  0 

Baou'.U',  A.  I^.  ii  Co C13  Ijaaaoaij  ct.,  a.  P.   0 

S'oarburo  iiCo 531  W'aaUla^'ton  St.,  a.  P.,  C 

Senaoact,  Goorjo Oacranicuto,  C 

biinrt.eii',  \V.  T.  i^Co I^'cvaUa  City,  C 

tipoacor  li  Armntroaj Bunta  Ilosa,  C 

Stewart  i^  Co VirjinU  City,  N 

Stiattoa,  0.  A.  t.  Oo lilarysvilic,  C 

I'ajo  ii  Allen i'ortlaml,  O 

I'a,!J  i^  Allen AsLOiia,  O 

Pai-Iicr,  U.  B.  LCo titocktoa,  C 

Tearaoa  Bros Yv'alia  V/alla,  V/ 

Pittj,  a.  J Victoria,  B.  C 

i'a  Jjr,  Ilarkor  ii  Co 103  and  110  California  ai.,  a.  P.,  O 

Tiiluiaun  ii  Bcudel 

a.  V/.  cor.  Clay  and  Battery  aU..  0.  P.,  C 

VoUiner,  John  i*.  ii  Co Lewlaton,  I 

V/a>Uja:n3  L  Elliott Portland,  O 

Y/cUman,  Peek  ii  Co 123  to  132  ilaikct  at.,  a.  P.,  C 

GUXS,  BIC. 

Allen,  E.  T 410  Market  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

Adams.  0 SOSConuQeicialst,  S.  F.,  C 


Beck,  Win.  4  Son Portland,  O 

BrownSnj  ii  Br^'incr Cjl  Clay  st.,  a.  i\,  O 

Clab.-onjh,  J.  I',  ii  Era C30  Mont.;oinery  tt,  .'J.  P.,  0 

Curi-y,  N.  ii  Bro 113  lianaouij  Bt.,  il.  P.,  0 

Il.ber,  Wai Kl  V/ashini-ton  t.'.,  13.  P.,  0 

Iluliioa,  II,  a Portland,  O 

Laid,  CharlcjD 831  I^car..y  Bt.,  a.  P.,  O 

Liddlj  i;  KacUlnj 333  Wajhinitou  st.,  a.  P.,  O 

Plate.  ^V  J.' &  Co 413  Martet  St.,  !J.  P.,  O 

Bonnta:;iiCo..: 113  Market  Bt,  H.  P.,  0 

S jhueidcr,  W,  II 23  Geary  sL,  b.  F  ,  C 

Schuenemau,  Prederick 317  Kuamy  Bt.  a.  P.,  U 

SlmjveiiWolf 211  P-iuhat.,  0.  P.,  0 

Wilson,  II.  II.  ii  lion 013  Cby  st ,  a.  P..  O 

Winchester  Uopeatiu  j  \rmi  Co lloPiuest.a.  P.,0 

HARDWAKE. 

Allen,  E.T 413  Market  St.,  B.  P..  O 

Alvoi-d.  II  jnry  B Qaa  Joso,  O 

.Vmold,  rS.a.tiCo 23Da»iDCt.,  B.  P.,  O 

Baker  ii  Uamlltoa Cor.  Pino  and  Davia  ats.,  B.  P.,  O 

Bat^M,  i  .CO.  O.  ii  Co Oa:;rainento,  0 

B.-uwj  ii  ilathjw3 Loj  lYnjcles,  O 

Bulmj,  U.  II.  i;  Co Lur.ta,  O 

Cairo,  Justinian.. 521-323  Mark.t  ct.,  B.  P.,  O 

Campb.ll.C.  B  ilau  Jos.',  O 

Carolaa.  Cary  t  Co 117-113  California  ct,  B.  P.,  O 

Clark,  A.  Ci.  i  Co  KapaCity,  O 

Coiio,  W.  T Santa  Cm^,  O 

Corbett,  Fallinj  ii  Co Portlan-l,  O 

Dancri,  Antonio 433  Battery  ct.,  B.  P.,  O 

Da,  ton,  Uall  ii  Lambcrtsoa Portimd.  O 

Dodd,  C.  IL  i;Co Po.tland,  O 

Drew,  11.  L Saa  Beru^rdiuo,  O 

Do-ihain,  Carrijaa  i;  Co 107-111  Fro_t  ct.,  B.  P.,  O 

Bverjoa,  V/alla-o  ii  Co 113  i-'roal  ct.,  B.  P.,  O 

Po.4tjr  ii  PiObertaoa Portland,  O 

Poy,  tj.  C L03  Anjel.G,  O 

Piujluaa.  P.  11.  iiCo V/ooUlaud,  O 

'Gordon  Uordwaro  Co 12-11  P-oat  ct,  B.  P.,  0 

IIa\vkc3,C.  K 202  Jlirlxt  ct.,  B.F.  O 

Uaivloy,  C.  A.  i;  Co 4!::  Jlarkct  c-«,  B.  P.,  O 

Iliivky,  Mar=U3  C.  t  Co 301-303 IJarko:  cU,  B.  P.,  0 

llol'uraoi,  M^rriil  ii  Bleaoa.... 323-333  r.Ia.-kjSct.,  B.  P.,  O 

Hunt  In^toa,  Uovikina  i  Co 

Cor.  Market  and  Dash  ois.,  B.  ".,  0 

Iluntiajton.  Ilopkim  t  Co Bacraaioalo,  O 

Jooot  Bioa Cor.  Mlasion  and  IllcTcnta  ctj.,  B.  P.,  O 

Lindcra,  Patrick 403 -Markc t ct. ,  B.  P. ,  0 

Linfortll,  nico  ii  Co 401  Jlarli-t  ct.,  B.  P.,  0 

Linnell,  U.  U.  iiCo aacraiaculo.  0 

Moatajue,  W.  \V.  t  Co 110-113  2atte.-y  c'...  fJ,  p..  O 

ODoanoU.  V/ V/aila  V,r.iUa,  \7 

Paiao  Broa  Da:toa,  \7 

Parkliurst.  V.  B.  W 4l3  LlarkeS  at.,  B.  F.  O 

Bloharib  L  Baow 433  llarkjt  ct..  B.  P..  O 

HJby.  Tiloma3  II.  ii  Co 110  Califo.-aia  at.,  0.  P..  O 

Simaion-n.  E»wo  t  Co 53  Cby  at.,  B.  P.,  0 

8;ott,  G.  M.  t  Co Bat  Lako  City.  U 

Bhorlilaa,  IL  3.  t  J.  C Pvoacburj.  O 

Smith  i';  Btarralt An^tai,  If 

atrojssor.  Otto V^a'.soaville,  O 

Tay,  Geo.  H.  f;  Co C11-C13  Eitt^y  ct.,  3.  P.,  0 

rao:n:i30.i,  DjIIiTt  t  Co po-tbad,  O 

Thoaiiaon,  G.  \f BaaU  I'-Oia,  O 

UudorhUl,  Ja:o'a 303  Ca.ifoniia  cU.  B.  P..  0 

Van  %Vinklo.  I.  B.  ii  Co 413  Market  at..  B.  P.,  O 

Waitoii  Brown Salem,  O 

Wlebtman  S  Hampton M»iT"lU«.  O 


.*v, 


APPENDIX. 


769 


White,  Cooley  &  Cutis MMrmriUe,  C 

Woo;l,  Ilijnry  D WtwOluilJ,  C 

Wood  Si  Tumor Muticsto,  U 

nAK2JE38— MAJHTFAcrniiEM. 

Beckot,  J.  F San  Andnuu,  C 

Clark,  J Pcirtljiid,  O 

Conalo,  J.  n.  4  Co rortlanil,  O 

Davis,  W 410  MarlictEt-,  8.  P.,  C 

Empcy  &  Lonuord •".  — San  Jose,  C 

Foyc,  John  M San  nemanlino,  C 

Garcia,  Domlogo Los  Ang.loii,  0 

Gniham,  .T.  U OrcsuuCltr,  O 

naskcll.  C.  L WBuahst,  8.  F,  C 

Johnson,  J.  C.  &Co 13  to  14  Pino  St.,  B  F.,  0 

Klum,C.  R Ashland,  O 

Main  &  WiDchoster 314  Dattory  st.  S.  F.,  0 

MotiiunU,  Thonua 273  Market  st,  S.  F,  C 

Nolson,  C.  N Sacnuncnto,  C 

O'Kana,  John 767  Market  st,  S,  F.,  C 

Qulnn,  Thomas Walla  Walla,  W 

8:onQ,R 423  Battery  at ,  ».  1'.,  C 

Btojc,  It Soc-arnonto,  C 

BtoU,  J.  T Sacraiacnto,  U 

Watkins,  W.  II Portland,  O 

Welch,  James Portland,  O 

Willcy,  O.  F.  t  Co '.  427  Montsomeiy  ct.,  fl.  F.,  0 

Workmao,  E,  H Los  Angeleit  C 

BATS  AKD  CAPa 

Beivln.  P.  ft  Co Ill  Battery  st,  8.  F,  0 

Plolscher,  W 103  Dattorjat,  8.  F,  C 

Fricdhmdor  Bros 21  to  23  Saosomo  at,  8.  F.,  C 

Gam,  V^miam 433  Phjo  at.,  .S.  F.,  C 

Kline.  Loala  t  Co 110  BuahBt,  8.  P.,  C 

KllnoiCo 20  Battery  at,  S.  F,  C 

MaassdorSor,  J.  C.  &Soq 810  Market  at,  B.  R,  C 

IloussdorSer,  C.  11 Portland,  O 

Muyc-vC.  IL  li  Bros  23  Bajsomost,  3.  F.,  C 

Keujtadtor  Broa Porttanil.  O 

Ba»nbe:-;;,  Geo Cor.  Pino  and  Sanaomo  ots.,  S.  P.,  C 

SUnou,  U.  Bona  &  Cook 3  Sauaomo  at,  8.  1^,  V 

TrlcsiiiCo llOSinaomoat,  9.  F  ,  C 

Tlianbauaer,  L.  ^Co Portland,  O 

Woods,  .1.  8 Portland,  O 

HOUSE  POWEBS— ManuPACIU&SBS. 

BodwoU,  n.  II 211  Mission  St,  8.  P„  C 

Krojh,  F.  W.  itCo 47Bjalo  rt.  8.  F.,  C 

Uchober  a  Sefrlu 203  Fremont  at.  3.  P.,  C 

Tustiu,  W.  1 303  Miasioust,  8.  F.,  C 

HCSE— MiNUFAminEBa. 

Cook,  H.  N 405  Market  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Cook,  A.  0 415  Market  at,  8.  F,  O 

Pesc",  L.  P 13  Fremont  at,  8.  P.,  C 

Detrick,  E  4  Co 108  Market  at,  8.  P.,  C 

Gutta  Pereha  and  Rubber  Mfif  Co.  .501  Market  st,  S.  F,  C 

KevlUo&Co 31  California  st,  8.  F,  C 

Bayer,  Herman 8JW61  Bryant  st,  8.  F.,0 

IMP0RTEB3 

Arnold,  N.  8.  iCo 23  Davis  st,  8.  F.,  C 

Auger,  a  bl.  4 Co 403 Battery  st,  3.  F,  C 

flkUour,  Outhtie  4  Co 316  CoUtomia  at.,  S.  P.,  C 

97 


Bolzcr,  Henry  4  Co 203San8omo  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Bandmanii,  NiuIso:i  4  Co 210  Pn)nt  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Boll,  Tuotnoa  4  Co. 303  Bansum.i  St.  8.  P.,  C 

Cabrera,  lioma  4  Co 133  California  st,  8.  p.,  C 

CampboU,  W,  11 403  Front  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Chapman,  James  F.  &  Co 23  California  at,  H.  P.,  C 

Coleman,  Wm.  T 121  Market  at,  .S.  F.,0 

Cot,  J.  W.  &Co Cor.  Front  and  (Jroensta.,  8.  F.,  0 

Cutting,  John  T.  4  Co 407  Front  sU.,  8.  P.,  C 

DeCastro,  D.  4  Co 213  Sanaomo  at,  8.  F..  U 

DcFremery,  James  4  Co 410  Battery  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

Da  Sabia,  Eujone 40Califoniia  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Dejener  4  Co 303  California  st,  8.  P.,  C 

D.;Uepiano  4  Co 435  Battery  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Dempster  4  Keys 202  Market  st,  8.  F,  C 

Dibblec,  Albert lOCaUfomia  st,  8.  F.,  C 

Dilon,  DoWoU  4  Co 413-414  Battery  st.,  8.  P.,  0 

Dodge,  8woeney4Co 114  Market  at,  8.  F.,  C 

Donaldson  4  Co 124  California  at,  8.  P.,  U 

Doyle,  Henry  ft  Co 511  Market  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Droabach,  Wm.  4  Co 310  CaUtomia  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Dulaenber,r,  CharleaftCo 314 Bajromjnto St.,  8.  P.,  C 

Egcrton,  Henry  C 103  California  at,  3.  P'.,C 

FolkiKr,  EcU  4  Co 43)  California  at,  8.  P.,  C 

Flmt  Peabody  ft  Co 403  California  at,  8.  P  ,  C 

Forbca  Broa 303  California  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Forsoitbft  Dodgo 333  Front  at,  8.  F.,  C 

Funkensthiu,  C.  4Co 320  Sauaomo  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Get! Bros.  4  Co 303Frontat,  8.  F.,  O 

Grace,  J.  W.  4  Co 40  Colilumla  at,  8.  F.,0 

Gutte,  1 307  California  at,  8.  P.,  0 

Gibba,  Geo.  W.  ft  Co 

35  and  37  Fremont  and  34  to  40  Beale  st,  8.  F.,  C 

Holhnau  Bros,  ft  Co 625  Front  at,  8.  F.,  C 

Huascy.  U,  P.  ft  Co 205  Front  st,  8.  F..  0 

Uutchinaon,  Kohl,  Philllppens  4  Co 

3lO*ansomo  at,  3.  F„  C 

Ikeu,  F/cderiok COO  Bttttetv  at,  8.  F.,  O 

KittlofcCo 203 California  at,  8.  P.,  0 

Knowlcs,  J.  N SOCaiifomiaat,  3.  P.,  C 

Koaeke,  A.  4  Co.  10  Front  at,  8.  P.,  C 

KoahlaudBroa 301  Battery  at,  8.  P.,  C 

Kruaa  4  Euler 203  Front  ot,  8.  P.,  C 

Linforth,  Ulee  ft  Co 32i  Market  at,  a.  P.,  C 

LoaLia,  Weuceslao 323  California  at,  8.  F.,  C 

Lohmau  4  Cojhill 313  Front  st,  6.  P.,  C 

Low,  C.  Adolpho  ft  Co 233  California  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Loud,  Henry 214  CaU.'omia  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Mackenzie  ft  Gllbertson 133  California  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Macondray  4  Co 300  Bansome  st,  8.  F.,  C 

Marcua,  Geo.  ftCo 304  California  at,  8.  P.,  C 

Meinecke,  Cbarlea  4  Co 314  B*:;ramonto  at,  8.  P.,  C 

Merrill.  J.  C.  ft  Co 201  California  at,  8.  F.,  0 

Meyer,  T.  Lemmjn 320  Sauaomo  st,  8.  F.,  C 

Middloton  4  Co 531  Front  at ,  8.  F.,  O 

Moutcale^-re,  J.  U 218Baeramentast,  8.  F,  C 

Montealejie  4  Co 230  California  st,  8.  F  ,  C 

Moore,  \.  D 103 Call!omh» st,  8.  P.,  C 

Muecke,  Vietor  4  Co. 103  California  st,  8,  P.,  C 

Newliall's  Bona  4  Co 311  Banaomo  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Newton  Bros  4  Co 230  California  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Nciola,  A.  C  4  Co 403  Battery  st,  8.  P..  C 

Nickel,  J.  L.  4Co 123  California  st,  8.  F,  O 

Parrott4Co 306  California  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Philip,  Bpcyer  4  Co 423  California  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Uodgors,  Meyer  ft  Co 312  Battery  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Buhl  Bros 623  Montgomery  at,  8.  F,  O 

ScoHeld  4  Tevia 130  Front  St.,  8.  F. ,1) 


mmmm 


770 


AFPE.VDIX. 


if 


BaoMlKftOibbs  313  Front  it,  S.  F,  C 

niltllliiM I ,  H.  W 31GCalifumi;kKt.,a  F.,  I! 

SpreikcU  John  D.  i  Ilro lOJCalifurnlaBt,  H.  F,  O 

Btovcnj,  liikvT  L  Co 

cor.  Sacramento  untl  Daviaet.,  S.  F  ,  C 

Tuvlor.  O.  L.  &Co 34 California Bt.,  8.F..  r 

Teii. Bosch.  N.  &Co 23  Merchants' l^.^ichauso,  S.  F,  C 

DunnhailBCT  &  Co 311  Callfoniia  St.,  H.  F..  <■ 

TbMbalil,  Geo.  .1.  t  Co ,  .410  ralifuniia  St.,  S,  F..  C 

Tioeco.  J.  51  &  Co Siyi  liatUiry  st,  S.  F.,  C 

Tn>K«,.T.  &Co 123 Calif' i.iia  St.,  S.  F.,  C 

Irmola  &  Drio«to 203  Market  at,  H.  F,  C 

Wataon&Co 122  M..rket  st,.  B.  F.  O 

Wcilderapoon  a  Co 21'!  Cali'umla  St.  A  F  ,  1' 

Welsh iCi. : lOOCalltomlttrt.,  S.  F..  O 

WilkinaiM',) 103  California  St.,  K.  F.,lJ 

Williams,  DimonU  4  Co 203  Market  st,  S.  P.,  C 

W«»  i  Rhoinbold 506  Datteiy  st ,  .S.  F.,  C 

IN.iTJEAJfCE— California  Companik;' 

California  Ins  Co 318  California  St.,  S.  1',,  C 

Cnmnierciai  Ins.  Cu 40jCaliIomia8t.,  .-^   1' ,  O 

FireiuuUB  Fund  Jjus.  Co 401  California  st.,  .^.  I ' ,  (J 

Uam-j  Mutmaluii.  '.'o 400  California  St.,  B.  F  .  C 

^orth  Faciilt:  Mmmul  Llfo  Aaa'u Fortlan<l,  0 

Oakland  Home  Infi.  Co Oakland,  (' 

Pacilic  Lite  iris,  i'o 413  California  St.,  8.  F.,  C 

Btato  Investment  Ins.  Co 21S-220  Bansoine  iit.,  S.  F.,  C 

Vmoulua.  Co 410  Callfoniia  n'„  8.  F.,  C 

WestcmJ^ireamlidiuinelas.  Co.,  409 California nt,  H.  F.,  O 

mSTIBANCE  AGENTS. 

Bmur  liaaiaou 413  California  St.,  .S.  F.,  C 

,.A.  J 31'J  CaUfomla  St.,  H.  F.,  (! 

..ttmig  £i  Co 215  Hausomo  St.,  .4.  F..  C 

jr.  W.  Liuiu 317  California  St.,  S.  F.,  O 

Uortheuu  Cesar 20JHanBotne  lit.,  H.  F.,  (.' 

Uuimet.  Thoa 310  California  St.,  8.  F. .  ( '■ 

lialzcr.  UyjiCo 225HanBomost.,  .S.  F.,  O 

llaliuuiv  (iilthrto  &  Co 316  California  st ,  H.  F.,  ( .' 

liacon.  .Joseph  H 410  California  lit.,  S.  F.,  C 

Urais.  Hugh 232  Sutter  St.,  H.  F.,  c 

Cailingtiam,  W.  J.  t  Co 213  Hansouie  st.,  H.  I'.,  C 

Domin,  O.eo.  D.... 433 t^alifornlast.,  H.  F.,  C 

Donaldson  ^  Co 124  California  St.,  H.  F.,  C 

Ihrkson,  Itoiicrt,  Cor.  Monttl'y  and  California  stn.,  H.  F.,  C 

IlMunond,  J.  J.  &  Hons 322  California  st,  «.  v.,  C 

ImpBnar  &  Co 308 Callfoniia  St.,  H  \\,  C 

rHiott,  W.  L.  &Son 440Calwomiast.,  tt.  F  ,  C 

Forbes.  Andrew  B.  (Life) 214  Sansoine  St.,  .S   1'' ,  C 

Flint,  Ausustns  P 313 Cnliforula at.,  ,S.  I'.,  (' 

Famsworth,  ]C.  D  &  Son 210  Hansoine  St.,  rV  l\,  tj 

Falkner,  Hell  &  Co 430  Callfoniia  St..  .S,  F.,  C 

Outto i  Frank. ..." 307 California  st.,  H.  F.,  C 

Gray,  Edwonl  P.  (Life) 318  .Moiitfomory  St.,  H.  F.,  C 

Grant,  I'homaa  C... 213 Hansoine  st.,  H.  F.,  C 

Oailaiid,  William  D.  (Life).... 240  Jloiitgomery  i>t.,  ,S.  F.,  C 

Holikins&  llrownwell 318  California  St.,  B.  F.,  C 

Hutehliuiiii  &  Mann 322  and  324  Callfoniia  st.,  H.  F..  C 

Hunt  Jonathan,  Hon  ft  Oo 313  California  st.,  ,H.  F.,  <! 

Hclluiau  iiroB,  &  Co 525  Front  st.,  H.  F.,  C 

Hawkins,  FUlah  (Life) COl  California  st.,  H.  F.,  I! 

llawes,  Oliver 403  (.■allforuia  St.,  H.  F,  C 

Hawes,  Ale.Yander  G 220  Kunsome  St.,  H.  F.,  C 

UiirriMii,  Win.  G 213  Haiisome  st.,  H.  F.,  C 

Hamilton,  John  liao 210  ttansoine  st.,  H.  F.,  C 

Jennings  &  Htillman 317  Callfomia  st.,  H.  F.,  C 

Jaciiby,  Louis 430  California  st,,  8.  F.,  0 


Jacobs  &  Easton 216  Sansomo  st,,  B.  F.,  C 

'lacoba,  Julius 216  Bansume  St.,  8.  F-,  O 

Munsell,  Janice  Jr 215  Bansomo  st,  8.,  F.,  C 

Muecke,  Vietor  &  Co 109  CaUfornia  St.,  S.  F.,  O 

MelchOf,  J.  A.  (Life) '.iO  Sansomo  St..  8.  F..  O 

Mel.  Gcorso 422  California  St.,  S.  F.,  O 

McNeor,  C.  W 20  Callfomia  st.,  8  F,  O 

Marcus,  (ieome  &  Co 304  California  St.,  S.  P..  O 

Ma:!ill,   Arthur  E 323CalitomiaEt,  S.  F.,  O 

Macondroy  &  Co 206  Sansomo  st,  S.  F.,  O 

Latou,  Charles  A 405  California  St.,  S.  F.,  O 

Landers  &  Co.  (Life) 2  Nevathi  Block,  8.  F.,  0 

Lanilers,  William  J 400  California  Bt,  8,  F.,  O 

PotUT,  Edward  E 415  California  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Polio,  Thomas  E 311  California  st.,  8.  F.,  0 

Philip,  Hp.-yer  &  Co 425  California  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Kodncrs,  Meyer  &  Co 212  Battery  st,  8.  F.,  0 

Hobeits,  James  n.  (Life) 315  California  st.  Si.  P.,  0 

Hy.'.,  Harry  W 225  Sansomo  st.,  S.  P.,  O 

Snow,  Harvey  W 319  California  st.,  B.  F  ,  O 

Hmith.  Andrew  D 310  California  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Thannhauser  ^  Co 311  California  St.,  8.  r.,  O 

Wllllauui,  Diiiioml  &  Co 203  Market  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

IRON-PIO. 

Arnold,  N.  8.  &  Co 23  Davis  St..  ,S.  F.,  0 

Bruns,  Henry 306  Mission  at.  8.  P.,  0 

Chandler,  liichardD 118  Paclflo  st,  3.  P.,0 

Coleman,  W.  T.  &  Co 121  Marllet  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Haste  &  Kirk 21  Bealo  Bt,  8.  P.,  O 

Jetfro)',  WllUam 201  CaUfomla  Bt,  8.  P.,  O 

Lund,  Henrj- 214  California  st,  S.  P..  0 

Macilotloui^h,  Joseph .41  Market  st.,  8.  F.,  O 

Heeley,  L.  B Cor.  Folaoni  and  Malnsts.,  8.  P.,  O 

Williams,  Dimond  &  Co 202  Market  st,  B.  P.,  O 

lUON  8AFE3 
Hall's  Bate  and  Lmik  Co.  .211  end  213  California  Bt,  8  P.,  O 

Kitlrcdge,  Jonathan  18  and  20  Fremont  at,  8  F.,  O 

Leavitt,  ('.  II 225  llealoEt,  S.  F.,  O 

Nutthig.  Calvin  tc  Bona 121  Ftt.'niont  at,  S.  P.,  O 

Paige,  LB 8  New  Montgomery  at.,  8.  P.,  0 

Ilaymonil  &  Wilshirc 115  Front  st,  S.  P.  O 

Sims,  .John  II 123  Bealo  st,  8.  P.,  O 

INKS. 

Bancroft  A.  L.  ,t  Co 721  Market  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Dorety,  Joseph  II 527  Commercial  st.,  8.  P.,  0 

.Miller  &  Ulcharda- 629  Commercial  at.,  8.  P.,  0 

raelllc  Ink  Factory 017  and  621  Brannan  at,  S.  F.,  O 

Poelllo  Tyiio  Foundry 628  Commercial  st.,  S.  P.,  0 

Painter  *  Co 610  Clay  st ,  8.  P.,  0 

Hhattuck  &  Fletcher 520  Commercial  st,  S.  F.,  O 

'I'aleott,  Louis 1823  OTarrell'  at,  8.  P.,  0 

Williams,  C.  L.  «i  Co 417  Washiugtcn  st,  8.  P.,  O 

I  HON  WORKS. 

At'tua  (Peudergast,  Smith  &  Co.) 

217  Fremont  at,  8.  F.,  O 

Albany  Ii-oii  Works Albany,  <) 

Alameila  Foumlry Han  Jose,  O 

/Vlblim  Ironworks Victoria,  U.  O 

Allen,  Geo,  11 Novaila  City,  O 

Arcliltectural  Iron  Works 420  Bealo  St.,  H.  F.,  O 

Astoria  Inili  Works Astoria,  O 

Atlas  Iron  Works 135llealoat,  .4.  F.,0 

Bower  &  Baker Loa  Angelua,  O 

Case,  J.  1.  &  Co.  (Eoginos) PortUiuil.  O 

Cherry,  O.C Albony,  O 


APPENDIX. 


77t 


City  Iron  Worti  (I^w  li  Chartrey).23  Fremont  «t,,  a.  F,,  C 

City  Fo'jntlry  uml  MacIitncSliolt Loj  A!is-ilr«,r 

City  I'oun.lry DalKa,  O 

City  rounth-y  nnd  Machine  Bliop^ Portlaml,  o 

Columbia  Imu  Works 13o  Ilcalo  Ht.,  H.  F,,  C 

Colmnlii'i  Ironworks I'ortlainl,  (.) 

Cou!;lin,  II,  II.  i  Co Kurcka,  ,V 

Doujall,  John Victoria,  H.  C 

ElnlJiro  lion  Works 141  Fromont  nt,,  H.  I'.,  U 

Empire  Machine  Hliop Marysvilio,  O 

Ejtcflsior  Iron  Wcrka ['ortlaud  O 

Eiiroka  Foundry 12J  Bcalo  at..  S.  F..  U 

tnimct,  O™ (Jolil  llill,  N 

Enriaht,  Ji'..  San  .lone,  0 

Eureka  Iron  317  IIowarjBt.,  S.  F  ,  (! 

Fulton  Iron  v  207  and  211  Fremont  st ,  .S.  F..  <J 

FullouFoun'  ,     floldllill.N 

Clolie  Iron  Works Stockton,  C 

Golden  State  and  Minora'  Iron  Works 

233  First  St.,  S.  F 


Goss  L.  Adams IH  Bealust., 

Gras.i  VaHey  Foundry Gross  Valley, 

Cutt-inboraer,  Wni Sac  anteuto, 

Iloiie  lion  Works Sacramento, 

Industrial  Iron  Works 233  B'-de  sL,  8.  F., 


C 

.  P.,  O 

c 
o 
c 
c 


JucLioj  &  Truman. .  .cor.  Slrth  unU  liluxomo  sta.,  S.  F..  V 

Lawrence  u  Ilarluv Xcrada  (.'ity.  O 

Logan,  H.  O Coriuuk;  U 

Main  St.  Iron  Worta 131  and  125  Main  St.,  8.  F.,  C 

Marino  Iron  Wo-Im  1015  Battery  st,  S  F  ,  C 

Morysvilio  Foandry Marysville  U 

Marshall  >';  .lenes Walla  WaUii,  W 

Mattosoa  I:  Vi'illiamaon Stockton,  C 

McWilliaT:iR,  ir  11 Sacramento,  (' 

MochiniM'  :;c>M  Works 217  First  St.,  U.  F..  C 

Metropolitan  lion  Works .223  Fremont  Bt.,  3.  F  ,  T' 

MillStreet  Founilry Qraas  Valley  '• 

Morey,  II  8 Placar»iU<-,  C 

Katlo.ia  Iron  Works.  ...cor.  Main  and  Howard  sts.,S  I     (J 

New  Tacoma  Iron  Works Xcw  Tacom.^.  W 

Novelty  Iron  V/orks 215-217  First  el, .   ■   F. ,  C 

Novelty  Iron  Works PoMl*nd.  O 

Oakland  Iron  Works Oiila-d,  0 

Occidental  Iron  Worka 13V  Firet  M  ,  H,  F,.  C 

I'acillj  Iroa  Vi'orks 120  Fi«mont  «t.,  8.  F.,  C 

racUio  Mjtal  Works 115  First  Bt„  S.  F.,  0 

raoillc  Stove  and  Iron  Works 223  Main  st,  S.  F.,  C 

Phoonii  Iron  Works 18-30  Fremont  st,  S.  P.,  I' 

Pioneer  Iron  Works 121  Fremont  St.,  8.  F  ,  ' ' 

r^lBdon  Inm  and  Locomotive  Works 

cor.  Beale  and  Howard  sta.,  0.  F..  t* 

Root,  Noilson  &Co Sacramento,  0 

Ilosehurj  Foundry Itesebun;,  O 

Kusl'y  A:  .Mury Chico,  C 

Hioramcnto  Foundry Sacmmonto,  C 

Soloin  Iron  Works ..Salem,  O 

8.in  Francisco  Iron  Works 203  Fremont  St..  8.  F..  C 

Banta  Clara  Machine  Shop Santa  Clara,  c 

San  Jusj  Foundry  and  Entjino  Works San  Jose,  C 

Hliaw  ft  Kuna Victoria,  B.  (J 

Hllv, ,  Iron  Works Salt  Lake  City,  U 

BniltU  Bros.  !i  Wataon Portland,  O 

Stockton  Iron  Works Stoi:kton,  O 

ruion  Iron  Wurkj oor.Firjtand  Mission  sta.,  :1.  F.,  C 

l.'n  o  1  Iron  Works Portland,  O 

L'liiou  Iron  Worlm Bocraiiiento,  C 

Tombstone  Fourxlry Tonilwlono,  A 

West'ini  Iron  Works 310  Utislou  St.,  8.  V.,  C 


White  Si  Tenny.. 

WillaMicl;e  Iron  Works... 
Worths  Foundry 


Seattlu,  W 

I'ortlaud,  (I 

Potoluutt,  O 

JEWELEIiS. 

Andrews.  A 221  Montgomery  St.,  S.  I' ,  r 

Draverman.  Louis  <i  Co 113  Montgomery  St.,  .S.  F,  C 

(  alifomia  Jewelry  Co 134  Butter  nt..  8.  F  ,  O 

I  'hopard,  Louis Sjan  Jose,  O 

Dorrance,  C.  F Portlanil,  <) 

IJInkelapiel,  B.  II.  &  Co 313  Bush  nt ,  8.  F.,  C 

Kiseiiljcrg,  Adolph 200  K.  amy  St.,  8.  F.,  O 

Haskell  &  Mucgge 206  K/aaliy  si.,  S.  P  ,  <; 

Ilovey,  ,r  J .'(aeramento,  (! 

Kahn  M.  imd  L l»Kc»rny»t,K  F,C 

Kochler  i  lUttcr I'JO  Sutter  st ,  H.  F  ,  0 

Levlaon  Bros 134  Sutter  St.,  S.  F.,0 

Levy,  .I.ihn  &  Co 811  Snltcrst.,  S.  F.,  C 

Lewi.j,  Jackson Ban  Jos*'.  C 

I.undy,  Thomas 7-9Tlllrd  St..  8.  F,,  C 

.\.i3t,  I  irecnzvels  &  Co 533Market  st,  S.  F.,  (J 

I  lielin  t  Miller 120Su'<.rst,,  S.  P.,  C 

l;andolph&Co 101  Montgolmry  itt.,8.  F,  (J 

Whcnvooil.  W  J 517Mont':onii'rysl..(l.  F.,C 

Shrove,  Geo.  C.  t  Co 110  Montgoniery  ut.,  S.  P.,  0 

Simons  Bros.  4  Co 120  Sutter  st.,  B.  F  ,  O 

Stone,  B    L Portland,  O 

S|icuee,  A  8.  ft  Co B37  Market  St.,  H.  F.,0 

Ktralghl,  /.  L Walla  Walli,  W 

TlionilKon,  Lucius «  Chi  mlclo  Building,  8.  P.,  O 

Tit«.it»b,  Albert  C.  ft  Co 24  Post  st.,  8.  F.,  O 

Vii»l««llce.  W.  K.  «i  Co .138  Sutter  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

Wemx-I,  Rothschild  6  Ha«lenfc  t 

cor.  K'  amy  and  Po:tt  sts. .  H.  P. ,  O 

WoyI,  Jonaa llOautt'-rsl.,  H.,P,,0 

Wolff,  Joseph..' 120KutterBt.,  fl.  P.,  O 

Wolff  li  Lozo 120  Huttcr  St.  0.  P.,  C 

Wunsch,  M.  &  Co HI  Sutter  St.,  Q.  P.,  0 

Zacliailas,  L.  ft  Co 210  Kearny  st,  S.  P..  0 

JEWELUY -MANUFACTUnERa. 
Andrews,  A 221  Mout[;omery,Bt. 

Aufrlchtl:;,  Morris 110  Biith  ut. 

Divehr,  William 640  Sacr.iraentu  i;t. 

IWIIetnere,  A 331  Kearny  Dt. 

Illunicnthal,  M.  ft  Co 713  Clay  St., 

liahm,  W 204  Stockton  ct 

Brand,  11.  J 230  Kearny  ct. 

Ilretonnci,  J    V 323  Bush  st. 

Buiannoff,  llclnhold 13  Trinity  st 

California  .lewchy  Co .134  Butter  at. 

Callendor,  Henry  A 14  Trinity  st 

Ctjipman.  H .014  Merchant  st. 

Clhunot,  Joseph 1 10  Sul.«cr  »t. 

CUejtcn,  F 410  Keuniy  st. 

i:;ivau,  Ilenrj 208  .Hutler  ct., 

I  ^i^iK'raun,  Herman 634  Montj^omery  st. 

Fink,  Charles 120  Kearny  st. 

Poulwit  ft  Blart .' 225  Bitth  st. 

Ilirsrhmaii.  Adulph .123  Ilusli  st. 

.lackaon.  It   W 024  Mulkut  st. 

Koolder  ft  Itlttcr la)  Butter  ut. 

Laird,  1).  W 27ro«tBt. 

LewUi,  Henry  M — G'lSClayot. 

Llndcmon,  0.  11 333BusllBt. 

Marslrdl,  John 22  Kearny  bt. , 

Mathleu  ft  Malsou 15  Trinity  bt , 

Miller,  LoulB,Ir 33SIlUBbBt, 


.,  B.  P 

,0 

,  S.  F 

.0 

,  t).  F 

,  0 

,8.  F 

,0 

,  a.  F. 

0 

,  8.  F 

.c 

.  8.  P. 

0 

,  8.  F. 

c 

.  ».  P, 

0 

11.  V. 

0 

.  8.  F. 

.  8.  P. 

,  8.  F. 

,  8.  P. 

,  8.  F 

,  S.  F. 

8.  F. 

,  B.  P. 

,  B.  F. 

,  8.  P. 

.  8.  P. 

,  8.  F. 

c 

.  8.  F, 

c 

U.  F. 

0 

8  P, 

0 

S.  V. 

0 

B.  P., 

0 

SET 


wsm 


■mnnnM 


1 


SI 


d^ 


772 


APPENDIX. 


Mohrig,  C.  P Horry,  near  Fourth  nt. ,  S.  K.,  C 

Mnrris,  1!.  ic  Co M3  BiM:nimi.'litoiit.,  H.  F.,  0 

Sast,  Crmuzwclg  &  Co 633  Market  st...  S.  F.,  0 

Nouuiaiin.  Alburt 9  Gcaiy  6t.,  H.  F.,  O 

rai:iflc  Jc'Vfilry  Co 0  liatteiy  bU,  S.  F.,  O 

Pohlmaiin,  Gtutavo  P 417  Kcaniy  st,  8.  ^.,0 

l;ichtcr,  Ailolph 1)23  Merchant  st.  8.  i'„  O 

Savage,  Ilcnrj' 34  Post  Bt,  8.  F..  0 

Kaltim,  SmithiCo 130  Sutter  Bt.,  8.  F.,(: 

(HhiUz  &  Fischer 513  Market  bI.,  8,  P.,  V 

Stheiii)Ier,  WiUiaiu 33  Kearny  Bt,,  H,  F,,  0 

Shreve,  lico.  (.'.  S,  Co UOMoutgomcry  Bt,  8.  F.,C 

Silvornuiu,  David 620  Merchiuit  Bt,  8.  F.,  C 

Yimous,  IJro,  &  Co 120  Sutter  St.,  8.  F.,  C 

Tiuury,  C.C Portland,  O 

Tucker,,!.  W.  &  Co 131  Kearny,  Kt ,  H.  F,  C 

Tuckey,  Altrcrl ISTrlultyBt  ,  S.  F.,C 

Vunderallee,  W.  K.  &  Co 136  Sutter  at ,  S.  F.,  C 

Wagner.  F.  Jr 223Keainy  Bt.,  .s.  P.,  C 

Watt,  Jolm 1525  McAlhBtcr  Bt.,  ,8  F..  C 

Wenzel,  KothBchild  &  Hadenfelt 37  Post  «t.,  8.  P.,  (J 

Wcyl,  .louas 110  8utter  bL.  8.  F.,  C 

WilliamEon,  Alfred  D 'J  Oeary  Bt,  8.  F,,0 

Worn  k  Loze 120  Butter  Bt.,  B.  P.,  (' 

JUTE— MANUFACrUIlERS. 

PaclHc  Jute  MTg  Co Hast  Oakland,  C 

LAMPS. 

Allyno  &  White 112  Front  Bt,  H.  P.,  O 

Altschul,  SoUer  &  Co 119  Ilattery  Bt,  R.  P,  C 

tVrf.  J.  icCo 017  Market  Bt,  8.  F,  O 

Day,  Tliomaa 122  Sutter  st,  H.  P.,  C 

Dietz,  A.  U.  &Co 9  Front  Bt,  8.  P.,  i) 

Dunn,  I£.  D 547  WaBhlnston  Bt,  8.  P.,  C 

Kuster,  Henry.. 410 Bansome Ht..  8,  P.,  I; 

Lanlon,  O.  i  Co Ml  Market  et,  S.  F.,C 

Natliun,  11.  &  Co l.'IO  Butter  Bt,  8.  P.,  C 

Btraus,  KuhuBtamlu  4  Co 100  Battery  Bt.,  8.  P.,  C 

fiivain,  It.  A.  S;  Co 113  California  st,  R.  P..  V 

Wantleiibelin,  Bteruhoim  &  Co 139  Banaomo  st ,  8.  F.,  C 

Yates  li  Cq  113  Front  »t..  8.  F.;C 

LEATHCa 

Abenbelmer,  JulitiB 20 Bansonio  Bt. ,  8.  F.,  C 

BlocliS:  Davidson 3'i3  Battery  ft,  8.  F  C 

Uissinger,  Cohn&Co Portland,  O 

BoTu-ne.  It.  A lOSOcaryst,  8.  P.,  V 

Cahenllros 41Clayst,H.  F,  O 

Cahn,  Nichelsljurg  t  Co 31  Ilatlery  st.,  8.  P.,  C 

Claylirouuh  i  N'tttban 322  Battery  Bt.  8.  P.,  C 

Coi,  J.  W.  &  Co. .  NW,  cor.  Front  and  Green  sts.,  8.  P.,  C 

Danforth,  Monro  k  Co 8  Now  Montgomery  St.,  8,  P.,  C 

DolliverJi  Ilros 573  Market  st,  8.  P.,C 

Elliert,  Ilernard....8F..  cor  Fourth  and  Silver  8t».,  8.  P.,  O 

Frank,  J.  ii  Sous lOlI  Battery  Bt,  R.  F  ,  C 

(letlesonicLandls M3  Market  at.  S  P  ,  O 

liorilon,  ileriard 313  KIghtli  Bt,  H,  P  ,  C 

Hall.  F 3HrFalTull  at,  8  P    0 

Ilecht  Bros.  &  Co 25  Bansoine  at.,  8.  F    0 

Helnelierg.  B 303  Battery  at ,  S  F.  C 

Ilerl/,  llerniiui lOOComnierdal  bI.,  S.  P    0 

luB&Meadag 31.5  Clay  at.  H.  P.  C 

Johnson,  .1.  V  A  Co 12-14  I'lnoBt,  8,  P.,  C 

ICIopKr,  Frederick 20  O'Purrell  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Kultomn,  81az  &  Co 106  Daltery  »t,  8.  F.,  C 

Kullnmn,  Wagnei  &  to 100  Battery  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Main  k  Wlnclletfer 214  Battery  at,,  H.  P.,  0 


Mageo  L  Moore 513  Market  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Matlem&  Aloom 42  Geary  st,  S.  F,  O 

Nichols,  AC.  &C0...NU  cor.  Battery  &  Clay  Bis.,  8.  P.,  C 

Oregon  Le.-itbcr  Matiufacturing  Co Portland,  O 

O'Donncll,  C 007  Branuan  at,  8   F.,  O 

Oppenhelmor,  Ivan 45  Clay  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

Phillpi),  IliStlial&Co 109  Battery  at,  H.  P..  O 

Rosseter  i  Smith 645  Market  St.,  8  P..  0 

Rue<l.  ,r.  0 119  Btt'^ry  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

Strowbridge,  J.  A Portland,  O.,  O 

HiiWTer,  B  F.  i  Co 323  Front  Bt,  8.  P.,  O 

Schloffer,  C.  U 10  Post  st.  8.  P.,  0 

Sloas.  Louis  &  Co 310  Banaoino  St.,  8.  1'.,  O 

Stcrnfold  Bros.  4  Co 539  Market  at,  8.  F.  0 

Stone,  n 422  Battery  Bt,  S.  P..  O 

Sumner.  W.  B.  4  Co 415  Front  st ,  8.  P.,  O 

Turner,  Geo.  8 .  .Los  Angelca.  C,  O 

Urbaeh,  IsnatJ! t,.l  '•'.■      roniery  st„  8.  P. ,  0 

Wcntworth,  I.  M.  &  Co !      Battery  »t.  8.  P.,  0 

Williams  Bros JM  Market  »t,  S.  P.,  O 

LEATHER  GOODS— MANUKAiTDRKns. 

American  Morocco  Case  Co 208  Suiter  st ,  8.  F.,  O 

Lochliaum,  Ai\gtist  II IM  Sutter  at.  8.  P.,  O 

PtiullUB,  r, 420  Kearny  at,  S.  P.,  O 

LIME— Manufaituueuh. 

Auderaon,  laaao  W Pnyallup  Valley.  W 

DavluftCowell 211  DrummBt,  8,  P.,  O 

IIolmcB,  H.  T.  SCO 14  Market  at,  8.  P.,  O 

McLwhlan  Brow  Friday  Harbor,  W 

Taconia  Lime  Co Tacoma,  W 

Sau  Jose  Lime  Co San  .lose,  O 

San  Juan  Limo  Co Sao  Juan,  W 

LIQUORS. 

Athima,  MeXell  &  Co Haci.iraonto,  O 

Alien,  D.  H.  &Co 323-324  Frtjnt  rt,  8.  P.,  O 

Anditran,  C.  &  Co 617  .Sacrament*  at .  H.  P.,  O 

Amand,  Albeit.  ..N.  W.  eor,  [Vat  and  DniKint  atn  ,  8.  P.  0 

A\iger,  11.  E 409  Battery  at ,  8,  P.,0 

Bach,  Meeso&Co 321  Montgomery  st.  8.  F,  O 

Belao,  A Virginia  City,  N 

Bonhaynn  k  MeClennon 033  Sansomo  at ,  8,  F.,  O 

Billings,  E.  I,.  &  Co Sacninjoito,  O 

Bochow,  P.  G.  nCo TbeDallcH,  O 

Booth  4  Co Sacramento,  O 

Bnuay  &  Co San  Jose,  C 

llrkkwedol,  Henry  S  Co 210  Front  at, .  H.  P 

Bniokfl,  York  k  Co 315  California  at,  8,  F  ,  O 

Brown,  E New  Westminster,  B.  C 

Buckow,  limll  &  Co Saerameuto,  O 

Burcliardl,  C  A I'.irtlaiul,  O 

Buneman  &  Martonint 331  Battery  at, 8.  P.,0 

Carroll,  It  T.  &  Co 328  Banaomo  Bt,  8.  P.,  O 

Cartan  MeCarty  S  Co 613  Sacramento  at,  H.  P.,  O 

I'aaain,  P.  .1  k  Co 433  Battery  at..  8   I' ,  O 

Casey  &  (?ronan Baeramento,  O 

Chanehe,  Adrlen  0 015  Front  st ,  8.  F  ,  '' 

Ciiealey,  G    W Hiwtamentn,  O 

Chevalier,  F  i  Co 620  WoBlllnglon  at   fl.  F  ,  1! 

(*ielovioli,  E,  4  Co 001  Front  at.,  H.  P.,  0 

CUUBsenlus  &  Co. Bai'i amcnto,  O 

Coleman,  Wni  T.  «  Co 121  Market  st ,  8.  F,  0 

Cumniljigs  J.  OConner 304  3W1  Market  st.,  8.  F„  O 

Crane.  Ilastlnga  A  Co l2U'allfornlaat .  8.  P.,  O 

Dauorl.  F  .41^ 37-39 California  •!..  8  F.  O 

Davla,  8  F  4Co Sooranicnlo,  O 


API'KNDIX. 


773 


Diizut,  .r.  U Vii-Biuitt  City.  N 

Dt-uaveaiix  it  Maiaon 

.N.  W.  cor.  Sau;>omo  and  Joirkaou  bta,.  8.  F.,  0 

Dodjo,  W.  W.  &Co 

N.  W.  cor.  Front  aiicU'liiysU,  S.  F.,  0 

Dreyfus,  U.  &Co UOFl-ontst.,  H.  F,,C 

I'.liniT  IJros 8;w:ramc:ito,  O 

l^;^a'i,  il.  M Attutiu.  K 

Farg.j,  i:.  A.  &  Co 31(j  Front  St.,  8.  F„  C 

Feltcr,  Jiimcs  I.  &  Co — Saciameuto.  0 

Fcnlvhauaen  &  Brauuschwciger -IH  Front  St.,  S.  F.,  O 

I'lshcr,  W.  J.  .VOo 31C  Frontal,,  S.  F.,  C 

I'lLuUcTistciu  6i  Mayer. Portland,  O 

I'unkcnati'in,  C.  .V  Co 31'0  Sanaoine  St.,  H.  F,,  C 

tioodwiu,  SI.  i  Co 407  Batteiy  at.,  B.  F.,  0 

(iilman.  Walker  &Co 

S.  W.  cor.  California  and  Front  Bta.,  S.  F.,  0 

Coggiti  &  Sbecby Cor.  .Tackaou  and  Front  ata.,  S.  F.,  C 

Granee,  W 71 1  Sanaoniu  at.,  S.  F.,  C 

Gravt-a,  F.  C 401  .Sanaouio  at.,  S.  F.,  C 

Giindlach,  J,  &  Co 

B.  E.  cor.  Market  and  Second  ata.,  B.  F.,  C 

HiiliilliUi!,  J.  C llODuiwnt  at.,  8.  F.,  C 

ILilTord,  1!.  F,  i  Co Tomliatonc,  A 

Uali.  Lultra&  Co S.icramcuto,  Q 

lloclfcchcr.  Wm.  S  Co 504  JIarkct  at .  S.  F  .  C 

Iloljes,  John  II IKO  Fol.ioiu  at.,  S.  F.,  0 

Ilotaiintj,  .V.  1'.  &  Co 431  Jatk.<)oll  at.,  H.  F.,  C 

llotalins,  A.  v.  Ji  Co Portlaild.  O 

JiLUjoii,  11.  A.  it  Co .430  Jackaoii  at.,  .S.  K,  C 

dost  &  Adlcr 321  Battery  at.,  S.  F.,  C 

Joyce,  N.  K.  £.  Co .Tombatono,  A 

.llUlitn,  J.  &Co 017  Faeillc  St.,  S.  F.,  O 

Kelly  &  lalehrist 311  Front  at.,  B.  F.,  C 

Kauc,  OX.  ary  &  (;o MI-223  Iluah  at.,  B.  F.,  C 

Kolly&  Uaaan CM  lottery  at.,  S.  F.,  0 

Keliuy,  .lolm 003  Front  at.,  B.  F.,  C 

luUclUTiier  k  Bold 

N.^E.  cor.  Market  and  rowcilata.,  B.  F.,  O 

KnaiUli,  J S.icranicnto,  C 

Kolller  ti  Frobling 01*0  Montsviniory  aL.  S.  F.,  C 

Kowalakl  &  tJo 52(5  California  St.,  S.  F.,  O 

Lachniaii,  B.  4:  Co 40H1I  Market  at..  S,  F.,  C 

Lucbnian  &  Jacobl.B.  E.  cor.  Market  and  Finttata.,  B.  F.,C 

Lauf  (i  (;o 210  Dniiont  at.,  H.  F.,  0 

LawronociCo 323  Clay  at.,  B.  F.,  O 

Lii  Itrand,  A Portland,  O 

Lenornianil  Bros 73o  Uowanl  at.,  H.  F.,  C 

Levy,  Micbael Loo  Anuelca,  0 

Lilientbal  &  Co 22;(  California  at.,  8.  F.,  C 

Lundley  i  Co fiacmniento,  C 

LivluBSton  &  Co 222  California  St.,  8. 1'..  C 

Lowe  Bro» .217  liatterj'  at.,  8.  F.,  0 

Lou.  C.  Adollibo 2('8 e'alifornia at..  H.  F.,  C 

Lou^li,  .Tamea tI4  Mission  at.,  B.  F.,  C 

Lyons,  !■;.  O.  &  Co 001,-510  J/wkaon  «t.,  S.  F.,  C 

Muiatestu,  Lonia,..  311 1'lunlic  at.,  B.  F.,  r 

.    Ataudelbaum,  Francla 312  Bacraniento  at.,  B.  1". .  ( ' 

Martin,  i;.  H  Co 4(«  Front  at.,  8.  1'.,  C 

Martin,  K.  ii  Co Lea  Anyelea,  C 

Mareln,  li.  &  Co Portland,  O 

Marx  &  Joraeljacn Portland,  0 

Malbowa,  II.  A Stookion  C 

McClelland.  J.  J.  &  Co Tbe  Uallea,  I) 

Ml-  i'ina  &  Co Baemnicnto,  C 

Medauw.  J.  J.  It.  ii  Bon 938  Folaom  at.,  8.  F.,  C 

Meluecke,  Cbarlea  &  Co 413Baonuucuto  at,,  8.  V.,0 


Moaamer,  Loilla Loa  Ansel™. 

Weyer,  M 33  Butter  at, ,  S.  F. , 

Monn«.  A  k  Horn .Kiuvka, 

Moon,  .Scully  i  I'l ". 31G  Bacraiuelito  at,  H.  F., 

Jtolm^  Hunt  ,t  Co 417  Market  at..  S.  F., 

Jloorc,  Bamucl  &  Co 212  (  ilitunda  at ,  H.  F., 

Naber,  Alfa  &  Unnii' 413  Front  at.,  S.  F., 

Noel  &  Ftlt to3  Angulea, 

O'Brien,  John  II Btockton. 

Olierfeider,  Bros&Co 123  California  at.  8  F., 

Onllaiian,  I).  J StoekUiu, 

Pallnir,  llrnry  &  Co 302  Uavia  at.,  8.  P., 

Pa-eal,  Duliedat  &  Co. .   420J-ickBOn  at.,  8.  F., 

PortUi',  David 405  Montgomery  at.,  8.  F., 

Poffera  li  llendoraon Baeraineuto, 

Provost,  Daniel  It 118  I.cide«dorff  at..  8,  F., 

Pestncr  &  Hildcliran.U Ill  llSBattory  at.  8.  F.. 

llcbatook,  r.ndrca  &.  Co 322  Sansome  at.,  8.  P., 

lt<!nz.  Jolm 2111  Commercial  at, ,  8,  F., 

Uicbar.la  4;  lUrriaon 401  Sansoujo  at.,  8.  P., 

Itolb&Co 214Pinost.,S.  F., 

llottanzl,  Giosue 1027  Market  A,  S.  F., 

nowo,  11.  P 213  California  .si ,  B.  F., 

Sabtttie,  A  F.  i  Co OWSausorae  al..  H.  F., 

Babatie,  P.  O.  &  Co 330  liuabat,  ,S.  F., 

Hanluier,  John  K  Go. 007  Front  at.,  8.  F., 

Behardiii.  J.  P.  4  Co  31  DuiMut  at.,  8.  F., 

Schroder,  Ilciury  &.  Co 0178anaouiu  at.,  3.  F., 

Hehuhuian  &  Botefiilir Portland, 

Bchult?,  Win.  A 523  Front  at.,  8,  P., 

Bcbult.z  &  Voa  Bai-f^i-n 

8.  E.  CO  ■.  Front  and  Calilomlasta.,  S.  P„ 

Beelig,  K.  k  Co Portland, 

Bliea,  Ilocquera;^  k  Mclvco 

8,  W.  cor.  Front  and  Jackson  sLi.,  S.  F., 

Slebe  Broa.  k  Plagci.nami 42."!  Bacr.unento  at.,  8.  F., 

BiUlman,  F.  W.  &  Co 510  WaahiuBlon  at,  8  P., 

Sorbin,  J.  K. Albany, 

Bpmancc,  Stanley  i  Co 4i0  Front  at.,  8.  F., 

Sroufo  & -MeCruni 208  Market  at.,  8.  F., 

Slohihagen,  P 402  Davia  at.,  8.  F., 

Btevena,  Ccorge 313  Front  at.,  8.  F., 

Btrutz,  J  uliua Bacra  niento, 

Taylor,  Thoniaa  k  Co .'N'lrglnia  City, 

Tansaig,  LouiaA  ''o 205  Buttery  at.,  8.  F'., 

Thatelicr,  Geo  &  Co .■:23  flay  at.,  8.  V. 

Van  Bergen,  N.  (i  Co 413  Clay  at.,  8.  I'., 

Van  Behuyvor,  W.  J IVtrtland, 

Vignier  &  Binunona 420  Battery  at.,  8.  F., 

VlUi.Ucu,  Charlca !2'.l  Battery  at.,  8.  F., 

Walter,  M.  &  Co C25  Ban.ionm  at.,  8.  F., 

Walker  Broa.  &  Co Bait  Lake  City. 

Ward,  Wm.  &  Co 009  Buevamento  at..  8.  F., 

Wanle,  M,&Co 313  Itattoryat.,  8  P., 

Watcrnum,  J.  &  Co 418  Battery  at.,  8.  F., 

West,  Geo.  k  tl'o Btockton, 

Weil  Brothera 213  Jackaon  at.,  B.-  F., 

Wulnrelch  k  Bartc>la Hacramouto, 

Wlelunau  St  Lutgeci 321  Clay  at.,  8.  l^, 

Wicker  Brothcru 702  Front  at.,  8.  P., 

W'lloox,  Feltor  &  Co .Baemnicnto, 

Wiinicrduig  k  Co 210  Front  at.,  8.  F., 

Wilhehni.  IL  k  Co 100  California  at.,  8.  P.. 

Woltera  Broa.  «t  Co 221  liailfornla  at.,  S.  P.. 

Wuiche.  Frmlertok 332  Banaonie  a' ..  8.  P.. 

Ziuinienuan,  F IVrtlanil, 


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0 

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c 
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II 


^1 


Is 


774 


APPENDIX. 


LUMliKR— MANUFACTUREnS. 

Ackcnion.  Moort!  &  Co Plor  10.  Stcuart  Bt ,  B.  F.,  C 

Ailiura.  Will.  J I'icr}7,  StcuartBt.  S.  F.,  C 

licKlle  i  (V SSiwaret..  ti.  V..  C 

Uurnli.uii.  II,  .M iriOO-1513  Market  Bt.,  S.  F.,  0 

Ily\lifu.  .Ii.liii  T .'iSiicarBl.,  H.  F.,  C 

(•o.ik,  .1.  .t  A,  M riraiiStouurtst.,  H.  F.,  C 

U.aii,  i;.  li.  iiCo 23  Calltoniia  St. ,  .S.  F.,  C 

Dorliy.  i;.  M IMCIayBt.,  S.  F.  C 

llkksou.  Wi-'Wolf  &Co 413  llottwj- St.,  S.  F.,  C 

Dluglc-y,  (,'liarles  L Pitr  10  Sti^uurt  Bt.,  .S.  F.  C 

Di><-,  CIiurK's  F Hiicurand  HowanlBtB.,  H.  F.,  O 

IJolbtcr  li  CarBon 22  CuUfoniia  St..  H.  V.  V 

DoniiliTBon.  W 321  Klni!  st.,  S.  F.,  C 

Uniniiiioncl  &  Lumont 4J3  Valciii'la  st. .  K.  F.,  C 

Uimcaii'a  Jlill.)  L.  k.  I,.  Co 22  Califonik  Bt.,  S.  P..  C 

i;nslu  k  Hon Filhuori!  Bt.  Wharf,  rt.  P.,  O 

Falk,  ('ImiuUcr&Co 128  Stuuart  »l.,  H.  F.,  O 

<iL'rijiun,  A,  &  Co lU  MisBion  Bt.,  H.  F.,  O 

Glailo,  I'rudcrick  W 30  Kliear  Et.,  S,  F.,  C 

HaiiBon,  &  Co , I'ier  U,  Slonart  Bt.,  8.  F,,  C 

Ilaruioli,  Uaniucl  n Pier  13,  Stcuart  Bt.,  S.  F.,  G 

Herriik,  U.  M 19  Sti-uart  nt.,  S.  F.,  C 

nigsliia  &  Collins 227  Jlain  st.,  H.  F.,  C 

llliw.lalo,  (ifo.  S.  &Co ...23CullfonilaBt.,a.  F.,C 

Holt  llros 27 -ol  lltaloKt.,  S.  F,,  C 

Uooittr,  (/'.  A.  &  Co Fourth  ailii  '.'haniiL-l  Bt3.,  8.  F.,  0 

Ilooiur.  F.  P.  i  J.  A Pitr2.'„  ^touart  Bt.,  .'».  F.,0 

Iluntiinjloii  I.nnilHr  (.'o Han  Jose,  C 

Jackson,  J.   i; I'itr  1,  St  unit  Bt,  H.  F.,C 

Kunllk'lil,  John  &  Co I'Ur'J,  Btci  irt  st.,  H.  F.,  C 

KnowliB,  (1.  II.  k  Bon .Alission  anil  Mahi  sts.,  B.  F.,  O 

Knovlainl,  JoBcph 22  Catifoniiufi    B.  F..  V 

Ma.<li.k,  H.  I,.  fiCo I'kTlO,  StuoartBt.  ..'■'.  C 

McKaJ  5;  Co 4  Calitornia  Bt.,  H.  F.,  ty 

Meai-hani  k  Uacoli 27;i5  SIlhBiim  Bt.,  M.  F.,  U 

Mi'isB,  (itorito  A I'lir  1,  Hlonart  Bl.,  8.   F..C 

Mendocino  Lninher  Co 40  California  Bt.,  H.  F.,  C 

Moore,  A.  I) 100  California  St.,  H,  V..  0 

Moirisiai,  C<.o.  11 ri75  lirunnuli  Bt.,  B,  F.,  C 

Morribon.  J<tnas  J t^i"-ar  ami  MiBsion  Bts.,  B.  I".,  c 

Ke\a(la  Lnnilir  Co -21  California  Bt.,  H  I'.,  i' 

Nejlan,  Janica 18-20  Biicar  Bt.,  B.  F.,  (' 

Klci{crBoii&  Co ,....302Baorainonto  St.,  tj.  l'\,  c' 

Occi(lcii;al  Saw  Mill Kureka,  C 

Occidental  '..ninber  Mills 4  Califoniia  Bt.,  B.  1'.,  C 

Paltria„-e,  II.  K 123 Bteuart St.,  B,  F.,  C 

Pino  i/nuber  Assoeiation Pier  ."i,  Kteuart  Bt.,  B.  F.,  V 

I'oliaril,  Thomas 17  SU'uarl  Bt.,  S.  F.,  C 

I'oiui  Si  'I'alhot , 204  California  at.,  8.  F.,  C 

Port  liiakely  .Mill  Co I'lcr3,  StcnartBt.,  B.  F.,  C 

Port  Discovery  MiU;i Pkr  10,  Bteuart  at.,  B.  F.,  (! 

Port  .MailiBon  M.lls I'ier  10,  Btcuartnt,  H.  F.,  C! 

Port  OrtonK.'eilar  l.'o 4  Market  St..  K.  1'.,  O 

Preston  i.  .MeKionon Pier.'i,  Hteiurt  St.,  B,  I''.,  C 

I'njiel  f..innil  Lnml'erCo I'kr  17,  Stunprt  pt.,  B.  P.,  0 

Ilodwoo.1  I.ninbei  Co 10  Market  st.,  8.  P.,  O 

lledwood  M.iniifactitr.^rs' Abs'i)....  ..18  Maruet  Bt.,  8.  F.,  C 

Hunt Holmes  (c  Co Pier:!,  BtouaitBt,  8.  P.,  (! 

Itock  ll,iy  .Sa"  .mill Victoria.  I!.  C 

UuBs,  J,  i  Co M  Market  «t.,  B.  P.,  O 

Uuiaian  Hirer  Lund  ai*>l  Lumbor  Co 

4CalllombBl>.  h.  F„0 

BIcrm  Llllnber  Cn 320  Bansomc  bt.,  8.  P.,  C 

Sierra  Nevada  W oo<l  uiul  Linnlwr  Co 

J24  tVifonila  St.,  B.  F.,  C 

BlmiMui,  A.  U.  li  lira ilMarkotst.,  8.  F.,  O 


Bmlth,  James  C I  Howard  Bt,,  fl.  F.,  C 

Bononn  Lnmler  Co 323  Montgomery  st.,  H.  F.,  O 

Springer.  Ja.s(m  &  Co Sjiear  and  Mission  sts.,  8.  P.,  C 

Btarhird  &  Goldstono Market  and  Spear  sts.,  8.  P.,  C 

Btraut,  W,  E 8;icramonto  and  Drunini  sta,,  8,  F.,  C 

Thayer,  J.  F. 23  Calitornia  St..  B.  P.,  O 

The  Oregon  Improveraent  Co Portland,  o 

Tichenor,  H.  H.  &  Co 42  Market  st, ,  8  P, ,  O 

To»  le  llros Dntch  Flat.  C 

Toivlo,  W.  W 308  Townsend  Bt.,  B,  F,.  C 

Tucker  &  Grant -'fi  .Spear  st.,  8.  F..  f! 

Tnrner,  Kennedy  k  Shaw Channel  st.,  S.  V.,  C 

Turner  &  Co 610  Fast  Bt.,  8.  P.,  O 

Vance,  .Tohn Kureka,  O 

WalerhouFO  &  Lester 14-22  Dealo  Bt,  S.  P.,  C 

■Walsnnville  .Mill WaUoiiville.  C 

Weldler,  (ieort'o  W Paytun,  W 

Welch,  liltllet  &  Co Victoria,  U,  ( 1 

Welch  i  Co 1(j9  Califorria  st,,  8.  F„  C 

■Willamette  Biiwmill Portland.  O 

Wt;&,wn.  Josejdi  M' Bpcar  anil  ITowaril  pt.s.,  ?.  F.,  C 

Wetherliec,  Henry Ill  .Market  tt.,  H.  P.,  O 

White  Bros  kurriasci „  ....  13Main  Bt.  8.  P.,  C 

Wilte,  L.  r, 15  Steuart  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Wlsnioro,  Jclm  (liardwood) 129  Siiear  Bt..  H.  P.,  O 

Vcrrlllifton  &  lili.''.'!  Virginia  City,  N 

MACAliOM. 

Cattelli t  Co 433  Broadway  Bt„  8.  1'.,  C 

navenna,  OhIranUIli  &  Co 421  Pattery  st.,  S.  P..  (! 

Bplivalo,  O.  1! 415  Battery  St.,  S.  I'..  O 

Tenthorey,  J.  P.  &  Co 5.'S  MisBion  st..  8.  !•'..  C 

Valente.  T/.lIgl ..2:0  Uroadway  at..  S.  P.,  C 

MACllINF.ir.'. 

.'  mold,  \,  8.  k  Co 23  Davi  ■  st..  8.  P..  O 

Pakci  *■  IIanill;on Pine  and  Davis  iitn.,  8,  P.,  O 

llowers,  > '  It.  II.  k  Co Salt  I.ako  Clly.  XT 

Piali,  A.  L.  :  <"'o 9 First  si,,  8.  7',.  C 

C.reanry,  IX.  P.  .'i  Co 2Calitorillo  ht.,  .S.  F.,  C 

tJreyory,  1 1,  P.  &Co Portland,  O 

Ueudy,  Jiishua cor.  MiEaiou  and  Fremont  Hts..  8.  P..  0 

II ildroth,  A.  1' Portland,  O 

Hnntington,  Hopkins  &  Co 

cor.  Market  and  Uusli  Bts,,  B.  F, 

.Maruedel,  C.  F !»  First  «t„  8.  P., 

McCoue,  Uolxrt 403  1>«leBt,,  .4.  I'.. 

Parke  .li  Lacy 21  Fri'inont  »(  ,  B.  P., 

Btecii,  r.dward  T IW  Beale  at  ,  8  P„ 

Tatum&  Ilowen ."WO  aiswket  st ,  ^  P., 


Whitelaw,  P.  I),  II. 


....foot  Soooudsl,,  8.  P. 


'.,  C 
C 
<• 
0 

c 
o 
o 


MALT. 

Harrold,  .Tohn  Jr.  &  I'o CheBtont  Bt„  8.  P.,  C 

llerrinann  k  Co 313  'lacranien'o  st  .  8.  P.,  C 

llillehraiult.  F.  iOo 201!lFol?oniBl,.B.  F,.  O 

Uosener  llros Ihl  Front  st,  B,  I\.  O 

Keberr.  Ilaeh  ,Si  Lux 6i^  Sacramento  at.,  8,  P..  O 

ZweU,  Hermann t3lOHrannali  st,,  B   P,,  0 

M.MtULF  AND  CII.VXITI!  -  M.VNUKAirruUKlut. 

Aiken  k  Pisli Sacnuwmui,  C 

lllandiurd  b  ( )  .Veil 3»n  Joae.  O 

lloyne,  W.  &  Co Httwwnoiito.  C 

Carroll.  J.  C ttttcramcuto.  0 

Chalmern i  llolnua PortloHil.  <> 

l.'.india,  J,  W 8«»  Jmm  C 

DanlelB,  J,  SCO 480  Pino  St..  sit 


APPENDIX. 


775 


Davlna  J.  C Sactcimontn,  O 

Orlfflth.  U I'onryu,  (' 

l3r:i(;l.  Luce S;icraiiu!Uto.  i) 

K<'8alcr,  J.  &  r Umniuui,  i;r.  Fifth  rtt..  S.  F.,  t) 

Lau  t  D.'Iunj Suu  Jose,  U 

Moyer.i.  L.  A 223  Mttlu  »t,,  M,  F.,  O 

Mo.rin,  P.  T Hocrutiiento.  (J 

aiorria  it  Evans Halt  Luke  City,  I" 

MustollriM 713U»ttiTyst.,  .S.  F.,  C 

Uuinuo,  L.J.  tCu 970  Bryant  St.,  ,S.  F.,  U 

Sia,'cr  Uros Halcni,  (> 

Y  jung,  Wm rortlanJ,  O 

MATCHES— Manufal-iurerh. 

Arnica  &  DaUaui 23D- 232  Front  6t..  H.  F.,  C 

buml,  Wm I'ortland,  i) 

Davia,  Levi Fourteenth  and  HliotwullBta.,  S.  F.,  C 

Ilofcn  S  Co 413  Clay  at,,  S.  F.,  I) 

lioUKb,  Jolin I'otrem  av,,  S.  F.,  (' 

llariiHuii  j,.  Uieluou 'ilO  Hacramcntu  at.,  S.  F.,  C 

Nuwbtvuer  &  Co 206  Sacnunento  at.,  S,  F.,  (.' 

Tilton  &  Wortman Ciiico,  C 

MEHCHANDISE-GENEKAL. 

Alderaou,  Tbomaa I'launrTlIle,  c 

Auattii,  N .  P,  K  Co Hauta  UnrtMira,  C 

Auzcnti    ..  I'omeruy Hau  Jose,  c 

Biwr,  Levy  i  Co lynioii.  I» 

ftwtlftt,  C.  C  Jt  Co Port  Townsenil.  W 

Uaslifoni  1*  At  Co I'rcacott,  A 

BtTnhcim.  J. "fit  Co Hanta  CriL'.,  C 

Bettiuan,  L Ulympia,  W 

lioynttm,  E.  R Tuscarora,  N 

Buelialon  ^Oclioa Florenooond  Caai^  Craiide,  A 

Uuffuni,  W.  HI l'rcacott,A 

Cadwell  ft  Btaninrd Toml>stone,  A 

Camptu  11.  tieo  11 1'rcacott,  A 

Cliarman  &  Sod Ui*eyon  City,  l> 

Clioal(--y,  Geo  W Sacramento,  C 

Cldlberu,  ,1.  P New  Taeoina,  W 

Cauroli,J.  E itol  Illuir.  C 

City  Store aan  Joae,  i- 

Olwke,  A  J Eurulot.  X 

data,  r  W Ueno,  N 

,  B Toinbstonu,  A 

fe  Co t  uttii  Fiat,  C 

,  J.  U Marysviil.',  C 

Oollll,  M.  Ac  t'o Viaatia,  0 

Couo  Si  lilinball iUld  ISlulf,  Cal 

Cregar  Uro.< WaUi.  Wuiia,  W 

Cluuiin^Uam.  Jiu New  MTmUi  .■•■)t<j.    U.  C 

Dalryiiiiilt..  J.  J ai'J«ra,  O 

Dalialiln  Bros Ci'  ^u  l  It;,  Id 

Day  *t  Co Salt  La;. ,' '  ,lty,  V 

Davis  At  HiniriKl Boiac  City,  Id 

Deniera,  L (Ji  rinue,  V 

Doaue,  Itoltert New  Wcatiniti^tcr,  B.  C 

Dorii,  O.  W.  &  Co Chico,  C 

Douglas<i  Bros  ft  Co Visalia,  c 

Donglifrty,  Julili  I> Preacott,  A 

Voutrlcii.  Frault  At  Co Klirvlio,  N 

Ducomiruii,  C Loa  Angelep.  C 

DuJoub'..(j  At  Stencul IMytoii,  W 

BuB.hbuiy  Broa Walla  Walln,  \V 

liuton  At  Uadcy (Ilolic,  A 

Etiiatdin,  Louis  ft  Uo , Frcanu  city,  (' 

Elba.  Natltan Preauott.  A 

Bvur«»t.  J  K Ilcno,  .N 

Falk.  Natljaii  it  Bra Buliic  <  Ity,  Id 


Farnicra'  Ujuou San  Joae,  0 

Find..  Ilurtt  U  Co Hod  lilulT,  (1 

Findlay,  Uitrliam  At  Bnidie Victoria,  H.  C 

Fini,  0«o.  K Toniliaton..,  A 

Fialiir,  J.  L Prwcott,  A 

Fonl,  Cliaa Watii.iiivilU\  O 

Foater,  John  H.  At  Co Umatliia,  <  t 

Gcrriab,  O  F.  St  Co Port  Tomisend,  W 

Oibaon,  ItarlHT  At  Co Botlie,  ij 

UillK-rt,  I.  H.  St  Co Modesto,  O 

(ioldnian,  .M Merced,  C 

Cordon  At  llazzard fian  Diego,  (J 

Cruliani,  Kilward silver  City,  Id 

(irovcatoin  k  lllnnard Lowiaton,  Id 

(iutbrie  At  Adania t'oriimo,  V 

Ilagcnnan  At  Hcbooling fteiio,  N 

Halo  Broa,  At  Co Petalunm,  C 

Hamilton  (<< 'o San  Diego,  O 

Hca.1,  C.  p.  .t  Co Preacott,  A 

Herrera,  F.  S;  Co CharleatoM,  A 

Hoffman  Bros Austin,  N 

Hoetter,  Josepli Tombatone,  A 

Hooper,  W.  B.  &  Co Pbmnix  and  Tncaon,  A 

Irvine.  E.  A;  Co Pbicnii,  A 

.Iame.%  P  W Port  Townaend,  W 

Janaaen,  E,  At  Co Eurclia,  O 

Jobnaoji,  IJeeso  At  Winans WoUa  Walla,  W 

Johnson,  L.  A Visalia,  0 

Kutiicr  AtUoklalein.. ..Fresno City,  O 

L'lidiaw,  James  At  Co Portbwd,  O 

Laventbal,  B Tombttiine,  A 

Levy,  F Saleni,  O 

Levy,  S  W Port  ToWDSend,  W 

Levy,  D.  At  Co Prescott,  A 

Ll'wjb,  a.  .Si  O Wataonviilc,  i! 

Liwn,  H Austin,  N 

Lutlier  At  .Scbneder San  Joae,  C 

LooweubiTj'  Bros Lowiaton,  Id 

Manning  ifc  Berry Reno,  N 

Slarlia,  H.  i  Co Roaebnrn,  <> 

Mayer  A:  Fnodlauder Balinaa  City,  0 

McArthur,  ,1.  .M Pajarito,  A 

McDonald  At  Scbwabacbur. Dayton,  W 

MuFarland  At  Frouch The  Dalles,  (> 

Meyer,  E.  At  Co Saleni,  O 

Meyorsteln  At  Oi> San  Bernardino,  C 

Mieraon,  Jewell  A:  Co I'laccrville,  (.' 

Moixiy,  Z.  F The  Dalles,  I) 

Nathan,   M... Reno,  N 

Kelt  i  Co DutihFlat,0 

Nicliclabiui!,  A.  At  Bro W  .odlund,  0 

Newliurg  At  llatllbura  ,' Sau  Bernardino,  C 

Oiceao  At  Uai'ilialdi Merced,  C 

Paste.  Whoaton  At  Co Bodle,  C 

lleiltieKl  At  Irving Albany,  t) 

Ueeil.  U.  II.  L  Co Bolso  City,  Id 

IMnbort,  11.  At  Co Elko,  N 

Itoaeutbal  Bros Seattle.  W 

llimiiutbal,  O Olymiiia,  W 

Sailler,  Cluis  At  Co Austin,  N 

S«Ku.  A  A.  ft  Co Son  Joae,  C 

Sch»ai<ii.'lur  Bpw  t  Co Walla  WalU  % 

Schwalacbrr  Bros  »  Co Scittli-.  W 

Scliwaluelier  Broa.  tl  Co 1113  Market  at.,  S.  F.,  O 

Bchwsif^  M Boillu.  0 

MUaff*^  «  l>ord tt 'ro!iii>i<tone,  A 

AheiriiW'l,  4i»c^,tkCo... ,,,,,,,, Malta  Walla,  W 

Hbimleff.  W  T  ft  Co  , .Oram  Valley.  0 


776 


APPENDIX. 


":\  I' 


Biinon,  M.  &  Son PlacenriUe.  C 

SiBBOii,  WnlUce/.  Co , Los  Angt'lea,  C 

Smith,  VootlniiT  it  Eunor. Tuscarom,  N 

Buow  i:  Co Eur«ka,  C 

Show  &  Pottla Vallejo,  C 

Staiitou,  II.  C Iloiwburg.  O 

8U'incr,  Klaubcr  &  Co Ban  Diego,  C 

Stevens  k  Wilcox Viaalia,  C 

Btroug,  W.  R  &  Co Sacramento,  U 

Sweatiey,  J.  k  Son Eureka,  C 

Sweet,  H.  4  Co Viaalia,  O 

Hynionda  &  Lamoroaux Petaluma,  O 

Tusker  &  Pridfaam Tombstone,  A 

Tiekner,  Bumliaoi  &  Co Chico,  C 

Thont|>Bon  Sl  Beard Napa  City,  C 

Turner,  Beeton  &  Co Victoria,  B.  C 

Van  Du3en,  A.  &  Co Astoria,  O 

Vanderliurst,  Sanborn  k  Co Salinas  City,  C 

Van  Ordcn.  W.  B Grass  Valley,  C 

Vogto  k  Callenljerg Tlie  Dalles,  O 

Waterman  k  Katz Fort  Totruseutl,  W 

Watkius  &  Co ChIco,  0 

Wingatc,  K .  i  Co The  Dalles,  O 

Wi-ight.  Geo.  k  Sons Union,  O 

ZeckcnUorf  k  Co Tucson,  A 

METALS. 

Aniolil,  N.  S.  fit  Co 310  California  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Carolan,  Cory  4  Co 117  California  st,  S.  F.,  C 

De  La  Montanya,  Joincs G03  battery  st.,  S.  P.,  C 

Doblo,  Abr.er 13  Fremont  at.,  S.  F.,  C 

Dunham,  Carrigan  &  Co 107  Front  st.,  8.  F.,  C 

Gibbs,  Geo.  W.  &Co 35  Fremont  st,  S.  F.,  O 

Hnlbrook,  MerriU& Stetson.... 225-239  Markvtst.,  S.  F.,  O 

Umitington,  Uopklus  k  Co 

oor.  Bush  anil  Mirkut  sts.,  S.  F.,  O 

Jeffray,  William 204  California  st.,  S.  F.,  C 

MonUgue,  W.  W.  &  Co 110  118  Battery  Kt..  H.  F.,  C 

Belby,  Thomas  11.  Ii  Co U6-11S  California  st,  H,  F.,  O 

Tay,  Geo.  II.  &  Co 614-618  Battery  ht.,  S.  P.,  C 

Van  Winkle,  I.  8.  &Co 413  415  Market  at,  8.  F.,  O 

Whitney  k  Marshall 22-24  Fremont  st.,  S.  F.,  C 

METAII.URGY. 

Metgl  Wks  (Luckhartlt  O.  A.  &  Co.).23  StereoBou,  b.  F..  O 

MILLINERY. 

Bauer  Brothers  &  Co 547  Market  St.,  B.  F.,  C 

Butler,  P.  F 80»  Market  st..  S.  P..  C 

Cobliuer  Bros 543  Market  st.,  8.  F.,  O 

Davlssou,  Hall  &  Co 0  Sutter  st.,  8.  P.,  C 

Haker,  W.  &  Illnz 515  Market  st,  8.  F,  0 

Uelil  Bros.  &  Co  512-514  Market  st ,  8.  P.,  C 

Held  4  Co 526  Market  st..  8.  P..  0 

Hellor,  M.  &  Bro 113  Hanf-imeat.,  H.  F.  C 

Hinz  k  Laudt 16-18  Second  at,  3.  P.,  C 

Utrscli,  B.  S 748  Market  Ht..  S.  P.,  C 

Hoffman  &  Co 19  Battery  at..  S.  P.,  O 

Joues.  E.  II.  fit  Co 535  Market  »t.,  S.  P.,  O 

Bocbs,  Htratsburger  k  Co 

cor.  Pino  and  Sansome  ata. ,  H.  P.,  O 

Hcliweltzur,  Hoclis  &  Co Bush  and  Situanmu  sts.,  h  V.,  C 

8eUg&  Newman 31  Sutter  at,  ft.  P.,  C 

T«pUtz.P.  A  Co 57 1  Market  St.,  S.  P.,  C 


MINING  SUPPLIES. 

OoUlomia  Electrical  Works 35  Market  at.,  S.  F,  C 

Dunham,  Carrigau  k  Co...f. 107  Front  st,  8.  P.,  C 


Egerton.  H.  C 109  California  st.  H.  F.,  O 

Gre-ory,  II.  P.  fit  Co 2  California  at.  8.  P.,  O 

Hawley,  Chas.  A.&Co 412  JIarket  st.  3.  P.,  O 

Hendy,  Joshua cor.  Mission  and  Fremont  sts.,  8.  P.,  U 

Huntington,  P.  A 220  Fremont  st,  S.  P.,  O 

Huntington,  Hopkins  fit  Co 

cor.  Bush  and  Market  st.  8.  P.,  O 

Lord  fit  Wiiliams Tucson,  A 

Marwedel,  C.  P 56  First  at,  8  P.,  O 

Montague,  W.  W.  fit  Co 110-118  Battery  st.  S.  P.,  O 

Richmond  Drill  and  Compressor  Co 

25  Btevenson  it,  S.  P.,  O 

NEWBPAl'ERS. 

[The  followtns  list  of  the  periodical  publications  on  our 
slope  Bhnwa  their  names,  thu  places  wlierc  published,  and 
the  character,  whether  daily  (d),  weekly  (w),  Bcmi-weckly 
(swi.  ihsued  three  times  a  vrcak  (tw),  or  monthly  (m).  'Ihe 
abbreviation  Pr.  stands  for  French,  Ger.  for  Ucrmun.  It. 
for  Italian,  Scan,  for  Scandinavian,  and  Swc.  for  Swcdisli.  J 

Town.  Name  of  Papfr. 

Alturaa,  C Modoc  Independent,  w 

Alturas,  O Democrat,  w 

Angel's  Crmp,  C Mountain  Echo,  w 

Areata,  O Leader,  w 

Astoria,  O. Astorian,  w 

Auburn,  O Placer  Herald,  w 

Auburn,  C Placer  Argus,  w 

Aiihland,  O Tidings,  w 

Albany,  O Democrat,  w 

ADiany,  O. Herald,  w 

Antfoch,  O Lodger,  w 

Anaheim,  C Gazette,  w 

Austin,  N Reese  River  ReTillo,  d 

Alameda,  C Encinal,  w 

Alameda,  C Alameda  Arguii,  w 

Alameda,  C Alameda  News,  w 

Alamos,  Mez Fclii>c  Marquez,  w 

Alamos,  Mcx Bernardo,  w 

Anuulor,  C Sentinel,  w 

Arizona  City,  A Sentinel,  w 

Blober.  C Mountain  Tribune,  w 

Bokorsfield,  C Gazette,  w 

Bakersfleld,  O Southern  CoUfomian,  w 

Bokersfleld,  C Kera  Ca  Weekly  ReconI,  w 

Bridgeport,  C Chruutcle -Union,  w 

Briggs,  O Recorder,  w 

Brooklyn,  C Vldetto,  w 

Baker  City,  O Bedrock  Democrat  w 

Baker  City,  O Reveille,  w 

Benicla,  C Now  Era,  w 

Belmont  N Courier,  w 

Bodic,  C Free  Press,  w 

Battlo  Mountain,  N Mcitaen^or,  w 

Battlu  Alountain,  N Lander  Free  Press,  w 

Beaver,  U Euturpiiso,  w 

Blockioot  I Ruglat^r.  w 

Boise  City.  I Statesman,  w,  tw 

Bolso  City,  I I^  publican,  w 

Bonociza  City,  I Yankee  Pork  Herald,  w 

Butte,  Mon Miner,  w 

Bakcr«fleld,  D.  O Sentinel,  w 

Beltevue,  I Mlnur,  w 

Bellevtu),  I Newn,  w 

Burkeley,  (' Advocate,  vr 

Chico,  O Morning  Advocatt;,  w 

Chico,  O Enterprise,  hw 

Chico,  0 Butto  Record,  d&iv 

CoUftX,  W Palouss  Gazett*.  V 


s=s 


APPENDIX. 


777 


Colfai.  W Democrat,  w 

Cor\alU:%  O Gazette,  vr 

Colton,  C Scmi-'i'roiiio,  \r 

f'arsoii  City.  N" Trilnino,  <l 

Carson  City,  N Apiwal.  tl 

Carson  City,  N SLito  Journal,  w 

Calistoga,  C CaliBtoglan.  w 

Culiacan,  Mex. El  Periodito  Oncial 

Crescent  City,  C Courier,  w 

Crescent  ('ity,  C Record,  w 

Collraa,  Mex El  Biieti  Mcjlcano 

Colinia,  Mex H  EBtado  do  Colima 

Collma,  Mex EI  Poriodico  Oflrfal 

Colima,  Mex Feodoro  Orosco 

Cheney,  W Tribune,  w 

Castrovillo,  C Atjub,  w 

Concoid,  C , Concord  Sun,  w 

Candelaria,  N True  Fissure,  w 

Canyon  City,  O  News,  w 

Challla,  I Mesacnger,  w 

Colusa,  C Siin,  w 

Dutch  Flat  O Placer  Times,  w 

Diamond,  IT Rocky  Mountain  Husbandman,  w 

Downicville,  0 Mountain  Mcsaenger.  w 

Dixon,  C Tribune,  w 

Daytim,  N Times,  w 

Dayton,  W Columbia  Clironicle,  w 

Dayton,  W News,  w 

DoUei,  O Mountaineer;  w 

Dalkfi,  O Itcmi/cr,  w 

Eureka,  C Evening  Herald,  w 

Eureka,  C Standard  Telephone,  w 

Eurekii,  C Humboldt  Times,  d  &  w 

EogenaCity,  O. State  Journal,  ^ 

Eupeno  City,  O Guard,  iv 

Empin  City.O Coast  Mail,  w 

Empire  City,  O Coos  County  Argus,  w 

Elko,  N Post,  w 

Eureka,  N Sentinel,  d 

Eureka,  N Leatler,  d 

Etna,  C Post,  w 

FolBom,  C TeluBfuph.  w 

Forest  City,  C Herald,  w 

Fort  Jones,  C Scott  Valley  News,  w 

Fresno,  C Expositor,  w 

Fcmdalo,  C Enterprise,  w 

Fresno,  C .Republican,  w 

Florence,  A Arizona  Enterprise,  w 

Frisco,  U Times,  w 

Gridlcy,  C Herald,  w 

Georgetown,  G Gaz>:ttc,  w 

GrcenviUc,  C Oreouvillu  Bulluthi,  w 

Grantvi.li',  0 Hun,  w 

Ouadaluiic,  C Telegraph,  w 

Genoa,  N Carson  Valley  News,  w 

Genoa,  N Courier,  w 

OraM  Valley,  C Foothill  Tidings,  w 

Qraas  Valley,  O Vuion,  w 

Globe,  A Globe  Chronicle,  w 

Globe,  A. Silver  licit,  w 

GUroy,  C Advocate  Leader,  w 

Goldundalo,  W Klickitat  Hun,  w 

Guadalajara,  Mex El  rorloillco  Ultcial  del  Gubiemo 

Guadalajara,  M*:  i £1  Ticuipu  de  liiutdalnjara 

Guadalajara,  Mux Kl  CouiltcIo 

Guadalajara,  Mex Laa  Ctascs  Pnxluetnraii 

Guadalajara,  Mex El  Aiacrau 

Guernim,  Mex El  Organo  Ofliiial  dul  Uohiorno 

98 


Guaymas,  Mex El  Golfo  do  Cortes,  w 

Oalt,G aa::otte,  w 

Hulllster,  C The  Paclllc  Coaat.  w 

Ilollister,  C San  IJcnito  Advance,  w 

Hollister,  C D  moirat,  w 

Haj-n-anls,  C Journal,  vr 

Heoldsburg,  C Enten>rii».  w 

llealdsburg,  C Russian  River  Fla;,'.  w 

Hillslxiro,  O Independent,  vr 

Harrisburg,  O Review,  vr 

I  urahaw.  A Arizona  RuUiou,  vr 

1  auforil,  O Delta,  vr 

li  oily,  I Woo<l  Pilver  Times,  vr 

h  dooendonce,  C Inyo  Independent,  w 

Ii'iho,  I World,  w 

Indepcndenco,  O Riverside,  w 

JilcUson,  C Amador  Sentinel,  w 

Ja:;Uson,  C Amador  Lixlgwr,  vr 

Jackson,  C Amador  Dispatcli,  w 

Jacksonville,  O Sentinel,  w 

Jacksonville,  O- Times,  vr 

Junction  City,  O Republican,  w 

LodI,  0 Review,  w 

Liverraoro,  C Heraldt  w 

Lompoc,  C Record,  w 

La  Paz,  Mex La  Raja  California 

Lower  Lake,  C Bulletin  w 

Lake  View,  O State  Line  Uerald 

Lafayette,  O Courier,  vr 

La  Grande,  O Gazette  (Union),  w 

Los  Angeles,  C The  Commercial,  w 

Lod  Angeles,  C Evening  Exprcbs,  w 

Los  An:;ek'S,  C Herald,  diw 

Los  Angelea,  C La  Cronie;i,  w 

Los  Angeles,  C The  Mirror,  w 

Los  Angeles,  C Southern  California  Post,  w 

Los  iVngcIes,  O Seml-Tropio  California,  vr 

Lassen,  C Advocate,  w 

La  Conner,  W Mail,  w 

Lakeport,  C Bee-Democrat,  w 

Logan,  V Lt^ader,  w 

Luudy,  0 Index,  w 

Lakcview,  C Examiner,  w 

Morysville,  C Ledger,  d 

Marysviile,  C ExprcsH,  d 

Marysvillo,  C Appeal,  d&w 

Merced,  C.  S.  J.  Ant-us,  w 

Mercotl,  0 Star,  vr 

Merced,  C Kxi)roaB,  w 

MillviUo,  C Shasta  County  Democrat,  w 

Monterey,  C Califomiun,  w 

Mendocino  City,  C Deacon,  vr 

Martinez,  O News,  w 

Mazatlan,  Mex El  Occidental,  w 

Mazatlan,  Mex Gazette,  w 

McMtnnville,  O lleiwrter,  w 

Mokeliune  Hill,  O CaL-^verus  Chronicle,  w 

Mariposii,  0 Gazette,  w 

Mariposa,  C ...Herald,  w 

Modesto,  C NuWfi,  w 

M.Klesto,  0 Herald,  vr 

Modesto,  C Farmer's  Journal,  w 

Monmouth,  o Christian  Messengei,  w 

Marshileld,  O Newrt,  w 

Mazatlan,  Mex El  UccidenCal 

Mazatlan,  Mux .El  Estado  de  .Sinahia 

Mazathin,  Mex La  Taiuiitula 

Mazatlan,  Mex El  IVlfloo 


If 


I 

U    I 


ill 


ll 


778 


APPENDIX. 


Monitor,  C Arciis,  w 

New  Tttcoma,  "W.  T  Wcek-^  Lcdi;nr,  w 

Now  Taci>m;i,  W.  T  Utralil,  w 

New  Tucoitm,  W.  T News,  vr 

Nevada  City.  C Tninscript,  d 

Nevwla  City,  C...  Herald,  tw 

N  ajia  f -'ity,  C Ueporter,  w 

Napa  City,  C Register,  d&w 

North  San  Juan,  C Times,  w 

New  WeetminHtcr,  M.  C Fociflc  Dominion  Herald,  bw 

New  Wc.°tminfitcr,  It.  O Mainland  Cluardian,  w 

Nanaimo,  11.  C Free  l*n.«3 

Nuwarlt,  C KnttrjiriHc,  w 

Oakland,  C Ilerald  of  Truth,  w 

Oakland,  C Tribune,  diw 

Oakland,  C Mirror,  w 

Ouliland,  C Journal  (Gcr.),  w 

Oakland,  O Times,  d&w 

Oakland,  C SigttB  of  the  Times,  w 

Ogflun,  U Freeman,  w 

Ogden,  V Junction,  d&w 

Oregon  City,  O KntcrpriBe,  w 

Oregon  City,  O Democrat,  w 

Oroville,  C Butto  County  llcgiater,  w 

Orovillo,  C Mercurj',  w 

Orlantl,  C Times,  w 

Onkdalo,  C Stanislaus  Wheat  Orowcr,  w 

Olympia,  W Standard,  w 

Olympia,  W Transcriitt,  w 

Olymplo,  W Courier,  w 

Oxford,  I Ihitcriiriac,  w 

Panama Star  and  Herald,  dkw 

Portliind,  O Evunin:,' Telegram,  d 

Portland,  O Went  Shore,  w 

Portland,  O Pacific  ChriBtian  Advocate,  w 

Portland,  O New  Ni.rthweBt,  vr 

Portliind.  O Oregon  Churchman,  w 

Portland,  O Catholic  Sentinel,  w 

Portland,  O Orcgonlan,  di^w 

Portland,  O Stamlard.  diw 

Portia  id,  O Commercial  IU'i>ortcr,  w 

Portland,  O WiUamctt«  Fanner,  w 

Portland,  O 

Itcsourccs  of  Oregon  and  Wafihlugton,  w 

Portland,  O Deutsche  i^eitung  (tier.),  vr 

Portkuid,  O Pacific  Church  Advocate,  w 

Portland,  O Sunday  Mercury,  w 

Portland,  O SmiUay  Welcome,  w 

Portland,  O Uotel  l.nlex,  d 

Portland,  O Vindicator,  w 

Portland,  O UulLtiu,  diw 

Petftluuia,  C Sonoma  County  Prewi,  w 

Petaluma,  C Courier,  w 

Petaluma,  C Argua,  w 

PlooervlUo,  G Mountain  Democmt,  w 

PIac<(rvillu,  O Ueimljlican,  w 

PendlLton,  O Fast  Orngnnian,  w 

Pendleton.  O IndeiJcnilent,  w 

Pendleton,  O Trihune,  w 

Plnai.  A The  Pinal  Drill,  w 

PhiunU,  A Salt  Kiver  Herald,  w 

Pliiunlx,  A Arizona  Gazette,  w 

Pioehu,  N Iteconl,  w 

PrL-ftcott,  A Arizona  Miner,  dfcw 

I'le.icott,  A Democrat,  lUVw 

Pruvo,  U Fnqulrer,  hw 

Port  Orford,  O I'ost,  w 

Park  City,  V Ilocord,  w 


Port  Townncnd,  W Arjus,  \r 

Port  TowTi3cnd,  W Dsmocratic  PrcEa,  ff 

Qulncj*,  C Pliunaa  Xationul,  w 

licdwood  City,  C Journal,  w 

Redwood  City.  C Tlmco  and  Gazette,  w 

RiihncrviUo,  C Eel  Rirer  Echo,  w 

Riverside,  0 Prc23,  \r 

Redding,  C Independent,  w 

Redding,  C De:nocr:it,  w 

Red  Bluff,  0 Peoplo'fl  Cau33,  diw 

Red  BluiT,  C Sentinel,  w 

Reno,  N Journal,  i\kw 

Reno,  N Gazott?,  diw 

Reno,  N Times,  w 

Ruby  Hill.  N Minina  Report,  w 

Roseburg,  O Plalndcaler,  w 

Roseburg,  O Independent,  w 

Stcilacoom,  W Exiircss,  vr 

San  Joso,  C Timea,  d 

San  Joge,  C Pioneer,  vr 

San  Joao,  C ...Courier,  (Ger.).  w 

San  Joac,  C Mercurj-,  Ckvr 

San  Joso,  C Herald.  dS:w 

San  Joao,  C Headlight,  w 

San  Leandro,  C Sentinel,  w 

San  Loandro,  C Reporter,  w 

Santa  Clara,  C Santa  Clara  Journal,  w 

San  Andreas,  C AdTCrtls:;r,  w 

San  Andrea.'s  C Calaveras  CitL-^en,  vf 

San  Anlrcas,  C Prospect,  w 

Stockton,  C Daily  Mail,  d 

Stockton,  C Herald,  d&w 

Stockton,  C Banner,  w 

Stockton,  C Indcixjndcnt,  d&w 

SusanviUe,  C Lassen  Advocate,  vr 

Susanville,  C Republican,  w 

Seattle,  W Finback,  w 

Scanie,  W Post  Intelligencer,  diw 

Seattle,  W Chronicle,  diw 

Sau  Diego,  C Union,  dtw 

San  Diego,  G News,  d&w 

Santa  Cruz,  C Sentinel,  w 

Santa  Cruz,  C Local  Item,  w 

Santa  Cruz,  C Transcript,  w 

Sonoro,  C Union-Democrat,  w 

Sonoro,  C Independent,  w 

Santa  Barbara,  C Press,  diw 

Sinta  Barbara,  C Independent,  aw 

Santa  Barbara,  C La  Gaceto,  vr 

San  Rafael,  C Journal,  w 

San  Rafa-l,  C Tocsin,  w 

Silver  Mountain,  C Alpine  Chronicle,  w 

Shaita.  O Courl^'r,  vr 

San  Liiia  '    'ispo,  0 Tribune,  w 

Santa  Ro;     O Sonoma  Democrat,  w 

Santa  Roaiv,  C Republican,  diw 

Saitii  Ana,  C Herald,  w 

Spokane,  W. . .  Times,  vr 

Sacramento,  C Bee,  diw 

Sacnimento.  C Record  ''nion,  dtw 

Sacramento,  C Adverti  cr,  bw&w 

Sacramento,  C Ag  Iculturlst,  vr 

Sacramento,  C Sunday  Tiim-s,  vr 

Sacmment/j,  C Journal,  (Ger.*,  mv 

San  Bernardino,  C Index,  w 

San  Beriianlino,  C Times,  d&w 

Salinas  City,  C Democrat,  w 

SoUnosCity,  0 Index,  w 


':V 


■i^ 


APPENDIX. 


779 


San  EuenaTtnl  lira,  C Ventura  8:enHl.  w 

San  nufnuvL'n'.ura,  C l-'rco  I'rcss,  w 

Silver  City.  N Tiinca,  tw 

St.  Helena,  C iitar,  w 

Salem.  O Daily  Town  Tulk,  i\ 

Salum,  O f5ti.tc8i"an,  <liw 

Bait  Lake,  U Dcserct  News,  diw 

Salt  L:iko,  U Juvenile  Instructor,  w 

Salt  Lake,  U Cliristlan  Advocati\  w 

Salt  Lake,  U Tribumo,  tl&w 

Salt  Lake,  U Herald,  d&w 

Bnoliomlith,  W Northern  Star,  w 

Silver  Ileef,  U Miner,  vr 

Sutro,  N Independent,  vr 

St.  GL-orgo,  U PomologlKt  and  Uardner,  w 

Sonora,  Mcx La  Contitucioii,  — 

Simvloa,  Mo:: El  Organodc  Sinaloa,  — 

San  Lula  Key,  C Star,  w 

Suisu;),  C Itc'iiublican,  vr 

St.  Helens,  O Culiunbian,  w 

SUverton,  O .^  i)i>cal,  w 

Silver  City,  I Avalanche,  w 

Silver  City,  N.  M Herald,  — 

Silver  City,  N.  M Chronicle,  — 

Boa  fronciaco,  O Abend  Tost  (Ger.),  d 

"  Alta  Califoniia,  d&w 

"'  Argonaut,  w 

**  Argus,  w 

**  Califomlan,  m 

"  California  Christian  Advocate,  w 

**  California  Dcmokrat  (Ger.),  d&w 

*•  Califomlo  Jourual,  diw 

"  California  Spirit  of  the  Times,  w 

"  California  Staata  Zoituug  (Ger),  vr 

"  Commercial  Herald,  w 

"  ...  .Courrier  de  San  Francisco  (Fr.),  d&w 

••  Evening  Bulletin,  d&w 

••  Evening  Post,  d&w 

••  Examiner,  diw 

" Golden  Era,  w 

*•  Hebrew  (Eng.  and  Ger.),  w 

••  La  Sociedad  (SpJ,  tw 

•*  La  Voz  del  Nucvo  Mundo  (Sp.),  s  w 

••  La  Voce  del  ropolo(lt),  w 

"  Mining  and  Scientific  Press,  w 

••  Monitor,  w 

"  Morning  Call,  d&w 

"  Occident,  w 

••  Pacific,  w 

"  Pacific  Evangelist,  w 

"  Pacific  Churchman,  w 

"  Grocer  and  Country  Merchant,  w 

«  Pacific  Methodiflt,  m 

•*  ...  .Pacific  School  and  Home  Journal,  ni 

••  ,  cea  of  Colifomio,  ni 

••  Rural  Press,  w 

*•  Political  Roi-ord,  w 

•• San  Frauciaco  Chronicle,  d&w 

**  ..San  Francisco  Journal  of  Commerce,  w 

•*  San  Franciscr>  News  Letter,  w 

••  San  Francisco  Stock  Exchange,  d&w 

"  Stock  Report,  li&w 

••  Valkyricn  (Scan.),  w 

••  Cahforaia  Patron,  w 

*•  American  Druida"  Journal,  w 

••  California  Chronil:  (CJer.),  w 

«  California  Moll  Bag.  ni 

**  Coast  Review,  m 


San  Francisco,  G.. Commercial  Newa and  Shipping  List,  d 

"  Unlet  caictto.  .1 

"  Evangel,  w 

Fi^an-.d 

r<H)iiii)-t.  d 

"  Fraternal  Rt!cun.l,  vr 

"  OuidL',  tri  w 

"  Hayoa  Valley  Advcrtiticr,  w 

"  Hebrew  ObsLTvcr.  w 

"  Huiuorltit  iGer.),  w 

*'  Jewish  Piogruss,  w 

"  Jewish  Thne3,  w 

"  Jolly  tiiaiit,  w 

"  La  UepubL'ca,  w 

"  Law  Journal,    - 

"  Lo  Petit  Journal,  d 

Light  For  All.  m 

"  Masonic  Monthly 

"  Medico-Li ti-rary  Journal,  ni 

"  jSlusie4il  <  liiiping,  m 

"  7lii3i<al  iluview,  in 

"  ; New  vVgo,  w 

**  Our  Chosen  Friend,  s.-iii 

"  Pacitlo  Apiteal,  w 

"  P.  C  L:iw  Journal,  — 

"  Pacific  (irceubacker,  w 

"  Pacific  Land  Journal,  m 

"  Pacllio  States  Watchinuu,  u.-m 

"  The  Pacific,  vr 

"  San  Fnuici»co  Graphic,  w 

'*  8.  F.  Illustrated  Wasp,  w 

"  S.  F.  Merciunt,  w 

"  S.  F.  Trade  Review,  — 

"  Stetta-Httfs-Posten  (Swe.l,  w 

Truckee,  O Republicaii,  s.-w 

Tehama,  O Tocsin,  w 

Tombatone,  A Weekly  Nugget,  w 

Tombstono.  A Epitaph,  d&w 

Tiptonvllle,  N.  St Pioneer,  w 

Tucson,  A Star,  d&w 

Tucson,  A El  Fronterizo  (Hp.),  w 

Tucson,  A Citizen,  d&w 

Tucson,  A Record,  d&w 

Ukiah  C PresH.  w 

Ukioli,  0 Democrat,  w 

Ukiah,  C DIspatcli,  w 

Union,  O Mountain  Sentinel,  vr 

Vancouver,  W. Indepeudent,  w 

Vancouver,  W. llegiater,  W 

Vallejo,  C Timea,  d&w 

Vnllejo,  C Evening  Ctironicle,  d&w 

Vullejo,  C News,  ,i 

Visolia,  C Times,  av 

Vipalift,  C DelLi,  vr 

Virginia  City,  N Enteriiriae,  D 

Virginia  City,  N Clironicle,  d&w 

Victoria,  B.  C British  Colonist,  d&w 

Victoria,  B.  C Standard.  dOw 

Waitaburg,  W Times,  W 

Whatcom,  W Mail,  w 

Waahington  Comers,  G Alameda  Reporter,  w 

WillowB,  C Touniul,  w 

Winters,  C Advocate,  C 

Watsonvilie,  O Pojaro  Valley  Kun,  w 

Wutsonviile,  C Tmnscript,  w 

Watsonvilie,  O Pajaronian.  w 

WcaverviUo,  O Trinity  Journal,  w 

Woodland,  O Yolo  Mail,  w 


I 


780 


APPENDIX. 


1 1  :i 


VVoudliind,  C Yulo  Democrat,  diw 

^Vlieatlaml,  O NeWH,  w 

WfBtoii,  O Leader,  w 

WItmuiiiiicca,  N Silver  .State,  d 

W.-illa  Walla,  W Uuloii,  w 

W.illa  Walla,  W Watcliiimn,  w 

Wulla  Walla,  W Statomaii,  w 

Yuba  City,  C Itauuer,  w 

Yuba  City,  C Farmer,  w 

Yri'Ifa,  C Journal,  b.-w 

Yreka,  C Tribwne,  w 

Ymiia,  A. Sentinel,  w 

Yutna,  A Freo  Press,  w 

Yale,  B.  C Inland  Sentinel,  w 

OILS. 

Allync*  ^Vhlto 113  Front  nt,  8.  F.,  C 

Dletz.  A.  C.  &  Co 7-9  Front  Bt,  S.  F.,  0 

Dhrman,  M.  &  Co 104  Front  8t.,  S.  1'.,  C 

Ilayward,  A 224  California  Bt. ,  S.  P.,  C 

Kelly,,!.  R.  &Co 221  Market  Bt.,  S.  F.,  C 

KoBter,  Henry 410  Sansome  St.,  .S.  F.,  C 

Low,  C.  Adolpho  &  Co 203  California  St.,  S.  F„  O 

Nicliois,  A.  C.  4  Co 402  liattery  st,  S.  F.,  C 

Redlngton  &  Co 520  Market  st,  S,  R,  O 

Whittier,  Fuller  &  Co.... cor.  Front  nnd  Pino  sts.,  S.  F.,  O 

Williams,  Dimond  tCo 202  Mirkct  st,  S.  P.,  O 

Yates  t  Co 113  Front  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

OILS— LUDKICATINO. 

Continental  Oil  and  Transportation  Company 

123  California  St.,  S.F„C 

Gregory,  H.  P.  «:  Co 3  California  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

Tntum&Bowen 323  Market  St.,  S.  P.,  O 

Wotdon,  W.  n 223  Sacramento  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

YatesS  Co 113  Front  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

OILS— M.VNDFACTtniEES. 

Alpera,  Charles 700  Mission  Bt.,  8.  P.,  C 

California  Oil  Rellnery 2212  Taylor  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

California  Oil  Works 124  Main  st ,  .S.  P.,  O 

California  .Star  Oil  Works  Co. 403  Montgomery  st,  S.  P.,  0 

Cray,  (1.  W.  i  Sons Salem,  O 

Kelly  i  Dunne Portland,  O 

Ohkiu.U,  N.  &  Co.  (Neatsfoot) Potrero,  S.  P.,  O 

Pacilic  Coast  Oil  Co 402  Montgomery  «t.,  S.  P.,  O 

P.aciOc  KcroBcnoWorka 112  Front  Bt.,  S.  P.,  O 

Pliuonil  Oil  Works 112  Front  st.,  S.  P.,  C 

Skiilegate  Oil  Co Victoria,  B.  C 

OIL-CLOTH. 

Hardic,  DIodllch  4  Co 719  Market  St.,  S.  P,  O 

Sloano,  W.  4J 625  Market  st.  S.  P.,  C 

Walter,  D.  N.  &  E.  Co.cor.Battciy  and  Market  Bts.,S.  P.,  C 

OIL  CLOTHIITO— MANUFACTunEna. 

Ashcr  4  Smitli 325  Davis  Bt,  S.  P.  C 

Duns  4  Kellogg 34  California  St..  8.  P..  0 

Marks,  Isaac Portland,  O 

MurU  .M 52  Clay  St.,  S.  P..  O 

McCormick,  W.  M Astoria,  O 

NLVille4Co 31-33 California  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

Schmidt,  II 4081  Urovost.,  S.  P.,C 

Sutton.  Charles,  Jr.  4  Co 32  California  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

ORE  CONCENTRATOUS-JUni  rAL-ruiii:ns. 

Adams  4  Carter IOC  California  st,  8.  P.,  C 

California  Concentration  Co.  .331  Montgomery  at,  S.  P.,  0 


Hendy.  Joshua Mission  and  Prrmont  sts.,  8.  P.,  C 

San  Diego  Concentration  Co.  .328  Montgomery  st,  H.  P.,  O 
Stephens  Concentrator  Co 331  Montgomery  st,  8  P.,  0 

ORGANS— ILKNurACTL'nEtta. 

Antisell,  T.  M Powell  and  Market  sts,  8.  P.,  O 

Bergstrom,  John  (Church  Orgaus) 

Mission,  nr.  Twenty-ninth,  H.  P.,  0 

JIaycr,  Joseph 127  Pago  st,.  8.  P.,  0 

Schooustein,  P.  B SilPultonst.  S.  F,  O 

Schoenstcin,  FeUl  P" 512  Birch  av.,  8.  F.,  0 

PAINTS,  OILS  AND  GLASS. 

Allyno  4  Wliito 113  Front  at,  S,  P.,  0 

Bass,  T.  J.  4  Co 27  Dupont  Bt,  8.  P.,  O 

Chaddurdon,  J.  L Sacramento,  0 

Deitz,  A.  C.  4  Co 7-9  Front  Bt,  8.  P.,  0 

Hunter  B  03.  4  Co.,  cor.  Second  and  Market  sts.,  8.  F.,  0 

Kelly,  James  It  4  Co 221  Market  Bt,  8.  P.,  0 

Koster,  Henry 410  Sansome  Bt,  8.  P.,  O 

McKee,  Geo.  It.  4  Co San  Jose,  O 

Redlngton  4  Co 523  Market  st,  8.  F.,  0 

Whittier,  Fuller  4  Co.. . .  cor.  Pine  and  Front  sts.,  8.  P.,  0 

Whittier,  Puller  4  Co Sacramento,  O 

Yatc»4Co 113  Front  at,  S.  P.,  O 

PAPER. 

Blako,  Rabbins  4  Co 51G  Sacromcnto  st,  8.  P.,  0 

California  Paper  Co 10  California  st,  S.  P..  0 

Frank  4  Co co.*.  Sacramento  and  Sansomo  Bta.,  8.  F.,  O 

Freund  4  Co 204  Bush  Bt,  8.  F.,  0 

Graham  Paper  Co.  {Asenay) .  .507  Montgomery  st.,  8.  P.,  0 

Metzger,  L 208Bush  st,  S.  P.,  0 

Owen  Paper  Co.  (Agency) 721  Market  Bt,  8.  P.,  0 

Phttshek  4  Harris 313  Sacramento  st ,  S.  P.,  O 

Itemiugton,  A.  D.  4  Co 413  Sansome  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Seymour,  Samuel 409  Tehama  st,  S.  P.,  0 

Taylor,  8.  P.  4  Co 410  Clay  st,  8.  P.,  0 

PAPER— Manufactukeiu*. 

Brown  Bros.  4  Watson Corralitos,  O 

California  Paper  Co 10  California  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Clackamas  Paper  Co Portland,  O 

King,  E.  T.  4  Co Saratoga,  O 

Lick  Paper  Co 116  Front  Bt,  8.  P.,  O 

Pioneer  Paper  Mill 414Chiy  Bt,  3.  P.,  O 

Taylor,  S.  P.  4Co 410  Clay  at,  B.  F„  O 

PAPER  HANGINGS. 

Clark,  Georgo  W C45Market  Bt,  8.  P.,  O 

Edwards,  Frank  G 630  Clay  Bt,  8.  P.,  O 

Oumpcrtz  4  Brooks 328  Sutter  st,  S.  P.,  O 

Walter,  D.  N.  4E.  4Co 

cor.  Battery  and  Market  sts.,  8.  P.,  0 

PARASOLS-Mam  UFACTDIIEII8. 

Barr,  JohnD 323  Bush  at,  8.  P.,  O 

PERFUMERY— Mandfaciukeus. 

Cowan  4  Co MS  Mlasion  st.  S.  P.,  0 

Peck  4  Calmann 109  Battery  st,  S.  P.,  O 

Ludcrs,  A 430  Minna  st,  8.  P.,  O 

PIANO  FORTES  AND  ORGANS. 
Antisell  Piano  Co....  cor.  Market  and  Powell  sts.,  B.  P..  0 

Arnold,  N.  8.  4  Co  310  California  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Badger,  W.  G WSausomost,  8.  P.,  O 

Bancroft,  A.  L.  4  Co 721  Market  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Benham,  AzelL 647  Market  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Cttrtaz,B 30  OFarroU  at,  8.  F.,  O 


•?'  m 


APPENDIX. 


781 


couUumijii,  \.v S.I  nrth  »t.,  s.  r,  o 

Cn»y.  Matthias 117  ro«tBt.,8.  !■•.,  O 

tlonly.'Sco 2J  Dupont  «t.,  H.  v.,  C 

Koljlcr  &  Chttsi' 137  Po«t«t.,  S.  F.,  C 

Loas,  Q.  II 1815  Waeluii;;t.m  St.,  H.  F.,  C 

O'Connor.  J.  n.  &  Co 23  I>U|Hiut  at,  8.  F..  C 

Plcrco.  W.  8 30  Nuw  Mimt  jomery  Bt.  B.  F..  C 

Budolf,  O.  it  Co 107  Stockton  nt,  8.  F..  C 

ahBTp,  Wm.  T 012  Linden  avo.,  8.  F..  C 

Sh(.'nnan,  Clay  &  Co 139  Kearny  at,  8.  F.,  C 

Sptncer,  F.  W.  SCO 23  Fifth «t.,  8.  F.,  C 

Toblu,  Sims  &  Co 841  Market  iL,  8.  F.,  U 

Wcodworth,  Schcll  i  Co 105  Stockton  »l.,  8.  F.,  C 

riASO  FORTES-JUnufactubebs. 

AntiacU  Piano  Co Mtlkct  and  Powell  it,  S.  F.,  C 

Balch,  Horace  M 843  Mission  St.,  S.  P.,  C 

Fay,  Hubert  &  Co 1715  Muaon  St.,  8.  F.,  <! 

Hall,  C.  B 121  Golden  Gate  a»,S.F.,C 

Koeh,  J.  D « 211  Ninth  St.,  8.  F.,  C 

Lonj.  S.  II 404  Montgomery  t,  8.  F.,  C 

Eudolpli,  O.  &  Co 107  Stockton  St.,  8.  F.,  O 

ShermuuiClay 139  Keaniy  at,  S.  F.,  C 

Strathnni  &  Cone 107  Post  St.,  S.  F.,  C 

Zcch,  Jacob 211  Ninth  st,  8.  P.,  C 

PICKS— Manupactuueiu*. 

Wright,  John 15  Fremont  st.,  8.  F.,  C 

PIOTUKE  FRAMES-MASuPACiuBuna. 

Cohen  Herman - 49  Dupont  st.,  8.  F..  C 

Gump,  8  SO 581jMarketst.,  8.  F.,  C 

Hausman  Droa 217  Pino  st,  8.  F.  0 

Sanborn,  VaU  &  Co 857  Market  st.,  8.  F.,  O 

PILLOWS— Ma^ufactubebs. 

Westhall,  J 754  JUssion  st,  S.  F.,  C 

PLANED  LUMBEIt— ManufacTUBEBS. 

Adin  Planini  Mill Adin,0 

Araiontrout,  E.  A San  Bernardino,  C 

Barnes,  D.  O.  4  Co South  Vallejo,  O 

Barnes  Bros.  SGcdgc East  Oakland,  C 

Bauiford  Bros Weston,  O 

Bcone,  J.  R Beuicla,  C 

Blood,  M Midway,  U 

Boca  Mill  Co. Boca,C 

Bradford,  S.  8 Sonoro,  C 

Brunstcter,  P Grass  Valley,  C 

Bumhom,  Staudefonl  W.  &Co Oakland,  O 

Caldwcllo  Planlnj  Mill Woodlanil,  0 

California  Planing  Mill Howord  and  Hpear  sts,  8.  F.,  C 

Carter,  E.  &  Co Albany.  O 

Centennial  Planing  Mill 550  Brannan  st,  8.  F.,  C 

Central Berry,  W.  Fourtli  st,  8.  F.,  C 

Ooopor,  B.  M Tumwater.  W 

Cram,  W.  II Pulouso,  W 

Crane,  Win  &  Bros Bmwnsville,  C 

Canl  &  Lair Seattle,  W 

Daris,  Chas Hio  Vista,  C 

Dyer  k  Clarey Pomeroy.  W 

East  Oakland  Planing  Mill East  Uaklanil,  C 

Enterprise  Jfill 217  8i)ear  st,  S.  P.,  C 

EntcriirlsoMillamlLuml)C,-Co Son  Jose,  C 

Excelsior  Planing  Mill 657Bnautst,  S.  F.,  C 

Fitzgerald  &  Henderson Stockton,  C 

Flood,  J.  P - Los  Angeles,  C 

Fulda  Bros.  &  Co 30-40  Spear  st,  S.  F..  C 

GiUosplo,  T.  J.  &  Co San  Jose,  C 


Ola.«fonl,  Wm WiiMu  W.dlii.  \V 

Gnllllli.  J.  M.  i  Co Luj  AuA'Im.  (! 

«.;rovt«i  &  Wilson Adiii.  C 

Hall,  II.  W Colmnbn.  <• 

Hanson,  M.  &  A 130  Main  nt.  .4.  F,  (I 

Ilardenlmrgh.  Isaac 134  .Main  st,  H.  F.,  O 

Harmon,  J.  C l:urek;i,  X 

Hart  well.  Hotchkiss  k  Kulkcr SacranuMito,  1 ! 

Hatch,  11.  II .'. DiiyUm,  W 

Uayward.  C Victoria.  11.  (' 

Hunt  J.  A.  4Co Siuranuulci.  (t 

Hyatt  &  Leonard Oakland.  ( ' 

Isaacs,  Geo.  E Merce.1,  <! 

Johnson  &  Co Portland,  O 

Kemp,,!.  &Co 109  Mission  st,  K.  P,  O 

KendelL  11.  P Tumwater,  W 

Korbcl,  8.  &Bros HanU  Uosa.  O 

Kroin,  Charles The  DalK-rt,  O 

Latimer,  Taylor  &  Co Salt  Lake  City,  U 

Lawton  &  Skinner Yreka,  O 

Lirin.  David Jacksonvilk-,  O 

LinTlUc,  A  J San  Bcma  ditto,  O 

Marsh,  L.  S.  U Aahlaml,  O 

Mcllito.*,  U.  M Bilker  City,  O 

MeadLT.  11.  II Carson  City,  y 

Mechanics' Planing  Mill.. Missionand  Fremont  sts.,  H.  P.,  (! 

Mechanics'  Planing  Mill..  Portland,  O 

Mitchell,  Wm Tho  Dalles,  0 

Mulrheatl  &  Mann Victoria,  11.  C 

Nay  L.  G.  &  Co Pctahuna,  O 

Pearl  &  Allen IIal.iey,  O 

Pearson,  AmsdenS  Burnett Sacratn.'utu,  C 

Peny,  Woodward  k  Co Los  AiiijcIlu,  O 

Peffer,  John Maiyflvillo,  li 

Phillips  &  Favour Hoaldsbun,',  iJ 

Putnam,  8 Aubitni,  ( t 

Hitter  li  Holman Dayton,  W 

Royal  City  Mill Now  Westminster,  IJ.  O 

Scranton,  John Island  (Jity,  o 

Scanor,  Goo Wright':!,  tl 

Sharon  &  Co Pendleton,  O 

Shaver,  Isaac San  Rafael.  0 

Shaw  &  Sims Statito  i,  O 

Shipanl,  H.  I Santa  Barbara.  O 

Sloper  ft  Fuller Pctaluma.  O 

Santa  Clara  Vall"y  M.  S  S.  Co San  Joso.  C 

Saula  Cnnt  Lumber  Assttciution Santa  Cniz,  C 

San  Diego  Planing  Mill  Co San  Diego,  C 

San  Joso  Independent  M.  &  L.  Co Sun  .Toso.  O 

Smitli,  Daniel Baker  City.  O 

Smith,  A.  Guy  &  Co Anaheim,  O 

South  Park  Planing  Mill 306  Battery  st.  S.  P.,  O 

South  Point  Planing  MiU. . ,  .Berry  and  Third  sts.,  S.  F  ,  I! 

Spoar  StroLt  Planing  Jllll 30  Spear  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Stockton  Planinj  Mill Berry  st,  near  Fotirtli,  8.  1*.,  C 

Strolian  &  Cook Portlaml,  U 

Terry  k  Brown San  Diego,  C 

Theisen,  John  J...  Valencia  st,  near  Eighteenth.  8.  P.,  C 
Walsh,  Michael.  Twenty-second  and  Valencia  sts.,  ,S.  P.,  C 

Webster,  J.  M Spring  llrook,  W 

Wetherlty.  Geo.  M Bryant  and  Fifth  sis.,  S.  P.,  O 

IVhlte,  Thos Stockton,  0 

Wright,  W.  G Sau  Bomardino,  O 

POTTEKY— ManI/FACtuebb*. 

Albion  Pottery Anttoch,  O 

Branuan,  Daniel Oakland,  O 

Bundock,  H.  F Sacramento,  U 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


_i   IM 

■SO    ^" 


6" 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WBT  MAIN  STRir 

WIMTIR,N.Y.  USM 

(716)  t79-4S03 


p 


782 


APPENDIX. 


Chantiol  Tuttery  and  Dmin  Pipe  Works 

, 43a Mantsomenr  St,  8.  P.,  0 

Cla.k,  N.  S  Sous 1310-131G  Market  St.,  B.  !•'.,  O 

Dcnnlson.  \Y.  D.  &K  H Niiiu  City,  U 

EorUloy  U  C^artwriuht Salt  Lako  City,  U 

G:uaaiu^,■,  McUoan&Ca UIO-UIC  Market  st,  S.  V.,  V 

na:;aril&  Earl Los  Anu..>le3,  C 

Maddux,  Geor^ Sacramento,  O 

Mcyoni,  C.  II '. Oreson  City,  O 

Miller,  James  &  Co Oakland,  O 

Nortlilicach  Cement  I'ipo &!.... 143 California  St.,  8.  F.,  C 

Owens,  John  II MCalHomia  at.,  8.  F.,  O 

Petson,  F Salt  Lake  City,  U 

Kunsomo,  K.  L 402Mont]iDmoi7Bt..  S.  F.,  0 

Stciffcr.  A San  Jose,  O 

Von  llattan,  P Sacramento,  O 

POWDER— MAHtjrAcinBBM 

Atlantic  Giant  Powder  Co lOCalKomUtst.,  8.  F.,  0 

California  Powder  Works 230  California  St.,  S.  F.,  0 

California  Vijorlt  Powder  Co. . .  .63  No»oda  Block,  H.  P  ,  0 

Dupont  Powder  Co IWPiiost.,  8.  P.,  0 

Eureka  Powder  Co 310  Pino  at,,  U.  P.,  0 

Excelsior  Powder  Co 40  Merchants'  KxcUan^^o,  tj.  P.,  C 

Giant  Powder  Co SIO  Front  at.,  3.  F.,  0 

Hardy  Powder  Co 413  CalKomiii  at.,  H.  P.,  0 

IIorcule,i  Powder  Works 330C;  iifomlast.,  8.  F.,  C 

Judson  Powder  Co 2: )  Front  St..  S.  F.,  0 

Safety  Sitro  Co 4D3  Cttllfomia  at.,  S.  P.,  0 

Safety  Powder  Co OctaTiaond  Grecnwiciis^.,  8.  P.,  O 

Thunder  Powil.r  Co COO  Montgomery  St.,  S.  F.,  O 

Tonito  Powder  Co 310  California  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Union  Powder  Co 40  California  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Vulean  Powder  Co 213  Cttllfomia  St.,  B.  P.,  O 

Warren  Powder  Co 21  Merchants'  Exchau^^e,  8.  P.,  C 

PUINTERS-BooK  AND  Joa 

Bacon  &  Co Cor.  Clay  and  Sansomo  sts,  8.  P.,  C 

Bancroft,  A.  L.  &  Co 721  Market  St..  S.  P.,  C 

Bosijui,  Edward  It  Co.  .Cor.  Clay  &  Leidcadorflf  sta.,  8.  P.,  O 

Brodie,  J.  U.  tCo 423U:uyst.,  8.  P.,  0 

Cannany.  J.  U 43D  Wa-iUlnatonst,  8.  P.,  0 

CottI   &  Wright Son  Joso,  U 

Crocker,  II.  fl.  ^  Co Sacromeuto,  0 

Croclicr,  11.  8.  t  Co 2i6Uush  St.,  8.  P.  O 

Dougherty,  P.  E.  S  Co 411  Clay  at.,  8.  l.'.,0 

Eastman,  Fnink  ft  Co iX)  Clay  at,  8.  P.,0 

Franola  ii  Vulentlno 017  Clay  at.,  B.  P.,  C 

Ilimjs,  Geo.  II Portland,  O 

llintou,  W.  M.ftCo D30Clayst.,  8.  P.,  O 

Muidnck,  C.  A.  &O0 033  Clay  at,  S.  P.,  C 

Owen,  J.  J San  Josj,  0 

Pocille  Press  Printing  Co CaUand,  O 

Richmou  1,  L.  O.  U  Bon 431  Montgomery  at.,  8.  P.,  U 

Schwab  &  Andorso:i Portland,  O 

ai)auldinu',  Geo.  &  Co 414  Clay  St.,  8.  P.,0 

Btorclt,  11.  K 1)13  CUy  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

Thomas.  P,  J 003  Clay  at,  8.  P.,  C 

WIntorbum,  Jossldl  ft  Co 417  Clay  at.,  8.  P.,  0 

Wallinj,  AG.... Portland  O 

Weaver,  II.  A Sacramento,  O 

Woodwanl,  Wm.  A.  &  Co S39  CoUfonUa  at,  8.  P.,  O 

PU0VI810NU. 

Alhearn  &  Co 0  .'Ueuart  at,  8.  P.,  C 

nigl  jy  llrm Cor.  Clay  and  D.1tI3  sis.,  8.  P..  C 

Breeze  &  L;Ml:jliran . .  .Cor  Wasllinuton  t:  Darin  nts.,  8.  F.,C 

llrUliam,  Whitney  &  Co 33.)  Pnjnt  at,  8.  P ,  U 

Oaatle  Droa.  ft  Lou|M 913  Front  at,,  8.  r ,  0 


Dolleplano  &  Co 433  Batter;  st,  S.  P.,  O 

Dodje,  Sweeney  &  Co 114  Market  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Dodge,  W.  W.  i  Co Cor.  Clay  and  Front  sti,  8.  F.,  O 

Ehrman,  M.  a  Co 101  Front  at,  B.  F.,0 

Feilinj  a  Uinry 421  Front  at.,  8.  P.,0 

Forsaith  &  DoJje 32j  Front  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Postar,  a.  &O0 3J  California  St.,  0.  F.,  O 

QjtzDro8.&Ca 331  Front  at.,  0.  P.,  O 

Haas  Bros 103  California  at,  8.  P.,  O 

llalaht  UobcrtiCo 223  Front  st,  9.  F.,  O 

Hanly  &  Snow 123  C»lifonjia  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Hentrlch,  Lewis 013  Front  st,  8.  P.,  O 

UooBlon,  W.  J.  it  Co 203  Front  st,  B.  F.,  O 

Jennings,  Thomas 410  8ansomc  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Jones  S  Co 220  Front  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Keyes,  O.  II 53 Steuart at, S.  F.,0 

Kruso&Eulcr 203  Front  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Lohman  U  Coghlll 313  Front  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Man2ck,M.&0 313  Clay  at,  S.  F..  O 

Martin,  Feuslcr <k Stellani 311  Clay <t,  8.P.,  O 

McHenry,  0.  iCo 42Jl?iontat,  8.  P.,  0 

MeKayt  Brown 427  Darla  at,  8.  P.,0 

Merry,  Panll  &  Co 123  California  ct,  8.  F.,  0 

Micholason,  Brown  &  Co 310  Front  st,  0.  P.,  O 

Middleton&Co.  021  Front  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Root  &  SanCerson 123  Market  st,  8.  F.,  0 

Ilountrcu  &  McCluro 404  Front  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Ban  Francisco  Packing  and  ProvLilon  Co 

515  Woshlnston  at,  B.  F.,0 

Steele,  Elder  &  Co 204  Front  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Stearns  &  Smith 423  Front  at,  8.  F.,  O 

Tabcr,  UorkerftCo 103  California  st,  8.  P.,  O 

TllUnan  &  Dendol Cor.  Battery  and  Clay  sti,  B.  P.,  0 

■Von  llon-.i  &  Hencke  Bros 400 1'ront  at,  B.  P.,  O 

WoUraan,  Peck  «<  Co 120  Market  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Wheaton  &  Luhrs 213  Front  at,  B.  P.,  0 

WielandBnjs 323  Front  at,  8.  F.,0 

Wilson,  J.  Y.  4Co 508  Market  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Wooster,  IlubbeU  ft  Co 317  Front  st,  B.  P.,  O 

PnOVISION  PAOKEItS. 

Arnold  ft  Co 

Cor.  Valencia  ond  Twenty-thlrd  sts.,  B.  F.,  O 

Aulwrt,  Albert 13  0,  P.  Market,  8.  P.,0 

BaUoy  Bros 71  California  Market  0.  P.,  O 

Bunk:;r,  R  P 73  Califo.-nli  Market  8.  P.,  O 

Curtis,  John  a  Son 333  Fl.that,  8.  P.,  O 

Donliard,  John Cor.  Howard  and  Ninth  ate.,  8.  l^,  O 

Drouot  II 1130ntO3ktonBt,  H.  P.,  O 

Ilantrloh.  Lewis 513  Projt  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Merry,  Paul!  ft  Co 123  California  at,  8.  F.,0 

Mlchetasjn,  Brown  ft  Co. 310  Front  at,  B.  P.,  O 

MuUer  b  ICoenig 13  Callfomiit  Mariiet,  U.  P.,  O 

Keil  Cross  Packini  Co 803  Canaoiaj  at,  0.  P.,  0 

Heinle  b  Faoho 3  Grand  Central  Market,  8.  P.,  0 

Ban  Francisco  Pasklutf  and  1  lOTlaioj  Co 

513  Washinjton  at,  8.  P.,  0 

Schuek,  E.  ftOo 211Polaom  at,  S.  F.,  O 

South  Son  P'rancI    J  Pack'us  and  Provision  Co 

Cor.  Fourtil  av.  and  &I  at,  8,  B.  F.,  0 

WUk>u,J.  Y.ftCo 006  Market  at,  H  F.,0 

RUOBER  OOODB. 

Davis  ft  Ko'.log} 34  California  at,  8.  P„  O 

Dohiu,  James  W 414  Market  it.,  8.  P.,  0 

Folkers  J  II.  A.  ^i  Dto 118  MontgomorT  st,  8.  P.,  O 

GoodjraarllubhwOo 577  Hariwt  at,  a  V.,  O 


APPENDIX. 


783 


Cregory,  H.  P.  *  Co J  CaUforala  Bt.,  8.  F.,  O 

OutUPeiclufeBubberGa SOI  Market  it,  8.  F.,0 

NariileftCo 31-33 C»llfonila .t,  8.  P.,  0 

Sutton,  Jr.,  CbulnftCo 34-36 CaliTomia at.,  S.  F.,  O 

Watt,  John  (Joweliy) 1625  MoAUIiter  Bt,  S,  F..  O 

WiUlamB,  Dimond  ft  Co 203  Market  Bt,  S.  P.,  O 

WoouBockot  Rubber  Co 414  Market  Bt,  8.  F.,  C 

SAILS— MAKUFACtDBEBB. 

BlakeBton,  J.  1 6  Clay  Bt,  8.  F.,  O 

Punk,  C.  C 46ClayBt,  S.P.,  O 

HardlngftBrann 66  Clay  Bt,  8.  F„  C 

Reynolds,  TtaomaB Market  and  Steuart  BtB.,  8.  F.,  O 

SlmpBon  ft  Fiaher 34  Steuart  Bt,  8,  F.,  C 

Wood,  W.  0 44  Market  at,  8.  F.,(J 

8AI1T— MANUrACTUttKKa. 

Barton,  B.  F.  ft  Co 213  Sacramento  Bt ,  8.  P.,  C 

Jeremyft  Co Salt  Lake  City,  U 

MaTlcano,  P 411  Washington  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Flummer  Bros 224  Clay  at,  8.  F.,  O 

The  Union  PaclSe  8alt  Co 216  Sacramento  Bt,  8.  P.,  C 

SAWS. 
Pacific  Saw  Mfg  Co 17  Fremont  Bt,  8.  F.,  O 

SAWMILL  MACHINERV. 

Birch,  W.  H 119Ilealuat,8.  F.,0 

Orogory,  ILP.  ftCo 2  California  at,  8.  F.,  U 

Uendy,  Joshua 49  Fremont  at.  8.  P.,  C 

Huntington,  T.  A 230  Plromont  Bt,  8.  F.,  O 

Small,  laaao  H 574  Bruunau  st,  B.  F.,  U 

SHIP  BUILDERS. 

Bendllaon,  II.  D Eurvka,  O 

Dean,  E.  B.  ft  Co Coos  Bay,  O 

Dickie  BroB 19  Steuart  at,  B.  P.,  O 

HttllBroB PortBlakeiy,  W.  T 

SUnpaun  Bros Cooa  Bay,  O 

Turner  ft  Rundlo Sixth  at,  B.  F.,  O 

Whito,  Charl« S.  P.,  0 

SlUPPIXa  MERCIIANTa 

Adams,  Wm.  J Flor  17,  Steuart  st,  8.  F.,  C 

Balfour,  Outhrlo  ft  Co 310  Califoniia  at,  B.  P.,  O 

BalianI,  Duaiie  ft  Cu 23  Califurula  Bt,  8.  P.  O 

Balzer,  Henry  ft  Co 204  Sansomo  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Bareda,F.  L 213  Sansomeat,  B.  P.,  C 

Brown,  D.  ft  Co G44  Market  at.,  B.  P.,  0 

California  Steam  Nartgation  Co 

Waililnglon  St  Wharf,  8.  F.,0 

Cliapman,  James  P.  ft  Co 32  Califoniia  B^,  S.  P.,  O 

California  Transiiortatlon  Co 

Cor.  Jackau'i  and  East  sis.,  8.  F.,  0 

ColBii,  Oeo.  F.  ftCo 13  Pine  at,  8.  F.,  C 

Colcmon,  Wra.  T.  ft  Co 131  Market  at,  B  F.,  O 

Corbitt  ft  Maoluay  313  California  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

Crawford,  A 37  Market  st,  8.  F.  C 

Du  Castro,  D.  ft  Co 313  Bausome  at,  8.  P.,  U 

DemiKter  ft  Keys 303  Market  st,  B.  P.,  O 

Dibbicu,  Albert lU  California  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Dickaoii.  UeWoirftCo , 413  Battery  Bt,  8.  P.,  0 

Dollwer  ft  Canon 33  California  st,  8.  F.  O 

DoualdsonftCo 134  California  st,  B.  P.,  0 

Drasbaeh,  Wm 318  Califoniia  st,  B.  P.,  C 

EarlftD.  W.  ftCo 336 Oalitomhk  at,  B.  P.,  O 

Flint,  Peahody  ft  Cn 408  California  at,  B.  F,  O 

Pontana,  M.  J.  ft  Co OOOHanBoraeat,  B.  P.,  U 

Forbes  Bros 303  California  at,  8.  P.,  O 

PuBtet,  8.  ft  Co 36  Califurula  at,  8.  P.,  C 


Freeman,  Smith  ft  Co 122  California  at,  8.  P., 

Freeman  ft  Baker 113  Davie  at,  8.  P., 

Frils,  Soren  B.  Peterson 66  Clay  at,  S.  P., 

Goo<lall,  Perkins  ft  Co 10  Market  st,  S.  F., 

Grace,  J.  W,  ftCo 40 California  at,  8.  P., 

Hanson,  4  Co Pier  11,  Steuart  Bt,  8.  P., 

Harte,  Gregory  P 123  California  at,  8.  F„ 

Hatch  ft  Barclay 

HeftI,  Balthazar 506  Battery  at,  8.  F., 

Howes,  Jabez 302  California  st,  8.  P., 

Hume,  Geo.  W 309  Sacramento  at ,  S.  1'., 

HuBscy,  H.  P.  ft  Co 205Pront  at,  8.  P., 

Hutchlnaon,  Kohl,  PhiiipiieuB  ft  Co 

310Baiisomo  st.  B.  P., 

Kcntflekl,  John  ft  Co Pier!),  Steunrtat,  8.  P., 

Kittle  ft  Co 2ij2  Callfomla  at,  8.  F., 

Klvell,  Jamo3  Cor.  StLUart  and  MiaslonaU,  S.  P., 

Knowles,  J.  Jf 36  Cillfomia  et,  8.  P  , 

Lolor,  Cliarles  P 31  Merchants'  Exchange,  8.'  P., 

Low,  O.  Adolphe  ft  Co 208  Califoniia  at..  S.  ]'., 

Lowontlial,  Lirliigston  ft  Co 320  California  at,  S.  P., 

Lund,  Henry 214  Califoniia  at.  8.  P., 

Lynde  ft  Hough 410  Davla  at.,  S.  P., 

Mackenzie  ft  Gltbcrtaon 133  Califoniia  at,  8.  F., 

Mocondray  ft  Co 200  Sansome  at,  8.  P., 

Mnkiii,  IWlicrtO 303  California  at,  8.  P., 

Moatlck.  8.  L.  ft  Co Plor  10,  Steuart  Bt.,  8.  F., 

McCormlck  ft  Dilunoy 116  Front  at.,  8.  F  , 

McNcar,  O.  W 20  California  at,  8.  P., 

Molnecke,  Charles  ft  Co 314  Bocrntiifitito  at ,  8.  P. 

Mel,  John 34  Califoniia  at,  H.  J 

MendelKon  Bros 306  Hacmnicnto  Bt,  8.  F., 

MorrUl,  J.  C.  ft  Co 204  Cailfomio  a'..,  S.  l" 

Moore,  A.  D 109  California  Bt,  H.  P 

Mucoke,  Vlcto.-ft  Co 109  California  Bt.  8.  P 

Naunton.  Geo 524  llalteryat,  8  I', 

Newton  Bros,  ft  Co 200  California  at,  8.  P., 

O'Neill  Bros 310  Davla  Bt,  H.  P, 

Parrott  ft  Co 306  Callfomla  at ,  8.  P., 

Peteraon,  S.  B 68('inyst,  8.  P., 

PfordnerftCo 615  Market  at,  R  V, 

Pierce,  E.  O.  ft  Co 20  (Mifoniia  Bt,  8.  P., 

Poiio  ft  Talbot. 201  California  at,  8.  P., 

Ranaom,  Ellslui  ft  Co 304  Callfomla  at,  8.  P., 

Regenaburgor,  8 102  Battery  at,  8.  P., 

Reynolds,  L.  ft  Co lOPiratat,  8.  P., 

Rodgem,  Meyer  ft  Co 213  Battery  at,  8  P., 

Kosetitcld,  John 303Collfornia  at,  8.  P., 

Sabatle,  A,  E.  ft  Co 017  Sanaotne  at,  8.  P., 

Schuasler,  John 107  Battery  at,  8.  P., 

Soofleld  ft  Tevia 120  Primt  at.  8.  P., 

Severance,  H.  W 316  California  at,  B.  F., 

Shechy,  Robert 317  California  at,  B.  P., 

Slbson  ft  Churuli  ft  Co Portluiul, 

Biropson,  A.  M.  &Bro 44  Market  at,  8.  P., 

Biaaon,  Wallace  ft  Co C30  Callfomla  at..  8.  P., 

Siireckela,  John  D.  ft  Bro 109  Callfomla  at,  8.  P., 

BtarrftCo 16  Califoniia  at.,  8.  P., 

Stevens,  Bukor  ft  Co 

cor.  Bdcrainento  and  Davis  ata,  8.  P., 

Strauss,  K 3  Battery  at,,  8.  P, 

Taylor,  O.  L.  ft  Co 34  Callfomla  at,  8.  P., 

Ten  Bosoli,  N.  ft  Co 28  Merchants'  Kiohange,  8.  P., 

Tlioobald,  Geo.  J.  ft  Co 4IBCollfornla  at ,  8.  F., 

Tiohelior,  H.  B.  ft  Co 43  Market  at ,  H.  !■•., 

TllcorabftOo 306  Baoramerito si ,  8.  P., 

Towle,  W.  W 308  Townsendst,  8.  P, 

Turner  ft  Ituudlu 133  California  at  8.  P.. 


1 

■  4 

! 

ppipi 


wmmmmm 


784 


APPENDIX. 


Wndlianu&imioU »»  Front  Bt,  S.  F.,  C 

Wallaco,  J.  J.  &  Co 108  Leidewlorll  it,  S.  F.,  C 

WciWerapoon  4  Co 814  (.'ollfoniU  <t.  8.  F.,  C 

Welch*  Co I09C»Ufonil»»t,  9.  F.,  0 

Wells,  Charlci  H 30  CRllfonilii  st,  B.  F.,  C 

Wliitiiey,  J.  B.  4Co 612  Cl»ir  «t.,  S.  F.,  O 

Wilkiiis  4  Co lOaCalifomiait,  8.  F.,  C 

Willianu,  DimondftOo 303  Market  it.,  8.  F.,  C 

Wlnklcman,  HeniT MStcuutit.,  S.  F.,  O 

York,  Ebeo 34  CalUoraU  st,  8.  F.,  G 

SILK— MAKUrACTDnEBS. 

CalMomla  Bilk  Manuraeturing  Co.MS  Market  it.,  B.  F.,  0 

SOAP— MANUFACrURSRS. 

Adanu,  Joacph  W 34  Cammorcial  iL,  8.  F.,  O 

Alta  Soap  Co Orogon,  or.  DavUst.,  8.  F.,  O 

Uay  Soap  aoil  CaoOle  Co 116  Froat  it.,  8.  F.,  0 

Ilettman,  Mo«ca 311  Commercial  Bt,  8.  F.,  C 

Brown,  Kiebard Chaimel,  nr.  Fourteenth  Bt,  8.  F.,  C 

(!a  llfuniia  llleaching  Soap  Co 

Sixteenth  and  Folsou  ata.,  S.  F.,  O 

Capital  Soap  Factory Sacramento,  O 

Chief  .Soap  Factor? Sacnuneuto,  G 

Clurk  BroB Mcbnuka,  nr.  Center  Bt,  S.  F.,  C 

Columbia  Soap  Works 303  Market  Bt,  8.  F.,  O 

Columbia  Soap  Co Portland.  G 

Cunimeteial  Soap  Co Brady,  nr.  Market  Bt,  8.  F.,  0 

Curtell,  Gustavo  4  Co 27  Markit  St.,  S.  F  ,  C 

Dakin  4  Libbcy 233  Sacramento  st.,  S.  F.,  C 

Doliin,  Thomas Potrero  av.,  S.  F.,  O 

Kiiile  Soap  Works 30^  Clay  et,  8.  F.,  G 

111  llman  4  Lehman 708  Brannau  St.,  S.  F.,  O 

Houston,  W.  J.  4  Co ai3  Front  st,  B.  F.,  G 

Irririg  R  4  Co rorthuul,  O 

Lllli',  Philip Bay  and  WcWter  sts ,  8.  F.,  C 

Luckel,  J.  O Portland,  O 

I.ucy,  O.  K.  &  Co 123  California  Bt,  8.  1'.,  C 

McCarthy,  Jamos Utah  and  Center  sta,  8.  F.,  C 

Mission  Soap  and  Caudlo  Works lOS  liiuh  st,  H.  F.,0 

Navy  Soup  Co 310  Post  st,  8.  P.,  C 

New  Ilngliind  Soap  Works 

Vtah  and  Sliletntli  slB.,  8.  F.,  O 

Ncmll*  Hro 2!l  Davis  at,  8.  F.,  C 

Pcake4  Fiske 24  California  at.,  8.  F.,  C 

Ptndray  4  Co Victoria,  B.  C 

PcU'raon,  Wm.  J 421  Chiy  st,  S.  F.,  O 

PetLreou,  C.  A.  4  Co Juniper  at,  S.  F.,  C 

Pioneer  Soap  Factory. Sarmuicnto,  C 

lloyal  Soap  Factory 206  f"ront  st.,  8,  F,  O 

S.id.il,  Frcilerlck  E 

San  Bruno  Koad,  nr.  Twenty  nlulli  St.,  S.  F.,  O 

Siuiihcintcr  Mosea 311  Commercial  at.,  S.  F.,  0 

Hmllh,  Lucy  4  Co MB  Front  at,  S.  F,.  C 

Standard  Hoap  Co 301  Spc  amentu  st,  8.  F.,  C 

Hlundard  Hoap  Works San  Jobc,  O 

Standard  Soap  Co i  ortland,  () 

Stulir,  August. Sou  Brmto  Uoad,  nr  l-'iftcentli  uv.,  S.  1'.,  C 

L'niou  Kuap  Factory Juniper,  ur.  Folanmat,  H.  F.,  C 

Wttintrub,  II Portland,  O 

Welch,  M riah  and  Kl  Dorado  atn.,  S.  F,  0 

80DA-M.INI  tAiTUliEim. 

Ilorstmau,  John 700Bualiat,  H.  F.,  G 

SODA  WATKU -Mam  lAcTU iir.iw. 

Bay  City  Soda  Water  Cu 113  (lolden  Hate  av,  8.  F.,  O 

KoluerB,  C.  A.  fe  Co 333  KIni  av,  S.  F.,  O 

Welch,  ChKrles  4  C( iUH  Market  st,  B.  F.,  U 


Simmons  4  Maxon Stockton  and  Union  Bta.,  8.  P..  0 

Bompa,  F.  a 359  Clementina  Bt,  8.  F.,  O 

Thompson,  Gea  0 Filbert  and  Mason  its..  8.  F.,  O 

SPRINCiB— MAHUrAUTDREUI. 

The  Betts  Spring  Co 218  Fremont  it,  8.  F.,  O 

BPRINO  MATTItES3-MA!itirACTURr.Ra. 

Beale,  Samuel 47  Second  St.  8.  F.,  O 

STARCH— Makitaciurebb. 

Everdlng.  J.  4  Co 48  Chv  it.  8.  F.,  O 

STATIONERS. 

Bancroft,  A.  L.  4  Co 721  Market  Bt,S.  F.,  u 

Blake,  Bobbins  4  Co 616  Sacramento  st,  a  F.,  O 

Crocker,  II.  S.  4  Co 316  Bush  st,  S.  F.,0 

Grtxskcr,  U.  8.  4  Co Sacramento,  0 

Cunningham.  Curtiaa  4  Welch 

Sansomeand  Sacramento  sts.,  8.  F.,  O 

Frank.  Ooldamlth  4  Co 

SaUBome  and  Sacramento  sts.,  B.  F..  O 

(iiU.  J.  K.4Ca Porthuid.0 

Ilougtatou.  W.  A.  4  C.  8 Bacramento,  O 

Lo  Count  Broa 417  Montgomery  Bt.  B.  F.,  0 

Payot  Upham  4Ca 204  Sanaomo  at,  8.  F..  0 

San  Fiancisco  News  Co 413  Washington  at,  8.  F.,  O 

Waldteufel,  A San  Jose,  O 

STOVES  AND  TINWARE. 

ChlldB,  M.  W Loa  Angeles,  O 

Grawfoid.  J.  W Salem,  O 

De  La  Montanya,  James 606  Battery  Bt.  8.  F.,0 

Goldandth  4  Loe\V(.nberg Portland.  O 

Goodrich,  Taylor 364  Market  at,  8.  F.,  O 

Uolbiook,  Merrill  4  Shtion. . .  .233-339  Market  at.,  8.  F.,  0 

llarpcr,  Reynolds  4  Co ,Lob  AngeleB.  G 

lis,  John  O ■ 814  KeairnyBt,  S.  F,  C 

Montague,  W.  W.  4  Co 110  Battery  st,  S.  F.,  0 

Hay,  W.  S.  4  Co 13-14  Market  at,  8.  F.,  O 

Tay,  George  JI.  4  Co 

ClGDatto  y  st,  and  cor.  Califonila  and  Davis  sts.,  SF.,C  - 

STOVES- MANVFACTURUiS. 

Pacific  stove  and  Iron  Works  Co 228  Main  st,  8.  F.,  0 

Hay  W.  8.  4  Co 12  Market  st ,  8.  F.,  O 

Savage  4  Son 137  Fremont  Bt,  B.  F.,  O 

Tay,  Geo.  H.  4  Co 014  Battery  st,  a  V.,  O 

STRAW  OOODS-MA!<UF.i<:roR«n8. 

Atlantic  Straw  Worka 132  Fourth  st.  8.  F.,  0 

Cowle8,a.  W.  M 1017  Market  st,  a  F.,  0 

F.nterpriso  Straw  Works 813  SUsslou  st,  a  F.,  0 

Eleelalor  Straw  Wolka 120  Fourth  at,  B.  P.,  O 

Pacific  Straw  Works 10  Fourth  at,  B.  F..  0 

Western  Straw  Woika 108  Fourth  at,  B.  F„  0 

SUIIAU  UKFINI'UtlES. 

American  Sugar  Refinery 308  CoUfuniia  st,  8.  F.,  0 

California  Sugar  Refinery 216  Front  st,  8.  F.,  0 

Sau  Freuolaco  and  Pacllle 424  Califonda  at,  8.  F.,  O 

Standard  Sugar  Mfg.  Co 16  Fiont  st,  8.  F.,  0 

TANNERIES. 

Bcezer,  Uonry BwlwoodClty.O 

Brown,  J.  R Bmiola,  0 

Belmont  Tanneajr Vlotoria,  B.  0 

Danforth  4  Co Bant*  Onis,  0 

Eherhard,  Jacob BanU  CUra,  U 

Fanning,  UM BtooUon,  0 


viiMiPpnMfmM! 


.JJIIIlWlll 


^mimm^m 


APPENDIX. 


78s 


Ptask  BixM Redwood  Citj,  O 

Grozelicu  li  NeUon Han  Joae,  O 

Halnca  &  Pctcn Eugene  City,  O 

Innci.  J.  L BcnicUt  0 

Joldan,  Un.  J.  O Santa  Itoia,  C 

Klrbr&Co Santo  Crui,0 

Kton,  U.  F 8anUCnlz,0 

KliUman,  Wagner  &  Co Beniola,  0 

Kullman,  Wasncr  &  Co Stockton,  C 

B.  LleDenwebur&  Co Astoria,  O 

McKajr  &  Chrlsholm Bonlcla,  0 

Oregon  Leather  HIg  Co Portland,  O 

Patrick,  A.  It Foliom  and  Eighteenth  ate.,  8.  P.,  C 

Perklni,  J.  U CoquUle  CItj,  O 

Perkiui,  W.  M.ftJ.  M Parkeraburg,  O 

Rook  Bay  Tannery Victoria,  B.  O 

Sacramento  Tannery  and  MXg  Co Sacramento,  C 

Sawye  ,  B.  F.  »  Co Napa  City,  O 

Slou,  Loula  &  Co 310  Sanaomo  it,  S.  >'.,  0 

Wbid,MarlU Nebruka  nrYulwet,  S  F.,  O 

Wlcki,  J Petaluma,0 

WlM,Clald£ab<(Co Santo  Bon,  0 

TEA. 

Bothln,  Dallemand  &Ca M3  Front  at, 

OaatleBnn.  &  Loupe S13  Front  at, 

Coleman,  Wm.  T.  &Ca 131  Market  it, 

Ehrman,  &L  kOo lOi-110 Front  it, 

Foater,  B.  &Ca % Califomla it., 

Hanly,  Ceo.  T.  &Co 2U  Sacramento  it, 

Kuewlng,  F.  &  Co 133  Caliromia  at., 

Low,  C.  AdolpUj  &  Co 30^  Caiifumla  at., 

HaoondrayfcCo 306  Sanaome  it., 

Montealeipre,  J.  O 318  Sacramento  at, 

lloora,  I.  O 317  Battery  at., 

Muore,  L.  P 413  Sasramento  at., 

Mewtori  Broa.  ft  Co 396  California  at., 

Gountroe  &  MoOlure 404  Front  at., 

Ttelrar,  llarkur&Co 103  California  at, 

Wellman,  Peek  &  Co 133  Mariiet  at, 

TIN  WARE-MAHUrAciunBiu. 

Austin,  D.  C 4M  Front  at,  S.  F.,  O 

Oamiibell.  MUtou San  Joso,0 

Childa,  M  W Los  Angolja,0 

OolcD.  &  Co PoitUind,  O 

Dabell,  James Uaklimil,  O 

Ooldsmith  ii  Loewenberg Portland,  O 

Uogan,  Howard Stockton,  0 

Rolbrook,  Merrill  &  SteUon 333  Market  st,  S.  F.,0 

Jaeksou,  John Stockton,  0 

Monta2Ua,  W.  W.  kCo. 110  Battery  at,  S.  P.,  C 

Moutanya,  J.  De  La 606  Battery  st ,  8.  F,  0 

Moutatiya,M.  De  La Oakland,  C 

Tay,  Oeo.  H.  *Oo 616  Battery  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Welrmaiui,D Hanraiwinto,  0 

TOBACCO. 

Adama,  Oyms  ft  Oo 417  Battery  st,  8.  F.,0 

Armer,  M<»Oo 306  Sacramento  at,  8.  P.,  0 

Ayera,  Oeorgo  O.  ft  D 309  Front  at,  8.  P.,  0 

Baumgartner  ft  Bohia 330  Fourteenth  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Bowman,  John  a  ft  Co 313  Battery  at,  8.  F.,0 

Brand,  Herman 304  Batteiy  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Bremer,  Joseph  ft  Co 910  Sacramento  at,  8  P.,  0 

Ureaaon,  Joseph 036  PaoiOo  at,  S.  P.,  C 

Briggs,  Spencer  It 300  OaUtorula  at,  S.  P.,  O 

Braton,  Daniel 106  Front  st,  8.  F.,0 

99 


a  P., 

c 

8.  P 

c 

s.  p. 

c 

s.  P 

0 

8.  p. 

0 

s.  P 

0 

8.  P 

0 

8  P. 

0 

a  P. 

0 

s.  p. 

0 

ap 

0 

ap 

0 

ap 

0 

a  p. 

0 

ap 

0 

ap 

0 

Buchanan  ft  Lyall.., 319  Battery  at,  a  F.,0 

Cohn,  0.  ft  Co 333  Front  »t,  a  F.,  0 

Culp,  J.  D.ft  Oo 16  Front  Bt,  8.  P.,  0 

Dauanun  Tobacco  Co 303  F.out  st,  8.  F.  0 

Drmkhouse;  J.  A 

cor.  Battery  and  Sacramento  at,,  8.  P.,  0 

Duke  W.,  Sons  ft  Co 303  Front  at,  8.  F,  C 

Ehrman,  M.ftCa 104  110  Front  at,  8.  F.,0 

Englebrcoht,  FexftCo 314  Front  at.,  S.  F.,U 

Esberg,  Bacbmon  ft  Co.  .cor.  Battery  and  CaL  sta,  S.  F.,  C 

Fakk,  Bernhard 431  Montgomery  st,  S.  P.,  U 

Palkenatcin  ft  Co 

cor.  Sacramento  and  Battery  Bts.,  8.  P..  O 

Pranrtta,  J.  ft  Co 419  Battery  st,  a  P.,  O 

Prohman,  8 637  Montgomery  at,  8.  P.,  0 

Oarcht  Bros cor.  IVaahlJgton  and  Sunsomo  ats.,  S.  P.,  O 

Goldberg  ft  Poppo 933  Market  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Goslinsky,  E.  ft  Co 219  Battery  st,  8.  P.,  C 

OunstM.  A.  ft  Co 203  Koamy  at,  S.  F.,  U 

Harria  Broa 513-518  Waahington  at,  8.  F.,  O 

Heerdink  ft  Oo 431  Valencia  at,  8.  F,  0 

Heyn.man,  H 304  California  at,  8.  F.,0 

Houston,  W.J 319  Calllomia  st,  8.  F.,  C 

Klopstoik,  O.  ft  Oo 313  Front  St.,  8.  F.,0 

Kohlberj,  H.  P.  ft  Oo 33511attcry  st,  8.  F.,0 

Koppet  J  O.  ft  Bro Sun  Juae,  0 

Lewis,  .Tnaeph 613  Waahlngtou  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Lewis,  W.  ft  Co 30  California  st ,  S.  P.,  O 

Ltebes  Bros,  ft  Oo 14  Fremont  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Liggett  ft  Mey.irs  Tobacco  Oo 206  Front  st,  8.  P.,  O 

MayrlschBros  ft  Oo 405  Battery  st,  8.  F.,0 

Mlchalitschko  Bfdi.  ft  Co 3J7Ko:>rayat,  8.  P.,  0 

Oppenhetaner  ft  Bro 300  Front  at,  8.  P.,  0 

Ordenatcin  ft  Co 303  Battery  at,  S.  P.,  O 

Plagemann,  U.  ft  Co 303  Sacrament)  at,  8.  F.,  0 

Rosenbaum.L  8.  ftCo.Cor.  Clay  and  Battery  sts.,  a  P.,  0 

Bosenahino,  M.  ft  Bro 004  Front  st,  B.  P.,  O 

Roaenfeld,  II.  ft  Co Portland,  O 

Rosenthal,  B. 

cor.  Montgomery  and  Commercial  ato,  8.  P.,  O 

Sanderson  ft  Horn 337  Front  at,  S.  F.,  O 

Schuenfeld,  Jouaa 433  Jackson  at,  8.  P.,  U 

ScbaeOer,  J.  W.  ft  Co 333  Sacramento  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Seal  Rock  Tobacco  Co 323  California  at,  B.  P.,  O 

8ldi:man,  Lacbman  ft  Co 209  Battery  at.  B.  P.,  O 

Siebonliauer,  L.  ft  Co 333  Battery  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Smith,  L.a.  K Portland,  O 

BpencoBroaftOo 305Pront  at,  8.  P,  C 

Todd,  H.U 315  Battery  at,  a  F.,0 

Waaaerman  ft  Oo Portland,  O 

WeUman,  Feck  ft  Co 136  Market  at,  8.  F.,0 

Werthetmer,  L.  ft  E 300  Front  at,  8.  F.,0 

Worthebner,  H.  ft  Bro 618  Front  at,  8.  F.,0 

YgualftCo 368  Market  at,  a  P.,  O 

TOOLS— MANurAciunEKs. 

Dobto,  Abner 13  P  tBt,a  F.,0 

San  Pranoiseo  Tool  Oo 31SteicnaonBt,  8,  P.,  O 

TOYS. 

Aokerman  Bros 133  Kearny  st,  8.  P.,  O 

DaTia  Bros 419  Kearny  and  718  Market  sta.,  S.  P.,  0 

Darls  Broa,  Le  Vino  ft  Oo 10-16  Sutter  at,  8  P.,  (I 

Felgenbaum  ft  Oo.  .130  Sauaome  and  317  Pine  ato,  a  P.,  . ' 
FbkTin,  Martin  J...  .Cor.  KoarnyftCommcrcialato,  8.  P.,  0 

Frankonthal,  Baohman  ft  Oo 

Cor.  Battery  and  Caiifomlaat,  8.  P.,  0 

Qoodyear  Uubbar  Co 677  Market  st,  a  F.,  0 


ml 


1 


786 


APPENDIX. 


Ila80]r&  Lancaster 33  Kcaniy  st,  S.  F.,  C 

Joacpli,  N'athiuitiCo 641  Clarit.,  H.  f.,  O 

P»aqualo,  11 CSOWasUlnstonat.,  S.  F.,  C 

TUIJLMINOS-MAHUrACTUKEILI 

AUworlh  &  TliomiiBon 8.  P. ,  0 

EttingiT  4  Co lOS  Pott  it,  8.  F.,  C 

fromm  !l  Schacfoc W  Markut  Bt,  8.  F.,  C 

Gaeth  &  Koehriiis 737  Markut  at..  8.  F.,0 

TKUNKS-MASUFACTunEIW. 

Block,  I1.&  Co lOTSansomo  at,  8.  V.,0 

FccUholincr  &  Steele m  Battery  it,  8.  F,  O 

Ilarrls,  J,  &  Co Markut  and  Ki^aniy  Bts.,  8  P.,  C 

llylaml,  Joseph  U — Sutter  a  d  MoDtifoiuery  sts.,  8.  F.,  O 

Martin,  D.  8.  4  Co C2J  Market  St.,  8.  F.,  O 

Hor.-rovo,  John 13  Oearysl,  8.  F.,  O 

Smith,  JaiDL-s  II 961  i  Mission  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Wlraini,  C.  11 C3J  Markut  st,  8.  P.,  C 

TYPE— MANDFACrUIiERS. 

American  Type  Foundry 510  Clay  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

Foreman  &  Co S18  Sansonie  st,,  8.  F.,  O 

Manlur,  Luso  &  Co 628  Clay  iit.,  8.  P.,  C 

Painter  &  Co 510  Clay  St.,  S.  P ,,  C 

Paltncr  i  Rcy 529  Commercial  st ,  S.  F,  C 

UNDEnTAKEKS'  G0ODS-MA.NtrA(m'KEll8. 

Cray,  N.  i  Co 643  Sacramento  si,  8.  P..  C 

Luvinon  Bros 134  Sutler  St.,  8.  F.,  0 

Loctliurt  S  Porter lOOTamll  St.,  8.  P.,  0 

Masscy,  Atkins 6S1  Sacramento  st,  8.  P.,  G 

FaoUloMdiCo C33  Mission  st,  8.  P.,  C 

VAMEIT  OOOOB. 

Ackermon  Bros 133  Kcumy  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Currlc,  Arthur  L.  4  Co 614  Post  »t ,  8.  P..  C 

Davlii  Urns 419  Kearny  and  718  Market  at,  8.  P.,  C 

Davis  Bros ,  Lu  Vino  &  Co 10  16  SutU>r  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Flavin,  Martin  J.. Cor.  Commercial  and  Kearny  sts.,  8.  P.,  C 

Loomis,  George 706-710  Kearny  st,  8  P.,  C 

SailltrJiCo 60.1  Market  st,  8.  F„C 

Biience,  A.  S.  &Co 637  Market  st,  8.  F,  O 

Bterenson  &  LunKwIU 003  Market  at,  8.  P.,  O 

VAUXISH— MANfFACTUnEIW. 

CallfonilaVamlih  Work>...Vtah,  near  Center  st,  8.  P.,  C 

llueter  Bro3.  4Co Second  and  Markut  sts.,  8.  P.,  C 

Waltuu,  N.  C.,Sr 319  Mission  at,  8.  P.,  G 

WAQGNS. 

Baker  4  Hamilton Pino  and  I)aria  ata.,  8 

Uavia,  George  A 337  Market  st,  S. 

Eastman,  T.  8 40  New  Montgomery  at,  8, 

Frank  Urtia 319  Market  at.,  8. 

Oullajher,  Uenianl 222  Mission  at,  H. 

Il.mley,  C  A.  &  Uj 413  Morkt-t  at,  8. 

U.iwley,  Marcua  C.  4  Co.  .Cor.  Market  4  Beale  sts.,  8. 

Ilawluy,  David  N Cor,  Market  and  Main  sts,,  8. 

Btudeliakur  Broa 31  Calitornia  at,  8. 

Haulxini,  A.  W 34  Ilealo  at,  8. 

Willny,  ().  P.  4  Co 427  Moutgumery  at,  H. 


F,  O 
P.,  C 
P.,  O 
P.,  (! 
P.,  G 
F,  C 
P.,  C 
P.,C 
P.,C 
P.,  c 

p.,  c 

WATCIi  CASES-MANurACTUKKIln. 

Careo4  Marchand 633  Cloy  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Faico,  Alexander 614  Menhant  at,  8.  F.,  O 

Ulannihl.  P.  A 100  Mont;p>mory  at,  8.  P.,  C 

Bmlth.  V 417UuahBt,8.  P.,  C 

Wain  4  Low UOHuUairat,  H.r.,  0 


WATER  METERS-MANUFAUTUUEIta. 
GloTanninl  4  Co 417  Mission  at,  8.  P.,  O 

WILLOW-W/VEE. 

Armcs  4  Dallam 330- £^  Front  st,  B.  P.,  O 

Colo  4  Kuimy 114  Saciamento  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Cupplea,  Snnmcl  4  Co I3J  Coliromia  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Felgenbaura  4  Co. .  .120  Banaomu  and  217  Pine  at,  8.  P.,  0 

Poldmonn,  L.  4  Co 317  Sacramento  st,  S.  P.,  O 

Harrison  4  Dickson 210  Sacramento  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Ilcnncs,  Christ  4  Co 1.08  Market  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Lange,  J.  C.  It 13  Montgomery  ar.,  8.  P.,  O 

Lipshcr,  George 411  Sacramento  st,  S.  P.,  O 

Stanley,  Mrs.  Mary  J 1210  Market  at,  8.  P.,  O 

WIXDMILLS-MANUrACIUHERS. 

Altfaonae  Wludmill  Co lODPIno  st,B.  P.,  0 

Bachelder  Mfg.  Co 13  Fremont  st,  S.  F.,  O 

Baker  4  llainUton Davi„  and  Pine,  8.  P.,  0 

Bwlwell,  U.  H 211  Mission  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Gregory,  H.  P.  4Ca 3  Califumlast,  B.  P.,  O 

Goldsmith,  D.  E 425  8ansome  st,  8.  P..  O 

Hawlny.  Marcus  O.  4  Co 301  Market  st.,  8.  P.,  O 

Krogh,F.  W.  4Co 47  Beolo  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Tasthi,Wm.  1 306  Mission  at,  S.  P.,  G 

WliU*-  Mam  i;r  actubem. 

Kcyston  Broa 2669  Mlaslou  at,  8.  P.,  O 

WIRE-WOKKS. 

California  Wire  Works  Co 6  California  at,  B.  F.,  O 

WINES  A\D  BRANDIES-NatiVC 

Anduran,  C.  A.  4  Co 517  Sacramento  st,  S.  F,  0 

Bach,  Meesc  4  Co 321  Montgomery  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Boclgalupo,  Do.uenlco 1419  Dupout  at,  B.  P.,  0 

Bunumaii  4  MartiuonI 321  Buttery  st,  B.,  P.,  O 

Dieyfus,  B.  4  Co 121  C...;otnla  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Dreyfus  4  Co Loa  Angeles,  O 

Futz,  Joseph cor.  Genry  and  Dujiont  sts.,  8.  P.,  G 

PlalHiUI,  I).  4  Co 710  Sa,;rumenta  at,  8.  P.,  O 

Gundlach,  J.  4  Co cor.  Market  and  Second  at,  8.  P.,  O 

llaioszthy,  Arpod  4  Co 5;>0  Washington  at.,  8.  P.,  O 

llorrls,  E.T 835  Mission  St.,  8.  P.,  O 

Kolder4  FrohlUlg 6S6  Montgomery  at,  8.  F.,0 

Kohler  4  Pruhling Los  Angeles,  O 

Lachmou,  8.  4  Co 109  Market  at.,  8.  F.,0 


Lachmau  4  Jacohl cor.  Flrat  and  Haiket  ats.,  8. 

Laug  4  Co 210  Dupont  at,  S. 

Lenonnaud  Bros 735  Howard  at,  8. 

Lyons,  E.  O.  4  Co eo6  Jarkaou  at   r 

Malatesto,  L 311  PacUo  st,  8. 

McMilkn,  Donald 314  Front  st ,  B. 

Melczer,  Wm.  4  Co 133  California  st,  8. 

Palmer,  H.  4  Co 303  ItaTls  at,  8. 


F.,0 
F.,0 
F.,0 

r.o 

P.,  0 
P.,  o 

p.,  0 
p.,  o 

Itenx,  John 309  Commercial  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Itoae,  L.  J Los  Angeks,  O 

Sooluianinl,  Carlo 713  Front  st,  8  P.,  O 

Walter,  8chlllln(4Co...cor.  Pino  and  Batlvty  st,  B.  P.,  O 

WOOLEN  OOODB-MAllDFArTUItEU. 

Ashland  Woolen  Hills Aihland,  O 

BrownsTillo  Woolen  Mills BrawnsrlUo,  U 

(^al:fonila  Hosiery  Co Oakland,  O 

Dayton  Woolen  Mill Dayton,  O 

Gulden  Gat«  Woolen  Mill 309  California  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Loa  Angeles  Woolen  Mill Los  Angoleai  O 

Mission  Woolen  Mill 116  Battery  st,  8.  P.  O 

MarysvUIu  WooUn  MiU MairnilK  0 


APPENDIX. 


787 


Orojiin  city  Woolen  Mill On>gaii  City,  O 

Pioneer  tVoolen  Milli 115  Batter;  It.,  S.  F.,  O 

Provo  Woolen  Mill Pitivo.  U 

liio  Virgin  Wfnilen  Mill St.  Gcorjc.  U 

San  Jose  Woolen  Mill San  Joao  (' 

Sncramcnto  Woolen  Mill Sarramcnto,  C 

Stockton  Woolen  Mill Stockton  O 

Santa  I^ou  Woolen  Mill Santa  I<oaa,C 

Willomettu  Woolen  Mill  Salem,  O 

WOODEX  WARE— Maxufactdbebs. 

Annes  &  Dallam 230 Front  St.,  fl.  F,  C 

Cole  A  Kenny 114  Saciamento  it ,  8.  F.,0 

FeldmannL.  &O0 317  Sacramento  8t.,  S.  F.,  O 

Fitenliaum  &  Co 130  San.wme  St.,  S.  F..  C 

Harrison  k  Dickson 310  Bacnmcnto  sL,  8.  F..  0 

Nichols  &  Co Sacramento.  G 

Stockton.  E,  A 411MUlionst,  S.  F..  C 

The  Mattullath  Manufacturing  Co 

EiShth  It,  nearBirant,  S.  F.,  O 

ZaiiBm Portland,  O 

wool,. 

Abbott,  Cbai.  cor.  Bluxomc  anil  Fifth  sta.,  8.  F.,  C 

Ary,  Eugeno 330  Sansome  St.,  S.  F.,  O 

Bailey,  Thomas  A  Co..  cor  Blniome  and  Fifth  sts.,  S.  F.,  C 

Ball  A  Julian Townsend,  near  Fifth  sL,  S.  F.,  C 

Baldwin,  A Bandon,  O 

Barnard,  J Bandon,  O 

Biasinner  A  Co 310  Sansomost..  S.  F.,  C 

Blacklock,  J Bandon,  O 

Bray  Bros 236  Clay  st,  S.  P.,  C 

Brown,  D.  A  Co S«4  Market  st.,S.  F.,  U 

CabenBroi 41  Clay  St.,  8.  F.,0 

ChristyAWise 607  Front  st,  8  F.,  C 

ChristyAWise Portlaml  O 

Coi,  J.  W.  A  Co cor.  Green  and  Front  sta.,  8.  F,  O 

Daris,  Christy 428  Townsendsi,  8.  F.,  0 

Dellepiane  A  Co 435  Battery  St.,  8.  F.,0 

Doushty,  Wm SSpcorst.,  S.  F.,0 

Falkner,  BeUACo 430  CalUoruia  St.,  8.  F.,C 

Flint,  B.  P Townsend,  near  Fifth  st,  S.  F.,  0 

Foley,  F.  ACo SIODmmmst.,  8.  F.,  0 

Ooldtrce.  Nathan 39  Sansome  st,  S.  F.,0 

Grisar,  E.  ACo cor.  Fiftli  and  Townsend  sts.,  8.  F..0 

Hale,  James  W cor.  Fifth  and  Bluiomo  sts.,  8.  F.  O 

Bart,  Jackson 10  Oarli  at,  8.  F.,  O 


llerron  &  Farror Portland,  O 

llixson,  Jnsti  A  Co 310  Washlnslon  »t..  8  P.,  O 

Kalni  llros Purtlnnd,  O 

Knox.  .Fidm  F Townsend  near  Fifth  st,  S  P.,  C 

Koshlaiul  Ilroa 301  Battery  St.,  S.  F,  <! 

Kuthland  linw Portland,  O 

Koshlauil.  S  i  Co .  .228  Calllonila  «t ,  S.  P.,  () 

Lambert,  Klislio B  Sjioarst.,  S.  F.  O 

Laitlner  A  Lee 440  Townsend  at.,  S,  F.,  O 

Lee.  John cor.  Fifth  and  Townsend  sts.,  S.  F.,  O 

Lctfaltot,  Dominiiiue „ 

Sixth  Avenue,  iKtwevn  Q and  II  sU.,  South  8  F.  O 

Miller  i  Co 10  Davis  »t.,  S.  F.,  C 

Moody  A  Farrlsh 210  Davis  st,,S.  P.,  O 

Nowmark.  J.  P.  A  Co 314  California  st ,  S.  P.,  O 

Nelson  A  Co Bandon,  O 

Owens,  Benjamin  W 4a'>  Front  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Parks,  R  F 10  Davis  «t,  8.  P.,  O 

Platshek  A  Harris 314  Battery  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Roscman  A  Butler Portland,  O 

Sawyer.  B.  F  ACo 323  Front  st,  8.  P..  O 

Schwahacher  Bros Walla  Wulla,  W.  1 

Sedgley,  Joseph 533  Keoniy  st .  S.  F.  O 

Shooltelt  A  Boale 405  Mont^miery  St..  S.  P.,  0 

Simon  A  Breslauer. 13  First  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Sloes,  LouLh  a  Co 310  Sunsomo  St.,  8.  P.,  C 

Sumner,  W.  B.  ACo 415  Front  st.,  8.  F.,0 

Van  Blarcom,  A.  L. 211  Hansome  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Whitney  A  Webster Townsend  St.,  near  Fifth,  S.  P.,  0 

WOOL  SCOURERS. 

Falkner.  BeU  A  Co 430  California  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Grisar  A  Co Cor.  Fifth  and  TowTwend  sta.,  8.  P.,  O 

Knox,  .John  F Townsend,  near  Fifth  st,  S.  P.,  O 

LardnerAU'e 4M  Townsend  st,  8.  F.  O 

McLonnan,  Prank  P 436  Townsend  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Simon  A  Breslauer 13  First  st,  8.  F.,  O 

YEAST  POWDER-Masukactuiiem. 

Barton,  B.  F 313  Sacramento  st..  8.  F.,  0 

Buwcn,P.  M.  ACo 13  Pino  st,  8.  F.,  O 

California  Cniam  of  Tarter  Co.  ..310  Townsend  st,  8.  F.,  0 

McCartliy  Bros 121  Front  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Pooiflo  Soda  Co 707  Bryant  St.  S  P..  0 

Pottero  Distillery  and  Compressed  Yeast  Co 

745  Market  st,  8.  F.,0 

Tyler,  8.  U.  A  Son 331  Oommetcial  st,  B.  F.,  0 


DRY    GOODS. 


Auerbach.  F.  A  Bro Salt  Lake  City,  U 

Baehnianllroa 10  Battery  st,  8.  F.,0 

CobilnerBrns 543  Market  st,  8.  F.,0 

Oohn,  M Carson  City,  N 

Curtin.0 Oil  Market  st,  S.  P.,  O 

Donnenliaum,  J.  A  8 124 Sansomost,  8.  F.,  O 

Davidson,  J.  W.  ACo Koomyaud  Post  sts.,  {.  P.,  O 

DeCourcy,  K 506  Market  st ,  8.  F.,0 

DinkeUplel,  L.  A  Co 37  Battery  st,  8.  F.,  O 

DoaueAUeusbelwoiHl 133  Kearuy  st,  8.  F..  O 

Feist  Bros      San  Jose,  O 

Fisher  ABaum 103 Sansomost,  8.  F,  O 

Flelschner,  Mayer  A  Oa Portlaml,  O 

Goldsmith,  L.  ACo Portland,  O 

Fmnklln,  M.  A  Bra 18  Battery  st,  8.  P.,  O 

Ilelicr,  .M.  &Bros ll3Sansomo  st,  S.  P.,  O 

Hale,  O.  A.  ACo San  Jose,  O 

Hart  A  Sons San  Jose,  O 

lleynemann.  II.  A  Co S  Sansome  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Ilochstoilter  A  Bro MarysviUe,  O 

HnlTnian  ACo 17Batt«ryBt,  8.  F.,  0 

KalMillros.  ACo 17  Battery  st,  8.  F.,0 

Keaiio  llros 107  Keomy  st. ,  8.  F.,  O 

Lmhishon  A  MaymMn U7  Hmwoim  it,  B.  F.,  0 


Levy,  M.  A  Co 109  Battery  st,  8.  F.,  O 

Levy,  M.  A  Son. Santa  Cruz,  O 

T.evy,  M Hau  Jose,  O 

Lion,  L San  Joso,  0 

Lipinan.  8.  A  Co Sacranionto,  O 

Llpman  A  Co Portland.  0 

Meyer,  Euseno  A  Co I,i«  Anifcles,  O 

Murphy.  Grant  A  Co., Cor.  Sansome  and  Busli sts..  H.  P.,  0 

Muniby.  Grant  A  Co Portland,  O 

Newbursor,  Relsa  A  Co 17  Sutter  st.,  8.  P.,  C 

O'Brien,  J.  J.  A  Co 934  Market  st,  8.  P.,  o 

O'Connor,  Mollatl  A  Co Ill  Pait  st,  8.  P.,  C 

Rosenbaum  A  Co 22  Battery  st,  8.  P.,  0 

Rosenthal,  A.  8.  A  Co 201  Bush  st,  8  P ,  C 

Sachs,  Heller  A  Co Cor.  Battery  and  Biwli  stft,  8.  P.,  O 

Sachs,  8trassburiierACo..Cor.  Sansome  A  Pine  sta.  8.  P.,  (; 

Shcyer,  M.  A  Bro 121  Sansomost,  S.  F.,  u 

Sprfnir,  T.  W San  Joso,  O 

Slrasabereer,  A.  ACo Ileno,  N 

Strauss,  Levi  A  (.'o 14  Battery  st,  S.  P.,  0 

Vordler,  Moreau  A  Co. 

...Cor.  Sutter  and  Munt|roinci7  sts.,  8,  P.,  0 

Weil  Bros.  ACo 33  Battery  st.  8.  F..  U 

WUwn,  ThonmAOo Vlotorla,  a  0 


CANNERIES  OF  SALMON. 

Th:)  abbreviatton  R.  F,  after  the  names  of  the  iucnt«  In  this  table,  imllcates  tliat  thcr  reside  in  Aan  Fnndico;  P  in 
I'ortland,  A  in  AsUiria,  ami  V  in  Victorlit,  tliuw  three  citi(«  lutTinif  nearly  all  the  agencica. 


Abetileen  Picg  C'u. . 
AilalrH  U  &Co... 


AiUiriCi 

Astoria  Flsliory 

Aoglo- American  Vks  ^-o 

llailol  let  &<'».... , 

Biiuner  Vka  Co. 

Bath  Canning  *.'o 

Uenicia  l'l«  Co 

Haelc,  J 

Booth.  A.  &  Co 

Booth*  Co 

Booth.  8  SCO 

Brmlfonl  &  Co 

Britlsli  American  Vks  Co 

Brilliili  c'olnmbia  i'Wj  Co 

Oalifomta  I'lcg  Co 

Capitol  Pkit  Co 

Comm)>ial*l(gCo 

Cutting  Vkx  ^'O 

Cutting  PIcg  Co 

CutlitiK  I'l;^-  Co 

ColuniTiia  <  'anning  Co 

Colmnliia  lliver  I'KgCo 

Columbus  ritgCo 

Devlin.  John  A.  Co 

Delta  Canning  Co. 

Douglas  Pkg  Co 

Elmorc\  HamueL 

Kngiish  *  Co 

Kun-1«  Pkg  Co 

Ewen  &  Co 

Fimllay.  l>iu'ham  &  Bnjilio. , , 

Kialiemian's  Pkg  Co 

Gardner  l*kg  Co 

Gojtlon.N 

HaiAu.&8oua. 

Hapgood  *  Co 

llanthom  &  Co 

Hoko  Halmon  Co 

Hume,  Jos 

Hume,  it  I> 

Hume.  Wra 

Hmno.  Wni 

Uurno,  Geo.  W 

Hume,  R.  D 


Inromess  Ctnning  Co., 
Jackson.  Meyers  &Co.. 

Jones  &  Andersou 

King.  Morae&Co 

LaliUaff  &Co 


Martinez  Pkg  Co 

Meglur.  .T.  li.  &Co 

Metlakatiali  ( 'aiming  Co 

Nii»j  Hlver  Finlilug  Co 

Nimiikisli  i'anne:y 

North  I'iieilijTnurg/iPkgCo. 

Occident  Pkji  Co 

Occident  and  I  Irlont  Pkg  Co. . 

Oe«an  Cunning  Co 

Oregon  I'kgCo 

Pauiile  Cilluiln^Co 

Pacillc  I  'nic.n  I'kg  Co 

Paollle  Co;ist  Pkg  Co 

Pillar  lioek  PUg  Co 

Puget  Hound  l!ug  and  Pkg  Co. 

UuTnn  Jas 

Red  Cross  Pkg  Co. 


RiTcr's  Inlet  Canning  Co. . . 

Hoandlnnvian  Pkg  Co 

Hea>4lde  I'kg  Co 

Hinltli.  nimch&Co 

HivilTord  Pkg  Co 

BnlRuii  Pk.M  'o 

Taylor  &  McDowell 

Timmins,  C.  &  Co 

ITnlon  I'kg  Co 

Waeliusett  Canning  Co 

Wungenhelm.  Hoi.  &  Co 

WarrenSCo.  V.  M 

Warren  &('o 

. Wertt.  .lolui 

WeRt  Coiwt  Pk  tCt 

AVeth"rl)jo  &  'rhomas 

Willia:ns.  .Ii«.  *  Co. 

Windsor  Caiming  Co 


liwaro.  W 

L'Mier  Adtoriu.  O 

Oauoe  Piiss.  B  C 

Astoria,  O 

iVstoria,  O 

Astoria,  i> 

.San  Francisco.  C 

l-'mlKiua  Uiver.  O 

Ileuleia,  C 

.Martlnez.C 

Ilenlcla.  Cal 

Co;liiia\  ille.  C 

li  lack  Diamond 

Coiliusviiie.  C 

Cauoo  Pass.  It  C 

.Sew  Westminster.  B  C. 

San  Francisco   c 

Sacramento.  C 

.San  Francisco.  C 

.Martinez.  (' 

Kudeloff  lliver.  Alaska . 

.Sitka.  Alaska 

Fislierton.  W 

Ka,;ioCllir.  W 

tJixlcCUn.  W 

Astoria,  O 

Ladner's  Landing,  B.  O 

>'ass  Hirer,   B  C 

Astoria,  O 

New  Westminstur,  BC. 

Kuroka,  W 

New  \V  estminster,  U  C . 

Deas  Island.  11  C 

Astoria,  O 

(.'rnmna  Itiver.O 

.San  Francisco,  C 

Coquitlau  Uivur,  B  C. . . 

Waterfonl.  W... 

Astoria,  O 

I'ort  Townsend,  W 

Knapton,  W 

Astoria,  O 

Astoria,  <) 

Kaglo Cliff,  W,... 

Astoria,  U 

Roguo  Uiver,  O 

Inverness,  BC 

Rainier,  O 


Sacramento,  C 

Black  Diamond 

Sapp:<rton,  BU 

Martinez,  C 

Hro,)kllel<l.  W 

.\Ietlakatlah,  B  C 

Na»i  River,  n.  C 

Mcrlllay,  DC 

KUwack,  W 

Astoria,  O 

Smith  Kiv  r.  U 

liny  View.  W 

CilfUm,  O 

San  Franolico,  C 

Astoria,  O 

Kel  River,  O 

Pillar  lloek,  W 

Milton.  W 

>.^ilnn's  Landing.  O 

.San  l''ranclscr> 


fUivor'.) Inlet.  Il.(!..  g'nl 
)  . .  .<?harlotto  Hound.,.) 

Astoria,  O 

Astoria.  O 

KiKllac  Island. 
•San  Fnineisco.  0. 
i'ort  Cr.«la,  C, 

I'ourtlaiid.  C 

Astoria.  O 

.Vstoria,  O 

Alaika 

I'oiilnsvilie.C.. 
I  ^athlaraett,,  W , 

Casi-aiies.  o 

Westiiorl,  <).... 

Astoria,  o 

Aitoria.  It 

Astoria,  o 

AberdewU,  B  C 


Brand. 


AOENTH. 


Boar 

Kaglc 

Eagle 

Astoria  Fishery. , , 
Anglo- American . , 


Banner , 


Sacramento  liiver  Salmon. 


Oral 

Black  Diamond  . 

«ieal 

Crescent 


Britlsli ColumbU  Pkg  Co. 

White  CroM 

Canltol 

Columbia 

Spring  Hacramento  Fish. , 


CoekUII... 
Columbus  . 


Maple  Leaf. . 
Seal  . 


Klinoro'sSeal.. 

Piioeuix 

Star 

Lion 


Fishonnan  . 
Map 


Star 

Waterfonl  Preserrg  Co. 

HaiigoiKl  A[C^ 

Hauthora  &  Co 


Photograpli  . 

Crown 

i^agle 

Bagle 

Flag. 


I   Crown  Royal   ) 
•  l...and01obo.../•••■ 


T.  B.  &  Co. . 


f  Jones  &  Anderson  ) 
;i...TBylor&McD.../' 


Pioneer  Fishery . 
Dominion  . 


aiieflain 

Stag  olid  BU  Ueorge  . 


Chanticleer 

NImiikish  Uiver  ... 

Challenge 

Mermaid 

O.andli 

Ksquimaia 

.I.W.&  V.Cook..., 

Tiger 

Portmll 

Map  PaclHo  Coast., 
PlibrUuck 


Anchor 

Red  Crass 

Queen  Cliorlotto 

H'    .dtnavian  Fisherman. 


Hono  8hoe. . 


Taylor  A  McDowell. 
WhiteBlar 


Waehusett 

Star  of  Columbia. . 


I^iyal  Standard.. 

Ship 

Favorite 

I.  WUllains  t  Co . 
Double  friaugle. . 
788 


(feo.  W.  Hume.  S.  F. 
Sllium.  Chtu-eh  k  Co.,  P. 
(  Welch  «l  Co.  H.  F. 
i  Welch.  Rithet  k  Co..  V. 
M  ,1.  Kinney,  a  F. 
Corbitt  &  Maclcay.  8.  F.  *  P. 

Banner  Pkg  Co.,  8.  F. 
Geo.  W.  Hume,  B.  F. 
Geo.  W.  Hume,  S.  F. 

Scotehler  k  GIbbt,  8.  F. 
Sx^clUer  «  Gihb%  S.  F. 
ScotchlerAOIbhi,  B.  F. 
Scotchler  k  Gihha.  8.  F. 
Wm.  T.  Colrman  ft  Co.,  8.  F. 
Wm.  T  Coleman  ft  Co.,  &  F. 
Cutting  Pkg (.'o.  8.  F. 
Wm.  T.  Cufeman  ft  Ca,  8.  F, 

A.  LuBk  &  Co..  H.  F. 
Cutting  I'kst  Co,  8.  F. 
Cuttin:<  Pk'i  Co. 
Cuttinj  I'k?  Co..  8.  F. 

Wm.  T.  Coleman  ft  Co.,  a  F. 
nutthigPkgCo..  8.  F. 
Foiitaiia.  Marslcano  ft  Ca,  B.  F. 
John  A.  Devlin  ft  Co.,  A. 
(WIch&Co..  8.  F. 
i  Welcll,  Rllhet  ft  Co.,  V. 
J.  D.  Warren.  V. 
Geo  W.  Ilnmo.  8.  F. 
Wm.  T.  Coleman  ft  Co.,  8.  F. 
Scotchler  ft  llibbs.  8  F. 
atahlsmidt  &  Ward.  V. 
Plndlay.  Durham  &  B.,  V. 
Wm.  -r.  Coleman  ft  Co.,  8.  F. 
Wm.  V.  Coleman  ft  Ca,  8.  P. 
Y.  (loctjcn,  S.  P. 
Stalilsmidt  &  Ward,  V. 

John  Clement,  8.  F. 

Wailhams  K  i..uott,  8.  F.  and  P. 

TUos.  Pbillirs,  Port  Towniet  d,V 

It.  D.  Hume  ft  Co.,  8.  F. 
Wm.  T.  Ciileinan  ft  Co.,  a  F, 
Wm.  T.  Coleman  ft  Co.,  a  F. 
Geo.  W.  Hume,  8.  F. 

R.  D.  UumeftCo.,  8.  F. 

Turner,  Be  iton  ft  Ca,  V. 

Wm.  T.  Cohman  ft  Co.,  &  F. 

King.  Mora.' 4  Co.,  8.  F. 

Welch  ft  Co.,  a.  F. 
,  Welch.  Rithet  A  Ca,  V. 

B.  Von  Ammon,  S.  P. 
Cnrlil'.t  ft  Mudmy,  P,  and  &  F. 
Turner.  lieeton  ft  Co.,  V. 
Findlay.  Durham  ft  B.,  T. 

T.  lOarlo,  V. 
U.  A.  Wilson.  V. 
Geo.  W.  Hume.  8.  F. 
Martin,  Feusier  ft  Co.,  a  F. 
lieo  W.  Hume.  8,  P. 
(!  Adcilpiio  Low  ft  Co  .  a  F. 
ile<l  Cross  Pkg  Co.,  8.  F. 
Wm.  T.  Coleman  ft  Ca,  8.  F. 
Cutting  Pkg  Ca,  8.  F. 

Piiget  Bound  Cng  and  Free  Oob 
Allen  ft  UwlR.  8  P.  anil  P. 
lied  Cro.iS  Pkg  Co.,  8.  F. 
Thos.  Bhotbolt,  V. 

Ilea  W.  Hume.  8.  F. 
Wm.  T.  Coleman  ft  Co.,  a  F. 
LoniaBlosiftCa.,  8.  F. 
J.  M.  BpaironlftOo.,  8.  F. 
Wm.  T,  Coleman  ft  Co.,  8.  F. 
Geo.  W.  Hume  ft  Co. 
Wm.  T.  Coleman  ft  Co.,  8.  F. 
Wm.  T.  Coleman  ft  Co.,  a  F. 
Wm  T.  Coleman  ft  Ca,  8.  F. 
Waiignnlielm,  Bol  ft  Co.,  a  F. 
Warren  ft  Ca,  P. 
Wamn  ft  Co,,  P. 
Allen  ft  Lewis,  8.  F.  and  P. 
G.JO.  W.  Hume,  H.  F. 
S;ot«hlor  ft  (llbba,  8.  F.      _ 
Wm.  T.  Coleman  ft  Ca,  a  F. 
Heury  Saundor%  V. 


i 


mmim 


DRIARU  HOUSE,  VICTOBIA.  B.  G. 


I 


HOTELS. 


The  fntlowliig  list  of  tho  terutfng  Ilotela  of  oiir  Coaat,  bo  far  aa  our  monna  of  knowledge  extcti'l  fflTcs  tin  locality 
.  Uuiilturd  n.*  p.uprikibur,  uumb^r  uf  hmmU  that  thu  buiuu  cuu  accojiuiuduto  ami  ruuiiu,  uuU  thuTifu  lur  lUy.    Vliu  ubtitih 
viatiuii  r  uiuaus  foouu,  aatl  i;  uuusta. 


AllNUV.  (> 

AUcn  Hprin^  O., 

Altft,U 

Analmlm.  C 

Aolii»:b,  C 

Aptu3.  O 

AstuHa.O 


Aabttm.0.. 


Auatin,  N 

Baker  City.  O 

Bakers  Hay,  W 

BakfrittiuM,  C 

BartloUHprings,  (J... 
Buttlu  MouutalD.  N. 

Btiiilcia,  C 

BoUle,0 

Ca'.Ut03a,0 

Cainbria,  O 

CarauuOtty,  N 


•Chleo,  C 

Clackamiu  t'ouuty,  O. . 

ClaUop  Ik-arli,  O , 

CljTcnUlo,  O 

CloTij.-dalo,  O 

folfai,  tJ 

Column,  C ■ 

Colusaj  C 

Corrallis.  6 


Dallas,  O... 
Dayton,  O.. 
Daytou,  W., 


DIxoii.O , 

Dutch  Fiut^O 

Caab  rurtland,  O., 
Empire  l^lty.O..., 
Kuiuka,  O 


Eareka,  N 

Fulsom,  C 

l^orMtb  Grove,  O.. 

FroaiLO,  C 

Guailalupo.  O.... 
tleyMflTlllo,  O.... 
Gilroy^  O 


Qlenbrook,  O..., 

Ololio,  A 

Goia  Hill.  N 

Grass  Valley,  O., 

HanfonL  0 

llaywardft  0...., 


UnUtbuis.O 

lliKliiand,  O 

Hullitter,  O 

lluudltivor,  U 

Ion*  City,  C 

JaoksonvilH  O.... 

Kollogrf.  *; 

Kniijbta  Ferry,  O.. 

I*a  limnffo.  O 

Lako County,  C... 


I«keport,  G 

Lr^IiOTalioa,  0.... 

IaUiiO;),  C 

Li  Wilton,  I 

Lilell.C 

Lc«  Aiigelet,0.... 


St.  Charles  Hotel 

Alien  Hp:)ni.-B  llotul 

AlUHotol 

t'lauters'  Hotel 

American  Excliaugu  Hotel  . 

Aptos  Hott-1 

Turkt^r  Houso 

Occi-Jent  Hotel 

American  Hotel 

i'utnam  Houao 

IntiirnrtioniU  Hot  1 

LathiitT'a  llot«l 

4oa  Vu    Huuso 

t'ainplioll  Houso 

Bartlott  Hpriii£H  Hotel 

CoamopcUtan  Hotel 


OccMuotai  Hotel 

L'alU<x]Ka  Hot  tipriugs. . 

Proctor  Uouao 

Unnaby  Houso 

Arlington  Houao 

Union  Hotel., 


Wilboit  8nrInt[B  Hotel. 

8.>asiilo  HouM 

Mountain  Houao , 

United Btatcs  Hotel... 


Colton  Exchange  Hotel. . 

Colusa  House 

Eureka  Hotel 

Uccidental  Hotel 

Vincent  House 


Cnrtis  Houso 

Columbia  Hotel 

North  Western  Hotel. , 

King's  Hotel 

Dutch  FUt  Hotel 

Humboldt  House 

Astor  House 

FiosoD  House 

Vanco  House 

International  Hotel. . . 

Central  Hotel 

Hampton  House 

UjloUoiise 

H.'vero  House 

Geystrvillo  Hotel ■ 

Kallroad  House 

Southern  Tacillo  Hotel 

ilaasett's  Hotel 

1*08000  House. 

Nevada  House 

Holbrooke  House 

Hanford  Uof«L 

HaywanVs  Hotel 

Oakes*  Hotel 

Htoyomo  Hotel 


Iligbland  Hnrings  House. . 

McAfahou  House 

Hood  liirer  Hotel 

Arcade  Hotel 

JacksonviUo  Hotel 

KoUogg  Hotel 


Blue  Lakes  Hotel.. 
Harbin  Hot  Huli)h« 
Selgler  HprlnRS  Hobel. . 
Soda  Bay  Hotel. 
HoH'ard  Houss... 
Clear  Lake  Hotel. 

Tallao  House 

Latlurop  Hotel. ... 


Springs., 


^tnft  Springs  Hotel.. 
Cosmopulltan  Hotel.. 


Mrs.  C.  Houck.  

Allen  Bros 

AllH-rt  1  luiuuu 

rlDuitliam 

P.  Uriaiii 

>V.  H.  Htedman 

ILB.  Puikir 

Meglerft  Wright 

K.TuU , 

Terry  &  i'o 

Cr.s.''cuzo&  Uandolfu.. 
Jus.  Latbner 


Jas.  Camiiliell 

Ilartlett,  ^Ic.Malign  &  Clarku. 

J.  K.  Bat.iieiilcr 

.Myrick  Fulaum 

Kemp  &  Colenia:! 

Geo.  W.  Joliusun 

(ieo.  8.  DavU 

Sharp  Bros 

B.F.  Small 

Ira  It.  DooUttla 


A.C.  McDonald., 

M.  MerUian 

Curley£(  Mahon.. 
J.  Laird  


8.  P.  Prenc;- 

.Mrs.  N.  C.  PuUey.... 

II.  W.  Vincent 

M.  W.  l^araon 

J.  B.  Hutch 

M.  P.  Charles 

W.  A.  Moody 

Brinkerbutf&Klng.. 

K.  Mallows 

jno.  Krootz 

Uhas.  Bukcr 

\V.  H  KoweU 

John  Vauoo 

D.  U.  lUll 

J.  C.  Baud. 

A.  H.  Hampton 

W.  O.  llarke- 

\V.  M.  Fcnton 


0.  W.  8kag2. . 

Sirs.  C.  51.  Ulgninson. . 

Geo.  Scanmu 

Wm.  D.  Bauett 

B.  F.  l*ascoe 

Jua  Botlen 

D.  P.Uolbrooko 

.VL  Malcom 

—  Hay  ward 

FoayOakcs 

Jno.  \V.  Clack 

Dr.  C.  M.  Bates 

Ituctor  Bros 

D.  II.  U.  LitUefteld.... 

Ja^t.  McCauley 

G.  M.  Cobum 

C.U.  Holmes. 

Mrs.  Barnes 

Mrs.  U.  M.  Basso 

rheo.  Doming 

Klchard  Williams 

Juo  Bpaulding 

A,  K.  GroM 

.Mrs.  A.  Holsch 

J.N.  Miller 

K.  J.  Baldwin 

.Stackpolo  &  Liuculu. . . 

Augiut  Bittner 

WTU.  Lidell 

Uammel  k  Denker. .... 


Cll'ltnEij. 


Mr 
40c 

5tr 
75  g 

70  ( 


50g 


Mg 


COg 


^1  so-jgo 
1  so 


1  29-3  so 
3  00-3  00 


75  g 
Mg 

78  g 


XSg 

.r>t 


Mg 


too 

1  U)2  0O 


lSU-3  00 
3(10 


300g 


3  00 
3  00 


100-3  00 


300 

300 

ISO 
300 
300 


300 

3  00-2  SO 


300 

3  00300 


i 


HOTELS.    -CoNTINtTED. 


~'*. 


Tows, 

Na-* 

rnopiiiETon. 

hi 

Cu'Ron. 

(irlswnlil  Si.  Vnnili 

100  g 
Mg 

70r 
300a 
lilt 

3Sr 

lOg 

«0g 
lOJg 
20  r 
33r 

SOg 

«g 

Mr 

UOg 

150  e 

ISOg 

ss? 

40g 

Mr 
130  k 
133  g 
100  g 
100  g 

123  g 
30r 

2)0  r 
V55r 
490  r 
4l«r 
40Or 
250  r 
300r 

124  r 
153  r 
SOOr 
141  r 

2  00-4  00 

SkTm  Ma^lri)  Villa 

.UiiccH  UoU'l 

W.  V.   UhoiKltW 

MMimTo I........;!!*.:::' 

H.  V.  Maco 

MiiriiMjiiO.  C 

iMunixt--^  County,  0 

Muik  Wtut,  C 

Rlr^rallitA 

Mark  West  Hprinw 

Alhamhm  lU'tel 

3  00 

f2(TA   W>^m1 

3  00 

iThT'SP:...- 

A.  U  Flutehcr          

Mi'iilo  I'urk,  C  

C»atm>iM)|f UUi  Hotel 

Ildt  Hiir;nj(  Hotol 

M.  F.  Morap 

Minural  Hill,  \ 

T  B    Urutry    

J.  W.  I'rentiM 

Kus.'  tlounj 

(Ii>.i;lUylMont4J 

.'ii  <  iiarlus  Hutul          

2  00 

ttco.  Si'honuwald 

IL  0   Woniea         .     . 

1  so>3ao 

Monttrey  County,  C 

Moimtiiin  ViL-w,  C 

t'ar.iiito  bpriiijfii  Hotel 

Ifo'gii"  Hut  ■! 

J.  P.  HeeTG 

Uliu.\  DIamomi  liutui '.....'..'.'.   ..... 

J.  W.  Bnmaton.. 

^llll.i,  C 

.Mrs.  L.  Kelly 

200 

Nui>a  Until 

Niitionul  I'A'jhatigu 

K.  A.  Ho^'an . 

1  00-2  00 

Now  Tucomm  W 

W.  R  blackwoll 

2  00 

New  AVcatmlnst;:!,  U  0 

OL'fiik'Ut  Hotel 

J  W   Hciwison      

1  50-3  00 

.\l.  Tublia 

Ozden  U 

Ik'urilBlvv'v  Hotel! 

M.  H.  UeanUlcy 

2  00-3  00 

oiyuiiiU.  W 

M.  W.  Willis.... 

M  W  Willis 

1  00-2  00 

Orange.  C 

W.  L.  Kitbottom 

T.  W.  Itboatlfs 

Uroville,  C 

U  H   Hotel     

Louia  W  UoopB 

Oy^teniUo,  W 

ruliwuio.  N 

Oetiot  Huti'I 

ItlaLkburn  Uros.  &  Janica 

200 

1  50-2  00 

H.  Matthies 

riuonix.  A... 

Ilank  Kxchango  Uotel 

Piedmont  HimiiBS  Uotel 

H  Ciauz                

2  00 

PoitJttiul  O 

2  00 

•• 

.St.  CliarkM  Hotel 

M 

1  C0-;1  00 

l*rcscotL  A      

Williams  iloiiae           

A  1'  Williams     

J.  W.  Buriess 

Retldliur   C        

It*.'iiiliii"  Hiitel.  .            

RcUwood  City.  C 

Kvno,  fJ 

W.  It  Cliamberlaln 

Uiveiviilu.  0    

\V  B  Wood           

IH)-2  00 

Tcrry&Co      

300^00 

<• 

IL  Eldre.1 

11 

•  • 

Wtn.  IJind 

.S  F  Mathews        

'.'           

Couiinerr.ial  Hotel 

Itcefra  Hotel 

I'.  A.  lti!cd 

1  50-2  00 

Halt  Lake  City,  U 

Wulkur  lioiii>e 

^i.  H.  Krb    

3  0O-4  00 

ij.  H.  Erb 

A.  Starkp 

1  50-3  OO 

D  J.  Evanti  

1  60  3  00 

Han  Uiu-navontum,  0 

3  00 

Han  Dk-'o  C    

Horton  Uouao 

I*  p.  <icrlclitfln 

1  50-3  60 

A  D,  Sliaron 

3  00-t  00 

!•;.  J.  Baldwin 

3  00^5  OO 

It 

S  F  Thorn 

1  00-3  00 

■• 

Chaa.  h.  Wethcrlwe 

1  flO-3  00 

*i 

1  00-5  00 

i« 

1  50-3  00 

<i 

Brooklyn  Hotel..           

1  0O-3  00 

<■ 

(;iias.  MontupmuiY  &  Bros 

1  CO-I  60 

.1 

i'.»..t.i..t«..,.i  ii<>tf>i 

1  00 

H.  C.  I'atridxre 

1  00-2  00 

BanHaLricl,C 

0.  C.  Twitcbell 

-no 


(10 
00 


ARLINGTON  HOUSE,  SEATTLE,  W.  T. 


* 


HOTELS.— CoNTiNnBB. 


Town. 

Namb. 

FnopniETon. 

m 
0 « 

CII'IIOES. 

B.  Dellwlff 

123  r 
100  ( 

100  B 

l^Ug 

soot 

76  r 
401, 

36r 

100  r 
140  r 

7»g 

ISSg 
eO( 

St.  Jamca  llotcl 

Tyler  Beocb    

1  50-3  60 

Kstudlllo  Hotel 

San  Luis  Obispo,  0 

Blackburn  &  Frederick 

2  CO-3  EO 

Easlo  Uotel 

Ban  Mateo  0 

li.  Walker 

Ban  Rftfftpt.  0 

Central  Hotel 

TamaliHUB  Hold 

F.  0.  Hansen 

flftnt»Anft,0 

Santa  Ana  Hotel 

Jasil.  Swift 

D.  W.  Thompson 

13.  J.Swift 

Arllu3to:i  Hoti:l 

2  GO 

Santa  Monicik  0 

Santa  Alonica  Hotel...'. 

Wilkina  House 

« 

i*.  V.  Wilkins 

SantoRoeatO. 

Occidental  Hnti)l 

Sout^  itosa  Hotel 

G.  A.  Tupper 

■( 

fcll  Monto  H'otul 

Centml  Hotel 

J.  E.  Sliukcy 

Joa.  H   lluessy 

Uccldoutal  IlptoL 

J.  Collins  &  Co 

Bliaata,  C             

Eniptra  Hotel 

ino  V.  Soott 

Skaifsa' Hotel 

CiOlF  llouso 

Mrs.  IL  U.  Anderson. . 

1  002  00 

«.  Horsely 

WilUams' Hotel 

IS.  T.  WiUIama 

Teciuo  Hotel • 

A  Taronl 

F.  A.  Preuil 

City  Hotel 

Park  HouMi - 

O.L.DcuiiB. 

Schujriii'i  Hotel 

200 

J.  M  (iuillemette   ..  . 

winiisor  liotcll 

3.  Alstrom 

2  00 

1,           

Onuiil  Central  Hotel 

Commercial  Hotel 

P.  0.  Habn 

,1        •••  • 

J.  U.  Cross 

Bttiiun.  0 

Thos.  Smith 

1  OO-S  60 

U.S.  AValkcr 

Paul  Moroncy 

**"*°R*  * 

Meyer  llouso, 

Paclflo  llotcl 

Month  &  Driicoli 

_.  1        «  .•••• • 

D.  W.  Madden 

Uktah  Citv  Hotel 

W.  A.  Husana 

Union  Hotel 

David  Horn 

I.  P.Davis 

R.  J.  Harrln^ten 

3  00-6  00 
100-2  00 

St.  Nicholiu  Hotel 

t-^eniaUonal  Hotel 

U.F.  Dillon 

h.  MoiTill 

VlvotnlaOlfcr   N 

,1                    " ' 

Vovad -0  House 

Vlaalla  House. 

W11II&  Walla.  W 

Cnlumbia  Hotel 

It.  11.  ItP"uda 

SmallUros 

2  00 

WatBonville  0 

Iiowii  Houm 

A.Lf'ffts&<!o 

\V.  H.  Wi'liams. 

a  W.  Williams 

200 

Central  Hotel 

L.  W.  McDonald. 

Voscmtte  Hotel 

3M 

Black's  Hotel 

3M  , 

(t                    

3  M 

Twins  0 

Frauco-Amorioon  Hotel 

Jolln  B.  itoiiei  i"  Co 

792 


APPENDIX. 


MAPS    AND    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


California  and  Nevada Opposite  Title  Paceb 

Oregon  and  WosliiD^n , *'  Page  30 

NowTocoma "  "  179 

Oregon  llailiray  and  Xavisation  Company's  Doclc '*  "  180 

Steamer  Wm.  Inring "  "  19S 

PortCoata "  "  30< 

Gordon  Ilardvare  Company's  Buildins *'  "  830 

FlnitStrcct,  Portiand "  "  3^ 

Saundem  &  Co.  *8  Steamer  Sardonyx '*  "  330 

Excelsior  Saw-niiU  of  Josopl^  Russ&Co "  "  3M 

Astoria **  "  372 

Salmon  Cannin;;  Machtnos  of  Jolin  West "  "  399 

Fell's  Dlock,  Victoria "  "  E6S 

Uumboldt  Log^injf  lUilway  of  D,  R  Jones  &  Co "  '*  579 

Port  Oamblo  Saw-mill  of  Pope  k  Tal  bot , "  "  SSO 

Morblilleid  Satf-mUl  of  E.  D.  Dean  k  Co "  "  l!87 

Day  Saw-miU  of  Dolbeer  &  Carson "  "  (88 

Tacoma  Sa«r-miU  of  Hanson  &  Co * ,  "  190 

Fort  Blaltely  Saw-mill  of  Ronton,  Holmes  ft  Co "  "  593 

Island  Saw-mill  of  D.  R.  Jones  ft  Co "  "  594 

Navarro  RiTer  Saw-mlU  of  H.  B.  Tichenor  ft  Co "  "  6M 

Mad  Rlrar  Saw-mUl  of  John  Vance  ft  Co "  "  599 

Royal  City  Pianinji  Maolilno "  "  MO 

Fost-Intelligoncer  Cuildinj,  Seattle "  "  6<1 

Femow's  Drying  Machine "  "  tU 

Compound  Slarlne  Engine.     John  DougaU,  Atlas  Iron  Workih  Vlotoito "  "  <S4 

Albion  Iron  Works  of  Joseph  Bprott "  '  Mt 

Driard  House,  Victoria. ""789 

Aliiogton  House,  Seattle "  "  790 

Holsteod  Houiev  Tooom....... • >,>•„,„•»» »»•• **  "  lU 


^ 


I 


INDEX. 


AMone 369 

Abbott,  Clisrln 787 

Abbott  HoOM 390 

Abbott,  W.H 367 

Abcnbelmer  JuUiu 773 

Abonlecn  Fkg.  Co 788 

Acapulco 47 

Ackcrman  Broa. . .  .761, 763,  7M,  785^  786 

AckornuD't  Dollur  Stoio 763 

Aokenon.  Moore  ft  Co 774 

AdsirftCo 206,319.384,788 

Adair  John,  Jr 3801381,383 

Adair  8' D 383,381 

Adair  8.  D.  tiCo 380^  783 

AdanuA.  U 673 

AdamaO 668 

Adanu  Cjnu  ft  Co 786 

Adanu&Oo  12^  126. 185, 186 

Adami  &  Carter 780 

Adama,  Jacob 7'j5 

Adams,  Joaeph  W 784 

Adams,  MoNeU  &  Co -....767.  7n 

Adam^Wm.  J 774,783 

Adaiiuon,C.P 34S 

Adolsdorfw,  E.  *  Co 763 

Adolph,  1 7S5 

Aotna  Iron  Works 663^770 

Aetna  Sprlncs  Hotel 789 

Agricultuial  Implemonta. .  .443, 674,  753 

Afrloultuial  Production 376 

Agricultural  Progress 378 

AhOhow 739 

Ahem  &  Co 763,76* 

Alioms,Hctti7ftCo 8S6 

Alldn,  F.  A 311 

Alkln,  BeUing 613 

Alameda 33 

Alameda  Foundir 770 

Alaska 43 

Alaska  Commercial  Co 

331,333,336,330,340,766 

Ahukan  Fisheries 323 

Albanr 33 

Albany  Flax  Mills 473,765 

Albany  Iron  Works 770 

Albion  Foundry 664 

Albion  Iron  Works 770 

Alblcu  I'ottury 781 

AUlenon,  Thomas 754,778 

Allogrettl,  O 767 

Ahirt  Bay  Canning  Co 384 

Aleutian  Islands 44 

too 


Alexander,  8.  O.  A  Oo 761 

Albtlta 385 

Alhambia  Hotel 790 

AlhoS.  Martin 344 

Allsky,  C.  A 666,763 

Allen,  D.  H.  feCo , 773 

AUen.E.  T 768 

Allen,  Oeo.  H 770 

AUen&Lewls 310,767 

Allen,  Oliver 364 

AUon  Springs  Hotel 789 

Allen,  Wm 346,364 

Allen  Wm.aACo..' 7C6 

Allemanla  Ins.  Co 159 

All  over  Oregon,  oto 736 

AUworth  &  Thompson 463,  46<,  789 

Allyne&White 763,773,780 

Alpers,  Charles 780 

Alto  Hotel 780 

AlUSoapCo 789 

Althof  tBihU 757 

Althouse  WUidmlll  Co 786 

Allsehul.  BeUer  *  Co 761,  763,  773 

AInuado,  J.  B 60 

Alrord.  Wm 138, 683;  683 

AlTold,  Henry  B 763 

AlaopfcCo 317 

Amazon  Insurance  Company 159 

Amerioui  DUt.  TeL  Co 193, 193 

American  Exchange  Hotel 789,  790 

American  Fur  Co 338,  339 

American  Hotel 78%  790 

American  Morocco  Caae  Co 773 

American  Typo  Foundry 764,  786 

American  Sugar  Befinery 784 

A^buryft  Daris 345 

Anaheim 39,   95 

Anaheim,  Bank  of 754 

Anderson,  A.  0 41,335,333,368,383 

Andeison,  Charles  L 753 

Anderson,  Isaac  W 635,773 

Anderson,  Wm 664  730 

Andenon,  Mr... 360 

AndnwB,  A 681,677 

AndrevibC.  N 766 

Andrews,  Olinr 763 

Andrews  tHoUsnbeok 754 

AndurBn.CACo 77%  786 

Anglo-American  Pkg  Co 933, 

AntloOalUomlan  Bank. . .  .W  139,  754 

Angora  Ooats 63 

AngoraBoboAOIoTaOo 766 


Antelope 340 

Antimony 316 

AntlseU,  T.  U. 6H  780 

AntlseU  Piano  Co 780^781 

AntolneL 371 

Appendix 735 

Aptos  Hotel 789 

Arcade  Hotel 789 

Areata 30 

Agricultural  Ironworks 770 

Aigentl,  Felix 13S 

Arizona 38 

Arizona,  Bank  of. 769 

Arizona,  Bank  of  (Agency) 854 

Arizona  Business  Directory 737 

Arizona  SllTcr 305 

Arlington  Hotel 791 

Arlington  House 753,  789,  791 

Armer,  M.  &Co 760,785 

Armos  &  Dallam. 

799,  75^  766,  774  786,  787 

Armstrong,  Rudolph 333,763 

Armstrong,  Thoa.  H 757,768 

Armstrong^  Wright 611 

Amand,  Elbert 779 

Amoldk  Co 766,783 

Arnold,  N.  8.  feCo 

763,  764,  768;  769,  770,  774  774  780 

Artesian  Wells 497 

ArtUdal  Limbs 731 

Artificial  Stone 530 

\rtlgnes,  E.  feCo 758 

Artlgues  Canning  Co 7N 

Archie,  Henry F.iiCa 767 

AahbumcrR 361 

Asher&Smlth 467,780 

Asbloy,  W.  H 338,330 

Ashland  Woohm  Mills 444  786 

Asman,  A 35)) 

Asphaltum 318 

Astor,J.  J 331 

Astoria 31 

Astorian 735 

Astoria  Box  ft  Lumber  Co. 758 

Astoria  Clothing  MtgOo 761 

Astoria  Fishery 788 

Aster's  Fur  Co 331 

Astor  House 789 

Astoria  Iron  Works 770 

Astoria  PacklngCo 381 

AtheamtOo 774  TM 

Atklnaon  AOo IM 


794 


INDEX. 


Atklnion  L.  4  Co 763 

AtkeniFish 534.755 

Allantlo  Giant  Powder  Co 782 

Atlautlc  and  PoclQi!  a  R 181 

Atlantic  Stmw  Works. 46S  781 

Atlaa  Iron  Works 764,  770 

Atwood,  Melville 302 

Aubert,  Albert 783 

Anbum , 33 

Auerliacb,  F.  k  Bro 787 

Aufrlcbtla,  Morris 771 

Auger,  U.  E  &  Co 700,  763,  769,  773 

Austin 38 

Justin,  B.C 630,758.783 

Austin,  N.  P.  t  Co 775 

Australian  Complaint 746 

Auzeiais  House 791 

Auzerats  &  Pomeroy 775 

Avy,  I^ugene 758;  785 

Aycrs,  George  C.  &  D 786 

Ayor's  Hotel 700 

Men,  M.  &  Co , 753 

Axle  Grease. , 738 

Babcock,  W. 83 

Babcock,  Wm.  F 317,  318,  611 

Bach,  Mcese  4  Co 773,  786 

Bachelder  MnfgCo 761 

Bachman  Bros 309,  787 

Bacbmau,  J.  4  Bro 153 

Bacigaluiio,  Domeulco 783 

Backus,  O.  J 331 

Bacon  4  Co 646,783 

Bacon,  Joseph  8 770 

Badge.,  W.  0 761,765,780 

BadolIot&Co 379,783 

Baehr,  WiUiam 771 

Bahcr,  Lary  4  Co 775 

Bagley  4  Kuowles 590 

Bailey  Bros "83 

Bailey,  C.  P. 374,513 

Bailey,  Henry 763 

Bailey.  Thoinas  4  Co 787 

Ballbache,  W  J 42j 

Baker.  A.  D 563 

Baker4Boyer 133,751 

Baker  4  Hamilton 20},  323, 

676, 753,  737,  7M,  763,  77t  783 

Baker,  I.  O.  4  Co 751 

Baker,  S 591 

Bakenilield 37 

BalanosI,  Joseph 763 

Balcb.  Horaoo  M 781 

Baldwin,  A 787 

Baldwin,  E.  J 51,  233,  343,  333,  371 

Baldwin  IIoU-l 790 

Baldwin,  W 361 

Balfour,  Guthrie  4  Co 

203,  767.769,770,783 

Ballanger,  K<lward 755 

Bailaril,  Duane  4  Co 78J 

Ball  &,  Julien 787 

BalTur,  Itenry  &  Co 769.  770,  783 

Bamboo 288 

lUucnirt,  A.  L.  4  Co 

no,  C13,  64(1,  648,  649,  661,  753,  757, 

no,  mm  784 


Bancroft,  A.  L 648 

Bancroft,  H.  H 648 

Bancroft's  Native  Races 643 

Uau^iroft'sl'aciae  Coast  aulUo  Boo'c .  738 

Dondman,  N'ielson  4  Co 709,  769 

Dank  Exchange  Hotel 790 

Bank  Commission i 130 

Bankers,  Xotablo 1.35 

Bank  of  British  Columbia  .  135 

Dank  of  California 13i  133 

Dank  of  Nevada 134.  140 

Bank  of  Uregon  City 754 

Bank  of  Virginia. ..'. 754 

Banking 131 

Banking  Business 131 

Banking  luexpcrienco 136 

Banking  Institutions 134 

Banking  Prospects  134 

IJanlta.  First 131 

Bonks   Wm 469 

Banner  Bros 309,  761.  763 

Banner.  M.  4  Co 739 

Bonner  Pkg.  Co 340^763.733 

Bannister.  A 537 

Barbour  Bros 753 

Ilanl.T.  K 135 

Bareda.  F.  L 783 

Barfoot.  J.  L 335 

Barker.  Isaac 764 

BarkbaU3.  F.  W.  4D 757 

Barley,  etc 383 

DamanI,  J 7S7 

Barnes.  D.G 598 

Barnes.  Q.  A 574 

Barnes,  Ma. 730 

Borr,  John  D 466,  783 

Barry.  David 760 

Bartlett.  C.  C.  4  Co 775 

Bortlctt  Springs  Hotel 789 

Bartling&KlmbaU 651.737 

Barrel  Co,  Oregon 60O 

Barrett  4  flhervood 693 

Barton,  B.  F 787 

Barton,  B.  F.4C0 571,783 

Barton,  Dr 315 

Barton,  R 314 

Bashfonl,  L.  4  Co 773 

Bass,  Striped 327 

Boss,  T.  J.  tCo 7iJ,  733 

Bajsett.  Joseph 341 

Dassott's  Hotel 78) 

Basso,  Mrs.  M.  M 739 

Ilatcheldor,  A.  J.4Co 767 

Batclielor,  Van  Odder  4  Co 753 

Batoman,  John 315 

Bates,  Alfrml 733 

Bates,  Geo.  O.  4  Co 763 

Botes,  Martin 338,766 

Bath  Oanuinj  Co 783 

Battle  Mountain 33 

Baud,  Frank 738 

Uauor,  Dim.  &Co 761,  773 

B:m:n,  J.  4  Co 309,  761,  763 

Ba;inigartncr  4  Bohls 7S3 

liaur,  U.  A 765 

Davurla  Drewery 756 

Baxter,  B.  D U> 


Bay  City  Soda  Water  Co 784 

Bay  Soap  and  Candle  Co 760l  78i 

Day  Sugar  Co M» 

Boy  View  DUtillery 577.  76i 

Boasli.  C 757 

Beadle  4  Co 77* 

Beak.  O 371 

Beale.  Samuel 473, 7M 

Beamish,  Percy Ill,  lU 

Dean,  Dr 362 

Beans,  T.  E 135 

BoarJ,  E.  I, 237 

Bconl,  J.  1 345 

Beordsley's  Hotel 790 

Bock,  Wm.  4  Son 673.768 

Beck  4  ICoehn 755 

flecker,  C 433 

Backer.?.  W 760 

Becker.  WiUiom  755 

Bockct.  J.  F 501,  769 

Bedding 467 

Beechy,  Capt 34S 

Beef 387 

Bcegor,  Henry 404 

Beeman,  W 75J 

Deekman,  C.  O 754 

Beomaa  Wm 731 

Dees 374 

Beet  Sugar 643.643 

Deezcr,  Henry .' 784 

Belsco,  A 771 

Belcher,  Capt 331 

Bebhcr  Mine 303,  74J 

Belden,  Josioh 60,143 

Belin,  Louis 76J 

BeH  .John  P.  &  Co 738 

Bell,  Tbomai4  Co 769 

Bellomero,  A 771 

B,lloo&  Co 7M 

Bellows. 519 

Belmont 98 

Belmont  Boot  Factory 430,  613 

Belmont  Boot  and  Shoe  Co 759 

Behnont  Tannery 493,  734 

Belting 630 

Bjment,aea 360 

Doinlsb,  Geo 693 

Dencldey,  L.  D 633 

Deuchl::y,  L.  D.  4  Co 233 

Dendel,  II 648 

Dondell,  B.  4  Co 7U 

Bender  Clias.  T 754 

Bander,  D.  A  4  Co 754 

Dmdlxsou,  ILD 633,783 

Denham,  Azel  M 738 

Bonliayou  4  McGlennoa 773 

Bo:ilcla 3^ 

Denloia  AsrI.  Works. .  .233,  073v  676.  753 

Djuicilo  I'ockinj  Co 783 

Beuioio  Toimorlcs 493 

Bennett.  James  !1 000,768 

Bennett.  Patterson  4  Oo 706 

Deimott.Thos 770 

Densloy.  Jolm  081 

Benson.  Jolm 345 

Bent.  K.  F.  4  Oo 787 

Benton.  Thos.  U .'. 181 


Beigin,J.J 719 

Bcro-uiiin,  A 563 

BorsBtrom,  John G14.783 

Borkuluy 23 

Bcnml,  Seooiu G? 

Benwnl,C.  tCo 66«.  76S 

Oemiml,  II  M 750 

Bunianl  Ilouso 791 

Bcrnbonlt,  Cliarlei 767 

DcniUcilu,  J.  &  Co 775 

BortandlM,  A 7W 

Bortellng  t  Watiy 693 

Bcrtheau,  Cesar 770 

Bertou  &  GaUiard 754 

Berrt),  P.  iOo 769 

BjtUnan,  L 775 

Bottman, -Moaos 794 

OctU  Spring  Co 674.,  734 

BstU,  Wm.  M 074 

Blai,-!.  D' A  Co 7M 

nicM,  Fr^a 763 

BlcUinl.  N 703 

Bi^kwell,  F 563 

Bidwoll.  J GO 

Bldtrell,  John KO,  381 

Dialc?.  Eros 707,  782 

Bigolow,  S.  C 143 

Bin  Treo  Hotel WO 

BiUiard'tatalcs 610 

BUlinsB 331 

BUliiiBS.  E.  L.  tCo 773 

Bllllnss,  Ilaibounio  &  Co 757 

BilUusslo/ &  Co. 739,756 

Blno,  S 764 

Eirch,  Win.  H 764  783 

Blid&Ross 707 

DUalnjor  &  Co 768,737 

Bissinjer,  Colm  36  Co 773 

Blttaor,  Aujust 789 

Black,  IL  U  &  Co. 763 

Black  Bear  Mine 74^743 

Blackburn,  Judge 331 

Black  Diamond  Hotel 730 

Blacking 727 

Black,  J 788 

Blacklock,  J 787 

Blacks  Hotel 791 

BUkckmll's  Hotel 790 

BlakoiCo 754 

ISIaku,  Dr.  J 74  75 

Blake,  Robblni  &  Co. .  .31%  639,  763, 784 

Blaklfton,  J.  1 484,  78i 

Blanchanl,  Jules. 757 

Blnncliard  k  O'Neil 5M,  754 

Blank-liookii 649 

BU«tlll«fu») 710 

lllauTolt,  W.  U 754 

BInch  &  Davidnn 772 

Block.  B.  ft  Co 786 

Blooil,  Jaa.  A 759 

Blowem,  R  B 245,353 

Blue  I.akca  Hotel 789 

niuininlhal.  M.  *  Co 771 

Blumenthal,  Quiulan  &  Co 767 

Boanl  of  Hcaltli.  Cal.  RIato 73 

Board  of  I'ndorwrlten 149,  153 

Board  of  Marine  Undonrritera 160 


INDEX. 

Boca  Blxwlng  Co 575v  755 

Eochow,  F.  O.  iCo 773 

Uodie 31 

Bodic,  Bonk  of 754 

Bodio  Consolidated  Mine 740 

Bodwell,H.  H 658,769,786 

Boericke  &  Tafel 764 

Boemer  A  Wirth JTu 

Boflnger,  W.  F 753 

Dogcr  Bros 7C0 

Bogg's  Hotel 790 

Bohn,  W 771 

Boiler  Making 666 

Bois'i,  County  Bank  of 754 

Bolau,  J.  k  Co 719 

BonawuM 296 

Bond,  Wm 713,775 

Bono.  Charu^jol,  etc 726 

Bonnet,  E.  4  Co 760 

BonueTille.  Capt 339 

Bonny,  Geo 697 

r>ookbinderiea 651 

IkMkbinding 649,050 

Book  printing 646 

Booker,  Wm.  L 158,770 

BootlltCo 767,778,788 

Booth,  A.  &  Co..... 380,381,788 

Booth,  U.  J.  &  Co 661,665 

Booth,  8.  &  Co 788 

Boota,  Wm 605 

Bomx 734 

Borehi»,W.  P 735 

Bordeuave,  Joseph 758 

Borcl.  Alfred  t  Co 734 

Iloscowitz,  L.  &  J 338,  7C6 

Bosq.  K.  &  Co 697 

Doaqui,  Edwanl  &  Co.  .648, 651,  757,  73 

Bothin,  Dallemand  &  Co 763,  783 

BoukOfsky  &  Sternberg. 7G0 

Bouni,  Mra 344 

Bourne,  R  A. 773 

Bourn,  W.  B 150 

DOTee,  W.  H 664 

Bowen,  E.J 287 

Boven,  P.  M.  JtCo 571,787 

Bowen,  as. 753 

Bower  *  Baker 770 

Bower*  W.H.  tt*  Co 774 

Bowles,  Samuel 64 

Bowman  House 790 

Bowman,  J.  B.  k  Co 703,  760,  785 

Boyne,  W.  *Co 534,754 

Boynton,  E.  R 776 

BoyntomB.  B 566,702 

Bol  Factories 599 

Box  Hhooks 433 

BnK-e,C.  li 64 

Bradbury,  W.  B 688,763 

Bradford  &  Co 788 

Bradford.  W.B 7.MP 

Btstilcy  &  Rulofson. 750 

Brmlolot  &  Co 379 

Brodt  &  Bona 707 

Bradway,  11.  S 764 

Bre?j,  11  W.  *  Co 619 

Brand,  Honnan. 760,738 

Brand,  U.  J 771 


79S 

Brandenstine.  H.  &  Cu 769 

Bnuidcnstinc,  M.  &  Co 758 

Bramiaii,  Daniel 527,  781 

Biannun,  8 144 

Brandy 253 

Brassy  t  Co 773 

Braverman,  Louis  L  Co 771 

Btay  Bros 787 

Bmy.  J.  0 143 

Brcarley,  John 754 

Brcclitel,  0 559 

Breeze  &  Loughian 783 

Bickle,  (J 756 

Bremer,  Joseph  &  Co. 760,  78f 

Brcnnan,  P.  T. 635 

Bresson,  Joseph 785 

Bretonncl,  J.  N 697,  771 

Brcuner,  John 760 

Brewer,  M.  T.  &  Co 765 

Btewstcr  &  Co 620 

Brico,  Powell 766 

Bricewallcr 245 

Bricks 628 

Brickwodul,  Henry 226 

Brickwetlel,  Henry  &  Co 236.  773 

Bridgen,  A 245 

Brig33,  O.  0 337,244,253 

Bri;;g8,  Hpouccr  U 785 

Brigham,  ^Vhitney  4;  Co 763,  783 

Brishlon  Distillery 253 

British  America  Co 383 

Bricish  American  Pkg  Co 768 

British  Columbia. 41,  706 

British  Coliunblo,  Bank  of 754 

British  Columbia  Packing  Co. .  .383,  783 

British  Columbia  Boap  Co 719 

British  Columbia  Tanning  499 

British  NorUi  America,  Bank  of 754 

Broadliont,  C.  W 763 

Brod.rick,  DC 123 

Bnxlic,  ,T.  R.  tCo 7CJ 

Btt>m1  erger,  Max 763 

Brooklyn  Hotel 790 

Brooks,  C.  W 180 

Brooks,  II.  B 321 

Brooks,  R  C 677 

Diooks,  York  &  Co 773 

Brooms 738 

Broomcom 287 

Browcll.  J. 629 

Brown  Bros.  &  Co.,  209, 446,  454,  761.  765 

Brown  Bros,  k  Watson 637,  780 

Broini,  D.  &  Co 783,  787 

Brown,  E 773 

Brown,  OB 758 

Brown,  J.  B 596 

Brown.  J,  P.  4  Co 764 

Brown,  J.  R 494,784 

Brown,  N.  &  Co 701,  765 

Brown,  nichanl 784 

Drown,  R.  W 768 

Brown,  Crolg  4  Co 770 

Brown  4  Mathews 310,  763 

Browning  4  Bremer. 768 

BrownaviUe  Woolen  Mill  Co. ..  .446,  786 

Bruno,  August 760 

Bnuiar,B.P 681 


M^f^fS- 


796 


IN'DEX. 


% 


1 


llnmcl,  a M8 

CuTDS,  UeuiT 770 

Bnuuwlck,  J.  M.  L  Btlko  Co. .  .CIL  757 

Erushcs. 730 

BrutoD,  Daniel 785 

Cryau,  Wm.  J 7M 

llrjant.  A.  J IM,  691,  770 

IJiylo,  M 280 

Biichanan  &  Lyall 785 

BuclUor,  August 755 

Buckaluff  &  Ochoa. 775 

BucUngham  &  Uoctat..GOe,  511,  7o7,  758 

Buckmillcr  £  Wclla 756 

Buckow.  LmU&  Co 772 

Buffalo 341 

Buffalo  aermou  Id&  Ca 161 

BulIum,>V.  M 775 

Buena  Vista  Pottery 627 

Buena  Vista  Vinicultuial  Co 62 

Buhacb 287 

Buhno,a.H 504,768 

Bujaonoff,  Italnhold 771 

BilUioD  Viclil,  total 22 

Bull,  Geo 753 

Bulwer  Mine 742 

Bundock,  il.  F 627,781 

Buneman  &  Martonini 772,  680 

Bun^ 025 

Buukor,  N.E 410 

Bunker,  K.  P. 782 

Bunater,  A 755 

Bunting 450 

Bum.  Adolpb 700 

Burchard,  C.  A. 210,772 

Burckhaltor,  P.  ftCo 754 

Burgoyuo  &  Co 124 

Burlapo. 47^ 

Bumoil,  J.  II.  &  Bro 755 

Bumham,  O.  M 774 

Burniiam,  .1.  U. 754 

Burnett,  II.  P 60 

Burnett,  Peter  H 135 

Burr.  C.  O.  &Co 664,762 

BuiT,  E.  W. , 136 

Button,  W.  II 701 

Bushy,  F.H 517,767 

Business  Failures 214 

Busli,  A 135,657 

Bush,  Darid 680,766 

Business  lloiuee,  leading,  f 7C3 

Buswell,  A.  it  Co 061,757 

Buswell,  W.  P 764 

Butler,  A.B 346 

Butler,  P.  P. 776 

Butler  k  Halden 770 

Butto  County,  Bani  of 764 

Butter. 364 

Buyer  &  Roiell. 764 

B^ibee,  Jolm  F 774 

Oulilo  Ballroail  426 

Cabrera,  Roma&Co 763,  769 

CailwuU  £  Btanfonl 775 

Cady,  M 620 

Cady&Willoy..... 620 

Caffroy,  C.  8 620 

fallen  Bra.  A  Co 760,  773,  787  | 


Cahn.  Mortis 470 

Calm,  Nickclsliur|[&Ca..611,  767,  769^  773 

Caine,  John 665,676,753 

Cairo,  Justinian 763 

Calcium  Light 760 

Caledonia  Oatmeal  Mills 765 

CalUomia 2%  31 

CaL  Artif.  Stone  Paring  Co 753 

Calilomian  Banks 131 

Camoniia,Banko( 751 

Cal.  Bellows  Mtg  Co 519,757 

Caliroraia  Bible  Society 767 

CaL  Brush  Electric  Ui^t  Co 764 

CaL  Bleachhig  Soap  Co 784 

CaL  Cigar  Box  Co 768 

Cal.  Cracker  Co 438,763 

CaL  Concentration  Co 780 

Cal.  Cream  of  Tartar  Co 671,  78T 

California  DiatiUeii 763 

CaL  Electric  Lijht  Co 593 

Cal.  Electrical  Power  Co 693 

CaL  Electriad  Works 

693,  6H  7C4,  767,  770 

Colifomian  Enterprises 48 

California  File  Co 670 

California  Flour  MiUa 763 

Cal.  Fumitura  Mfg  Co 606,  606,  760 

Califorria  Fuse  Ass'n 711,766 

CalUoniia  Fuse  Works 711 

California  Oioro  Co 517,  767 

Caiifomia  Homo  Ins.  Co 114 

California  noslcry  Co. .116,  448,  449.  786 

California  Ins.  Co 160,770 

Cailfoinla  Iron  Co 311 

CaL  Italian  Paste  Co 660 

Caiifomia  Jewelry  Co 696, 771 

CaiUoniia  Lloyds 144 

California  Mine 738 

CaL  Mutual  Marino  Ins.  Co. ..  .143, 143 

CaUforuia  Oil  Works 780 

Caiifomia  Oil  ItefinetT 780 

Calif  omia  Pkg  Co 783 

California  Paint  Co 713 

California  PapcrC« 780 

Caiifomia  Paper  Mfg  Co 636 

CaUfomU  Powder  Wotka.  ..709,  710,  7S3 

Caiifomia  Kaisin  Co 343 

CaL  Savings  &  Loon  Society 764 

CaL  Silk  Mfg  Co 464,479,784 

Califoroian  SllTcr 305 

California,  Southern 33 

Cal.  Spring  Mfg  Co 607 

UaL  Spring  M jttress  Co 470 

Caiifomia  Sprinj  Mfg  Co 470,  757 

Caiifomia  Star  Oil  Co 317 

CaL  Star  Oil  Works  Co 780 

Caiifomia  State  TeL  Co 189, 190 

California  Steam  NaT.  Co 168,  783 

Caiifomia  Sugar  Rcllnory. 517,  734 

Caiifomia  Tool  WorUa 070 

Caiifomia  Transportation  Co 783 

Caiifomia  Typo  Foundry 704 

C^ifomla  Varnish  Worl^ 788 

CaL  VIgorito  Powder  Co      703;  733 

CaUfomlan  Wheat 379 

California  Wito  Wotks  Co 668,  786 

Calkcis'  Association lOS 


Oallingham,  W.  J.  &  Co 770 

Callcndor,  Henty  A 771 

Calla::ban,  D.  &  Co. 571 

Oalistoga  Hot  Springs 789 

Camels,  Siberian 63 

CampbelLO.  E 761 

Campbell  0«o.  H 776 

Campbell  House 789 

Campbell,  J 619 

CompbelL  MUtun 785 

Campbell,  M 690 

Campbell  Press  Mfg  Co 643 

CampbcU,  W.  n 769 

Canadian  Padfio  R.  R 93,181 

Canary  Seed 383 

Caudles 730,  760 

Candle  Company,  S.  F 7M 

Canned  Goods 759 

Canneries  of  Pmit 769 

Canneries  of  Salmon 788 

Canning,  Salmon 377 

Capon,  George  B.  ft  Co 311,  757,  768 

Capital  Canning  Co 759 

Capital  Flour  Mills 765 

Capital  Fumituro  Co 766 

Capital  Ooa  Light  Co 734 

Capital  Pkg  Co 789 

Capital  Savings  Bank 734 

Capital  Soap  Factory 734 

Caps 403 

Carbon  Bisulphide 737 

Carbon  Hill 308 

Catdiaro,  D.  ftCo 733,  763 

Career  for  Energy 85 

Cariboo. 341 

Carit,  j!  A 703 

Carion&Emst 755 

Carlton  House 790 

Caimany,  John  II.  ft  Co 783 

CaimoDcho,  Paul 760 

Oatolan,  CoiyftCo 301  767,  708,  774 

Caip 328,385 

Carpote 477,769 

Carpet  Beating 478 

Carpet  Lhiing 477 

Carpenter,  Mr 719 

Carqulnez  Strait 23 

Carr,  Jesse  D 330,360 

Carr,  E 757 

Carriages 616,  739 

Carriage  Materials,  Dealen 769 

Carrlgan,  Andrew 331 

Carriger,  N 345 

CorroU  J.  O 534,774 

Carroll,  J.  H 165 

Carroll,  R.  T.  ft  Ca 773 

Cation 38,629 

Carson  City  Savings  Bank 764 

Cartan,  McCarthy  ft  Oo 73 

Carter,  L.  F 759 

CatTille  Mfg  Co 618,759 

Cesanora,  Henry 313 

Caaenare,  P.  ft  Co 605,  763 

Case,  J.  J.  ft  Co 311,77c 

Case,  L  W 754 

Casey,  M.  Fronds 767,  7J5 

Casey  ft  Cronaa 771 


mimifm 


Casaamayou,  A.  &  Co 770 

CabaiD,r.  J.  &  Co 760,773 

Castor  Dean 237 

Castli!  Bioi.  &  Loape. .  .209,  70?,  732,  78S 

CartroviUo 30 

Oatfloh 323,385 

Cattarina,  E.  .1 ". 765 

CatteUi&Ca 660^774 

Codar  Forest! 35 

CemontPipe 59,782 

Center,  J i41 

Central  Hotel 752,789,790,701 

Central  Faclflo  a  R. 

74  02,  164,  16%  170;  17i  177,  308; 

613,632,  6*6,665,674  073 

Csnttal  Gaa  Ll(bt  Co. 733 

Corf.J.  &Co. 210,763*772 

Chabot,  A 314 

Chadboonio,  F.  S.  &  Co. ...211,  607,  76U 

Chadboome,  T.  J 659 

Cbaddenlon,  J.  L 780 

Chains 673.,  760 

Cbaji 601,607,760 

Chalmers,  Robert 245 

Chalmers  &  Uohnes B34,  774 

Obampajne 349,  7C0 

Chances  (or  Settlers 67 

Chandler  &  Son 767 

Chandler,  lUcbanl  D 770 

Channel  Potterr 782 

Chapman,  A.  D 336 

Chapman,  H 77' 

Chapman,  JamssF.  ftCa 763,  783 

Chapman,  W.B 419 

Charcoal 725 

Charmau,  Thos 135 

Charmaa,  T.  ti  Son. 223,  775 

Chariot,  Joseph 771 

Chard,  Thomas  a 163 

Chaao,  A.  W.  Capt 603 

Chase,  HP.  ft  Co. 767,768 

Chauche,  Adrlen  O 773 

Cheese 867 

Cbomckota  Hotel 790 

Cheinleal  Works 761 

Cherry,  CO 770 

Chcsler,  O.  W 774  775 

CbcTaUor,  F.  ft  Co 772 

Chlco 27 

Chlco,  Baukot 764 

Ohico  Flow  Works 675,  763 

Chlcorr S83 

Chiohizola,  Antonio 763 

Chlet  Soap  Esctorr '84 

ObleloTlch,E.ftOa 773 

ChUds,M.W 310;  660;  785 

OhUben,J.  P 776 

Chinese  Competition 113 

Chinese,  Opposition  to 119 

Chlorination  Process 439 

OhoooUto 566)761 

ChoUar-Notcrois  Pump 431 

ChoUar  Potosi  Mine 7461743 

Chopaid,  Louis 771 

Christ,  John 755 

Christj&Wise 155,787 

Chnime  Iron 314 


INDEX. 

Church,  J.  E 775 

Chutes.  Loading 430 

Cigars 700,760 

Cliar  Boxes 600 

Clsar  Factories 703 

Cigar  Operatires 703 

Citizens'  Bank 754 

CityBrewerr 756 

Citjr  Carriage  Factory 759 

City  Foundry 771 

City  Hotel 701 

City  Store 175 

Clabrough  ft  Oolchcr 673 

Clabrough,  J.  P.  ftBro 768 

Clackamas  Paper  Co 780 

Clams 362,364 

Clappft  Jessup 564.763 

Clarendon  Hotel 790 

Clarc8t,H 755 

Clark.  A.O.  ftCo 768t  775 

Clark  Bros 784 

Clark,  Geo.  W 3101780 

Clark.  J 601.763 

Clark.  Jonas  0 143 

Clark.  N.  ft  Sons 527 

Clark,  R  0 618,767 

Clark,  W.  A 764 

Ciark,  T.  S.  ft  Son 472 

Clark,  Truman  ft  Co 757,  766 

Claudius 268 

Clausen,  F 771 

Clauascn,  John 760 

Clauasenius  ft  Co 773 

Olayburgh  <i  Nathan 773 

Clearing  House 135 

Clear  Lake  Hotel 789 

Clements,  Gilbert 730 

CUa  House 790 

CUmatu  of  Alaska 83 

Climate  of  Arizona 83 

CItanate  of  Los  Angeles 80 

Climate  of  Oregon 81 

Climato  of  Sacramento 75 

CUmates,  Tables  of 73 

Climate  of  Utah 83 

Clocks 693.761 

Clocks,  Pneumatle 437 

Clothing 450)761 

Clothing  OperatlTM 453 

ClossettBroa 763 

Ciuta.  F.  W. 775 

CloTerdale 413 

Clune8s,W.  U 166 

Coal 307 

CoalOU 763 

CobUnerBros 764)776,787 

Cochran,  M.H. 360 

CoeoanUtOil 717 

Cod  Banks 324,342 

CodBsh S49134%762 

Coddlngton  ft  Wilcox 605,767 

Code,  Elf  elt  ft  Co 340,759 

CwimedLaw 61 

Coffee 387,  633)763 

Collins 611762 

Comn,  Geo.  F.  ftCo 783 

Coin,  Amount  of 123 


797 

Cohen,  H 010 

Cohen.  Horrman 753,  781 

Cohen,  LLftCo 760 

Cohen,  Philip 764 

Cohen.  B 725 

Cohen.  W.  ft  Co. 765 

Cohn,  Adolph  A 766 

CohuftCo 775 

Cohn,E.&Ca 760 

Cohn.  O.ftCo 703,  760,  783 

Cohn.  Herman 765 

Cohn.  J.  O 775 

Cohn,M 787 

Cohn.  H.  ft  Co m 

CoUko,  Max 760 

ColoftCo 468 

Cole,  D.  ftCo 690,785 

Cole.N.  P 606 

ColoftKenny 729,788,788,787 

Coleman.  Wm.  T 

316,  547,  731,  734,  753,  760)  763, 

767,  769,  770,  783,  78S 

Collars 763 

Coliam,  Paper 639 

CokuanBros 209,761,765 

Collier,  J 259 

CoUlmftTUden 763 

Colonics 95 

Colton  Exchange  Hotel 789 

Columbia  Bar 400 

Columbia  Canning  Co 788 

Columbia  Hotel 789,791 

Columbia  Iron  Works 771 

Columbia  PkjCo 788 

Columbia  Hirer 388 

Cclumbia  Rirer  Fisheries 372 

Columbia  Hirer  Pkg  Co 788 

Columbia  Soap  Co 7G4 

Columbia  Soap  Works 784 

Columbus  Brewery 766 

Columbus  Pkg  Co 788 

Columella 258 

Colusa,  County  Bank  of 754 

Colusa  House 783 

Combs,  J.  W 534,774 

Comforters 469,  763 

Comfort,  Wages  and 103 

Commercial  Bank  of  Los  Angeles. .  .754 

Commercial  Firo  Ins.  Co 150 

Commercial  Herald 736 

Commercial  Hotel 7901791 

Conmicrcial  Ins.  Co 165,770 

Commercial  Policy 743 

Commercial  Soap  Co 719)  785 

Commercial  ft  Sarings  Bank 764 

Commins  ft  O'Conner 773 

Competition  with  the  East 117 

Competition,  Worid-wido 115 

Compton 23 

Comstock.0 305 

Comstook.  DiBCOTery  of 301 

Comstockft  Hunthigton 236 

ComstockLode ...38,2^6 

Comstock  Hhies 38,737 

Comstock.  W.  D.  ft  Co 708 

Condit,  J.  H.  ft  Co 763 

Cone,  H.D 63 


798 


Cone  &  KimUU m 

CoufectionciT ros,  762 

C'onsli),  J.  B.  &Co 501,  76!) 

Conkliu  BroB 478 

Conldin,  IL  U.&  Co 771 

Conklui,  r.  *F.  O 617 

ConUin,  TbomuC 7SC 

OouUn  &  Bobertt 691,763,760 

Conly,  John 135 

Connecticut  Fire  lui.  Co 15S 

ConauUjr  &  Boris 706 

Connor,  John 754 

Conner  &  Son Gil 

Connick,  A 591 

Connlck,  U 681 

Connolly,  Michftel 758 

Conrad  Darlil 765 

Con.  Bank  of  San  Diogo 754 

Con.  VirginiaMino 738 

Continental  Hotel 790 

Continental  Oil  Co 624 

Continental  Oil&  Trann.  Co. ...763,  760 

ConiUtutiou  ot  California 133 

Cook,  A.  A 623 

Cook,  A.  O 764,767,  769 

Cook,  Capt 321 

Cook,  II.  If 521,  753i  754,  767,  769 

Cook,  I.  &  A.  M 774 

Cooke,  O.  W 651 

Cooperase 62ft  023,  762 

Cooper,  Llvood 356 

Coo»  Bay 401 

Cop«,  W.  T 708 

Copper 309,315,60ft  763 

Copion,  B 756 

CoqulUo  lUfer  401 

Corlwtt,  Failini  &  Co.: 311,  763 

Corbett,  Senator Ill 

Corbel  t,Wm 271 

CorUtt  k  Macleay 

31ft  228,  558t  767,  783 

Conlago 481,763 

Cordiall 678^763 

Cirlauder 383 

Oomicea 763 

CounoiwUtaa  Uotel 789,  790,  791 

CotUeA  Wllcht 731,782 

Cotton 383,479 

Cotton  Underwear 457 

CottreU,0.  B.  t  Co 643 

Cousins,  Mr 633 

Coutts,  P 360,371 

Covey,  II  R 273 

Cowan  &  Uo 717,  780 

Cowilen,  M.  II 751 

Cowles,  a.  W.  M 784 

Cor?ul!U  Fruit  Packing  Co 759 

CorvalllB  Plow  &  Agr.  M'fy 753 

CorriUo,  Emerson 759 

Coi,  J.  W.  4Co 7Gft  772,  787 

Crabs 360 

Cr.ibl),  II  W 346 

Ciaiie,  Hasting  &  Co 772 

Cmis,  Hush 770 

Crackora 658,  763 

Cnwker  Ca,  Cal 550 

Crank,  J.  F 316 


INDEX. 

Crawford,  A 783 

Crawford,  A.  &  Co 717 

Crawford,  J.  W 764 

Crawford,  Wm 473 

Crawford,  Wm.&Ca 607 

Cream  of  Tartar 723 

Crcgar  Bros 773 

Onighton,  llobert  J 746 

Crescent  City 30 

CrevoUn,  F.  S  Bro 673 

Crittenden  &  Kerr 767 

Crittenden  &  HoCua 759 

Croasdailo 383 

Croce^  Marchand 694,783 

Crochat,  C.  &  Co 245 

Crocker.  C 163,171 

Crocker.  E.  R 168,173,176 

Crocker,  II.  H.  &  Co 767,  783,  7S4 

Crockery .63 

Crockett,  PagetToris 139 

Croissant,  Charles. 55 

Crown  Point  Mine 740,743 

Cnumneiy  &  Ball 758 

Cudeil,  Gustare&Co 781 

Cuff  ii  Co 766 

Culmor,  G.  F 767 

Cuip,  J.  D 285.  OM 

Culp,  J.  D.  SCO 703,760,  785 

Cummlnga,  Gimmcl  &  Co 765 

Cunningham,  Jas. 775 

Cuiuiingham  &  McBeath 639,  763 

Cunningham,  Curtis  &  Welch 

310.757,  784 

Cupples,  Samuel  &  Co 786 

Cnrlock,  A.  B 754 

Ciu-led  Hair 703 

Curlew 341 

Curley  u:  Mahaa 789 

Currency 131 

Currie,  Arthur  L.  &  Co 786 

Currier,  Amos 753 

Curry,  Chas 671 

Cury,  J 671 

Cu  ry,  N.  U  Bro 671,  768 

Curtaz,  B 780 

Curtin,a 787 

Curtis  House 789 

Curtis,  Tyler 154 

Curtis,  DUon&Co 760 

Curtis,  John  &  Sou. 783 

Cashing,  C.  H 154 

Cutlery 669,  7i3 

Cutting  i  Co 383 

Cutting,  John  T.  ft  Co 768 

Cutting  Packing  Co 340,  759,  788 

UaboTlchN 7C5 

Dairy;  Hairy  Produce 260,  703 

Dairymen's  union 107 

Dakln  &  Libby. 719,753,784 

Dalby,  Pewel  k  Wilson 496,  513 

Dalgleish,  D 446 

Uail,  W.  U 44,321 

Da'.hn,  Dank  of  Tbo 140 

DaUefl,The 32 

Daiiyuipie,  J.  J 775 

Dalton,  J 345 


Daltontt  Gtmy 70 

Daly.  P.  J 765 

Dalzell,  Jamca 390,  795 

Daueri.  F.  tCo 309,  218.  707,  771 

Dancri.  Antonio 763,768 

Daniels,  J  t  Co 633,  771 

Danfo,*th,  Mooro  k  Cummlngs.  .496^  773 

Dantorth  &  Co 78* 

Daunals,  James 766 

Daununbauin,  J.  &  S 787 

Dftuskin  Bros 778 

Dansman  Tobacco  Co 785 

Davenport,  Capt 349 

Davidson,  B 134 

Davidson,  Geo SSft  323,  334,  633 

Davidson,  J.  W.  &  Co 787,  704,  767 

Davidson,  Hall  &  Co 764,776 

Davis  Bros 761,  764,  783,  78« 

Davis,  Christy 781 

DuvUSCowoU 634,771 

Davis,  C.  II.  &  Co SU 

Davis,  Geo.  A 763,784 

Davis,  Ilotuco  &  Co BU 

Davis  &  Himrod 778 

Davis,  J.  C MB 

Davis&  KeUogg 78ft  781 

Davis,  Levy 719;  775 

Davls&  Lowell 639,766 

Davis,  W 601,  7fl» 

Davis,  P.  4Bra 761 

Davis,  W.  E 76J 

Davis, S.  F.  4Co 779 

Davy,  Ileniy 423 

Dawson,  J 065 

Dawsou,  J.  M.  FkgCo 3U,  79l> 

Dawson  Pkg  Co 341 

Duy,J.  W 447 

Day  4  Co 773 

Day,  Thos 689,761,704  775 

Dayton,  Ilall  &  Lamberwm 211,768 

Dayton  Woollen  UiUa 447,  786 

Dazet,  J.  B 773 

Dean,  K.  B.  &  Co.  ..''37,  C29,  63%  774,  78t 

DeCastro,D.  &  Co 76ft  733 

DeCoIis,  Mrs 336 

Decker  &Jcwett 764 

DeCourcy,E 764,787 

Deer. 340 

Deeth&  Starr 6iO 

Oeetkeo,  Ohlorinatlon 41^ 

Dectkan,  G.  F 430 

DeFremery,  Jamea&  Oo 769 

Dogon,L.P 621757,769 

Degener&Co 203,769,770 

Doideshelmcr,  P 433 

Deiningcr,  B 765 

DeLacy,  Chas 706 

Dclanoy,  R  W 637 

DeLong,  F 663 

Dei  Blar,  Alexander 764 

DeUeplane&Co 769,  783,  i87 

DelU  Canning  Co 20ft  319,  381,  788 

Delta  Packing  Co 333,386 

Dempster  k  Keys.. 753,  7C3,  763,  769,  783 

DemiTslor,  W.  A 366 

Duniarthii,  L.  k  t.'u 763 

Demem,  Hooter  L 763 


Demurs,  L 775 

I>Qminj,  Patmur  &  Co 210 

Dommkk  &  UbclBcM 759 

Denarcaux  ii  MaUuD 773 

l>uiUiai-tl,  John 782 

DjQDia.  Uuorffo G68 

I>oaalia.-i.  W.  B.  4  E,  II 527,  783 

I>cauiiiton,  uawanl  0 634,  7M,  707 

l>eany,  KdworU  k  Co 753 

Deiiot  Uutcl,  PulUodu 730 

Depot  Hotel,  Reno 790 

DoPuo,  P.  II 719 

Derby,  K.  M 774 

Dcrrlck-Neta 433 

Do  Sablo,  Kiijone 769 

Deaorot  Bauk 764 

Deska 763 

DcaiDond.  J.  J.  &  Bona 770 

DetrictE.  4Co  753,754.769 

DcTcra,  Koolmcko  ft  Co 763 

Dovlno.  J- O 534,  773 

DovUn,  John  4  Co 783 

Dewing,  J.  &  Co 757 

Dexter,  F S6«,  763 

Dexter,  Ilorton  i  Co 754 

DUhlo  Eldje 23 

DUunonds. 330 

Dlbbloo  Bros ^ 06 

DlbWco,  Albert 769,  783 

Dickie  Bro. 630-633,783 

Dickie,  G.  Vf.,  InvenUona  of 

416,  423,  423,  43t  433,  633 

Dlokle,  Joa 6291633 

Dickie,  John 633 

Dickaon'a  Agency 153 

DIckaon,  Do  Wolf  a  Co 

630.  733,  700.  707.  768,  77i  783 

DIckaon,  M.  W 136 

DIckaon.  Itobert 158,  770 

Diet?,  A.  O.  4Co 762,  773,  780 

Dlez  &  liumon 760 

Dilke,  Sir  Churlei 64 

Dlngloy,  C.  L 537,774 

Dlnglcy,  N 564,763 

Dlnkelapiel,  L.  4  Co 764,  771,  787 

DIuwoody,  Henry 766 

Directory  of  Sacramento. 737 

Diicctoryot  San  Joae 737 

DUtriot  Telegraph. 192 

DlatumeU,  W.  C 737 

Dixon,  Bank  of 754 

Dixon  &  Bematcin 793 

Dixon  Bros 460 

Doaue&Co 363,364 

Doana  4  Henahelirood 767,  787 

Doano,  Robert 776 

Doble,  Abncr 670i  768*  776,  785 

Dodd,  Charlea  H.  4  Co SlOi  768 

Dod»o,H.  L 314 

DaiWe,  Sweeney  4  Co 763,  769,  783 

DoUjo,  W,  W.  4  Co. . .  .209,  767,  773,  783 

Doo,  B.4J.  8 783 

Doo,  Charlea  P 774 

Dolan.  Jamca  W 7116,758,733 

Oolan,  Thomaa 719,  784 

Dolbear  &  Caraun 774.  783 

Dolboer.  John 43^  S80 


INDEX. 

Dolbocr'a  Logirer 416 

DoUiver  4  Bit>. 772 

Domestic  Anlmala 254 

Dominion  Gov.  Savinja  Bank 7M 

Doimhuc  Foiindiy 653 

Donahue,  Jamca «6lil 

Donoliuc,  Kelly  4  Co 754 

Donahue.  MlcluM)! 662 

Donahue.  VlUir 154,661,  604 

Donaldson  4  Co 769.  770.  783 

Donalilaon,  W 774 

Donnell.  Clark  1  Larablc: 754 

Donnelly.  Dunne  4  Co 758 

Douohoe.  J.  A 135 

Dooly,  J.  E.  4  Co 754 

Doors  and  Sashes 996,  703 

Dorety,  Joseph  H 770 

Dam,O.W.40o 779 

Domln,  Geo.  D 157,  770 

Dorrance,  C.  F 771 

Doujherty,  John  W 775 

Dougherty,  r.  E.  4  Co 783 

Doughty  4  Tatterson 444 

Doughty,  Wm 787 

Dougall.  John 771 

Douglaaa  Pkg  Oo 381,  788 

Douglass  Broa  4  Co 775 

Doutrick,  Frank  4  Co 775 

Doves 341 

Downey 39 

Downey.  J.  O 435 

Downing.  A.  P.  4  Son 764 

Doyie,  Henry  4  Co 769 

Doyle  4  Wllliama 345 

Drake.  B.  F 663 

Drake  4  Emerson 765 

Droabach,  Wm 203,  767,  769,  783 

Droaa  Trimmlnr-         463,  704 

Drew,  RL 768 

Dry  Docks 633 

Dreyfus,  B 210,544 

Dreyfus,  a  4Co 773,786 

Dreyfus  4  Co 623 

Driard  House 762,791 

Drinkhouse,  J.  A 700,789 

Drouet,  H 783 

Jrugs 7M 

Dnunmond  4  Ijemont 774 

DuBoU,  King  4  Co 310,  767 

Ducks 3tl 

Ducommun,  C 210,  779 

Duenwald.  C.  F 700 

Dufour,  A  J 736 

Duisenberg,  Charlea  4  Co 763 

Duke,  W.  8on8  4  0j 785 

Dun,  J.  G.  4 Co.. „ 214 

Duncan,  Mr 383 

Duncan'a  M'lla  L.  4  L.  Co 771 

Dunham,  D.  Frank 331 

Dunham.  Carrigan  4  Co 

309,  321,768,770 

Dunn.H.D 773 

Dunn,  J 653 

Dunphy  4  Hlldreth 27a  761 

Duaphy,  William 270,758 

Duusmulr,  Diggle  4  Co 199.  307.  309 

Dupout  Powder  Co 783 


799 

DuRose,  P.  P 409.  761 

Ouaenbery  4  Stencel 77J 

Dusenbery  Bros 775 

Dutch  Flat  Hotel 789 

Dutton.  Wra.  J 151 

Dwelling  House  Underwriters 156 

Dwyer4Cartan 760 

Dyer  Bros 756,  707 

Dyer.  L.  M 618,  759 

Dyer,  W.J 753 

E».Is,  J.  B 182 

Eagle  Brewery 755 

Eagle  Cracker  Bakery 763 

Ea;{le  Fuse  Works 711 

Eagle  Hotel 791 

Eagle  Soap  Works. 784 

Eagle  Uteam  Cracker  Bakery 763 

EardlL-y  4  Cartwright 637,782 

Earl,  J.  O 710 

Earlo,  D.  W.  4Co 783 

Earlo,  E.  P 765 

Earle,  Thomas 965,702,767 

Eastman,  Frank  4  Co 646,  783 

Eastman,  lliomaa  S 630,  799,  788 

Eaaton,  John 763,  706 

Eaton  4  Bailey 775 

Eberhard.  Jacob 491,  494,  784 

Ebner  Bros 773 

Eckatcin,  A.B 711.765 

Eclipse  Cracker  Co 763 

Eddy's  Sluice 416,417 

Edmonda,  G 599 

Edwards,  P.  G JlOl  780 

Edwards,  Goo.  F 797 

Egan,  M.  M 773 

Egerton,  Henry  C 760,776 

EggerB,a.  H 2« 

Eggleston,  Ben 767 

Ehiilz.  Henry  P 760 

Ehrman,  M.  4  Co 767.  780.  782,  789 

Einstein  4  Co 911 

Einstein,  Louia  4  Co 779 

Elaen,  F.  T 345 

Eiaenberg.  Adolph 761, 771 

Elsenberg.  £.  4Bro 760 

Ekelund,  Eric 764,767 

Elam4  Howes 634 

El  Capitan 79 

Electrical  Construction  Company. . . 

193,693 

Electrical  Inatnnnents 693,  764 

Electroplates 764 

Electrotype 641,764 

Eleratora 674  764 

Elfeldt,  A  B.  4  Co 309,  761,  764 


Elk. 


..3t0 


Elkus,L.4Co 451,455,761 

Elleau,  Henry 771 

Elliott  4  Oo 765 

EIUott.Wm.ll 159 

Elliott  W.  t.  4  Sou ^.770 

ElUs.  Nathan. 775 

Ellis.  Thomas 371 

El  Monte  Hotel 791 

Elmore.  Hamuel 738 

EUiander.  H.  W 75« 


8oo 


Emanuel,  L.  k  E 606,766 

Embroideries 764 

Emmett,  Geo 771 

Empey  &  Lennard 769 

Emplru  Foundry 663 

Empire  Hotel 791 

Empire  Iron  Workj 771 

Empln  Machine  Shop 771 

Empire  Mine 7U,  743 

Engclbrecht,  Fox  &  Co 703,  760,  785 

Engemum,  Henn«m 760 

Enxinei 764 

EnjletBon 774 

Englebert,  Peter  H 760 

Ensles,  William 758 

EogUah  k  Co. 381,  383,  788 

Engwer  k  Welntraub 719 

Enrigbt,  Joieph 675,  771 

Ent'jrpriM  Straw  Worki 465^  784 

Enterpriaes,  Great 60 

Eppinger&Ca 303,767 

Epetein,  Henry 253 

Erdin,  Tbeodoi« 766 

Erdiin,  Orcer  A  Co 767 

Erzgisber,  C.  JtCo 760 

Eabeiv,  Bachman  &  Co 760,  785 

Eeperrcn,  Herman 771 

EepeyMfgCo 618 

Eepey,  W.  W 7S9 

£flsencefl,eto 764 

Eatudillo  Hotel 791 

Ettinger&Oo 463^464,786 

EuIerftCo 766 

Emvka 37 

Eui«ka  Consolidated  Mine '41 

Eureka  District 304 

Eureka  Foundry .771 

Eureka  Gas  Co 734 

763 


Eureka  Hair  Factory 

Eureka  Hotil 789 

Eureka  Iron  Works 771 

Eureka  Pkg  Co 788 

Eureka  Powder  Co 783 

Eureka  Seamless  Glore  Factory. 767 

Eva,  James  ft  Co 766 

Evans  &  Co 6451591 

Evans,  D 439^680 

Evans,  Elwood 736 

Evans,  Bam 416 

Evorts,  Wm-M. 108 

Everding  ft  Farrell 911 

Ererding,  J.  k  Co 73%  784 

Everett,  J.  K. 776 

Evenon,  WallaceftCo 

EwenftCo 383,788 

Ewer,  8 346 

Excelsior 471 

Excelsior  Iron  Works 771 

Eleiilsiur  Planing  Mills 763 

Exculslor  Powder  Co. 782 

Excelsior  Straw  Works 784 

Expert,  Bernard 772 

Exports,  General 211 

Express  Business 184 

Express,  Origin  of  the 185 

Expressing 18i  188 

Expressmen's  Union 107 


INDEX. 

Factories,  Lack  of 49 

Factories  OS  Schools 118 

Falling,  H 136 

Fair.  JO 301 

Fairbanks  &  Hutchinson 235 

F»irchild.J- A 754 

Falck,  Bernard 730 

Falco,  Alexander 69i  786 

FaikE.M ^ 345 

Falk,ChaniUerkCo 744 

Falk,  Bembard 785 

Falk,  NatbankBro 775 

Falkensteln  k  Co 760,785 

FaUmer,  Bell  k  Co 

460,  766,  767,  760,  770i  787 

Falknerk  Bon 641 

Fancy  Goods 764 

Fankbauaer,  Christian 760 

Fanning,  H.  M 494,784 

Fargo,  E.  A.  k  Co 773 

Farmer,  C.C 441 

Parmer,  E  T 444 

Faruujn' k  Mechanics' Bank 754 

Farmers'  k  Merchants'  Bank 754 

Farmers'  Nat.  Gold  Bank 754 

Farmers' Savings  Bank 754 

Farmers'  Bank  of  Wbeatland 754 

Fanners'  Union 775 

Farming 376 

Famer,  J.W 750 

Forrar,  SquirekCo 767 

Famsworth,  E.  D.  k  Bon 770 

Farrington,  Hyatt  kCo 665 

FarweU,  J.  D 335 

Faucets 625 

Fay,  Robert  k  Co 781 

Fechbeimer,  OoodkindkCa.309, 761,  765 

Fechbelmer  k  Steele GM,  786 

Feder,  M.  H.  k  Co 765 

Felgenbaum  k  Co 764.  785,  786,  787 

Felling  k  Henry 767,782 

Feist  Bro 787 

Feldman,L.k  Co 30%  786,  787 

Felstead,  Capt 362 

Felter,  Jaa.  J.  k  Co 353,773 

Felt,  J.J 143 

Felting 732 

Folton.O.N 317,678 

F«lver,  L 623,762 

Fenkhausen  k  Bnunacbweiger 773 

Femow,Ii.A 648 

Femow's  Drying  Machine 648 

Fits,  Joseph 786 

Field.  The 17 

Field,  Judge 299 

Field,  S.D 193,429 

FieldkFrel 

Fields,  Chas 766 

Fifth  Street  Furniture  Co 766 

FigerBros 786 

FiUmer,  J 755 

Finch,  Burttk  Co 775 

Floson  House 789 

Finck,  Henry 763 

Ftoaia,J 143 

Findlay,  Durham kBrodie.  .383.  775,  788 
Fink,  Charles 774 


Fink,  Geo.  K 77'S 

Flnnegan,  P.  A 360,271 

FigerBros 731 

Files 670,761 

FirForosU 35 

Fires 142 

Fire  Arms 671 

Fireworks 711,765 

Fire  Department 148 

Flramans  Fund  Insurance  Co.  .150,  770 

Fire  Insurance  Association 156 

Kire  Patrol 149 

Fir^t  Nat.  Bank,  Alameda 754 

First  Nat  Bank.  Boise  City 7I>I 

First  Nat  Bank,  Deer  Lodge 754 

rirst  Nat  Bank.  Portland 751 

First  Nat  Bank,  Stockton 755 

Fint  Nat  Bank,  Walla- WaUa 754 

First  N.  Gold  Bank.  Oakland 754 

First  N.  Gold  Dank,  Pctaiuma 754 

Fint  N.  Gold  Bauk,  S  F. . .' 754 

First  N.  Gold  Bank,  8.  Barbara 754 

Flrtb.  Youias  k  Son 670 

Fish 331,352 

FUb.  ALkCo 764,774 

Fisher,  W.  J.  kCo 773 

Fisher,  J.  L 775 

Fisher  klla«m 764 

Fisher,  Henry. 566,763 

FUher,  J.  H 563 

FlsherkBaum 787 

Fisheries,  etc 331,363 

FUb  Ladder 326 

Fisbcrnian's  Pacldng  Co 788 

Fishennan's  Association 107 

Fishery  Boats 361 

Fishing  Implements 370 

Fish  Statistics 332 

Fishing  Tackle,  eto 733 

Flsb,L.  D 317 

Flags 459 

Flavin,  Martin  J 785 

Flax 284,473.765 

Fb»  Powder  PUnt 387 

Fleckinstcin  k  Mayer 310,  339,  773 

Fleischer,  W 769 

Flelsebner,  Mayer  k  Co £10,  7(7 

Fletcher,  A.  B 790 

Flint,  Augustus  P 770 

FUnt,B.  P 707 

Flint,  J.  P 144 

Flint,  Peabody  fc  Co. . .  471,  709,  769,  7S3 

Floodk  O'Brien 301,584 

Flood,  Michael 757 

Florence 39 

Flour. 550,765 

Flour  Mills 654,565,556 

Flour  Market 553 

Flour  Mills,  Oregon 569 

Flour  by  Rail 746 

Flume  Transportation 584 

Flume,  V 410 

Fog 73 

Btoley,  F.  kCo 766,787 

FolgerkCo 661762 

FVilkers,  J.  H.  A.  k  Bro 731,781 

Folsom,  Albart 76» 


INDEX. 


So  I 


Poliom,  F.  W 7C7! 

Toataau,  M.  J.  it  Co 783 

rom-o !85 

Forbai,  A.D 217,770 

rorbu.l  nioo 7S3,  707,  7W.  733 

Ford,  C 533,775 

rortl,  Jobli  V IX 

Ford,  T.  N,  !;  Co 223 

Fonl  t  a  wbom 036 

Fordomr,  J.  F 081,700,  "03 

Fonsman  &  Co 6Mi  780 

Forrjst,  J.  M 463 

Fonaitbfi  Dodga 

763,763,782 

Foratncr,  O 433 

Fortmana  &  Co 7iJ6 

Foaboy  L  Moaon 704 

Vox,  13.  P.  &,  Co  7C7 

Foito,  F 757 

Foitor,  J.  II 705 

Fwtcr,  S.  ftCo 

767,  782,753,785 

Foster,  John  K.  &  Co 773 

Fo3tor&  Robortwn 311.  763 

Foster,  J.  IL 557 

Posters  Co 762 

Foubcrt  &  Elwt 771 

Fouudriaa,  Bnua «, G83 

Foundriefl,  Iron 653 

Fountain  Bros 523,756 

Foy,  8.  C 210,763 

FoyoUroa 733 

Foyo,  J.  ^L 601,700 

FianclnW.  W 734 

Francis,  Valuntino  t  Co 040, 783 

Franco- Am  ::ricau  Savlnss  Dank. ...  .754 

Franco-American  Ilotcl 791 

Pranctta,  J.  &  Co 753,785 

Prank  Bro3 ....210,780 

Fra.ik4Cc 764,780 

Frank,  Ooldsmlth  &  Co 731 

Frank,  J.  a  Sons 434,773 

Frank,  Ucnry 770 

Frankonberj  Bro 760 

Fninkonbur^cr  &  Davidson 750 

FrankonUcimor,  B 701 

Fxankoutbal,  Bacbman  &  Co 

764,707,785 

Piankliu,  M.  ftBroa 765,787 

PrapoUl,  B.  &  Co 783 

Frasor  Elrer 43 

FrasorBlTer  Coimerlei 383 

Fran2,  JoUn. .751 

Frcar  Stono  Co 763 

Frederick.  W.  A 750 

Predtrlck,  Joseph  ft  Co 753 

Fiodorlcksburg  Breverr 

ITodortcks,  J.  *Ca 316 

Frcderichi  &  Osroke 607 

I'ranun  &  Baker 705,783 

Froomaa,  F.  8.  &  Co 763 

lYoeman,  Thomas. 618,753 

Freeman,  Smith  is  Co 783 

Freeman,  M.  P.  4  Co 754 

PrslA '«« 

Freight  ChMBOS '71 

Pr«nont,J.  O W  »» 

101 


French,  D.  M.  ftj.  U 140 

FrunclitCo 140,73-1 

launch  3aTinss  U  Loan 7.*>1 

Fresno 27 

Frc:ma  Canal  Co 1)7 

Fresh  Fruit  Pkj.  Co 753 

Fresno  Vineyard  Co 213 

Frennd&Co 783 

irruund  4  Morsaa 7Cfl 

FriantitCo 707 

Frlckett,S.  11  !tCo 7G0 

Friodlandarlros 2I»,  760 

Friedrichs,  U 0O7 

Frisblo,  J.  B 133 

Frisco  Bankliiz  Co 731 

Frlt::l!Kean 700 

Fro3» 333,383 

Frohllnf  Tuiin 243 

Fr.oman,  S 783 

Froi  im  &  Schacter 463,  464,  780 

Froo-nbcrg.Il 337,760 

Fruo  Concentrator 423 

Fruit  Cannlrz 338,353 

Fruit  Drylnj 233 

Fruit  ShIpmcnU 334 

Fruit  Trees 331 

Fruit  Dcalen 765 

Fry,J.  D 243 

Fruhmonn,  AM 757 

Fulda  Bros.  &  Co 63i  763 

Fuller,  Ooo.  ?1 763,760 

I'ullor,  P.  W 701 

Fulton  Iron  Works 063 

Funk,  C.  C 783 

Funkenstoin,  O.  &  Co 763,  773  769, 

Fulton  Iron  Works 771 

Fulton  Foundry 771 

Funk,  O.  0 4*4 

Furcarto  &  Gates 733 

FarsU3on,E  0 444 

Furnishing  Goods 

44\  435,765,763 

Furniture 001,766 

Furniture  Material 001 

Fumitnro  Woods COS 

Fttrnlturo  Factories 603,007 

Fnirlers 337 

Fura 330,331,703 

Fur  Seals 330,333,334 

Fuse 710.760 

Fuse,  Eagle  Works 


Gaeth  &  Roehrigs. 463,464. 

Oalt,  J.B 753 

Gait  House 791 

Oalo,  Joseph. 

Gals,  J.  W.  <eCo 705 

OaUndo  Hotel. 790 

Gallagher  Bernard 

618,759,780 

Galleano,  Antonio 700 

Gallison  Hotal 730 

Galianijed  Iron 690,766 

Gambled  Bryant 767 

Gamhrlnos  Brewery 756 


Citflo  Supply 311 

Garbir;nl.  J.  A 27S 

Garcia  Ilrui 703,  7J5 

Gircla,  Di}mln^o 501,  703 

Garcia,  Joao  A 700 

Garcia  8:vwmUl 531 

Gardner  I'k;.  Co 78) 

GarcBcho,  Green  &  Co 751 

Gartlen  City 23 

Gardeners'  Association 107 

OarfloK  J.  A 233 

Garland,  Wm.D 770 

Garn,  Wm 70) 

Garratt,  W,  T.  .M3,  50,  053.  083,  087, 

753,  757,738,704 

Gp  rratt  &  Grecian. 703 

Garratt's  Brass  Foundry CSO 

Garrison  k  Frctz 123 

Garrison,  Mjrgan  &Co 137 

Gas  Works 733 

Gas  Fixtures 763 

Gates.  John 431 

Gates.  J.  at  Ca 704 

Gaunt,  Mr 417 

Omso 311 

Geld,  Louis 700 

Geisbakcr,  Andre v 700 

Gelien,  Itu  Jolph  O 7uO 

Gcnesco  Mill  Co 765 

Garbcr  hto^.  753 

Oeroko,  Wm 007 

Gordos,nioh 733 

German  Savings  Bank 133 

Gcrmau  Savings  and  Loan  Society.  .75 1 

Germon,  A.&CO '71 

Carrisli,  O.  P.  4  Co 773 

Qerstb,  L 333 

Getleson  ft  Landia. 773 

Got3Br03.4Co 760,  763,733 

GjyserriUo  Hotel 783 

GhirordoUi.  D 537 

GhirardeUlftSons 761,763 

Giannlnl.  P.  A 031,783 

Giant  Powder  Co 323,  703,  733 

Gibbons,  Dr 03 

Gibb  Tappet i^a 

Oibbs,  Geo.  W.  ft  Co 303,  763,  773 

Gibson,  Barber  ft  Ci 773 

Gibson,  O.W 707 

Gibson  ft  Esclos 751 

Giose,  Uenry 753 

GUbort,  August 763 

OUbert,  I.  E.  ft  Co 773 

GUbcrt  ft  Mooro. .  438,  033,  763,  763 

OUdins I^' 

Gill,  J.  K  ft  Co. . .  .310,  323,  737,  737,  734 

GiUett,P.  G 7M 

Gilman,  Walker  ft  Co 773 

GUroy ^'^ 

Gilroy,  Bank  of 731 

Giovannini  ft  Co 753,731 

Girard  Ins.  Co 153 

GIrard,  Lesser  ft  Co 738 

Gladding,  McBean  ft  Co.... 527,  723,  783 
Glade,  Frederick  W "* 


G«no m330    GbMa M3,  767 

OiaaaDo^tan 341 '  Olaaa  Melting-pot «" 


802 


INDEX. 


Olasa  Works,  S,  P.  i  P 625 

Glass  WorH  California  Co-op 525 

Glas.!  Works,  I'acillo S23 

Cknii,  II.  J 61,  203,  2«,  S31 

Olcns  Fails  Ins.  Co 161 

Glcnirood  Cottajo  HoUJ I/O 

Giobo  Irtin  Works. '.71 

Glolio  Mtg.  Co C43 

GloTor  &  Willcombe 763 

Gloros „U.767 

Gluo W4,767 

OolaUill  Browory 75f 

Ooia-intoxicateil  Ciljr 53 

Colli  Mlnins _ '-.i 

Gold  Quartz  Mines ^M 

Gold  S  Stock  TuL  Co tj4,  428 

Gold  Yield 2M 

Gold-beating G95 

Goidbers  &  Poppo 760,785 

Golden,  Tliomaa 726,  Vri6 

Golden  Age  Flour  MUla 705 

Golden  City  Cliomlcal  Works 761 

Golden  Euglo  Hotel 700 

Golden  Oato 23 

Golden  Gate  Flour  Mills 765 

Golden  Gttto  Packing  Co 759 

Golden  Oato  Woolen  MiUs 441,  736 

Golden  State  k  MlnclB'  Iron  Works. 

757,764,771 

Goldenson,  F.dward 7G0 

Gold  Plates 707 

Goldman,  L 664,762 

Goldman,  M 775 

Ooldmau,  8 767 

Goldsmith,  B  141 

Golilsmith,  D.  E 786 

Ooidsmith,  L.  &  Co 787 

Ooldsmitli  k  Lowonbarg. .  ..690,  781,  785 

Coldstonc,  Mitchell 765,  760 

Goldtroc,  Nathan 787 

Golltisky,  E.  &Co 702 

Goodacro  k  Dooley 270,  271,  540,  759 

Goodall,  Perkins  &  Co 

201,202,030,783 

Goodall,  Charles 202,203 

Goodhue,  S 281 

Goodman,  A 707 

Gjodman,  J.  IJ.  *Co 764 

Gowlinan,  Simon 760 

Goodnousli,  A.  M 730 

Goodrich,  Taylor 784 

Gnoilwin,  J.  1' 606 

Oomlwln,  M.  k  Co 771 

Qoo<lyear  IlublwrCo 

622,  767,  761,  767,  782,  735 

Golly  J.  1).  4Co 757 

Gordon,  Bernard 773 

Gordon,  O  647 

Oorilon  Hardware  Co. 

203,  220,  637,  673,  768 

Oonlon  *  IlaiTanl 776 

Gordon,  James  E 220,  073 

Gonlon,  IT.  M.  S  Co 764 

Gorliam,  W.  B 653 

Gosiiuaky,  E.  &Ca 700,  785 

Goss  &  Adams 771 

Uottig,  L 135 


Goud,  G.  L 221 

Gould,  Mr 303 

Gould  &  Curry  Mine 739.  742 

Gough,  John 757,  775 

Gowen,  C 766 

Grace,  J.  W.  JiCo 203,  767,  769,  783 

Gracier,  Francis 756 

Oradwohl  k  Empey 758 

Graf  k  Fromm a  . .  .7(. ' 

Graham,  Edward 775 

Graham,  H  B.  &'Bro 637 

Graham   Isaac 331 

Gi-aham,  J.  C.  4Co 757 

Grahai,;,  J.  B 801,769 

.■rahc  in  Paper  Co 637,  780 

Grain  Shippers 203,767 

Gvnd,  AL 210 

Orr.r  d  Central  Hotel 701 

GrandHotol 790,791 

Grange,  N 773 

Grangers'  Bank  of  California    75^ 

Grangers'  Business  Asa'n 752 

Grauilo 532 

Granite  Powder  Co 709,782 

Grant,  J 634 

Grant,  Thos.  0 770 

Grans,  H 608,766 

Grapes 241 

Graphite 320 

Grass  Valley 30 

Grass  Valley  Foundry 771 

Gran  i  Co 618 

Grave,  B.  &  Co 769 

Graves,  F.  Co 773 

Graves  is  UaO 767 

Gray,  Edward  P 770 

Gray,  G.  W.  SjSons 713,780 

Gray,  Matthias 781 

Gray,  N.  »Co 762,786 

Grayson,  J.  W.iCo 730.  7.'^ 

Grtiat  Fortunes <.-> 

Green,  John 245 

Groenebaum,  B.  &  O 

119,461,456,458,761,765 

Grecnbauiu,  Saclisft  Freeman 

209,765 

Greenberg&Co 686,767,758 

Greenwood,  M 093 

Groffi),  Charts"  760 

Groguire,  Louis  &  Co 657 

Gregory,  U.  P.  ACo 

.  .210,  211.  7.17,  764,  Tli,  770,  780,  783v  789 

Oriossen,  O 502,762 

Griffin  4  Co 767 

OrifBn,  W.E 754 

OrifflUi,  O 634,773 

(lrllIith.J.  M 310 

Grlsar,  E 256 

Grisar,  U.  tCo 787 

Groceries ; 767 

Groozlngor,  G 345 

Groscli,  E.  A 303 

Gro«A,H.  B 302 

Grouse 3fi 

Grovostein  k  Blnnoid 775 

OrozeUer  4  Nelson 4H  785 

Grueuhagou.  C,  H 757 


GuiUemotte,  J.  M 791 

Gulttard,  E.  4  Co 5W,  607,  763,  762 

Gulttard,  Omor 707 

Gump,  8.  4  O 610,  781 

Gumpertz  4  Brooks 309,  730 

Gundlaeta,  J.  4  Co 244,773,786 

Guns 769 

Gunst,  H.  A4Co 760i  783 

Outelius,  Mr 308 

Guthrie,  J.  W. 764 

Guthrie  4  Adams  775 

OuttoPerehaMfg.Co 

633,767,  707,709,783 

Gu tte,  1 769 

Gutte4Frank 770 

Guttenberger,  Wm 771 

Guttottberger  4  Oo  065 

Guaymas 46 

awln.W.M 00 

Gypsum 330 


,  209,  768,  783 

763 

773 

768 

763 

773 


Haas  Bros 

Haas,  Geo.  4  Co 

UaberUng,  J.  O 

Hachoney  4  Bono. . . . 

Hacker,  B 

HaSord,  B.  F.  4  Co, . 

Hagan,  John 765 

Hagan  4  Manheim 158 

Hager4Co 641 

Bagor,  John  8 160 

Hagemanr,  F.  4  Oo 65fi 

Uagerman  4  Schooling 776 

Uagghi,  J.B ISSt  XI,  400,  47a  710 

Uahn,  John 754* 

Hahn 4  Cihon 760 

Halgb,  B.  4  Sons 383,365,783 

IIaight,Iiobert4  0a 763,733 

Haines,  J.  W 416,419,420,421 

Haines  4  Peters 785 

Haker,  W.  4  Ilin: 770 

Hale,  Bros.  4  Co 775 

Hall),  James  W 787 

Halo  4  Norcross  Mine 739,  743 

Hale,  O.  A  4  Co 737 

Halibut.  358 

Uall,  A  J.  4  Sons 324,761 

HaUBroa 632,783 

Uall,C.  R |..... 013,781 

Hall,  E.  A 225 

Hall,F 773 

Hall,  J.  V 006,767 

Hall,  Lubrs  4  Co 768,773 

Hall's  Safe  4  Lock  Co 770 

UaiUdio,  A  S 

183;  416,  435,  420,  008,  757,  763 

Halsey,  F.  A 4CS 

llalsted  House 753 

Halsted,  J.  L 696 

Uanibiugur,  S.  D.  4  Co 768 

Hamilton  4Co Vi 

Hamilton,  O.  M. 760 

Hamilton,  .John  Boe 770 

Hamilton,  Patrick 736 

Ilamlltou,  W.  U.  4Co 754 

Hammond,  Mr 300,  3W 

Uwnptun,  Chas.  W 704 


LI  ijpi  iinqqqi^ 


mailPiaai 


INDEX. 


803 


791 
»?,  763,  763 

767 

610,  781 
209,780 
2«,  773,  788 

769 

76ft  785 

308 

7M 

775 

7691783 
....769 
...,770 
....771 
....065 
....  46 
....  W 
380 

209,  768,  783 

762 

773 

768 

762 

773 

765 

158 

641 

160 

65B 

776 

,  406,  470,  710 
,7M 
760 
.383,365,788 
763,782 
I,  419,  420,  431 

785 

77a 

778 

787 

739,74!) 

787 

368 

824,701 

633,783 

013,781 

225 

772 

ceo,  767 

W773 

770 

763 
465 
752 
SM 

766 

775 

700 

779      . 

73« 

751 

96ft  3t7 
TH 


Hampton,  J.  C.  &Co 768 

Bampton  Houso 789 

Hancock  V  Writht 730,756 

Handy,  ti.  N.  *  Oo 023,763 

HanfordHctt;  789 

HanUH.  Q  290 

Hanly,  C-jotge  T.  t-  Co 785 

Hanljft  Snow 768,  783 

Uanna,F.O 753 

Uanna,  J.  &F.  N 753,753 

Uanna,  J.V.  W 460 

Hansen,  M.  &A 763 

Hanson,  4  Co 771783 

Hanthorn,  J.  O.  ft  Co. 381,  767,  783 

UapKOodft  Co 783 

Ilapiood,  Humo  &  Co 381 

Harasztby,  Agoston  243 

Hanuztby,  A.  F 243 

Uatasztby,  Arpad  247 

llaruszthy,  Arpad  ft  Co 250,  760,  786 

Uarbin  Hot  Suipbur  Springs 780 

Harbors 397 

HariUc  DiedrichftCo 7S0 

Hardware,  dealers  la 7C8 

Hardy  Powder  Co 783 

Han-s 341 

Harding,  Brann  ft  Prior 434,  783 

Harlier,  W.  &  Son 245 

Hartmeas  &  Co 754 

Harlow,  J.  ft  Co (iOO,  758 

Harmon,  Samnei  II 774 

llamaou,  W.  F 185 

Ilarneas 490 

Hunioss  ^lauufactururs 501 

Harness  Production SOO 

Harl)cr,  James 7jO 

Harper,  Itcynulds  ft  Co 210 

Hanwr,  ThoB 271,  .'>S7 

Harper,  W.  S  759 

Harris,  Bios 7C1,  7S' 

Harris,  E.  T 780 

Harris,  J.  ft  Co 760 

Harriaft  Rliiuu 751 

Harris,  Tboa 270 

Harris,  Wm CO'J 

Harrison  ft  Dickaon 

720,  76ft  775,  786,  787 

Harriaon,  O.  II 359 

UarrlBou,  William  G 770 

Harmanu  Bros 750 

Harrold,  John  Jr.  ft  Co 754 

Uarrold,  John 755 

Hart,  Jackson 787 

Hart  ft  Ooodinau 341 

Hart  ft  Sons 787 

Harts,  a.  P 767,783 

Uartimg,V 345 

Uasey  ft  Lancaster 705,  786 

Hast«t  Kirk 770 

Haakell,  C.I, 501,769 

UukoU,D.  U 183 

Uaskel,  Phlncai 703 

Hukell  ft  Muegge 771 

Uulam,  A 068 

Hatt«rUoli,8 761 

Hutlngs,  O.  0.  ft  Co 761 

U*rtliigi,B.  U 345 


Hatob,  Dr.  F.  W 73 

Hatch  ft  Barclay 783 

Hathaway,  C.W 143 

Hatman  ft  Normandin T59 

Hattcrotb  ft  Buss 764 

Hats 402,769 

Hausman  Bioa 610,  781 

Uauscr,  8  I.  ftCo 7M 

HaTen,  C.  D 150 

Haven,  J.  P...., 143 

Hawaiian  Commercial  Co 

236,  648,  M9,  650 

Hawaiian  Traffic 744 

Hawaiian  Suijar  Yield 541 

Uawos,  Aieiandcr  G 770 

Hawes,  0 158,  770 

Hawkes,C.  K 763 

Hawkins,  EUJab 770 

HawWns,  J.  M 767 

Hawks,  N.  C 040 

Hawley,  C.  A  ft  Co 708,  770.  7SC 

Uawley,  Cbas.  B 757,  753 

Hawley,  O.J.  ft  Co 703 

Hawley,  David  N 780 

Hawley,  M.  C.  ft  Co. . .  .209,  753,  768,  780 

Hayes,  D.  E. iiC3 

Hayes,  Ouo.  ft  Co 763 

Uayn'.'S  ft  Lowe 271 

Hayward,  A Ci2,  780 

Haywarils  Hotel 789 

Hazard  ft  Earl 631,  782 

Head.  O.  P.  ft  Co 775 

lleaid's  Asriuultimil  Works "675,  753 

llealJsliurg " 412 

llealdaljm-i;.  Bank  uf 754 

llealdaburg  Brewery 750 

Iluiily.Gco 791 

Healy,  Wm 690,  702 

Hearst,  Gio 301 

lleathoru,  W 496,  613.  753 

lle)»r,  Wm 708 

!IecUt,M 707 

Hecbt  Broa.  ft  Co 210,  611,  767,  772 

Ilecbt,  Martin  ft  Co 211 

HedeuburBb,  W.  A.  ft  Co 020 

Hedges  ft  Oillcnbcrg 658 

Hcenlink  ft  Co 785 

llefti,  llalthazar 783 

Ilellbron  Bros 75S 

Ileilman,  J.  11 719 

Ht  ncberg,  B 773 

Hebiemiill,  H.  M ...401 

Heinsoli,  II 210 

lleintzeu,  Cborles — .751 

Heljizeinail  ft  EUia 704 

Helscb,  Geo 604,  763 

Held  Broa,  ft  Co 764,  765,  770 

Holler,  M,  ft  Bro.  .,209,  704,  706,  770,  787 

llellman,  I.  W 136 

Helhnan  Bros,  ft  Co 76ft  70ft  770 

Hellmau,  Hass  ft  Co 21ft  70S 

Helbnauft  Lehman 785 

Holmuth,  Wm 701 

Hemmo  ft  Long 013 

Hemingway,  John 766 

Henderson,  M,r 018,759 

Bendy,  J  ilft  69ft  774,  77ft  760.  783 


Heney,  W.  J.  ft  Co 7fiO 

Henk  ft  Co 758 

llenucs,  Christ  ft  Co 755,  786 

Uansl.r  ft  Vriedrichs 750 

Ueiitsdi,  U 375 

Uentrich,  Lewis 782 

Uereidcs  Powder  Works 7i2 

Herds,  Abundant. 254 

UcnnosUlo 46 

Uerr,  Dr 200 

Uerrcra.  F,  ft  Co 775 

llerrlck,  E.  M 774 

Herring  Family 356 

Ucrriug,  It 606,706 

Herrmann  ft  Co 774 

Herron  ft  Farrar 787 

Hertz,  llenuan 773 

Hertz,  L.  ft  J 758 

llertzog  ft  Co 170 

Ilerzbero',  Martin 765 

Hess.  V  756 

lltxter  ft  May 211,  091, 766 

lleviicm.aim,  H 700,  785 

Ueynemauu,  U.  ft  Co 

210,  759,  765,  767,  687 

Ilonemaun,  Pic!<  ft  Co 410 

Ileywuod  Broa.  ft  Co 76ft  700 

Ueywoud.li  llcudley 703 

lltjivood,  W.  B 690 

llibbard,  U.  L.  ft  Co 

211,512,613,757,758 

Ilibemia  Haviii^a  Bunk 135,  758 

llltkok,  1),  E.  ftfjou 55« 

llicka,  D.  ft  Co 651,  757 

Hidea 4o8 

UiKgina  ft  Collins 774 

liigbiuud  .Siirings  Houae 789 

Uootl  iilver  Hotel 7S9 

Ulldburg  Broa 763 

lliiJrulb.  Thoniiis 27ft  751 

lliidrttb,  A.  1' 774 

Hill,  1'.  A 070 

llili,  J.  F 018,759 

llillel.ninrtt  ft  Co 755,  774 

llilliard,  1;.  M.  ft  I V 708 

UUuca,  Geo,  H 783 

lllrecb,  IJ.a 770 

lUracbreM,  V 702 

lliracUnmn,  Adollib 771 

Uiltuu.  Weaton  ft  Co 498 

Hinckley,  D.  B 002 

Hiuckley,  E 757 

Hinckley,  Siiiera  ft  llayca 767,  704 

lllues  ft  I'eteli 495 

Ulukle,  Philip 081 

Ulnsdale,  Geo,  S.  ft  Co 774 

Uiuton,  W  M.  ft  Co 04ft  781 

Uiuz&Laudt 778 

Uirableld,  D 660 

UltteU,  T.  II.,  Codes  of 047 

Hlllell,  John  S 730 

Hlison,  Justl  ft  Co 703,  787 

UoUrt,  Wooil  ft  Co 781,  768 

Hobbs,  Pomeroy  ft  Co 758 

Hubbs,  Wall  ft  Co 600 

Uochstadter  ft  Bros 787 

Hodge,  DavU  ft  Co 211,76* 


.,^iMSSS^: 


8o4 


INDEX. 


Ilodso.  .lolm  O,  &  Co ?;? 

IIo.l.«:i,  J.  n 750 

Iloelter,  JosiiJi 787 

lluclsclicr.  Win.  ii  Co 773 

IIo;ui  &  Co 712,  702,  773 

llotliiiiLn  Broa 773 

Ilolliimi  &  Co 705,  770,  7S7 

lIolIichiwUkT,  W 042 

Ilojan  iCo 02J,  702 

Uii„';in,  How^r.l ODD,  7Sj 

llolio  .Sulition  Co 7c3 

IIolsl,  Wm 520 

Ilolbrook,  Merrill  &  Stotaon 

203,  2,10,  733,  703,  770,  7n4,  785 

Uulbrooko  House 780 

Iloliomb,  W.  ^V  i  Co. , 707 

ItoUeii,  John  11 702 

UoMcu,  J.  L 023 

UuKleu.  S.  K 403 

Uol.lreiUe,  Win 130 

lloljer,  Martin 50.'),  707 

Uoiji's,  John  II 773 

Ilulleulieck,  J.  1 : 245 

llullistor 30 

Uulli.iter,  Hank  of 754 

HollUier.  J.  II % 

HoUister,  O.  .1 730 

lloUUter,  Town  of 80 

lloUistor,  W.  W 51,  90,  233.  230,  237 

llohnan,  J Ciil 

Hoimaii.  Btanton  &  Co 7.33 

Ilolincs,  II  T.  .^  Co .331,  772 

Il.ilt  nros 013,75.1,771 

iii>it.c.  ii....r. cia 

Holt,  Wiirreu — 753 

Homo  MutiL-ll  Ins.  Co HI,  153,  770 

IIoui;f  £t  lliunlcll 703 

Hoods  Canal 3! 

Hooper,  C.  A.  ^  Co 77 1 

IlooiJcr,  C.  A  &  I :.  W i'.01,  7:a 

HoilpLT,  R  r.  i  J.  A 774 

Iloolier,  W.  11.  &  Co 773 

Hop!  Iron  Works 771 

Hopkins  &  llron-ncU 770 

Hopkins,  C.  T 142.  13J 

Hopkini  &  Iliijlies 177 

llopkin.i,  Mark ICS,  170, 177,  173 

Hopkins  &  Miller 177 

Uolikins,  Win.  T 731 

Hopper,  .S.  i: 520 

Hops 231 

Uorseley  Hotiso 71*1 

Horses 271 

Horse  IViwirs 709 

Horstmaii,  Joliii 723,  "01.  731 

Horticultiiro 231 

Horton  Iloua  i 700 

Hoso 620,709 

Hosiery 448 

Hotalln,-.  A,  I'.  &  Co.. ,210,  S27,  313,  773 

Hot  Days 65 

Hotels 780 

Holil.l  IMon'j 790 

Hotel,  Ksmonl 790 

Hot  Sprinns  Hotel 790 

noiijhton,  J  V 153 

noufhton,  W,  A  4  C.  H 707.  784 


IIouso  Building 634 

Houston,  W,  J.  4;  Co.  ..719,  782,  7a4,  785 

Hovey  &  Humphrey 754 

Hovey,,!.  J 771 

Ho»„.I.C 341 

Howard,  Chas.  W 51,  200,  207 

Howard.  Geo.  II 143 

Howard  IIouso 783,  791 

Howe  ii  Co 050 

IIowcll  i  Larriaa-a 734 

I  lowed  &  Tuaiei 719 

Ilowoillall 7C3 

Howes,  Ceo.  &  Co 205,  021 

I  lowes,  .labe.'. 203,  78il 

Hoyt,  J.  B 257 

Iliiblurt,  W.  K 7.30 

1  ludiUestoii,  Hugh 702 

Hudson,  II.  H 072,  703 

Hudson's  Bay  Co 

331,332,333,339,340,700 

Hueter  Bros,  i  Co 713,  7.y,  733,  7.SJ 

Hufsehmidt,  I'redorick 700 

Hughes,  (ieorgo 711,  705 

Hughes,  II.  ,itCo 733 

Huahol  I'bos.  E.  &Sons. 97 

Humbert,  August 125 

Humboldt  Boy 30,  39i'. 

Humboldt  IJrewery 7."'*) 

Humboldt  County  Bank... 751 

Ilut'ilioldt  llouso 783 

Hniu.'.  (i.  W 382,  73S,  7.')9,  73.1,  73! 

Ilinne.  .lostph 332,  733 

Hum,',  U.  D 309,392,  75.),  773 

Hume,  Wm 332,  7S3 

Humidity,  Uidativo 71 

Hunt,  lieo.  r 7i)9 

limit  &  llnukins 665,  702 

Hunt.  Jonathan,  Son  &  Co 770 

Hunter  iS;  Hliaekleford 523, 

IInnlln;tim,  C.  1' 103.  177,  179,  179 

Huuthigton,  V.  A 770,  733 

Huntington,  Ho))klna  ft  Co —  ....4. 

177,  209,  7M,  708,  774.  770 

Huntington  Lumber  Co 771 

lluiitiurd  Canning  Co 759 

IIu.~ler  &  I  .elihardt 553,  7CJ 

lluss.y,  II,  r.  SCO 709,  733 

Hu-won  k  ludado 755 

Hntehinson,  C.  II 157 

Iluteliinsoii,  Henry  L 225 

H  utohlnsou.  Kohl  i  Co 333 

Ilutohinson,  Kohl,  rhilllppous  k  Co. 

700,709,783 

Hutehinflon&  Mann 150,  770 

Ilutton,  Mr 633 

Hyains  Bros 701 

Hydraulic  Cement 320,  629 

Ilydraullo  ICIcrators 431 

llydraulie  Knglneering 403 

Ilyilraulie  Mhdng 291,  »2 

Hydraulie  IMlH) S'Jl,  410,  417 

H,  land,  Joseph  U  780 

Hymanllros 210,  703 

Hyman,  M.  SCO 701 


loo 

Ice  Co.  OaL  and  Ner. , 


.H7 


Ico  Co.,  Oakland 869 

Ico  Co,,  Peoples' ' S69 

Ico  Co.,  Summit 063 

Ice  Co. ,  Stockton 569 

leoCo,,  V.  andli.  H »» 

Idaho 40 

Iken,  Frederick 763 

lis,  John  (1 037,  703.  7S4 

Imiicrial  Firu  Insurance  Co UJ,  153 

Immig  atlon  Association  of  Cal.218.  736 

Imperial  Mine 741 

Imp.'i-ial  Fire  Ins.  Co,  of  London. ,  .206 

Im)>orters 203 

Importations 207 

Ira;iorted  Goods Ot 

InilKirters  on  Cominiiision 709 

Increase  of  Mauiifaet'ires 746 

Inilianaiiolis  Chair  5lfg(;o.C07,  700,  708 

Industrial  <Vrt 415 

Indu^trial  Iron  Work,! .  i 771 

Ing  &.  Mesdag 773 

Ink.T.U 215 

ii.ks 727,  770 

Imnau,  AVm.  M. 7,17 

Innes,  .1,  L  4.'1.  735 

Insuraneo 143 

Insurance  A:^ents. 7i'0 

In,lur.uico  Bu.iluess  in  18S1 147 

Insurano.:  Companies 770 

Insurance  Hates 143 

Insurance  Comimuies,  ftmt 143 

Insuraneo  Losses 143 

Insurance,  Uushlnto 145 

lutematioual  Hotel 783.  79.).  731 

InventioiLS 413 

luverness  Canning  Co 7S8 

Iredale,  A.  B.  &  Co 7i3 

Iron 0,>2,  770 

Iron  Beginnings .033 

Iron,  ('alifornian 311 

Iron  Foundries G30 

Iron  Manufactures 0.53 

Iron,  OlCi'on .311 

Iron  Safes 770 

Iron  Ships 02S 

Iron,  Smelting 310 

Iron  Works CM,  770 

Iron,  Washington 313 

Irwin,  O 7.'>» 

Irvine,  K.  &  Co 773 

Irving,  It.  iCo 719,  781 

Ii-vlue,  Wm.  tl 780 

Irrigation 503 

Israel,  Luce 773 

Israelrtky  &  Mor-is 703 

Ivancovich,  J.  &  Co 700 

Ivors,  U 151 

JaekBon,  Byron,  luvontimui  of 

433,076,077.073 

Jackson  &  Tninun 

075,  070,  077.  7.13,  764,  771 

Jackson,  Myem  4  Co 382,  7S8 

Jackson,  J 090 

Jackson 30 

Jackson,  J.  0 771 

Jockion,  John TU 


MM 


1  ■ 


"^mmngm^. 


INDEX. 


80s 


m 


.X} 
.663 
.X3 
.  49 
.765 
1.754 

15a 

7J6 

,741 
2*5 

zn 

2j7 
SI 

7a 

.740 

7oa 

...415 
...771 
...773 

...•;i5 

:'7,  770 
...7.-.7 
.11,  7i5 
...142 
...770 
...147 
...770 
...14J 
...143 
...143 
...143 
7;k),  731 
...415 

...7a» 
7sa 

032,  770 

11J4 

31t 

659 

G53 

.....3U 

770 

K8 

310 

05,1,  770 

313 

7M 

775 

,719.  781 

700 

KU 

77J 

.  .,,765 

705 

15» 

077,  078 

764.  771 
,3S3,  7i» 

am 

30 

771 

7« 


Jackson,  K,  W 771 

JacksoanllQ  Hotel , 785 

JacobBon,  J,  W 710 

Jacobs  &  Easton Id,  770 

Jacobs  Brothers 211 

Jacobs,  M,  &  Son 761,705 

Jacobs,  Julius 770 

Jacoby,  Loula 155,  770 

James,  J.  G 750 

Jamc^,  Patlser  &  Co 241,  755 

Jamo3,  F,  W 775 

Janssen,  K,  &Co 775 

Japan  jso  Art  Exhibition 226 

Japanning 0^ 

Jaujou,  E,  A,  &Co 773 

Jcltroo.  W,  J 71D 

Jefferson  City  Mllli 228,  553,  763 

Jeffray,  WilUam 770,770 

Jennings,  Thomas 210;  763,  782 

Jennings.  D,  A 768 

Jennings  &  Stillnmn 770 

Jeremy  &  Co 571,733 

Jcney  Farm 201 

Jes&on,  P 571 

Jewelry 771 

Jewelry  Boxes 601 

Jewott,  Jarris 753 

Jobson  &  Bterett 041 

Jobiioj,  Sterett  tt  Painter 046 

Job  Printing OM 

John,  William 701 

Johnson,  J,  C,  &  Co 

210,  601,  603,703,772 

Johnson,  Reese  &  Winans 775 

Johnson,  L.  A ,. 775 

'  Johnson  &  Sugdcn 755 

Johnson,  D.  F.  &  Co 753 

Johnson,  J.  Q 753 

Johnson  &  Blue 018t  753 

Johnson,  Anthony 700 

Johnson,  Oeo 003 

Johnson  Distillery 253 

Jolinson,  Pres.  A 340 

Jones  &  Co 210,  768,  783,  731 

Jones,  E.  11.  &  Co 764,  765,  767,  770 

Jones,  Or!n  &  Co 757,  753 

Jones.  T.  0 731,750 

JonoB,  D.  B.  4  Co 534 

Jones,  W 733 

Jones  &  Anderson 733 

Jooos,  J.  P.  &Co 655,  763 

Jones.!.  R  754 

Jon.s  &  BrandenstolQ. 675 

Jordan,  Mrs.  J.  0 495,735 

Jory  nrolhoTB 511,  757,  758 

Joseph,  Nathan  &  Co 730 

Josclyn&Park 037 

Joost,  Uonnau 703 

Joost  Bros 763 

Jooti  Adler 773 

Joyce,  M.  E.  &  Co 773 

Journal  of  Commorco,  Portland, , .  ,733 

Journal  of  Commeroo,  B.  F 207.  730 

Judiun  ti  Rhepherd 700 

Judson  Horse  Natl  Co 076 

Judion,  Eirbort 313t  721 

JuilMoPowdwOa 7S2 


Jullien,  J.  *  Co 773 

Junsbiut.  August  &  Co 611,  757 

Justice  Mine 741,743 

Jurgens,  C.  &  Son 603.767 

Jute  Bags 470,773 

KahnBros 70" 

KahnBros,  1:  Co 765.737 

Kabn,  Jos 245.513 

Kahn.  M.&L 771 

ICalm  Bros 737 

Kahnub,  Moritz 701 

Kane.  O'Lcary  te  Co 773 

Kaufman,  Hccbt  &  Aken. 757 

KoanoBros. 765,767,787 

Keifer,  Chas. 71)0 

KcUey.  Martin 703 

Kellogg,  J.  a 311 

KcUogg,  Dr 41 

KeUogg  Hotel 733 

KeUct  isMutray 533 

Keller,  Bowhuia 245 

Keller,  Wm.  i  Co Oil 

Kelly.  Eugene. . . , 135 

KeUy.  B,  B 633 

K'jUy.  J,  R,iCo 730 

Kelly  &  Egan 773 

KeUy  &  Gilchrist 773 

Kelly.  J.  L.  t  Co 525 

Kelly  &  Young 761 

Kontaold,  JoUn&Oo 694.  774,  733 

Kenny,  O.L 043 

Koeney,  Charles  M 033 

Kearny,  JIT 243 

Kessler,  J.  <t  F 534.775 

Kenny,  John 773 

Kennedy.  P.  B 707 

KontuckMluo 740,743 

Kcogh,  John 703 

Kerbs  &8plc«s 760 

Kerth  &  Nlcolaus 756 

Kern  Canal 405,403 

Kom  Valley,  Bank  of 754 

Kerr,  David. 753 

Kestier.  Martin 618,  733 

Kcwen's  Estate 215 

Key,  P.  M.Oen 255 

Keyes,  O.  N 783 

Koyston  Brothers 502,603.  733 

KihniiFuehs COO 

Kimball  Carriage  Co 073 

Kimbull  &  Lawrence 703 

ICimball.  JC 473 

Klmberly.  Roy  a 438 

King.  Clarence 743 

King's  Hotel 735 

King,  E.  T.  k  Co 637,  7») 

King,  Mono  ft  Co 340,  753,  783 

Kinney,  M.  J 383 

IClnuey  Cannery 383 

KirbyiCo 4M,  785 

Kirk.  II.  C.  t  Co 704 

Kirschbraun.  Son  &  Co 763 

Kitchen  Vegetables 230 

KltUo.N.G 710 

Kittle  t  Co 753,760,783 

KIttlebergw  ft  Dold 773 


Kittredgo,  E.  H.  ftCo 703 

Kittrodgo,  Jonathan 072,  673,  770 

Kiveil,  James 733 

Klees.  John  &  Co. 753 

Klemra,  Charles 7C6 

Kltao,  Louis  &  Co 203,  7flJ 

Kltao&Co 769 

ICloppcr,  Frederick 773 

IClopatock,  C,  &  Co 761,733 

Kio^terman  Bros 210,  703 

Hum,  O.  K 001,705 

Kuabe  Pianos 613 

Knabe,  Wm.  4  Co 613 

Knspp,  Burrcll4Ca 211,  753 

Knauer,  Lorenz 753 

Knauch,  J 773 

Knewing,  F.  4Ca 735 

Knight,  D.E 444 

Knit  Goods 413 

ICnorp,  AlbertP 608,  768 

Knowland,  Joseph 771 

Kuowles,  G.  B.  &8on 530,  774 

Itnowios,  J.'H 709,733 

Kaowlton,  J.  J 727 

ICnol,C.  C 657.703 

Knoi.  John  D 459,  737 

Koch,  J.  D 731 

Koehler  4  lUtter. 036,  637.  771 

Kochler,  A 731 

Kohlcr,  Charles 248 

Kohlcr  4  Frohling. 210.  215,  778.  731 

Kohler  &  Chaao 731 

Kohlbsrg.  M.  P.  4  Co 700,  785 

Koncko,  A.  &Co .j, 709 

Koppel,  J.  0.  4  Bro 733 

Korbol,F.  &  Bro 001,758 

KosUand  Bros 333,  760i  763,  787 

Kojhland,  8.  4Co 734,  (87 

Ko<unin,iky  4  Bios 70O 

Koster,  .Bonry 772,  730 

Kostcr.  J,  D 633 

Kowalskl4  Co 773 

KrageuftGeist 768 

ICreig,  Anton 433 

Krouzberger,  L 763 

Kroah,  F.  W,  SCO 703.736 

ICron,  H.  P 434,785 

ICrug.  Charles 213 

ICnunb,  LouU 75« 

lCruso4Eulor 310,  763,  763,  733 

Kuhl,U.O 443 

Kulhuan,  Salz  ft  Co 751.  753,  773 

Kulhnan,  Wagner  4  Co 434,  773,  783 

Kunlntz,  M i..,605,  767 

Kunze.  Otto  E 754 

Kurosiwo.  The 60 

Kutnot  4  Goldstehi 701 

Labor 09,103,113 

Laborers  Associations 103 

Lachman  4  Jacobi 315,  773.  789 

Laohman.  8.  4  Co "CO.  7*) 

Lachman  4  Stcmfels 337.  7W 

La  Conilance  Insurance  Co. 158 

Ladd&Bush 754 

Ladd,  Charles  D 6/2.708 

Lwld,  Oea  B.,  larenUou  of.428, 439,  C93 


8o6 


INDEX. 


I    1' 


Lsad&  Tllton 135i764 

LiUil,  W.  S 141 

Licirmaiis,  Frank CGC,  7CC 

La  Fonci^rj  Itlahuo  Iiu.  Co ICti 

Lafayette  lirowcry TOG 

LaUUaw  &  Co 206,  219,  383,  3U,  738 

Lai.Uaw,  J.  A 385 

LaicUaw,  Jamoa  &  Co 787 

Laiguuau,  Abel S65 

Lainl.  D.  W 096,097,771 

Laird,  Mr 2M 

Lake,  Boukof 754 

Lake,  Henry 727.757 

Lake  &  Warren 750 

Lambert.  &  DriBon 708 

Limbart,  Eliaha 787 

Lambert  &  Greeuo 728,  753 

Lamps 772 

Landa,  British  Columblik 97 

Lands,  Central  FlcMo  B.  11 91,  S3 

Landd,  Public 81 

Land  Furs 3C8 

Land,  Grant  Policy 172 

Lund  Monopoly 60 

Lai:d»,  Northern  PacL-le  U.  U 93 

Lands,  Crc::on  linpnjvoncnt  Co —  14 

Lands,  Southern  Pacido 9%  93 

Lands,  Washington 93 

Lands,  Western  Oregon 91 

Lunder,  L 245 

Landers  &  Co 770 

Landers,  Patrick 703 

Landers,  WlUiam  J 770 

LandsLergor,  L  &  Co 250 

Lane,  Jules 097 

Lane,  K.  B 705 

Luue,  Wm.E 7Cfi 

Laas&Co 773,780 

Lunge,  J.  0.  n 766,  780 

Lunjien  &  Co 7jO 

L:uiiivnberg  Bros 758 

Langeubergcr,  A 245 

Lau^hani  Ilouso 790 

Lau.lcyiiCo 70 

Lanjiey,  II.  C 737 

Laugley  L  Michaels 209,  704 

Laugloy's  Directory 752 

Lungrolir,  II.  C 007 

Ll^ukcrehlul,  J.  &  Co 21U 

Liiutli,  Phil 700 

La  I'erouso 321 

LaPo.tc,  Bank  of 751 

Lurat,  Al'seue 702 

Laitlner  &  Loo 450,  787 

Largest  Fen-yboat 155 

Largest  Hotel 51 

Jjirge  Vineyards 24^ 

Larkius  &  Co 753 

Lusar,  L.  &  Co 705 

LoaswuU,  D 089 

LjbU 020 

L.>tliam,  M.  8 136,407 

Lallmer's  Hotel 789 

Lullirop  Hotel 78J 

Luton,  Charles  A 16^  770 

Laubenhelm,  P 775 

L»Tenth*I.B 776 


Laventhal,  liosallu 701 

Lanrenco  &  Barlow 771 

Latvrence  &  Co 773 

La\rton,  G.  T 710 

Lairton,  O.  &  Co 210,  761,  703,  773 

Lawton,  Frank 703 

Lazard  Frerei 244  441,754 

Leaching ' .' 304 

Lead 310 

Leading  Business  nouses 753 

Loadfforks 688 

LearyAJ 757 

Leather  485,172 

Leather  Goods  772 

Leather  Products 485 

Lcbcnbaum  &  Goldberg 708 

Le  Count  Bros 21%  753,  784 

Le  Conte,  Prof.  J 63 

Lodercr,  Coo.  M.  ft  Co 767 

Loc,  John 787 

Lee,  Jobn&Co 691,693,700 

Lco&  Delong 53i  775 

Loeso,  J.  F 331 

Lo  Franc,  Cbaa 245 

Legallet,  Dominique 787 

Lcidig's  Hotel 791 

Lelncnirober,  B.  &  Co 495,  513 

Lcmkc,  John 7C1 

Lemoine,  Gombert  &  Co 341 

Lonunc,  O 245 

L^ndrum,  Burns  &  Go 763 

LennleFlsbCo 323 

Lennon,  John  A 763 

Lcnormand  Bros 774,  786 

Lcnscott,  J 590 

Lont,  W.  H 709 

Lesser  Bros 758 

Lester,  J  W 619 

Leveron.',  Wmuun  M 753 

Levi,  H.  SCO 768 

Levinshou  &  Meyersteln 765,  787 

Lovlnsky  Bros 758 

Lovlson  Bros 771,  780 

Levy,  A  tl  Co 765 

Lory  &  Co 210 

Lory,  D.  &Co 773 

Lory,  Dlanutnt  &  Co 758 

Levy,  F 775 

L;iTy,  Isaac 227 

Levy,  John  &  Co 770 

Levy,  Jidcs 704 

Levy,  M 787 

Levy,  M.  *Co 706,766,787 

Levy,  Michael  773 

Iievy,  M.  liBon 787 

Levy,  B.  <iCa 705 

Uvy,  8.  W 775 

Lick  House 790 

Lick,  Jas 0.10 

Lick  Obserratory 35 

Lick  Paper  Oo 638,780 

Llddle  ii  Kaedlng 072,763 

Llebes  Bros,  ft  Co 703,  760,  761,  785 

Llebcs,  II.  SCO 337,766 

Llwlosdorff,  W.  A 628 

Lleker,  Frsdeiloks 761 

Lelnenweber,  0.  B 14L  786 


Lcwelting,  Henderson ...  .237 

Lcwelling,  John 237,  345 

Lu^T  &  Ilormes 701 

Lewis,  A.  ftCo 776 

Lewis,  A  8 097 

Lewis,  Henry  L 708 

Lewis,  Henry  H 771 

Lewis,  H 775 

LewU  House 791 

Lewis,  Jackson 771 

Lewis,  Joseph 785 

Lewis,  W.  &Co 703,  760,  762,  786 

Liesenfleld,  FbiUp 757,  Oil 

Liggett  ft  Meyers  Tobacco  Co 786 

LlghUiaUAH 753 

LUIcnthaiaCo 227,  773 

LiUe,  Philip 784 

Lhno 63i  772 

Lime,  Son  Jose  Co 635 

Lime  Co.,  San  Juan 535 

LUne  Co.,  l^oomm 636t  772 

Lindonian,  O.  H. 771 

Lindenbaum,  1 758 

LindleyftCo 768 

LI nforth,  Edward  W 221 

Linlotth,  James 222 

LInforth,  Uloo  ft  Co 228 

Llnuell,  IL  IL  ft  Co. . .  .22::,  753  768,  709 

LhisoodOU 713 

Lion,L 787 

Lion  Fire  Insurance  Co 157 

Lipmon,  U 765 

Lipman,  S.  ft  Co 763,787 

Lipman  ft  Co 787 

Llppltt,  Leak  ft  Co 316,  516,  617,  707 

Llpsher,  George 766,  783 

Liciuors 773 

Llsiansky 321 

LIssendun,  G.  ft  Oo 763 

Llssondon,  G 676 

Lister,  D.  ft  Co 664 

Little  ft  Lawson 761 

UttloHeld,  AlUson  ft  Co 341,  706 

Liverpool  Insurance  Co 113 

Livingston  ft  Co 327,  773 

lioalza,  Wenceaiao 769 

LoboftSalinjer 766 

Lobsters 338 

Lochbaum,  August  IL 60L  758,  771 

Lochlan  Bros 636 

Locke  ft  Lavenson 76) 

Lockhortft  Porter 763,786 

Locks 673 

Locomotive  Engineera • 108 

LueweBros 773 

Loewonberg  Bros 775 

Loewcnhayn,  Henrr 763 

Logcn,  W.  0 771 

I,o;Iglng  Macl)lne 425 

Lohmonft  CoghiU 300,760 

Lolinuuift  CoghiU 768^783 

Lohse,  J.  V 710 

Lolor,  0.  P 783 

Lonipoo 06 

London  Assurance  Corpoimtlon IBS 

London  Buk,  of  Utah 764 

London  Prov.  Marine  Ins.  Ck> Ut 


INDEX. 


807 


Xiondon  &  San  Francisco  Bank. .135,  734 

Lonj,  .S.  It 781 

Lonkey,  0 419,  421 

Looko  &  Moultou 75.<l 

Loomia,  George 7S0 

Lovejoy,  Sirs.  A.  L 759 

Lord  i  WilUams 770 

Ii03  ADgclcs 23,  29,  730 

L03  Angeles  Coffee  Millu 7C3 

L03  An^elea  County  Bank. 754 

liOa  Augoles  Express 735 

Los  Angeles  Herald 735 

Los  Anselea  Water  Co 411 

Los  Angeles  Wooicn  Mill 7S6 

Los  Oatos  Fruit  Pkg.  Co 739 

'  Lott,  C.  P 143 

Loudon,  U.  B 763 

Lougb,  James 773 

Low,  C.  Adolphe  &  Co 

547,  762,  769,  773;  789,  763,  785 

Low,  F.  P 139.543 

Low  &  Cliartrey 764 

Lowo,  David  W 763 

Lowo,  Geo.  A 753 

Lowenbcrg,  J 607 

Lowenthal,  Livingston  4  Co 783 

Lower  California 43 

Lubricator,  Llghtfeed 431 

Lucas  &  Co 5c  J 

Lucas,  Tumor  tCo 127 

I-UCftl 534 

Luclislngcr,  J.  B.  &  Son 603,  7oa 

Luckcl,  J.  0 784 

Luekhanlt,  C.  A.  &Co 770 

Lucy,  O.  n.  &Co 784 

Luders,  A 717,  730 

Ludiow,  Fltzhugli 64 

Ludluin,  Anthony Ml 

Lugsdiii,  Jay 214 

Luhnnonn  ft  Co 7S6 

Lumtwrmens'  Union 100 

Lumbering 579 

Lumber  Manufacturers 774 

Lund,  Henry 767,  769.  784 

Lundy,  Thomas 761,  707,  771 

Lmiiiig,  N IM7,  710 

Lusk,  A.  4  Co 240,150,705 

Lusk,  J.,  Canning  Co 241,  759 

Luther  &  Schrocder 775 

Lutko 321 

Lux,  Cliarlea 203 

Lyncli.  Peter 75 

Lynda  &  Hough 344,  369,  76.,  783 

Lyon,  B.  li 754 

Lyon  &  Barnes 703 

Lyons,  li  0 678,773,736 

Macaroni 669,  774 

Maeiloiiold,  D.  A.  &  Co 69av  703 

Macdouald  ft  Hawes 163 

Macdonough,  Joseph 770 

Mace's  Hotel 790 

Maclilne  BhojM 659 

Machinery 774 

Macic  J.  J.  ftCo 300,764 

Mack,  a.  L 754 

UaokmulsftOUberMm 7691  784 


Stackay  ft  Co 477 

Macken,  J 60O 

Mockcy,  J.  W 300 

."Macondray  4  Co 769,  770l  783,  785 

Madden,  Jeromo ;  93 

Maddux,  Q 627,782 

Ma.lson,  C.  A.  ft  Co HI 

Mageo  ft  Mooto 778 

MagUI,  ArtliurE 770 

Jlablstedt,  D 730 

Main,  Charles 143,601 

Main  St.  lion  Works 771 

tiain  ft  Wlnchc9ter.210, 601, 603. 703, 772 

Makin,  Roberto 783 

MaUtesta,  L 773,780 

Malarkey,  D.  J.  ftCo 210 

Maldonado 302 

Millon,  J 620 

Mallon,  J.  ft  J.  a 763 

Mallon,  Patrick 756 

Malt 67i774 

Malt  Liquors 572 

Manasse,  Em'l 498 

Mandclbaum,  Francis 773 

Manjels,»L&0 210,708,782 

Manhattan  Flro  Ins.  Co 153 

Mann,  Alexander 7G1 

Manning  ft  Berry 775 

Mansion  House 791 

Manufacturers 22 

Mans  J.  A 199 

Marblo 632,774 

Marcon,  I'm;.  J 317,319 

Marcus,  Geo.  ftCo 709,770 

Marcus,  IsaUb 700 

Slarder,  LussftCo 040,786 

Maro  Island 24 

Marino  Fisheries 353 

Marine  Iron  Works 771 

Maritime  Marino  Ins.  Co 206 

Marks,  Isaac 467,  780 

Marks,  L.D 759 

Marks,  M 407,780 

Marks,  Maunhohn 763 

Marks,  H.  ft  Co 775 

Mark  West  Springs 790 

Mareh,  L.  B.  P 7C0 

Maracbutz  ft  CantreU. 063 

MarshaU,  John 771 

Marshall  ft  Jones 771 

Marsliall,  O 433 

Marsicano,  P 671,  705,  783 

Martcll,  J 091 

Marthi,D.  B.  ftCo 501,780 

Martbl,  E.  ftCo 220,  773 

Martin,  Fouslor  ft  Bteffonl 782 

Martin,  H.  8 630 

Martbi,J.  W 138 

.Martinez 24 

Martluez,  Bank  of 764 

Martinoi  I'kg.  Co. 783 

Marwodel,  0.  F 774,770 

Marye,  O.  T.  ft  Son 7M 

MarystlUo 27 

MaiysriUo  Foundry 771 

MaiysTtUe  HarlDgs  Bank 764 

UarjmUle  Woolen  MUli 441786 


Mason,  Wm 133 

Mason's  Brewery 75*5 

Mason  ft  Co 763 

Mossey,  Atkins 762,  78(1 

Mosson,  Frcrcs 506,  763 

Masters,  E,  J 75J 

.Mastic  Bros 693 

Mastlo,  S.  L.  ft  Co 771,733 

Matches 711,  775 

Material,  Labor  and 103 

Mathematical  Instruments 093 

Mathews,  II.  A 773 

Mathers  ft  Co 401,  761 

Mathiou  ft  Maison 771 

Mattcm  &  Moore 773 

Malteson,  E.  E 417 

Mattcson  ft  WilUamson   . .  .075, 753,  771 

Mattullath  Mfg.  Co 51,  63i  755 

Mau,  Albert  ft  Co 209,768 

Marx  ft  Jorgcnsen 210;  773 

^lay,  Joseph 227 

Mayer,  Dawson  ft  Co 764,  765,  767 

Mayer  ft  Friedla<ider 773 

Mayer.  J 678,011,780 

MaylJcld,  A 703 

MaydeiJ,  W.  J 500,  703 

Mayrisch  Bros,  ft  Co... 702,  700,  701,  785 

.Mazatlau 4i 

McAfee  ft  Co 057 

McArthur,  J.  M 774 

McAuliffo  ft  Oard 763 

McCabe 470 

McCarthy  Bros 762,  787 

McCarthy,  J 620 

McCarthy,  James 784 

McCieihmd,  J,  J.  ft  Co 773 

McClaro,  E.  L 754 

McCoUani,  T.  W.  ft  Co 344,  703 

Mc(?ono,  Kobcrt 767,  764,  775 

McCoonell,  II 669 

MoCounell,  T.  W 708 

McCormlck  ft  Co 754 

McCormick  ft  Delanoy 037,  783 

McCormlck,  F.  U CM 

McCorailck,  W.  M 407,  780 

McCormlck,  W.  L 221 

McCrakon,  J 210 

McCracken,  J.  ft  Co 635,  703 

McCreary,  U.  ft  Co 656,  765 

MoCrcery's  Building 2%  080 

McCoy,  Ww 675 

McCue,  J 618 

McDonald,  A 443 

McDonald,  Joseph 763 

McDonald,  Wm 168 

McDonald,  RU 135 

McDonald  ft  Bchwabachor 775 

JIcDougal,  P 245 

McDonogh,  James 705 

McDowell  ft  Oould 478 

MoParland  ft  l^'ronoh 775 

McOlnnis,  Thomas 501,  760 

McOlone,  Wm 674 

Mcllonry,  S.  ft  Co 763,  783 

Mclntyro,  JohnB 767 

MoKoyftCo 691,774 

McKayftBrown 708,782 


MiMiiiiiiii 


8o8 


INDEX. 


JIcKay  k  Chisholm 4S3,  4M,  783 

MoKay,  Tho3 4M 

McKoJ,  Geo.  B.  4  Co 7SD 

McKcanoy.  L.  Sr.  4  Co 737,  732 

SI jKorcher  &  Thompson 737 

McKiiiie,  U oai,  737 

McLauc,  C.  E 18G 

McLoDC,  Louis 140,  186 

McLalnc,  Lanchlln 734 

McLcUan,  Frank 763 

McLennan,  D 441,  477 

McLennan,  Frank  P 450,  787 

McLochlan  Bros 772 

McMahon  Ilouss 733 

McXiiir,  D 093 

McN;aiy  &  Uairkins 633,  766 

McNcar,  O.  W 

203,  201,  205,  754,  707,  770,  783 

BIcMillan,  Donala 733.  7S0 

McPhco,  N 773 

Mcltuer,  D.  O 143 

MoWmiams,  It  H 065,771 

M^mlo,  Ooo.  W.  &Co 703,  763,  703 

Mcochani  4  Ba::3n 774 

Jteatlow  Valley  Mino 743 

Meat  Cooling 5:8 

MeitPaeklna 637,633 

Meat  Packing,  8.  8.  F.  Co. 643 

Mcbliu  &  Co 703 

Medau,  J.  4  P 700 

MoJauw,  J.  J.  n.  &  Son 773 

Mechanics,  Importetl 116 

Mechanics'  Insuranco  Co lul 

Moclmnics'  Iron  Works 771 

Mechanics'  Mills 703 

Mook,  Wm 237 

Miigler,  J.  C.  4  Co 783 

Mehan,  Tliomas  H 733 

Meijs,  George  A. 774 

Molggs,  II 563 

Molncclto,  Chas.  4  Co.  .760,  763,  773,  783 

Mel,  Cioorgc 770,  783 

Melclior,  J.  A 770 

Melczer,  Wm.  40o 780 

Mclhom.  A 75;> 

Moller,  O.  4  Sons 630,  531 

Mencarlnl,  D 632 

MendoU,  O.  II 303 

Mcnilclson  Dros 783 

Montloclno,  Bank  of 754 

Mendocino  Lumber  Co 774 

Menlo  Pork 26 

Merced 27 

Merced,  Bank  of 755 

Merced  Saviugs  Bank 754 

Merchandise,  Importod. 775 

Mercliaiidlslnj^ 207 

Merchants'  Mutual  Ins.  Co 144 

Iklercur.  AL  A 762 

Mergulrc,  John  L 758 

Morrill,  J.  C.  4  Co 763,703,  783 

Morrill,  P 478 

Merrill,  S C06 

Marrltt,Dr.  B 143,  143,160 

Merlsota,  0 765 

Morton,  Moffltt  ft  Oo 764 

Many,  FauU  ItCo bit,  540^  7ea^  789 


Meston,  J.  J 650,757 

MeUiis,  Dealers  in. 776 

Metallic  Signs. 033 

Metaiiurgical  Works 7ro 

Meteorology,  Comparative 02 

Metooruiogical  IbOglons 03 

Methodist  Book  Depository 757 

Metlatatlab  Canning  Co 788 

Metropolitan  Iron  Works 771 

Metropolitan  Hotel. 790 

Metzger.D 731 

Motzgcr,  L 730 

Motzler,  D 756 

Metzlor.C.  J.  B 753 

MeussdorlTer,  C.  II 709 

Menssdorffcr,  J.  O.  4  Son 769 

Mexico 45 

Mexican  Slltror 303 

Meyer,  Aaron 761 

M .  yer  Bros.  4  Co 760 

Moyor,  O.  U.  4  Bro 763 

Meyer,  Daniel 753 

Meyer  4  DabcUteln 761 

Mey.r,  Eugeno 210 

Meyer,  Eugeno  4  Co 787 

Meyer,  E.  4Co 775 

Meyer,  Era 773 

Meyer,  Goorgo 761 

Meyer,  Oilman  4  Co 758 

Meyer  House 791 

Meyer,  JO.  H 011,612,757 

Meyer,  T.  Lonunen 763 

Meyers,  L  A 775 

Meyeni,C.  H 7S2 

Meyerink  4  Meyer, 765 

Muyerelein  4  Co 775 

Meyersteiu  4  Lowenliars 766 

Mlchalitscliko  Bros.  4  Co 760,  785 

Mich.ls,  Friedhmdcr  4  Co. .705.  706,  767 
Miehollo:i,  Drown  4 Co.... 543,  733,  783 

Mlddloton4Co 703,732 

iHldon,  P 763 

MIerson,  Jewell  4  Co 775 

Milco,  O.  N 287 

Mill  street  Founilry 771 

MiUeriCo 787 

Miller,  E.  II,  Jr 177 

Miller,  Ilanry 200 

MlUor,  J.  4Co , 637,783 

MlUor.  J.  D 765 

Millm-,  J.  F 333,340 

MUler,  Louis,  Jr 771 

Miller,  W.  P 018,739 

Mllier4Lux 368,401,753 

Miller  4  Richard. 643,  761,  770 

MllUncry  Goods 776 

Milling  System 653 

Millionaires,  llesidonees  o( 35 

Mills,  D.  0.12a,  137, 138,  261,  647, 031,  633 

Mills,  Edgar 135 

Milton  Gravel  Mine 743 

Mine  Lnprovcmnnta 300 

Mine  Management 203 

MiuoTbnbcriug 433 

Mining 283 

Mining  Asiosamenlii 399 

Mining  DltohM 40e 


Mining  Machinery 656 

Mining  Stocks 130 

Mining  8ap:)iios,  Dealers  in 773 

Mlnhig  Tables 738 

Mining  Works,  Underground 230 

Mirrors,  etc C23 

Mission  Soap  &  Candle  Works.  .763,  781 

Mission  Woolen  Mills 441,  786 

Missoula  National  Bonk 755 

Missouri  Fur  Co 336 

MIstro,  Shnon 690,703 

Mitchell,  J.  E 478 

Mixer,  Geo.  IL 756 

Modesto 37 

Modesto  Bank 755 

Moffat  4  Co 125 

Moffat,  E.4H 763 

Mohr  4  ICroger 759 

Mohrig,  C.  P....      77a 

Molson4Sons 756,  763 

Mono  County  Bank. 733 

Alonroe,  A.  4  Son 773 

Montague,  W.  W.  4  Co 

203,  630.  758,  760,  768,  776,  784,  78J 

Montana 41 

Montauyo,  James  Do  La 

200,222,630;    76,754,783 

Montoalegro,  J.  O 664,761  763.  735 

Montealegro  4  Co 763,  703 

Monteivy 33i  337,  736 

Moo<ly,  Z.  P 773 

Moody  4  Farrish 737 

Moodyviile  Sawmill 306,  219,  C91 

Moon,  Qcullyi  Co 773 

Moore,  Mr 491 

Mooro,  A.  D 763,  774,  733 

Moore,  D.  P 474,608 

Mooro,  C.  4M.0 753 

Mooro,  E 753 

Mooro,  Dr.  O.  A 155 

Mooro,  1.0 703,785 

Moore,  Joseph 41,  433,619,  661 

Mooro,  L.  P 765 

Mooro,  Allen  4  Co 73i 

Moore,  Uunt4  Co 773 

Mooro4  Wilkio 763 

Mooso 341 

More,  Samuol4Co 773 

Morcy,  li  S 771 

Morey  4  Morasco 596 

5Iargan4Co 163,  £61 

Morgan,  ED 75S 

Morgan  4  Eastman G75 

Morgcuthau,  Max. 721 

Morris,  B.  4  Co 77» 

Morris  &  Evans 77S 

Morris  House 791 

Morris  4  ivenneJy 763 

Morris,  P.  T  .  ..    S3i  775 

Morrison.  Geo.  U 774 

Morrison,  Hutchinson  &  Co .766 

Morrison,  J.  J 763,774 

Morrow  4  Strong 688,  7M 

Mono  l^^uit  Canning  Co 756 

Morton,  Chas 360 

Matt,  Jr.  E.  B 156 

Moultoo.  E.  a  kOo 761 


Mount  Diablo  24 

Mountain  llouse 769 

Mouutulu  Idiko  Water  Co ieo 

Mnwry,  It.  C.  iCo 341 

Moynihan  &  Aitkon 757 

Mucilasu. 727 

Muccko,  Victor&Co 

7601767,769,770,783 

MueUi&Co fico 

Muhra,  Antonio 758 

Muller,  Geo , 559 

MullerA  Koooig 782 

Miuuell,  James  Jr 770 

Muraock,0.  A.  &  Co 782 

Munlock,  W.  C.  4  Co 775 

Miuphy.  B.  D 135 

Murpbjr  &  Connen 766 

Muniliy,  Gnuit&  Co 

209,  765i7C6,767,  787 

Murpbr&IIom 758 

MtuerBroa 764,707 

MustoBroa 534,775 

MuBto,  P 768 

Mutual  OrcLotd  Co 230 

Mujbridge,  E.  J 430,431,750 

Mjora,  C.  H 527 

Hcycn,  L.  A 534 

Myrick,  Folwm 

Naber,  AIfa&  Bnine 773 

Nochmau.  Adolph 573 

NoUcau,  K 244,543 

NasleftH.M 124,186,253 

Naiia,  Dank  of. 755 

KapaCitr  413 

Napallotel 790 

Napa  VuUey 

Norocovicli.  C 755 

Noah,  II.  D.  &Ca 673,753 

Noas  Kivcr  Filhing  Co 783 

Naat,  Oreenzweij;  &  Co 

697,771.772 

Nattan,  D.  .4  Co 210,  701,  763,  772 

Nothan,M 755,775 

Natliau,  I^ilTorman  &  Co 761 

National  Kzcbanso 790 

National  Flour  Milla 765 

National  GoU  Bauka 751,  755 

National  Iron  Worka 771 

Naunton,  Geo 783 

Naroxro 595 

Novlet,  V '.....020 

Navy  Soap  Co. 781 

Neat  Cattle 258 

Necktica 460 

NcU  &Co 775 

Nelbling  4  Fox 7S0 

Nclwn,  O.  N 601,769 

Ntlaon  4  Co 787 

Nel»on,H 891 

NMbitt4Co 659,703 

Neabltt,  J.  4  Bro 765 

Neamlth.  J.  W 644 

Neumann.  Albert 772 

Nouatodter  Broa 

209,  466,  466^  468,  701,  76«k  r«9 

KeunLF.  N 733 

IM 


INDEX. 

Nevada 37 

Nevada,  Bank  of 755 

Nevada  City 30 

Nevada  House 789,  791 

Nevaila  Lumber  Co 774 

NeviUo4Co 753,  754,  769,  780,  733 

New  Tacoma  Iron  Worka 771 

Nowbauer  4  Co 712,  775 

Nowburg,  Hawthorne  4  Co 210;  753 

Newburg  4  Katbbun 775 

Newburier,  Beiss  4  Co 787 

Newcaatle  Fruit  Aaaodation 759 

Newell  4  Bro 784 

New  England  Soap  Worka 781 

Ncwball,  Sana  4  Co 769 

NewHampahire  Ina.  Co 154 

Newkirk,E.P. 735 

Newman,  A.  4Co. 759 

Newman  Broa. 731 

Newman,  C 432,  625 

Newman,  Jamea 695 

Newmark,  H 210 

Newmark.n.  4  Co 768 

Newmark,  J.  P.  4  Co 708,  787 

New  Orleana  Ins.  Co 150 

Newapapora 043 

Newton,  Broa  4  Co 

209,  768,  769,783,735 

New  Westminster 42 

Neylan.  Jamea 774 

New  York  4  8,  F.  Collar  Co 762 

New  Zealand  Ina.  Co 200 

Nlchola,  A  0.  4  Co 769,  772.  760 

NlchoIa4Co 758,  787 

Nlchola,  W.  4  P 755 

Nlcholaon,P.  H.  4Co. 768 

Nicholson,  S.  H 764 

Nickel,  J.  L.  4  Co. 769 

Nlckelsbuig,  A.  4  Bro 775 

Nickerson,  B 591 

NIokeraou  4  Co 691,  774 

NIgUta,  Cool 06 

Nimpkiah  Cannery 788 

Nobel 703 

Noble,  Po  trick 683 

Noel  4  Felt 773 

NoeU,  K 200 

Nolan,  D.  4  Broa 611 

Nobin,  E.  D.  4  Co 758 

Nolan,  P.  F.  4  Co 768 

Norcroaa4Co..  110,459,704 

Norgrove,  John 780 

Norria,  Wm 143 

North  Beach  Brewery 766 

North  UloomBold 743 

Northern  Assuranco  Co 158 

Northern  llalle  Mine 743 

Northern  PaciBo  R  R 93,  179,  005 

North  PaoiBo  Mutual  Life  Aaa'u ...  .770 
North  Paclflo  Trading  4  Pkg.  Co.  ...783 

Northrup,  E.  J.  4  Co 759 

Northwestern  Hotel 752.  789 

Northwestern  llailwoy  Co.,  Wis....  104 

Northwest  Fur  Co. 333 

Northwcat  Trading  C0.337,  330,  357,  360 

Norton.  A.  W 498 

NortoDkMadseii. 894,763 


809 

Norton  4  Mulcahy 7C3 

Notable  Bankers 135 

Notes 742 

Nougaret.  Charles. 7C0 

Novelty  Iron  Worka 771 

Nunan.  Matthew 750 

Nutting.  Calvin  4  Son 770 

Nut  Trees 235 

Nye,  A  P.  4  Co 689,707 

Oakea'  Hotel 789 

Oakland 22.  738 

Oakhina  Bag  Mfg.  Co 754 

Oakland  Bank  of  Savings. 755 

Oakiaud  Brewery 756 

Oakland  Mill 705 

Oakiaud  Gaa  Co 733 

Oakland  Harbor 390 

Oakland  Home  Ina.  Co 155.  770 

Oakhind  Iron  Works 771 

Oakland  Times 735 

Oakland  Water 410 

Oakum ■ 731 

Oatmeal 551 

Oberfelder  Broa  4  Co.. 773 

OBrion.  John 763 

O'Brien,  John  H 773 

O'Brien.  J.  J,  4  Co 767.  787 

O'Brien.  M 506 

O'Brien,  Maurice 703 

O'Brien.  P.J.  4  Sona 759 

Ocean  Canning  Co 783 

Ocean  Steamers 199 

Occidental  &  Oriental  8.  S.  Co 203 

Occidenlnl  Hotel 789,  790,  731 

Occidental  Iron  Works 771 

Occidental  Lumber  Mills 774 

Occidental  Sawmill 591.  774 

Occident  Hotel 783,  790 

Occident  4  Orient  Pkg.  Co 733 

Occident  Pkg.  Co 783 

O'Connor.  J.  B.  4Co 781 

O'Connor.  Moffatt  4  Co 707.  767 

Odell,  M  M 7B9 

Odell  4  Wright 708 

Odcnstcin  4  Co 701 

O'Oonnell.  C 773 

O'Donnell.  W 708 

Ogle  House 789 

Ohiandt,  N.  4  Co 780 

Ohracn.  Wra.  H 764 

Oil  Clotli.  Deolora  In 780 

Oil  Clothing 466 

Oils.  Dealers  In.  etc 780 

Ojai  Volley 29 

O'Kauo,  John 210.601.709 

O.  K.  Brush  Fwtoiy 756 

Olcese  4  Garibaldi 775 

Olive,  etc 236 

Olaaen  4  Beoncr 080 

Olsaon  4  Ucnnerschcid 7^3 

Olympla 3d 

Olympia  Standard .736 

Olympl.!  Transcript 736 

O'.Moaro.  J 641 

O'Neill  Broa 783 

0neiU4Cannat 706 


imilil 


Sio 


INDEX. 


OilMino 777 

Ophlr  Mino 730 

Oppenholm.-r  t  B.o 760,  7Sj 

Oppeuliolmi.'r,  Iran 763,  772 


Oranrjo . , 


£0 

Oranja  ITotol 70O 

Orcbartlists 327 

Ordunsb'^ia  &  Co 783 

Oregon 31,  235 

Oregon  Immigration  Board 91.  736 

Orcsoa  Boot  Mte.  Co 513 

Oroaon&Cal.  U.  n ISO 

Oregon  &  Cal.  R.  B.  Co M 

Orjoon  City 33 

Oregon  City  Broweiy 756 

Orogoa  City  Wood  Mfg.  Co 415 

Orogon  City  Woolen  Milta 455^  73! 

Oregon  Furniture  Mtg.  Co 211,  766 

Oregon  Glovo  Factory 7C7 

Orc::onIan  735 

Orcgouian  Baiiway  Co 141 

Oregon  Improvement  Co... 307,  308,  035 

Oregon  Iron  Co 311 

Oregon  Leather  M/g.  Co. . .  493,  773.  733 

Oregon  Tlig.  Co 7S3 

Orsgoa,  Prt>.''perity  of 31 

Oregon  U.  i  N.  Co 

M,  180,  m  201,  202,  635,  C65 

Oregon  It.  t  N.  Co. "a  Vesaela 201 

Oregon  Savings  Bank 141 

Oregon  Standard  Soap  Co 719 

Oregon  Stata  Directory 737 

Orogoa  Steam  Balrciy 763 

Or.;coa  Steam  Nav.  Co 190 

0:-ejo:i  Qlocli  U  Butcliorlns  Co 750 

Oi-egoa  Tanneries 435 

Oregono  Trade 215 

0:-ogo-i  ti  Transcontinental  Co 180 

Oregon  L  V/aalilngton  Mtg.  &  Savs. 

nil 735 

Oregon  Woolen  DIUls ,445 

Organs C13,  780 

Orient  IrBiuanco  Co 161 

Orrasljy  House 739 

Orovlllo  27 

Oalwme,  D.  M.  &  Co 211 

Osterloli,  Conrad 701 

OVjullivau,  C.  D 154 

Ottora,  etc 336 

(lullaiion,  D.  J 773 

Ouiton,  Oeo 077 

Overland  Telegraph  Co 190 

Owen,  CM 033 

Owen,  E.  U 033 

Owen  J.  J 783 

OwenPaiierCo 638,760 

Owen;i,  Benjamin  W 737 

Ovrono,  JohnB 783 

Oyston  303 

r'a-.;no  Agrioultural  Worlis 763 

1'u.l.l.inank 134,  135,130,753 

I'acala  Brldgj  Co 737 

I'aciTiu  Canuinj  Co 783 

racWo  Cement  Co 63-J 

I'aciflo  Chain  Work! 073  760 

raclSc  Blopo,  Area  of 18, 19 


Poclflo  Coast  Directory. 737 

Paclflo  Cooiit  Oil  Co 317,  318,  730 

Tacifio  Coiict  Tacking  Co 733 

raciflo  Coast  Topulotion 13 

PaciHo  Coast  rossjssions. 10 

Focinc  Coast  Hteamship  Co.201,  205,  300 

Pacille  Congress  Springs 791 

Paclflo  Cordage  Co 483,703 

PaciQe  Diatillins  &  Refining  Co.57C,  703 

Paeiflo  GloTo  Works 018,  707 

Paclflo  Hem.  Fhormocy. 764 

Poeilie  Hotel 790,  791 

Paclflo  IIouso 730 

I'aciflo  Ink  Factory. 770 

Paeiflo  Insurance  Co 144,  134 

Paeiflo  Iron  Works 063,771 

Paeiflo  Jewelry  Co 761,  773 

Paeiflo  Juto  Mfg.  Co 479,  430,  773 

Paeiflo  Kerosene  Works 780 

Pacific  Life  Insuranco  Co 770 

Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co 200,  205 

Paeiflo  Manufacturing  Co 763,  730 

Paclflo  Motal  Works 771 

Pacific  Mutnol  life  Ins.  Co 155 

Piciflc  Ocean  Uouso 701 

Pacific  Oil  Works 713 

Pacific  Poultry  Co 274 

Pacific  Press  Prmtlna  Co 783 

Paeiflo  KoUroad  Agitation 1C3 

Paeiflo  Rolling  MUl  Co 083.  757 

Pacific  Saw  Mfg.  Co. .  .068,  609,  70%  733 

Pacific  Soda  Co 071,737 

Pacific  Spring  &  Mattress  Co.. .  .468,  703 

Pacific  Stove  fc  Iron  Works 731 

Paoifio  Straw  Works 784 

Pacifle  Typo  Foundry 764,  770 

Paclflo  Union  Packing  Co. 733 

Pocking  Meat 033 

Pago,  n.  F 733 

I'ago  &  Allen 703 

Page,  BaconiCo 133,  127,  180 

Pago,  flfhoaton  &  Co 775 

Puigo,  Cttivin 143 

Paige,  S.  B 770 

Paino  Bros 768 

Pahiter,  J.  B Oil 

Painter,  T.  P 041 

Painter  S  Co 

040,641,043,753,764,770,730 

Paints 713,  780 

Pajaro  Hotel 790 

Paiaco  Hotel 51,  433,  073,  IW,  791 

Palisade ., 33 

Palmer,  J.  C 245 

Palmer.  Cook  i  Co 129 

Palmer,  HonryiCo 773,780 

Palmer,  11.  A 755 

Palmer  Slley 043,786 

PalmtJig,  C 761) 

Palo  Alto  Form 373 

Panama  Railroad  Co 103 

Panic  of  1877.... f 131 

Paper 035,780 

PopcrBogs 033 

I'uiwr  Boxes 038 

Paper  ColUn 638 

Paper  Ca,  Orohui 637 


Paper  Co.,  tick. O39 

Popcr  Co.,  Owen 033 

Paper  Hangings 7cO 

Paper  Mia  Lick 038 

Paper  Mill,  Pioneer. 037 

Pamlso  Springs  Hotel. 790 

Parasols,  etc 403,  7£0 

Parko&Lacy 210,774 

Parker,  n.O 325,333 

Porker  House 783 

Parker,  R.  B.  &Co 708 

Parker,  8.  H li» 

Pork  House 791 

Porkhurat  V.  S.  W 768 

Parks,  R.F 787 

Parks,  W.  H 4H 

Porrott.  John 137,317,759 

Forrott,  Louis  B 318 

Porrott,  Tiburclo 217 

Porrott  4  Co. .  203,  217,  702,  767,  7691  783 

Parsons,  M.  W 789 

Parsons,  T.  J 550 

Forticolll  &  loccberi 707 

Posodeno. 8%  03 

Pascal,  Dubodat&  Co 773 

Pascoo  House 783 

PosodoRohles  Hotel 793 

Pasquolo,  B 460i788 

Postene,  Antonio 765 

Potck,  A 737,757 

Potent  Brick  Co 796 

Pottle,  J.  O 339 

Potrlck,  A.B 491785 

Patterson,  James 663 

Pattinson  Pit>ccss 301 

Pattridgo,  R  K 774 

Poul,  A.  B 429 

Paul,  John  A.  &  Son 600,  763 

Pavement 535 

Polton,  J.  A 3H734 

Palton  &  Co 709 

Paiton  L  Curtis 753 

Payno  Bros ^ 757,  760 

Payot,i;pbam&Co 210,  707,734 

Peace,  J 580 

Peoko&Flske 784 

Peanuts. 383 

PcorlOyitsr 365 

Pearson  Bros 768 

Pock,  J.  M 3!8 

Peck&Calmann 717,780 

Pecuniiu^  Wrecks 03 

Peel,  J.  L 431 

Pelouse,  E 041 

PeodergBst,  Jomes 063 

Pendergost,  Tbos 603 

Pendergast,  Smith  ft  Co 764 

Pendmy&Co 719,781 

Peoplo's  Hotel 791 

People's  Sovings  Bonk 755 

People's  Ins.  Co 196 

Pcquilhui  &  BoXos 759 

Porazio,  O 76J 

Perch 320 

Pcrciral,S.  W 839 

Perey,  P 600 

Perfumery 716,780 


INDEX. 


8ll 


P.rin,',  W.  D 753 

Fcrkina  House 791 

Porkllis,a.  C 202,203 

PcTklM,  J,  n 49^7c5 

Tcrktas.  W.  St  &  J.  M. 493,  784 

Pony,  P 7C3 

PclTj,  WooUworthiCo....2W,  398,  781 

P.njr-Townacnd  Mra.  H 702 

Potner  &  HUaobrandt 773 

PoUluma 412 

Fotaliuna  Creok 391 

Fetaluma  SavlnsB  Bouk 755 

Potei»en,C.  A.  bCo 719,  7M 

l>otenon,  S.  B 783 

Petereon,  T.  W 750 

Potcnion,  W.  P 6291568,763 

Peterson,  W.J 7»4 

Petrio,  O.  0 761 

Potroleiun 310 

Potrolimm  Barrel 023 

Pv:troIeuiii  Co.,  Son  Francisco 317 

Potson,  F 783 

Poltlnatl,  Peter 701 

Peyton,  B 710 

Pfaff,Q 611 

Pfoiflor,  P 760 

Pterdnor&Co 783 

Pfister,  J.  J 763 

Phelps  Mfg.  Co 761,700 

PhelpsiMlUer 733,771 

PhUaJolphia  Brewery 758 

Philip,  Speyer  &  Co 709,770 

Phillip,  Hesthal  &  Co. 618,  707,  773 

PhlUlps,  J.  8.  i  Co 7C7 

Phoonli  Brewery 738 

Phcenix  Iron  Works ill 

Phoenli  OU  Works 7E0 

Photouraphs 750 

Photosraphs  o(  Motion 430 

Pianos 61*780 

Picks 781 

Pioklos 560 

Pico  House 790 

Fico,Pio CO 

Plcluro  Frames 009,781 

Piedmont  Sprints  Hotel 790 

Pierce,  James  P IM 

Pierce,  E.  O.  fcCo 783 

Pierce,  W.  8 781 

Pi3eons,Wild 341 

PikoiYouns 6181760 

Pillar  Kock  Pkg.  Co 783 

PlUows 469,731 

Pima  County  Bank. 754,753 

Pino  &  Houghton 153 

Pino  Lumber  Ass'n 774 

Piou^ier  k  Alta  Flour  Mills. 765 

Pioneer  Carpet  Beatlm  Co 473 

Pioneer  Iron  Works 771 

Pioneer  Paper  Mi  J 783 

Pioneer  Sojp  Factory 719,  784 

Pioneer  Woolen  Mills 440,  443,  787 

Pipur,  Jeromo  B 756 

Pipoa 703 

Plsoiculturo 323 

Pitman,  B.D 483 

PItl,  Wm.  0.  a  *Oo 


Pittock,H.L 637 

Pitts,  8.  J..... 768 

riaceni,  Califomlan 290,231 

Piaccrs,  Cariboo *2i 

Placers,  Casaiar 294 

Placers,  Mexican 194 

riaoorvillo 30 

riacerviile  &  Humboldt  TcL  Co 189 

Plaj.'emann,  H.  &  Co 701,  iS3 

Planing  MiUs 698,781 

Planters' Hotel 789 

Piaster  DeeoratlouB 532 

Plaster  Mills 633 

Plaster  of  Paris 531 

Plaster  Statuary 533 

Phito,A.P 672 

PUto,  A.  J.  (E  Co 459,  671,  67%  708 

PhitcH.  A 073 

Platera 304 

Platshek  &  Harris 789,787 

Plattner 430 

Playter,  E.  W 221 

Plaza  Hotel 791 

Plum,  0.  M  S  CO..210,  463,  475,  005,  700 

PlumiEUia 603 

Plumbing CS3 

Pliunmur  Bros 571,  733 

Pobimano,  GusUto  F 773 

PointEeyes 265,200 

Political  Denunciation 170 

Pollak,  Araold&Co 760 

PoUard,  Thomas 771 

Poly,  UeUbrontCo 753 

Pomonc 29 

Pony  Express 187 

Popo,  A.  J I'i3 

PopoS  Talbot 693,771 

Poppo,  Charles  L 761 

Portal,  J.  B.  J 245 

Port  Bhlkcly  Mill  Co 503,774 

Port  Costa 24,201 

Port  Discovery  Mills 692,774 

Port jr,  David 773 

Po.tcr,  OeolsoK 613 

Porter,  Blesahijcr  &  Co.506, 611,  513,  758 

Portland 92,399 

Portland  Board  ot  Trade. 141,  380 

Portland  Dolior  Works 773 

Portland  Candy  Fuclory 663 

Portland  Savings  Bank 755 

Port  Madison  Mills 774 

Port  Moody 43 

PorlOrtord 337 

Port  Orfonl  Cedar  Co 774 

PosMntclligencer 735 

Potrero  Distilling  Co 677 

Potrero  Distillery  &  ReOnery 

671,763,787 

Potter,  Edward  E 770 

Potter,  Jacobs  &  Easton 161 

Pottery 626,781 

Poultry 274 

Powder .707,783 

Powder  Co.,  aiant 709 

Powder  Co.,  Granite 709 

Powder  Co.,  Safety. 709 

Powder  Co.,  Safety  Nitro 709 


Powder  Co.,  Thunder 

Powder  Co.,  Vigorit 

Powder  Co.,  Vulcan 

Powder  Works,  California. . 


.709 

..709 
..709 
..703 


Powell,  Brico 723 

Powell,  Thomas 433 

Powers  &  Henderson 773 

Prag.  Jbrtin 753 

Prentiss  Hotel 790 

Pre8C0tt,a.W 314,661 

Proscott  Insurance  Co 153 

Prcccott  &  Sanborn 598;  763 

Pr«scott,  Scott  k  Co 

442,661,660,757,70* 

Prcscott's  Steam  Feed 537 

Preston,  A  W 738 

Preston&  McKlnnon 774 

Presses,  Embossing 681 

Pretorious,  Trowbridge  k  Lemmer. . 

666,757,753 

Prevost,  L. 275 

Price,  Michael 069,703 

Prindlo  t  Meader 760 

Pringle,GUbert 753 

Printers 762 

Printing  Inks 643 

Prior,  J.  K 039,707 

Proctor  Houso 789 

Prosperity,  Measure  of 123 

Providenco  Waalrlngton  Ins.  Co IM 

Provisions 530,733 

Prove  Mtg.  Co <« 

Provo  Woolen  Mill 787 

Provost,  Daniel  R. 773 

Prussian  National  Ins.  Co 153 

PugetMiUCo 093 

Puget  Souud 34 

Pugot  Sound  Canning  &  Pkg.  Co. . .  .738 

Puget  Sound  Commercial  Co 590 

Paget  Sound  Iron  Co 313 

Puget  Sound  Lumber  Co 774 

Pumps 667 

Putnam  &  Co 753 

Putnam  House 789 

Quail 541 

Queen  Assurance  Co 158 

Queen  Charlotte  Group 41 

Quicksilver 314 

Qninn,  James 783 

Qulnn,  Thomas 500,  769 

Rabbits.  341 

Radius,  Ludwig 758,773 

Rahsskopa,  C 6i)3 

Eailrooda 162,160 

Raihvad  House 769 

Poillroad  Workshops 605 

Railway  and  Navigation  Boats 137 

Rains <>9,  70 

Ealseli,  Charles 760 

Eatalus 2M 

Ralston,  n.&  J 753 

Balston,  W.  O 

127, 128,  129,  133,  401,  441.  003,  073 

Ramello,  A.  «t  Co 768 

Bamlo S*' 


8ia 


Itanilol,  J.  D 315 

E-mUoIph  &  Co 771 

ruiua:i,  EmytontCo 063,  V57,  704 

K^nkig.  Chzrica  1^ 757 

ronsomc,  rii&ha  tiCo 733 

EaD=om,  E.L 531,  763,  783 

Kam  J.  &M TBI 

ToEt,  John 750 

Kaiim,  li  C 7G7 

lUvcnno,  GtainiraelU  &  Co 560,  774 

ray.W.  B.  &Co 7M 

Kaj-ncr,  J,  A 590 

Eaymond  t  Ely  Mino 741,  743 

najraojd  b  WiUhlro 770 

nellctock.  Endrca&Co. 773 

KocM.-,  W.  U.  &  Son 470 

Ucil  Llua 27 

nclEluO  Uotcl 790 

KcO  Cross  Pk3.  Co 211,  703,  783,  783 

noiUmj,  1'.  B 331 

noddinj,  I1.B 75.  79,  92;  325 

UiiMlns  Hotel 790 

r.cdfleia  £;  Iirljjg. 775 

Rcdinjlon  i  Co 154,  209,  764,  780 

licdinslon,  J.  U 314 

Redwood COJ 

IkdsvoodCity 26,412 

redwood  Lumber  Co 774 

liudwood  Lumber  Mills 591 

Kcdwocd  Miinufactiiitjrs'  Ass'n 774 

r.eoa-birda 341 

KceJ,  R 7.11 

Tocd'ij  Uotcl 79(1 

n=cd,  II.  B.  tCo. 775 

Hccsc,  Michael 141 

r.;cii:a 459 

r.ejoasburccr,  S 773 

IwOichcnstain  Process. 4C0 

KclJ,  V/. 140i  111,  7X,  753 

noincrs,  C.  A.  £:  Co 673,781 

nctoliart,  U  tCo. 77j 

K-.;:alo  t  Fuchs 732 

IZclativc  Qiiaco 737 

Ecllanco  Marino  Ins.  Co 200 

i:cm:llanl  Eticll  Co 75C 

Kcmillard  Croa C2D 

Komlnjtun,  A.  D  6  Co 780 

l^nnie.  Sir  John C&l 

Hono 37 

KcDO  ijavii];;?  Dank 755 

Tcaton,  Holmes  &  Co 593,  774 

Kontacbkr,  F 007 

Hon::,  Jobn 773,  783 

Ecjoiirccs  of  Arizona 73o 

llcaoiu'ces  uf  Califorula 730 

ReTuro  Uouso 789,  790 

lleyaoldi,  JuhQ 706,  761 

EcynoUs,  L.iiCo 7S3 

lUtynoldj  ££  XUx 753 

UtJ'aoluii,  Thos 484,  783 

Kc>;xu  Proccsa 304 

lii.-J,  Uarvcy  W. 432,  073,  753,  764 

nice,  W.  A. 222 

liich,  Otis 153 

nicbord,N 344 

Uloiimnbi  0.  F.  &  Co 209,764 


INDEX. 

Rlcbard3  &  Hurlaoa 760,  7G8,  773 

niohirdsS  Snow 224,  763 

nicbardson,  W.  A. 40D 

Richardson.  W.  0 037 

Richer,  r.  E 759 

Richmond  Drill  Co 753,706 

Richmond,  O.  O.  4  Co. 154 

Richmond,  L.  G.  &  Sod 733 

Rlchter,  Adolph. 7" J 

Richthofen,  Baron «13 

Kidcout  a  SmiUi 557 

nidjos,  J.  N 014 

Ridsoway  Bros 765 

Ridley,  A.E.  &Co 70O 

Kioger,  P.  &  Co 704 

Ricsc  Brothers 761 

PJnaldo,  T 761 

Uio  Virsln  Mlg.  Co. 447,443 

Uio  Virjin  Woolen  MiU 787 

lUsdon  Iron  Works. 

.133,  H8,  633,  657,  660,  066,  757, 764,  771 

Ritchie,  J.  K 768 

Rithet,U.P 206 

River  Fish 368 

River  Improvements 387 

raver's  Inlet  Cannmg  Ca 783 

Riverside 95 

Riverside  House. .790 

Kivcraldo  Press ...736 

Rlveru,  Various 401 

Roach,  J 693 

Robb,  J.  A.,  InvenUons  of.  .416,  426,  427 

Robb'sGaus  Edjer 41G 

Fioberts.  Gcort'o  F. 763 

Roberts,  James  B 770 

Roberta  Hotel 701 

IU>binsoD,  Alfred 60,330 

Robinson,  C.  A 5C3 

Robinson,  J,  A. 307 

Rock  Bay  Saw  Mill 694,774 

Rock  Soap 323 

Rockwood,  A.  P 325 

Rocky  Mountain  Fur  Co 339 

Rodficrs,  Meyer  &  Co 

203,767,709,770,733 

Roebuck,  Thomas  Q 757 

Roenicko,  Otto 039,753 

Eoeth,  Henry  C 705 

Rojers  Bros.  &  Co 768 

Rohdo  Bros. 758 

RoUinaMiUs 682 

Romance  of  the  Present 59 

Root,  Neilsou&Co 665,771 

Root  !i  Sanderson 310,  768,  733 

Roscoo  ti  Co 703 

Rose,  L.  J 210;  236,237,253,271 

Rose,  McAlpino  &  Co 493 

Rosecrana,  C.  F 709 

Rosecrans,  W.  S 340 

Roscman  &  Butler 787 

Rosonbaiun  &  Co 764.  764  707,787 

Bosenbaum,  I.  B.  &  Co. 703,  7C0,  701,  783  | 

Rosenberg',  Oooruo 769 

Rosoburg  Foundiy 771 

Bosendale,  A.  O.  &  Co 765 

Boiener  Bnx 67Sk  756,  774 


Rosenfeld,  H.  4Co 785 

Roscnfold,  John 154,  505,  767,  783 

Rosenshlne,  M.  4  Bro 700,  733 

Rosenstock,  8.  W.  &  Co 611,  758 

Rosenthal.  A.  S.  4Co 787 

Rosenthal,  B 785 

Rosenthal  Bros 775 

Rosenthal  &  Foder 5U 

lioaenthal&  FrobmaQ 760,761 

Rosenthal,  G 775 

Rosscter  4  Smith 773 

Rossi  ter,  Jomofl 753 

Ross  House 7S0 

Rotary  Fumoco 662 

Rotgcr  S  BIschoff 763 

RoUiitCo 773 

Rothonbush,  D 766 

Rothroek,Dr, 39 

r^thschlld  &  EhrenpCort 666,  769 

Rotlanzl,  Q 773 

Rounds  &  Alusworth 791 

Rountieo  &  McClure. .  .209,  768,  783,  783 

Rowo,  K.P 773 

Rowland,  J.  4  Co 177 

Roy,  Andrew 574 

Royal  City  Floninz  Mills 533 

Royal  Soap  Co 719,  7S4 

Royor,  Herman 621,757,709 

Royhuco.  Joseph 75S 

Rubber  Goods 622,  783 

Rudolph.  O.  4  Co 613,  781 

Rued,  J.  C 773 

EuIBno,  L.  J.  4  Co 633,775 

Ruhl  Brothers 760;  769 

Rumpt  t  Dunkel 756 

Ruahyt  Mery 771 

Russ,  .Tosepb 61,  264,  530 

Russ,  J.  4  Co 774 

Rusi  House 751,  790 

Rnascll,  Wells  4  Co 593 

Ruaaell,  W.  U 187 

Uusalan- American  Co 333,  339 

Russian  River  Laud  4  Lumber  Co. . .  774 

Rowo,  Wm 761 

Ryan  4  DuS 691 

Ryan,  John  C 629,756 

Sabatie,  A.  E.  4  Co.210,  700;  768,  773. 783 

Sabatie,  P.  O.  4Co 773 

Sab;ni4Cutts 618,700 

Sabin,  Ferdinand 761 

SabrichI,  F... 34S 

Sachs,  Ilollor  4  Co 209.  787 

Sachs,  Strassburgor  4  Co. .  .765,  776,  787 

Sacramento 36 

Sacramento  Bonk 759 

Sacramento  Balrery 763 

Sacramento  Foundry 771 

Sacramento  Record-Union 735 

Sacramento  River 393 

Sacramento  River  Pkg.  Co 759 

Sacramento  Salmon 385 

Sacramento  Savings  Bank 763 

Sacramento  Tannery 783 

Baonunonto  Valley 3f 

Baonuneoto  Water iU 


^ 


INDEX. 


813 


Sacramento  Wood  Co 303 

Sacramonto  Wooloa  Mllla ■113,  787 

SaiMlory 1» 

Badlcr,  Chli3.  &Cq 773 

SadkraCo 7C5,  73J 

Satoa C73.  770 

Baf3ty  Nitro  Powdor  Co 703,  733 

Safety  Powder  Co 700,  783 

BaltorU,  nudsonSCo 753 

tiagc,  A.  A.  &Co 773 

Bailing  Vessels M3 

BttUa 481,783 

Balamon,  J.  t  Co 7C1 

Balcm 33 

Balcm  Flourlnj  Mills 306,657,  705 

Salem  Iron  Woiks 663,771 

SaUnas 30 

Salinas  City  Dank 753 

Balmoa 311,360,373,383 

Salmon  Canning 377,  «3 

Salmon  Hatching 336 

Bait  6li!l,783 

Salt  Co,  Union  Pacino 78J 

Bait  Lalco  City 40 

Samm,  Jacob 55G 

Bamm&  Parsons 765 

Samuels,  David 707 

San  Bernardino 33 

Ban  Bias 40 

SanDIojo 39,413,736 

San  Dieso  Bay 391 

Ban  Dleso  Concentration  Co 780 

San  Fernando  30 

Ban  Francisco 31 

San  Francisco  Bankers 43 

Ban  Francisco,  B-;y  nf \.  33 

San  Francisco  Box  Factory 753 

Ban  Francisco  Bridge  Co 757 

San  Francisco  Brush  Factory 756 

San  Francisco  Candlo  Co 760 

Ban  Francisco  Chemical  Works 761 

Ban  Francisco  Cordage  Co.  .481,  482,  483 

San  Francisco  Cordage  MTy 763 

San  Francisco  Fumituro  Factory. .  .766 

San  Francisco  Gas  Light  Co 733 

Ban  Francisco  Uarbor. 388 

Ban  Francisco  lusuranco  Co 144 

Ban  Francii>»  I'on  Works 771 

San  Francisco  Mining  Press. 736 

San  Francisco  News  Co 784 

Ban  Fran.  &  Pac.  Sugar  Refinery. . .  .784 

Son  Fran.  Pkg.  &  Provision  Co 783 

San  Francisco  Rural  Press 736 

San  Francisco  Savings  Union. .  .135,  755 

San  Francisco  Stock  Brewery 756 

San  Francisco  Stock  &  TeL  Co 393 

San  Francisco  Summers,  ft 64 

San  Francisco  Tanneries 493 

Ban  Francisco  Tool  Co 735 

San  Francisco  Typo  Foundry 764 

Ban  Francisco  Water  Supply 409 

San  Oabrld 33 

Ban  Joaquin  CanaL 404 

Sou  Joaquin  River 393 

San  Joaquin  Valley 37 

Ban  Joaquin  Valley,  Bonk  of' 755 


9.-m  Jose 25,  7X 

.^an  Jo30  Agricultural  Works. 733 

San  Jose,  Bank  of 733 

San  Joso  Foundry 771 

San  Jose  Fruit  I'kj.  Co 753 

San  Joso  Fumituro  Mfg.  Co 706 

San  Joso  Lima  Co 773 

San  Joeo  Mercury 736 

San  Joso  Pkg.  Co 311 

San  Josn  Robe  &  Glovo  Co 313 

Hun  Joso  Savings  Bank 755 

San  Jose  Woolen  Milla 442,  787 

San  Jua'iLlmo  Co 772 

San  Luis  ObUpo 30,412 

3an  Luis  Obispo,  Bank  of 753 

San  Luis  Obispo  Roadstead 397 

San  Matoo 33 

San  Mateo  Hotel 791 

San  Rafael 24,412 

Sanhom,  A.  L. 506 

Sanborn,  N .506 

Sanborn's  Sons,  Geo.  U 081 

Sanborn,  Vail  4  Co 010,  753,  781 

Sanders  &  Co 763 

Sanders  &  Lawson  090 

Sanderson  &  Bro 703 

Sandenon  &  Horn 760, 761,  781 

Sansovain,  Don  Pedro 249 

Santa  Ana 30 

Santa  Ana  Hotel 791 

Santa  Ana  River 20 

Santa  Barbara 20 

Santa  Barbara  Channel 307 

Santa  Barbara  County  Bank 775 

Santa  Clara 23 

Santa  Clara  Broweiy 753 

Santa  Clara  County  Bank 753 

Santa  Clara  Machine  Shop 771 

Santa  Clara  Oil  Co 37 

Santa  Cruj 30,307,  730 

Santa  Cru2  Savings  Bank 753 

Santa  Cruz  County,  Bank  of 755 

Santa  Inez  Mountains 20 

Santa  Monica  Hotel 791 

Santa  Rosa 25,412 

Santa  Rosa,  Bank  ol 753 

Santa  Rosa  BroweiT 756 

Santa  Rosa  Hotel 791 

Santa  Rosa  Woolen  Mills 444,787 

Saronl,  Louis  &  Co. . . .  666,  763 

Bather  &  Co 733 

Saulnier,  John&Co 773 

Saunders,  Henry 330,386 

Savage,  Henry 773 

SavagoMino 303,739,743 

Ravage  &  Sons 663,784 

[faviugs  Bank  of  Santa  Rosa 755 

Savings  Si  Loan  Banks 129, 130 

Savings  &  Loan  Society. 755 

Sawmill,  Haitlngs' 530 

Sawmill  Liventions 416, 435,  436 

Sawmills 535,783 

Saws 663,  783 

Sawyer,  B.  F.  ft  Co 

496,497,498,773,785,787 

Bawyor.  F.  A 498 


Sale,  Dr 491 

3:i.t!.',  Peter 2S0 

Saiton,  Sinilh  i  Co 773 

Daywanl,  W.  P 304 

Soarljoroi*  Co 733 

S:^rnanini,  Carlo 731 

Scammon,  Capt 331 

Ssammon,  II 755 

Srandinaviou  Pkg.  Co 738 

Sclial'eriCo 701 

S.iiaetrer  J.  N.  S  Co 782,  78S 

R:;liamnicr,  Reynoids  &  Co 739 

Sjhardin,  J.  P.  &  Co 773 

S^hcciine,  Nathan 739 

Schofller,  W 21S 

Schenko),  P 759 

Schcpplor,  William. m 

Schcrr,  Bach  USfkX 573,  773 

Sshcurcr  U  Coyne 738 

S:hio«er.  O.  H 772 

SclllUer,  R 701 

Schilling,  A  &  Co 663,703 

33'ilabarj,  P.  a  C 701 

S^iiijssinjcr  &  Bergman 762 

Sihmetaer,  Henry 761 

Schmidt,  Prank 761 

Schmidt,  N 789 

Schmlth  &.  Mondos  766 

Sohmlt7,  William 763 

Srfunolz,  William 603 

Schneider  El  Wachtor 756 

Schneiacr.  W.  U 768 

achob.!raSofrin 757,769 

Sclioenfeld,  Jacob 733 

Schocntcld,  Jonas 760,  761,  73} 

Schocncman,  Frodorlck 763 

Scboenstoin,  F.  B. 613,  730 

Sohocnstoin,  F.  F 614,  730 

Schroder,  Albrecht  &  Co 536,  763 

Schroder,  H  4  Co 760.773 

Sohroth,  Q.&Co. 637,  7GS 

Shuck,  O.&Co 750,783 

Scheuman&  Betefuhr .,210,  773 

Scbulto&Geitner 753 

Schultz,  Louis 677 

Schultz  &  Von  Bargon 773 

Schultz,  Wm.  A 773 

Schulz  ft  Fischer 696,  697,  773 

Schulze,  P 338 

Schumaker  Bros 763 

.Schuster,  F 738 

Scbussler,  H 410,  418,  419,  643,  610 

Schussler,  John 783 

Schuyler's  Hotel 719 

Schwab  ft  Anderson 783 

Schwabaehcr  Bros,  ft  Co. ..  .230,  775,  777 

Scbwabachcr,  IauIs 757 

Schwartz,  M 775 

Schwartz,  William 761 

Schweitzer  ft  Bro 763 

Schweitzer,  J.  ft  Co 739 

Schweitzer,  Sachs  ftCo-SO),  763^  766,  776 

Schweitzer  W.  ft  Co 761 

Schweitzer,  Jacob 607 

Schwerin,  E. 761 

Scofisld,D.  O 317 


Si4 


8;on-ia  &  TeTia 573,  7C0,  783 

Bcoo^y.  P.  M 3:7 

B-oU>lilijr  &  Gibbs 770 

ScotcWer.  J.  D 141 

8cott,n.T CCl 

S.o'.t  J.  .11 313 

Boot;,  Irving  M CCl 

Boi)tt,a.  M.  &  Co 7C3 

BcotUtili  Union  Ina,  Co 153 

Bcovills,  Ircl 410,  Cfi5 

Bt  riircncr,  A. 135 

S.al  Uock  Tobacco  Co 783 

B-alta,  II 271 

Buamstrossea lOJ 

fijusidollouso 78} 

BcasidoPkj.  Co 783 

Beatllo 33 

BoattloCoal 308 

Sea  View  IIoubq 78.1 

Bccurity  Savings  Bank 755 

BmUicy,  Joseph 437,787 

Bocba,  Clias.  P 703 

Bctnls 2S0 

&a:\c}L  Bicllfon] 753 

Sccl'^y.  L.  B 770 

SitiUg,  K.&CO 210,233,773 

Sejara,  Uriah 7C3 

Bciburlicti's  Sons 753 

Sciilfl,  Froaerick  E 781 

Seidl,  J.  &  Co 7C3 

Be-.JsT  Sprinja  Hotel 783 

Beil.r,  Paul C33 

Belby,  Prentiss C33 

Bclby  Smeltin}  and  Lead  Co. . .  .eS3,  753 

Scl:  J,  Thos.  It  4  Co 

2(0,  303,757,703,770 

Btlis.  M. 753 

Sells  h  Nermann 770 

Seller  Bros 75'. 

Scriat,  Sinn&Co 702 

Sermonut,  Georss 768 

BeMions.  E.  C 135 

Beth  Thomas  Clock  Co 701 

Bcttlcm,  Chances  for. 87,  83 

ficveranco,  D,  O COO 

Severance,  IL  W 770i  783 

Sewer  Pip3  Association 527 

Bcoing  Girls 110 

BesTnour,  8.  II 751 

Seymour,  Sabin  &  Co 211,  753 

Seymour,  Bamuel 733 

Seymour,  W.  U 703 

Shaber,  John  A 700 

Ehou 327 

Bhacffcr,  J.  W,  &Co 7C0,  761 

Ehafler  &  Lord 775 

BliaGeld,  Charles  L 703 

Bhatler  liroa 260 

Shatter,  James  M 230 

Bhatler,  O.  L 260 

Bliaftcr,  P.  J 200 

Bliainwald,  R.  L 703 

£]haUQon,  K 750 

Shark 353 

Sharp,  Wm.T 781 

Bbattuok  <i  Fletcher m  14  770 


INDEX. 

Shaw,  n.  0 075,  753 

Shaw  &  Kuna CW,  771 

.Shea,  Boequera:;  &  McICco 773 

Shearer,  I'rodorlok  E 7:7 

Shochy,  Itobcrt 203,707,753 

Sheep 251 

Shicp,  Wild 341 

Shefflold,(!.  P 008 

Sbopord,  J.  E 730 

Shopman,  Wm.  E 707 

Shcppanl,  Jaycox  &  Co 775 

Sheridan,  n.  S.  i  J.  0 703 

Sherman,  CU>y  &  Co. C13,  731 

Sherman,  W.  T 127 

Sherwood,  W.J 771 

Shcyor,  M.  aBro 765v  760,  787 

ShicldJ,  A 4+1 

Shindler,  G 000.700 

ShindleriCo 211 

Ship  BuUdcra 733 

Ship-buildinj 627.023 

Ship  Joiners'  Association 10* 

Shippeo,  L.  U 133 

Shlpplns W  j 

Shipping  Merchants 783 

Ship  Timber C31 

Shipwrights'  Association 103 

Shipyards 033 

Shirekd  Tonner 763 

Shire*  Wm 518,707 

Shirt-making Ill 

ShirU 457 

Sho  J  rindlnga. 507 

Shoo&Leather  Ins.  Co 101 

Shoo  Machiuory 503 

Shoe  Operatives 533 

Shoos 503 

Shoo  Stock 513 

Shoobort  &  Bcolo 737 

BhorbtWi'.-u  21j 

Short,  It 031 

8hotl!ol>,  Tl.^imi.  1 23U 

Shj»aT.  A.  J 739 

Shrevc.  Oti-.  0.  ti  <.o...C96,  637,  771,  772 

Shrove'.- ••   if    708 

Shrleii*:-,  ^i'.c      300 

Shropshire  Snecp 257 

ShuIaiSon. 701 

Shults&Vlot 750 

ShurtlcH,  W.  T.  ft  Co 703,  775 

Slbeon,  Church  &  Co 200,533 

Sldemon,  Abo 701 

Sideman,  Lachman  tt  Co 701,  7S5 

Sides 302 

SiebuBros.  &Phigeniann 773 

Sicbo  &  Hoebllng 553 

Siebenhauer,  L.  ft  Co 760,  761,  785 

Slojel,  Simon 701 

Sierra  Blanca 33 

Sierra  Flumo  Co 51,634,683 

Sierra  Lumber  Co 530,774 

Sierra  Madro  Villa 700 

Sierra  Nevada SO 

Sierra  Nevada  Mine 710 

Slern  Nevada  Wood  ft  Lumber  Co.  .774 
Stkes,E.  ftCo 761 


Skass's  Hotel 701 

Silk 478,784 

Silkworms 275 

Slliiman,  F.  W.  i  Co 773 

Silver'.»ert,  Simon 753 

Silver  Oato 2),  21 

Silver  Iron  Worti 771 

Silvcnnan,  David 773 

Sliver  Mining 235 

Silver  Production 2M 

Silver  Smelting 303 

Simmons  U  Maxon. 073,  784 

Bimmous.  liOv,-c&Co 7C3 

Simon  &  Brcsiaucr ^..450,  737 

Simon,  M.  U  Son 778 

Simon,  v.,  Sous&Cook 709 

Simondl,  A.  8 753 

Simons  Bros.  &  Co 771,  773 

Bimonton,  T.  B 733 

Simpson,  ..V.  It  ft  Bro 5M,  774.  78J 

Simpson  Bra" 032,  033,  733 

aimpeon  k  Fisher 431,  783 

Simisou,  U.  W. 731,753 

Sliiipaon,  Sir  G C21 

•''■ini,  John  R 770 

!3:ualoa 46 

Sinchiir,  C.  H 707 

B.nsheimer,  Moses 734 

Sinshoimer,  Simon 70J 

SIsso.i,  WaVace  ft  Co 333,  770,  783 

Skaifc,  Alfred 700 

Skidogatli  OH  Co 000,  720 

Slates,  lloollng 023 

Slavon,  n.  n 704 

Slessingcr,  S 511 

Sliiane,  W.  ft  J 210,753,  783 

Slope.  Area  of 17,  13 

BI033,  Louis  &  Co 

333,433,703,772,733,787 

Sluice  Pipe 417 

Small,  Isaac  U 70i  733 

SmiUj.  A.  D 153,773 

Smith,  A.  M 527 

Smith  BroK.  ftWatson 771 

Smith,  C.L 014 

Emith,  Chaa.  W.  Jr 690,703 

Smith,  F 094,  738 

Smith,  Franeisft  Co 7J3 

Smith,  Hirsch&Co. 333,783 

Smith,  James  C 774 

Smith,  J.  E 514 

Smith,  James  It 783 

Bmitli,  Capt.  Jed 333 

Smltli,  J.  MoD 360 

Smith,  L.  P 531 

Smith,  L.O.  K 7£3 

Smith  ft  LlUf 500,703 

Smith's,  L.  Sons 513,  514 

8n>ith,  Lucy  ft  Co 734 

Smith,  P.  ft  J 7:0 

Smith,  8 08M:88 

Bmith  ft  Starratt 703 

Smith,  Wm,D 73 

Smith,  Woodruff  ft  Eunor 770 

Sneath,  Amold&Co 263 

Bnoath,  Boardmon  ft  Co 363 


■■v 


Blutth,  &  O. .  .91.  160,  2SI,  3C3,  2I!3,  75j 

Bnlpo HI 

Bui  IKS  &  KhmcTBly 70-t 

Bnow  &  Co 753,  77l> 

Bjok,  H.  K 236 

Bnow,  Ilanrcy  W 770 

Bnow  4  PottU 770 

Slur<lcr&i;>ii'hUn;{ COO,  706 

Eoup 717,744 

Boap  Root 470 

Boda 723 

Boda  Cay  llotol 783 

BodaWutor 671.  7M 

BomerrcU,  W.  T 733 

BommcT.  U ; 703 

8omi)6.  P.  V 673.  741 

BonBroi 763 

Bannicliien,  Chaa 737 

Bonntaj&Co 768 

BouoDia  County,  I3.uilc  of 7^ 

Bonoma  Democrat 733 

BoQoma  Lumber  Co 774 

Boaoma  Valley 23 

Bonoma  Valley  Dank 765 

Sonora 30146 

Benora  Itailioad  Co 1S3 

Borbln.  J.  E 773 

Borcnaen  &  Pctonon 736 

Botoyomu  Hotel 789 

Soulfti) 67S.753i760 

Sources  of  Information 735 

Bouthor,  O.  N ..505,707 

Southern  Calif  omla 23.  214 

Bouthem  Cal  Pkg.  Co 760 

BoutbemUotcl 790 

Bouthom  PaciBo  Hotel 789 

Bouth  jm  Paciflo  R.  R.  Co. . .  .83, 93.  309 

South  S.  P.  Brewery :756 

South  S.  F.  Pkg.  &  Pror'D  Co 783 

Bpafford  Packing  Co 241,  759.  733 

Span  iih- American  Railroada 182 

Bparklinj  California 349 

Sparks,  Iiaao 331 

8paul(llajt*Co 473 

Spauldlng,  G.  &  Co 646,  782 

Bpauldlng,  J.  J .471 

Bpauldins.  !f.  W 424.063 

Bpauldinga  Saw-Tooth 416 

Bpcnco.  A.  8.  &  Co 761,  766,  771.  780 

Bpcnco.  Bnn.  &Co ', 78: 

Bpencer&  Armstrong 768 

Spencer.  F.  W.  4  Co 781 

Bperry.  A.&S.  W 557.763 

Bpico  OriwUnf 663 

Spiers.  Jai 663 

Bplko.  The  Last 169 

Spink,  S.  P.  &Bons ; 767 

Splivalo.  C.  R 656,  960,774 

Bpokan  Falls 37 

Bpratt.  Joseph.  .300.  CC4. 606. 683,  757.  763 

Bpreckels,  Clans ^.  .547,  643,  649,  650 

Sprockeb,  John  D 648,  649 

Sprockols,  John  D.  ft  Bro 770,  783 

Spring.  Early 08 

Bpringer,  Ja>on&  Co 763,  774 

Springfield  Ini.  Co 161 

Spring  Co.,  The  Botti 764 


INDEX. 

- 

Bprinj.  Mcnzo 731.  7M 

.Spriuj,  T.  W 7J7 

8prin;,'8.  Mattress 784 

Spriiifs 073.  787 

Spring  Valley  Water  Co. . .  .217.  403,  413 

appiancc.  Stanley  fit  Co 773 

Spuhn.  0 333 

Sciulrrula 341 

Srcsovich.  L.  O.  k  Co 759.  705 

Sroufu  &  McCrum 773 

Stacy.  M.  V.  U 230 

Stajer  Brothers. 531.  775 

Slahi,  J.  11 750 

Standard  Mine 743 

Stan.lard  Oil  Co 317 

Standard  Packing  Co 243,  602 

Standard  Shirt  Factory Ill 

Standard  Soap  Co 729,784 

Standard  Soap  Works. 734 

Standard  Sugar  Co M3 

Standard  Suiar  Mfg.  Co 784 

SUnford  Bnja. 174 

Stanford,  Letaud 

.51.  153,  163.  173.  17i  24i  215,  272,  431 

Stanley,  Mra.  Mary 780 

I  'antoo,  U.  C 770 

Staples,  D.J 150,  153 

8tarblrd&  Qoldstone 635,  774 

Starch 719,  734 

Starke's  Hotel 720 

Stair,  A.  D 657 

Siarr,  AW 537 

Starr  fii  Co 9)3,556,657,765,783 

Starr,  O.  R.  4  Co 765 

Starr  4  Mathiaoa 310 

SUto  Bank  of  Flocho 756 

State  House. 790 

State  Inveatmont  Ins.  Co 154,  770 

State  Medical  Society 73 

Statloncra 784 

Statistics  of  Coast 18 

St.  Charles  Hotel 780,790,791 

Steam  Navigation. 195 

Stcama  4  Smith 783 

Steckor,  J 245 

Steele  Bros 61,  267 

Steele,  Elder4Co 71'.  763.  763,  783 

Steele,  James  O 701 

Stecn,  E.  T 704,774 

Steering  Apparatus 431 

Steiger.  A 637.783 

StelKer4Kerr 066 

Stoiner.  K^jber4Co. 770 

fltclnhagen.  P. 760.773 

Stelnhart.  W.  J.  4  Co 309.  761.  768 

Stephens'  Concentrator  Co 780 

Stcplicns,  J.  D 135 

Steiihenson,  O.  A 731 

Stcpp,  C.  4W 761 

Stereotyping 641 

Bterett,B,  F. 046,782 

Storilng,  Wm 360 

Sternberg,  Simon  4  Co 706 

atcmfeld,  Bros. .»  Co 773 

Stetefeldt  Furnace 393.416 

StoTedores'  Union 106 

BteTeas.  Baker  4  Oo 770.783 


«'S 


Stevens.  George 773 

St'jrcufl,  Levi Hi 

Stevens  4  Wiicoi 770 

Utwvenson,  J.  D CO 

Stevenson  &  Lonswill 730 

Htawart,  A  T.  4  Co 411 

Stewart  4  Buckley 703 

Stewart  4  Co 708 

St.  George  Hotel 790 

Si.  Helena 23 

Stillman,  Dr.  J.  D.  B 243 

Stillman.  W.  A 453 

.itine  House. 791 

SlUi.  Robert 760 

St  Jaraes  llotol 731 

St  Nicholu  Hotel 791 

Stockton .' 27.  736 

Stockton  Agricultural  Warehouse. .  .753 

Stockton.  Bank  of. 755 

Stockton,  E.  A 787 

Stockton  Furniture  Manufactory 760 

Stockton  Independent —  - 735 

Stock!  ra  Iron  Works 771 

Stocktuu  Savings  and  Loan  Society. 755 

Stockton  Tanneries 194 

Stockton  Water  Co 411 

Stokes,  .t  ':. 94 

Stokes,  D. 439 

Stoll  J.  T 601,  769 

SloncB.L 771 

Stone.  L 326 

Stonoman.  George 245 

Stone  Paving  Co..  Cal 630 

Stone.  11 210,  601  503,  709,  773 

Stone  Works,  The  PozzoUk ^1 

Story,  C.  R.  4  Co 154 

Stoves 784,  CCJ 

StoveWorks 667 

StoweU,  John 753 

St  Paul 44 

St  Paul  Iiu,nrance  Co 160,  757,  7C6 

Strahle,  J.  4  Co Oil 

Straight  Z.  L 771 

Strasabergor,  A.  4  Co 787 

Straaabcrger  Brothers 703 

8tratham4  Cone 031,  703,  731 

Strauas,  K 783 

Strauas,  Kobustamm  4  Co 

201,  761,  763,  773 

Straua.  Levi  4  Co 

309,  831.  760.  767 

Straus.  Lc\'y 454.  761 

Straut  Wm.  E 774 

Stry^buming  Engine 432 

StrW  Goods 784 

Straw  Huts. 404 

Street  Kallroada 181 

Strobridge,  J.  A 773 

Strobridi'o.  J.  II 258 

Strobridge'a  Merinos 357 

Stroeaser.  Otto 7C8 

Strong.  W.  R.  4Co 770 

Slnil^  Juliua 773 

Stuait,  Mra.  A  H.  H 91,  738 

Studobaker  Bros 786 

Stuhr.  August 784 

i  Stumcke,  Chos 614 


^1 


8i6 


INDEX. 


Bturgnnn 353,  385 

Submarine  Blasting 431 

BuLtropical  ImiKirU 333 

Bugar 233,  540 

Busar  Duct 283,  Ml 

Su:;ar  Iniiurtatlous 515 

Bujar  Mills 512 

Bu;ar  licfincrieB WO,  5-17,  754 

Buisun,  Bank  of 755 

Buisun  Pks.  Co. 786 

Biilliliur 310 

Sumach 431 

Sumner,  W.  B.St  Co 773,  787 

Bupplomcutory  Material 737 

BuBpondcM 461 

Butter  Creek 30 

Butter's  Sawmill 536 

Sutton.  Chas.  Jr.  &  Co.... 467,  780,  783 

Sutro,  Adolph 413,  414 

Biitro&  Co 755 

e^.tro Tunnel 413,  411 

Bwaln.  K.  A.  &  Co 210,  701,  763,  773 

Swauberg  i  We«t 363,364 

B\ran  Bniwery 750 

Swan's  Wooil  SUoer 410 

Bwanton  IIoubo 790 

Bircas:  y,  J.  &  Son 776 

Sweepstakes  Flow  Co 070 

Bwoot,  S.  &  Co 770 

Bwenarton,  J.  A 443 

Switt,  C.  U 135 

Bwift,  James 750 

Swlno 274 

Swiss  Brewery 750 

Sylvester,  John 750 

Sylvester  &  Moye 760 

Symontla  &  Lauareaux. 776 

SjTup MO 

Syz,  IlarryW 770 

Taber,  Ilarker  &  Co 

300,218,768,  783,785 

Taljcr,  I.  W 750 

Tal«r,  Jacobs 21S 

Tacoma 80 

Tacoma  Ledger 736 

Tail  &  Ualnqilo 433,  701 

Talbott,  W.  C 143 

ToUott,  Loulj 770 

Tallac  House 789 

Tallant  fit  Co 755 

Tamal|)als  Hotel 701 

Tamalliais  Uld;,'o 23 

TaimasQ  Productions 480 

Tamialt.  T.  It 94 

Tanning  Material 430 

Tasker  ^  IVidham 770 

Tatura  &  Ilowen 210,  764,  774,  780 

Taussii;,  Louis  &  Co i73 

Tay,  Goo.  II.  &  Co 

200,  321,  691,  758,  768,  776,  781,  785 

Taylor,  D.  P 04 

Taylor,  C.  L.  &  Co 770,783 

Taylor,  Jolm 750 

Taylor,  Jo!:'.  '.  Co 210,763 

Taylor  &  McDowoli 788 

Taylor,  B.  F.  Ji  Co 637.780 


Taylor,  Thos.  iCo 773 

Taylor,  W.U 001 

Tea 2S0 

Teamsters'  Union 107 

Tecino  Hotel 731 

Tehama  County,  Bonk  of 755 

Tclegaph 180,194 

Telegrapldc  Instruments C03 

Tolephono ; 190,433 

Telephone,  Fauific  Bell  Co 438 

Tomperaturo,  Standards  of. 62 

Ten  Bosch,  N.  &  Co 707,  770,  78J 

Tounent,  Thos 03,  07,  033 

TeuUiorey,  J.  F.  4  Co 560,  774 

TeiTy,  E.  &  Co 363,  361 

Torrlli,  C.  &  P.  IL  &  Co 753 

Teschemacfaer.  H.  F 143 

Teutonla  Ins.  Co 156 

Tevls,  Lloyd 133,  130,  170,  ISO,  301 

Texlllo  Fabrics 434 

Thaln  Bros 762 

Tliaunliauser  &  Co 770 

Tliannhauser,  L.  &  Co i'69 

Tlialchor,  Geo.  S  Co 773 

Thayer 633 

Thayer,  J.  E 774 

Theobald,  Geo.  J.  4  Co 770,  783 

Thiohaut,  Chas. 630,763 

Tliielson  Flume 535 

Thomas  Bros 766 

Thomas,  Gen'l  O.  II 340 

Thomas,  F.  .T 733 

Thompson  Bros 005 

ThomtiEon,  DeUart  &  Co. 311,  7C8 

Tliompson,  D.  P 135 

lliompson,  O 753 

Thompson,  Goo.  C 572,  784 

Thompson,  O.  W 863 

Thompson,  Ira  D 764 

Thompson,  Lucius 'ill 

Thompson.  It.  K 338 

Thompson  &  Board 776 

Thomi>son  &  Co 755 

Tliompson  ti  Evans. . . , 764 

Throckmorton,  S.  R 325 

Thunder  Powder  Co 700,  782 

Tilibey,  A.  8 766 

Tichonor,  II  B.  k  Co. .  .143,  39N  774,  783 

Tickuor,  Burnliani  4  Co 776 

Tilhnan,  P W8 

TUlman  4  Bendol 309,  763,  782 

Tllton  4  Wortman 712,  775 

Timber 31,1)0,388,680 

TImke,  .T.  11.  4  Hro 761 

Tlmmiua,  C.  4  Co 788 

i  Tinury,  C.  0 773 

Tingue,  House  &  Co 043 

Tinoco,  J.  M.  &  Co 770 

Tinware 089 

Titcomb,  A.  C.  4  Co 701,  771 

Titcomb4Co 783 

•ntuuMI 230 

[  Tobacco 2Si  000 

i  Tobacco  Conhumption 001 

Tot>acco  Mauufacturfi 701 

J  Tobin,  Morris 756 

j  Tobln,R  J 135 


Tobln.  Slmtna  &Co 78 

Tobin,  Thomas  D 756 

Todd,  II.  U J83 

Todd,  J.  C 043 

Tomato,  Bank  of 758 

Tomlstono 39 

Tombstone  Foundl? 771 

Tonito  Powder  Co 783 

Toutino  Powder  Co 703 

Toplitz,  F.  4Co 766, '(7» 

ToiTes,  Manuel 400 

Towlo  Bros 774 

Towlo,  W.  W 77t783 

Towno,  A.  N 746 

Townc  4  Bacon 643 

Townscnd,  Fred.  11 755 

Townsenil,  W.  S 606,703 

Toy,  Blckf  ord  4  Co 711,  766 

Trade  with  Australia 214 

Traders' Insurance  Co 161 

Tradesmen's  Insurance  Co 161 

Training  Walls,  Oakland. 33 

Travelers'  Homo 791 

Treasure 211 

Trolos.  J.  4Co 763,770 

Tromont  Hotel 790 

TrcnhoUa,  Howard 360 

Trespass  Law 257 

Tribune  of  Salt  Lake  City  ...       .  .735 

Triest  4  Co 09,  769 

Trinidad 30 

Tripp,  O.  A 600,703 

Trout 333,  £83 

Tmckeo 31 

Truckoe  Luiubor  Company 768 

Truman,  L  J 078 

Trunks,  etc 601 

Trussos,  ct« 731 

Truworthy,  AI0D7.0  J 700 

Tryon,  J.  S 444 

Tubbs,  A.  L.  *H 431 

Tul)ba'  Hotel V80 

Tucker,  J.  W.  4  Co 773 

Tucker  4  Grant 774 

Tuckcy,  Alfred 773 

Tucson 39 

Tumor,  George  B 773 

Turner,  M 633 

Turner,  Bocton  4  Co 330,  778 

Turner,  Konufidy  4  Bbaw 774 

Turner  4  Co 774 

Turner  4  liundlo 783 

Turijoutlne,  etc 715 

Turkeys,  Wild. 341 

Turtles 36/ 

Tiutlu,  W.  I 679,  760i787 

Tuttlo  Bros 748 

Tuttlo.  Micliaels  4  Co 760 

Twitchell,  O.  C 790 

T)ler,  S.  H.  4  Boa 787 

TjTw  Foundries 639 

Tyiiographlcal  Union 100 

Ukiab,  Bankof 788 

Uklah  City  Hotel 791 

UmatilUUouw) 791 

Una,  Jacob. 731,  7S< 


m 


Unilirhlll,  J»Ml) 760 

Vii<lL>rtakora  Gootts. 786 

Uilluu  IlJX  Factory 753 

VnlinFumituroCo    GOG 

Union  l^irnituni  Mfs.  Co 606 

Union  Hotel 785,790,  7'jl 

Union  luB.  Co 1%  161,  770 

Union  Iron  Work! 667,  771 

Union  Mfg.  Co 75^ 

Union  Nat'L  Gold  Bank 765 

Union  PMlflo  B  R  Co 164 

Union  PacHo  Salt  Co 571 

Union  Packaco  Co 788 

Union  Powder  Co 783 

Ifnlon  Barings  Bank 735 

Union  Soap  Factory 784 

Uniqu       ;d01oTO  Store 767 

Unltuu  Carriage  Co 193.  193 

United  Stoles  Brewer;. 766 

United  States  Hotel 789 

United  Wk'm'a  Boot  &  Shoe  Co 758 

Upholstery 473,  476 

U|))iolstery  Trlmminffs 463 

Urljacli,  Ignatz 772 

Urban,  Uugo 761 

Uri,  Felix 76,1 

Urruelai  Urioste 702,  770 

U.S.  Cord  Co 763 

U.  8.  Hotel 790 

Utah 39 

Utah,  Attractions  of 733 

Utah  Board  of  Trade 736 

Utali  Inclosed  Basin 37 

Utah  Silver 305 

Utah's  Trade 91i> 

Utah  Woolen  MlllB 447 

Variety  Goods 786 

■^'anUsh 715,  786 

Vacho,  T 945 

Valeusien,  Count 271 

Valenta,  Lulgi 66O1  774 

Valentine,  J.  J 187,  990,  995 

Vallolo 739 

Vallejo,  Banket 765 

Valljjo,  M.  G 60 

Vallejo  S,trlni!s  &  Com.  B*nk..  133, 175 

Vallojo  Water  Co 412 

VBn,M 343 

VnnBoTer,P 663 

Van  Bergen,  John 143 

VonBotgeu  N.  ftCa  773 

Van  Blarooin,  A.  L 787 

Vance,  Jcihu 63H  697,  774 

Vance  House 769 

Vancouver  Coal  &  Land  Co. 305 

Vancouver  Island 43 

VandirWlt,  J.  M 338 

Vanderhutst,  Saubnra  t  Co 776 

Vandenllco,  W.  K 696,  771,  772 

Vandusin,  A.  »Ci' 7.'6 

VanLaack.  L 7S9,  73! 

VanOrikn.  W.  D 770 

Van  Bchuyvur.  W.  J 910,  773 

VunVieekftCo 1U^  906 

Van  Vloot,  T 945 

Van  Volkenberg  ^  Oa 971,  759 

'f3 


INDEX. 

Van  Vooriiles 703 

Van  Vnorhies,  A.  A. 501 

Van  Wiiililu  I.  8.  i  Co 70S,  770 

Van  Wycke,  S.  M 707 

Varieties  of  Grapes. 241 

Varalah 715 

Veatch,  J.  A 724 

Vonard,  G 664,  7C2 

Ventura 23 

Ventura,  Bank  of 

Verdiur,  llonau  &  Co.. 764,  765,  707,  787 
Vertical   Section  of  the  Comstock 

Lode 733 

Victor,  Mis.  F.  P 736 

Victoria 43 

Victoria  Boot  Factory 49i  613 

Victoria  Colonist 733 

Victoria  Standard 736 

Vignier,  A 238i  760,  763 

VIgnier  &  Simmons. 773 

Villard,  Huuiy 141, 179, 180, 181,  307 

Vlllediou,  Charles 773 

Vincent  House 789 

Vinegar 660 

Vinegar  Factories 663 

Vineyards,  Laige 244 

ViiginiaClty 36,413 

Virginia  City  Enterprise 73C 

VU^nla  House 791 

Virtue,  J.  W 766 

Visalia 29 

Visalia,  Bank  of 755 

Visalia  Bouse 791 

Vogte  &  Calienberg 770 

Volmer,  John  F,  &  Co 755 

VonHatten,P 627,782 

Von  Ronn  k  Uencka  Bros 763,  783 

Von  Schmidt,  A-  W 431,  6  3 

Voorhies,  A.  A 766 

Voorman,  Henry 577 

Vosbuig,  J.  S 765 

Vulcan  Powder  Co 709,  789 

Wass,  Henry 766 

Wachusett  Carriage  Co 788 

Wadhanis  &  EUiott 

910,  331,  635,  60O,  768,784 

Wadi-vorth,  E.  H 766 

Wages 99,  108 

Wiigner,  Charles  F 769 

Wa«ncr,  F.  O.  t  Bra 769 

Wagner,  F.Jr 873 

Wagner,  Kullman  ft  Salts 494 

Wagner  &  Ford. 763 

WagonRoads 182 

Wagons. 016,  786 

Wagataff,  T.  H 768 

Wahmuth,  K&Co 766 

Walntrub,  H 784 

Wait  &  Drown. 768 

Wait.S.M 447 

Waiiman.  Max 730,  7'« 

WaknAeld  Raltau  Co 020,  765,  706 

WttkcleotCo 764 

Waldstein,  Abraluun 601,  758 

Waldtouful,A. 767,784 

Walker  Broa. 765,  773 


817 


Wailicr,  Cyrus 314 

Walki^r  House 790,791 

Welker,  Jciliu 4H 

Walker,  WilUam OCJ 

Woila  Walla 37 

Wulia  Walla  Steam  Bakery 763 

Wallace,  J.  J.  tCo. 784 

Wallace,  Joseph 75) 

WaUIng,  A  G 783 

Walter  Bros 211,  219,  75J 

Waiter,  V  N.  4E.  iCo 

210,  819,759,78.) 

Walter,  H.  N 21'J 

Wallir,  J.  N 238 

Walter,  M.  iCo 773 

Walter.  Schilling  4  Co 767 

Walton,  N.  C,  Sr 768 

Wageucr,  Henry 763 

Wangenheim,  Stemhoim  &  Co 

210,703,773 

Ward.Tllomas 739,756 

Ward,  Wm.  &Co 773 

Wanle,  M.  ftCo 773 

Warm  Belt 74 

Warner,  AS 472,008 

Warner,  J.  J 331 

Wamer&  Silsby 604 

Warner  4  Co 788 

Warner,  F.  M 382,788 

Warren,  J.  O 336,384,706 

Wanen  Packing  Co 383 

Warren  Powder  Co 783 

Warren.  S  D.  4Co 635 

Warron'sFur  Seal  Fleet 336 

Waslibuni,  Albert. 761 

Washington , 34,  35,215 

Washington  Brewery 735 

Washlijton  Flour  Mills, 765 

Wa.'-'  ngtonlmmigraticn Society... 736 

Wasi.  «Pan 302,4111 

Wussermau4Cu 785 

Watoh-8 234  235 

Watch  Coses 766 

Water-fowl 3*1 

Waterhouso,  O 61K 

Waterhoiue,  II.  A 630 

Waterhouso  &  Lester. 

618,619,769,760,774 

Waterman  4  Katz 776 

Waterman,  J.  4Co 773 

Watcnnan,  M.  4  Co 903,  767 

Wftor  Meters 786 

Watol#l|)ee 418 

Water  Power  Canals 406 

Waters,  A  W 495 

Watertown  Fire  Ins.  Co 6M 

Waterworks 403 

WatklnsS  Co 776 

Walklu8,W.  H 601,769 

Watson  4  Co 770 

Watson,  La  Grange  4  Oibtou 755 

Watson,  Wantm  M 701 

Watson,  Wm 649 

Watsonvillo 30 

Watsonviilo  Bank 765 

Watsonvlllo  Mill 696,  774, 

W*tt,Jahn m,1li 


8i8 


sl 


Watt,  Roliert 753 

Woar,  Scott 759 

Weatherfonl  t  Co 7fi4 

■Wedderapoou  &  Co 770,  7S4 

Weeks  S.  Co "32 

Weeds  KintiireU 686,  793t  757,  768 

Weeks,  8 733 

Wa,Itiiier,  Henry 756 

WciOler,  Gea  W 685v  698t  774 

WlU  Bros , 773 

Weil,  Bros.  4  Co 704,766,787 

WoiliMichels 766 

WeU  &  Woodleaf 76J,  706,  767 

Weinberger,  J.  O 845 

Weiner,  Simon 761 

Wolnbanl,  U 675 

Weimann,  D 690^786 

Weinreicb&  Bartels 773 

Weir,  W  0 60S 

Welch,  Andrew US 

Welch,  A 691 

Welch,  CliM.  &  Co 674  784 

Welch  4  Co 218,  591,  770,  774,  784 

Welch,  James 601,769 

Wdch,  M 784 

Welch,  U.  D 306 

Welch,  Rlihet  i  Co 

206,219,384,  385,691,774 

WcUcr  &  Sons 760 

Wellinatoii  Coal 309 

Welhnan,  Peck  &  Co 

208,  313,760,768,  782,  7S5 

Wells,  Charles  U 7*t 

Wells  &  Co 121 

Wells,  Faijo  i  Co 

41,  139,144184,  185,  180,  187 

Wells,  Fargo&Co.'s  Bonk 755 

WcmpeUros 639,  738,762 

Woiitworth,  I.  M.  &  Co 7M,  772 

Wentworth,  J.  P.  H 738 

Wenzel,  Hermann  J . .  .416,  427,  693,  761 
Weiizel,  ItothohUd Alls''  n(eH.7n,  772 

Woimol,  W.  T 468 

Worder,  L.  U 245 

Wertheimer.  L.  &  E 750,  761,  7S5 

Weake,  A 539 

Wesson,  Joseph  W 774 

West  Coast  Kuniltiuw  Co C02,  006 

West  Coast  Packing  Co 783 

West  Enil  Distiller; 577,  763 

WosUru  Hotel 790 

Western  House 790 

Westnolil,  U 677 

W,  St  I'ur  Trading  Co ,133 

West,  (iLorge  &  Co i7.t 

West,  John 788 

Westliall.  J 469,470,731 

West,  John 383,433,788 

Westminster 29, «) 

Weslern  Fire  b  Marine  Ins.  Co 770 

Western  Fur  &  Trading  Co 766 

Western  Insuranco  Co 155 

Western  Irvm  Works 771 

Western  Straw  Works 781 

Wostern  Union  Tol.  Co lOOi  194 

Westholl,  J 469 

Wetton.  CbvlM  W 758 


Wotherbee,  Henrr 774 

Wetherb]r&  Thames 738 

Weyl,  Jonas 771,776 

Whaltes,  Wni.N 727 

Whikle  Fishery 346-361 

Wheat  and  Flour  Eiporta. 212 

Wheat,  Oregon 383 

Wheat,  Proflta 380 

Wheat,  Volunteer 281 

>Vheatoa,  DooUttle  k  Hadley 174 

Wheaton  &  Luhrs 783 

Wheeler,  J.  U 738 

Wheeler,  Z 429 

Whelan  ft  Tracy. 757 

Whips 603,  786 

White,  Barnard 753 

White  Bros. 76*  774 

White,  Chaa 633,  783 

Whitek  O.  0 731,  756 

White,  Cooley  ft  Cttttl 769 

While,  Geo.  W. 663 

White  Goldsmith  ft  Co 210 

White,  IsaaoK 760,  761 

White,  J.  M 313 

White  Labor  GaUihig 113 

While,  Ii.E 774 

White  &  Lissak. 6M 

White  Pino  County,  Bank  of 755 

White&Tenny, 605,  771 

Wliitefish 327 

\Vhltelaw,  T.  P.  II 774 

Wiitnuy.O.  O.  ftCi. 608i  606 

Whitney,  J.  R.  *  Co 784 

Wiitney  &  MarshaU. 776 

\Vhllney,  Sumner  ft  Co. 757 

Wiitnoy  ft  Webster 737 

Wliittior,  Fuller  ft  C0..714,  716,  763,  780 

Whittler.  Dr.  J.  R 708 

Wlatlonft  Towno 646 

Wichman  ft  lutzen 773 

Wicker  Bros 773 

Wicks,  J 435,  785 

Wicks,  M.  J 245 

Wiedmann  ft  Hromoda. 666,  762 

Wieiand  Bros 763,  782 

Welland,  J 676 

WlorftCates 766 

WIcrson,  Jewell  ft  Co 735 

Wightman  ft  Hampton 769 

Wlgmore.  J 774 

Wilcox,  Folter  ft  Co 773 

Wilcox,  W.  W an,  767 

Wilde,  Peter  ft  Co 76S 

WiUiclmi,  n.ft  Co 773 

Wilhoit  Sprlngi  Hotel 7S9 

Wilklns&Co 770,  '.^ 

Wilkes,  Commodore 34,  693 

Wilklns  Hoiwo 791 

Wllhunolte  Iron  Works  668,  771 

WiUaniolle  Sawmill 597,  774 

Willamette  HtMra  .Mill"  4  .Mfg.  Co.. .597 

Willamollo  Woolen  Mill 443,  787 

Wllloy,  O.  J 020 

WlUey,  O.  F.  tCa 

210,  601,  630,  769,  760,  786 

Will»?ink 669,  763,  764 

WUUam*.  A.P S  ' 


Williams,  Bhuchardft  Co 20i 

WiUlamsBroa 771 

Williams,  O.  L.  ftCo 770 

Williams,  Dimond  ft  Oo 

...205,  206,  764,  770,  773,  73ft  783,  784 

Williams  Hotel 791 

Williams  House 790 

WilUams,  James  ft  Co. 788 

WilUamaon,  Wm. M« 

Willow-ware «lf,  7, 

Willows  Brewery ?>■) 

WUmerdlng  ft  Co v;.' 

Wlbnbigton  Harbor 99' 

Wilson,  B.D 371. 

Wllsonft  Bro 761 

Wilson.  E.  J 635 

Wilson,  R.  HftSon 768 

Wilson  Hotel 791 

Wilson.  John 383.  345 

WUson,  J.  y.  ftCo 640,760,  783 

Wilson  ft  Bhorb 236 

Wilson,  Thomas  ft  Oo 787 

WUson,  Wm.  ft  J 613 

WlnchellO 618,767 

Wlnohester,  E.  H 601 

Winchester  Repeating  Arms  Co 768 

Wind  Mills 679,786 

Wiudt.  Morris 493,785 

Windsor  Canning  Co 230,  386,  788 

Windsor  Hotel 701 

Wines 247,  748,786 

Wingato,  E.  ft  Co 776 

Winkelman,  Henry 784 

Winn,  M  L 568 

Wlnslow,  Mary  Pratt 153 

WinterhuruftCo 6^3 

Wintorbure  Joseph  ft  Co.  .646,  764  732 

Winters,  Theo 371 

Wlc'ers,  Warm la 

Wire  Ropeway 425 

Wire  Works 667,786 

Wiraing,  C.  H 786 

WUe.  OoldOsh  ft  Oo 495,  785 

Wise,  J.  H 153 

Withington  ft  Bagloy 71° 

Wltbrow  ft  Pendleton 758 

Woemcr,  D 631763 

Wolf,  A  766 

Wolf.  .Tohn 731 

Wolf,  M 761 

Wolfcn,  Maift  0<- 763 

WolB,  Joseph 771 

Wolff  ft  Lore 694,  771,  7i3,  786 

Wolff  ft  KhoUlhold 760,  770 

Wollfsohn,  N.  W 707 

Wolfskin  J.  W 030 

Wolfskin  WlUhun 237,  331 

Wollpcrt,  Chas 607 

WoltersUros 773 

Wnlvii 341 

Wooil 679 

W«>d,  Henry  B 760 

Wooil  W.  0 484  783 

Woralljiliy,  Geo.  E 768 

Woodonnare  634,  787 

Woodlnn,! 37 

Wor-lrnJ  ImAiO',...  T» 


INDEX. 


Su; 


'9 


WiKxl  &  Tumor 703 

Woodruff  S  Vau  EpiM 730,  753 

Woods,  J.  8 76V 

Wood.1,  F.  N.  &  Co 541 

Woodwanl.C.  Il  &  Co ICrt 

Woodwnnl,  W.  A.  &  Co 616,  783 

Wood-working 579 

Woodwortb,  8.  P 759 

Woodworth,  SobeU  4  Co 781 

Wool a6-l,434,7e7 

WooiruUins 496 

Vi'ool  Scouring 457 

Woolen  Goods 434,  435.  437,  439,  786 

Woolen  Manufacture 433 

Woolen  MiUs 436 

Woolen  Mills,  Ooldon  Oate 113 

Woolen  Mills,  Fionoer 118 

Woolen  MiU  Stockton 444,  787 

Woonsocket  Rubber  Company 783 

Wooater,  Hubbcll  S  Co 763.  782 

Wonlen,  W.  H 716,  723,  753,  780 

Workman&Co 501 

Workimn,  E.  U. 769 

Workman,  W.  H 245 


V.'orth's  Foundry 771 

Wrodo.  WlUlam. 761 

Wright,  Ccorgo  &  Son 776 

Wright,  O.W 129 

Wrlglit,  J 071 

Wright,  W.H 701 

Wucherer  C.  &  Co 763 

Wuiclic,  Frederick 773 

Wunsch.  it  &  Co 771 

Yale 43 

Yale,  0.  0 503 

Yaqolna  Bay 400 

YateaiCo 753,763,773,780 

Yiast  Powder. 571,  787 

Yellow  Jacket  Mine 741,  743,  743 

Yerriugton,  Blisa  &  Co 

420,535,586,774 

Ygualft  Co 760,783 

Yolo  Flour  Mills 763 

Yolo  Hotel 791 

York,  Ebon 781 

Yosemite  Hotel 791 

Yoaemite  House 791 


Yoiuig,  Albert  B 761 

Young,  Brigbam 541,  050 

Young,  J 557 

Young,  Wm 531,  773 

Younger,  0 260 

Yount,  Cleorgo 331 

Yreka 31 

Yuba  City. 27 

Yukon 41 

Zacbarias,  L.  &Co..t 771 

Zidik,A.tCo 763 

ZauBrns 730,756,  7S7 

Zoch,  Jacob 613,  781 

Zeckcndorf  &  Co 77(1 

Zoittuchs,  E 239 

Zeyii.  John  P 213 

Zimmerman,  F 77  J 

Zinuncrmau,  Strouso  &  Co 759 

Zino  Omamcut  Factory 

453,  7Ca 

Zion's  Co-Op.  Fish  Co 323,  329 

Zion's  Co-Op.  Institution 210 

Zion's  Savings  Bank 755 

Zvelg.  Hennaun 575^  774 


